1
|
Bennett S, Tiollier E, Owens DJ, Brocherie F, Louis JB. Implications of Heat Stress-induced Metabolic Alterations for Endurance Training. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:422-435. [PMID: 38401534 DOI: 10.1055/a-2251-3170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Inducing a heat-acclimated phenotype via repeated heat stress improves exercise capacity and reduces athletes̓ risk of hyperthermia and heat illness. Given the increased number of international sporting events hosted in countries with warmer climates, heat acclimation strategies are increasingly popular among endurance athletes to optimize performance in hot environments. At the tissue level, completing endurance exercise under heat stress may augment endurance training adaptation, including mitochondrial and cardiovascular remodeling due to increased perturbations to cellular homeostasis as a consequence of metabolic and cardiovascular load, and this may improve endurance training adaptation and subsequent performance. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the metabolic impact of heat stress during endurance exercise, including proposed underlying mechanisms of altered substrate utilization. Against this metabolic backdrop, the current literature highlighting the role of heat stress in augmenting training adaptation and subsequent endurance performance will be presented with practical implications and opportunities for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bennett
- Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States
| | - Eve Tiollier
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance, Research Department, Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France
| | - Daniel J Owens
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance, Research Department, Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France
| | - Julien B Louis
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance, Research Department, Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Reisman EG, Hawley JA, Hoffman NJ. Exercise-Regulated Mitochondrial and Nuclear Signalling Networks in Skeletal Muscle. Sports Med 2024; 54:1097-1119. [PMID: 38528308 PMCID: PMC11127882 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Exercise perturbs energy homeostasis in skeletal muscle and engages integrated cellular signalling networks to help meet the contraction-induced increases in skeletal muscle energy and oxygen demand. Investigating exercise-associated perturbations in skeletal muscle signalling networks has uncovered novel mechanisms by which exercise stimulates skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and promotes whole-body health and fitness. While acute exercise regulates a complex network of protein post-translational modifications (e.g. phosphorylation) in skeletal muscle, previous investigations of exercise signalling in human and rodent skeletal muscle have primarily focused on a select group of exercise-regulated protein kinases [i.e. 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), protein kinase A (PKA), Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)] and only a small subset of their respective protein substrates. Recently, global mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomic approaches have helped unravel the extensive complexity and interconnection of exercise signalling pathways and kinases beyond this select group and phosphorylation and/or translocation of exercise-regulated mitochondrial and nuclear protein substrates. This review provides an overview of recent advances in our understanding of the molecular events associated with acute endurance exercise-regulated signalling pathways and kinases in skeletal muscle with a focus on phosphorylation. We critically appraise recent evidence highlighting the involvement of mitochondrial and nuclear protein phosphorylation and/or translocation in skeletal muscle adaptive responses to an acute bout of endurance exercise that ultimately stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis and contribute to exercise's wider health and fitness benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Reisman
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Level 5, 215 Spring Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - John A Hawley
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Level 5, 215 Spring Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Nolan J Hoffman
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Level 5, 215 Spring Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhu Y, Song G. Molecular origin and biological effects of exercise mimetics. J Exerc Sci Fit 2024; 22:73-85. [PMID: 38187084 PMCID: PMC10770624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of sports science and molecular biology technology, academia refers to molecules or microorganisms that mimic or enhance the beneficial effects of exercise on the body, called "exercise mimetics." This review aims to clarify the concept and development history of exercise mimetics, and to define the concept of exercise mimetics by summarizing its characteristics and functions. Candidate molecules and drug targets for exercise mimetics are summarized, and the relationship between exercise mimetics and exercise is explained, as well as the targeting system and function of exercise mimetics. The main targeting systems for exercise mimetics are the exercise system, circulatory system, endocrine system, endocrine system, and nervous system, while the immune system is potential targeting systems. Finally, future research directions for exercise mimetics are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Zhu
- Key Lab of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Function Monitoring, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Gang Song
- Key Lab of Physical Fitness Evaluation and Motor Function Monitoring, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bishop DJ, Hoffman NJ, Taylor DF, Saner NJ, Lee MJC, Hawley JA. Discordant skeletal muscle gene and protein responses to exercise. Trends Biochem Sci 2023; 48:927-936. [PMID: 37709636 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The ability of skeletal muscle to adapt to repeated contractile stimuli is one of the most intriguing aspects of physiology. The molecular bases underpinning these adaptations involve increased protein activity and/or expression, mediated by an array of pre- and post-transcriptional processes, as well as translational and post-translational control. A longstanding dogma assumes a direct relationship between exercise-induced increases in mRNA levels and subsequent changes in the abundance of the proteins they encode. Drawing on the results of recent studies, we dissect and question the common assumption of a direct relationship between changes in the skeletal muscle transcriptome and proteome induced by repeated muscle contractions (e.g., exercise).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Nolan J Hoffman
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dale F Taylor
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Saner
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthew J-C Lee
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John A Hawley
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jacques M, Landen S, Romero JA, Hiam D, Schittenhelm RB, Hanchapola I, Shah AD, Voisin S, Eynon N. Methylome and proteome integration in human skeletal muscle uncover group and individual responses to high-intensity interval training. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23184. [PMID: 37698381 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300840rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is a major beneficial contributor to muscle metabolism, and health benefits acquired by exercise are a result of molecular shifts occurring across multiple molecular layers (i.e., epigenome, transcriptome, and proteome). Identifying robust, across-molecular level targets associated with exercise response, at both group and individual levels, is paramount to develop health guidelines and targeted health interventions. Sixteen, apparently healthy, moderately trained (VO2 max = 51.0 ± 10.6 mL min-1 kg-1 ) males (age range = 18-45 years) from the Gene SMART (Skeletal Muscle Adaptive Responses to Training) study completed a longitudinal study composed of 12-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) intervention. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected at baseline and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of HIIT. DNA methylation (~850 CpG sites) and proteomic (~3000 proteins) analyses were conducted at all time points. Mixed models were applied to estimate group and individual changes, and methylome and proteome integration was conducted using a holistic multilevel approach with the mixOmics package. A total of 461 proteins significantly changed over time (at 4, 8, and 12 weeks), whilst methylome overall shifted with training only one differentially methylated position (DMP) was significant (adj.p-value < .05). K-means analysis revealed cumulative protein changes by clusters of proteins that presented similar changes over time. Individual responses to training were observed in 101 proteins. Seven proteins had large effect-sizes >0.5, among them are two novel exercise-related proteins, LYRM7 and EPN1. Integration analysis showed bidirectional relationships between the methylome and proteome. We showed a significant influence of HIIT on the epigenome and more so on the proteome in human muscle, and uncovered groups of proteins clustering according to similar patterns across the exercise intervention. Individual responses to exercise were observed in the proteome with novel mitochondrial and metabolic proteins consistently changed across individuals. Future work is required to elucidate the role of these proteins in response to exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Macsue Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shanie Landen
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Javier Alvarez Romero
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ralf B Schittenhelm
- Monash Proteomics & Metabolomics Facility, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Iresha Hanchapola
- Monash Proteomics & Metabolomics Facility, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anup D Shah
- Monash Proteomics & Metabolomics Facility, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Holtby AR, Hall TJ, McGivney BA, Han H, Murphy KJ, MacHugh DE, Katz LM, Hill EW. Integrative genomics analysis highlights functionally relevant genes for equine behaviour. Anim Genet 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/age.13320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
|
7
|
Palma-Flores C, Zárate-Segura PB, Hernández-Hernández JM, de los Santos S, Tejeda-Gómez AS, Cano-Martínez LJ, Canto P, Garcia-Rebollar JO, Coral-Vázquez RM. (−)-Epicatechin modulates the expression of myomiRs implicated in exercise response in mouse skeletal muscle. Gene X 2023; 849:146907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
8
|
Han H, McGivney BA, Allen L, Bai D, Corduff LR, Davaakhuu G, Davaasambuu J, Dorjgotov D, Hall TJ, Hemmings AJ, Holtby AR, Jambal T, Jargalsaikhan B, Jargalsaikhan U, Kadri NK, MacHugh DE, Pausch H, Readhead C, Warburton D, Dugarjaviin M, Hill EW. Common protein-coding variants influence the racing phenotype in galloping racehorse breeds. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1320. [PMID: 36513809 PMCID: PMC9748125 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Selection for system-wide morphological, physiological, and metabolic adaptations has led to extreme athletic phenotypes among geographically diverse horse breeds. Here, we identify genes contributing to exercise adaptation in racehorses by applying genomics approaches for racing performance, an end-point athletic phenotype. Using an integrative genomics strategy to first combine population genomics results with skeletal muscle exercise and training transcriptomic data, followed by whole-genome resequencing of Asian horses, we identify protein-coding variants in genes of interest in galloping racehorse breeds (Arabian, Mongolian and Thoroughbred). A core set of genes, G6PC2, HDAC9, KTN1, MYLK2, NTM, SLC16A1 and SYNDIG1, with central roles in muscle, metabolism, and neurobiology, are key drivers of the racing phenotype. Although racing potential is a multifactorial trait, the genomic architecture shaping the common athletic phenotype in horse populations bred for racing provides evidence for the influence of protein-coding variants in fundamental exercise-relevant genes. Variation in these genes may therefore be exploited for genetic improvement of horse populations towards specific types of racing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haige Han
- grid.411638.90000 0004 1756 9607Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Equine Research Center, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018 China
| | - Beatrice A. McGivney
- grid.496984.ePlusvital Ltd, The Highline, Dun Laoghaire Business Park, Dublin, A96 W5T3 Ireland
| | - Lucy Allen
- grid.417905.e0000 0001 2186 5933Royal Agricultural University, Cirencester, Gloucestershire GL7 6JS UK
| | - Dongyi Bai
- grid.411638.90000 0004 1756 9607Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Equine Research Center, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018 China
| | - Leanne R. Corduff
- grid.496984.ePlusvital Ltd, The Highline, Dun Laoghaire Business Park, Dublin, A96 W5T3 Ireland
| | - Gantulga Davaakhuu
- grid.425564.40000 0004 0587 3863Institute of Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Peace Avenue 54B, Ulaanbaatar, 13330 Mongolia
| | - Jargalsaikhan Davaasambuu
- Ajnai Sharga Horse Racing Team, Encanto Town 210-11, Ikh Mongol State Street, 26th Khoroo, Bayanzurkh district Ulaanbaatar, 13312 Mongolia
| | - Dulguun Dorjgotov
- grid.440461.30000 0001 2191 7895School of Industrial Technology, Mongolian University of Science and Technology, Ulaanbaatar, 661 Mongolia
| | - Thomas J. Hall
- grid.7886.10000 0001 0768 2743UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8 Ireland
| | - Andrew J. Hemmings
- grid.417905.e0000 0001 2186 5933Royal Agricultural University, Cirencester, Gloucestershire GL7 6JS UK
| | - Amy R. Holtby
- grid.496984.ePlusvital Ltd, The Highline, Dun Laoghaire Business Park, Dublin, A96 W5T3 Ireland
| | - Tuyatsetseg Jambal
- grid.440461.30000 0001 2191 7895School of Industrial Technology, Mongolian University of Science and Technology, Ulaanbaatar, 661 Mongolia
| | - Badarch Jargalsaikhan
- grid.444534.60000 0000 8485 883XDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, 14210 Mongolia
| | - Uyasakh Jargalsaikhan
- Ajnai Sharga Horse Racing Team, Encanto Town 210-11, Ikh Mongol State Street, 26th Khoroo, Bayanzurkh district Ulaanbaatar, 13312 Mongolia
| | - Naveen K. Kadri
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Animal Genomics, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David E. MacHugh
- grid.7886.10000 0001 0768 2743UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8 Ireland ,grid.7886.10000 0001 0768 2743UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8 Ireland
| | - Hubert Pausch
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Animal Genomics, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Carol Readhead
- grid.20861.3d0000000107068890Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
| | - David Warburton
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027 USA
| | - Manglai Dugarjaviin
- grid.411638.90000 0004 1756 9607Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Equine Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Equine Research Center, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018 China
| | - Emmeline W. Hill
- grid.496984.ePlusvital Ltd, The Highline, Dun Laoghaire Business Park, Dublin, A96 W5T3 Ireland ,grid.7886.10000 0001 0768 2743UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8 Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Weaver SRC, Rendeiro C, Lucas RAI, Cable NT, Nightingale TE, McGettrick HM, Lucas SJE. Non-pharmacological interventions for vascular health and the role of the endothelium. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022. [PMID: 36149520 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05041-y.pmid:36149520;pmcid:pmc9613570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The most common non-pharmacological intervention for both peripheral and cerebral vascular health is regular physical activity (e.g., exercise training), which improves function across a range of exercise intensities and modalities. Numerous non-exercising approaches have also been suggested to improved vascular function, including repeated ischemic preconditioning (IPC); heat therapy such as hot water bathing and sauna; and pneumatic compression. Chronic adaptive responses have been observed across a number of these approaches, yet the precise mechanisms that underlie these effects in humans are not fully understood. Acute increases in blood flow and circulating signalling factors that induce responses in endothelial function are likely to be key moderators driving these adaptations. While the impact on circulating factors and environmental mechanisms for adaptation may vary between approaches, in essence, they all centre around acutely elevating blood flow throughout the circulation and stimulating improved endothelium-dependent vascular function and ultimately vascular health. Here, we review our current understanding of the mechanisms driving endothelial adaptation to repeated exposure to elevated blood flow, and the interplay between this response and changes in circulating factors. In addition, we will consider the limitations in our current knowledge base and how these may be best addressed through the selection of more physiologically relevant experimental models and research. Ultimately, improving our understanding of the unique impact that non-pharmacological interventions have on the vasculature will allow us to develop superior strategies to tackle declining vascular function across the lifespan, prevent avoidable vascular-related disease, and alleviate dependency on drug-based interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R C Weaver
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Catarina Rendeiro
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rebekah A I Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - N Timothy Cable
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Tom E Nightingale
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Helen M McGettrick
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Samuel J E Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Balagué N, Hristovski R, Almarcha M, Garcia-Retortillo S, Ivanov PC. Network Physiology of Exercise: Beyond Molecular and Omics Perspectives. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:119. [PMID: 36138329 PMCID: PMC9500136 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00512-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular Exercise Physiology and Omics approaches represent an important step toward synthesis and integration, the original essence of Physiology. Despite the significant progress they have introduced in Exercise Physiology (EP), some of their theoretical and methodological assumptions are still limiting the understanding of the complexity of sport-related phenomena. Based on general principles of biological evolution and supported by complex network science, this paper aims to contrast theoretical and methodological aspects of molecular and network-based approaches to EP. After explaining the main EP challenges and why sport-related phenomena cannot be understood if reduced to the molecular level, the paper proposes some methodological research advances related to the type of studied variables and measures, the data acquisition techniques, the type of data analysis and the assumed relations among physiological levels. Inspired by Network Physiology, Network Physiology of Exercise provides a new paradigm and formalism to quantify cross-communication among diverse systems across levels and time scales to improve our understanding of exercise-related phenomena and opens new horizons for exercise testing in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natàlia Balagué
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Fisica de Catalunya (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Robert Hristovski
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, 1000, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Maricarmen Almarcha
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Fisica de Catalunya (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Garcia-Retortillo
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Fisica de Catalunya (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Keck Laboratory for Network Physiology, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 21709, USA
| | - Plamen Ch Ivanov
- Keck Laboratory for Network Physiology, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Weaver SRC, Rendeiro C, Lucas RAI, Cable NT, Nightingale TE, McGettrick HM, Lucas SJE. Non-pharmacological interventions for vascular health and the role of the endothelium. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:2493-2514. [PMID: 36149520 PMCID: PMC9613570 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The most common non-pharmacological intervention for both peripheral and cerebral vascular health is regular physical activity (e.g., exercise training), which improves function across a range of exercise intensities and modalities. Numerous non-exercising approaches have also been suggested to improved vascular function, including repeated ischemic preconditioning (IPC); heat therapy such as hot water bathing and sauna; and pneumatic compression. Chronic adaptive responses have been observed across a number of these approaches, yet the precise mechanisms that underlie these effects in humans are not fully understood. Acute increases in blood flow and circulating signalling factors that induce responses in endothelial function are likely to be key moderators driving these adaptations. While the impact on circulating factors and environmental mechanisms for adaptation may vary between approaches, in essence, they all centre around acutely elevating blood flow throughout the circulation and stimulating improved endothelium-dependent vascular function and ultimately vascular health. Here, we review our current understanding of the mechanisms driving endothelial adaptation to repeated exposure to elevated blood flow, and the interplay between this response and changes in circulating factors. In addition, we will consider the limitations in our current knowledge base and how these may be best addressed through the selection of more physiologically relevant experimental models and research. Ultimately, improving our understanding of the unique impact that non-pharmacological interventions have on the vasculature will allow us to develop superior strategies to tackle declining vascular function across the lifespan, prevent avoidable vascular-related disease, and alleviate dependency on drug-based interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R C Weaver
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Catarina Rendeiro
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rebekah A I Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - N Timothy Cable
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Tom E Nightingale
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Helen M McGettrick
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Samuel J E Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Metabolomics in Team-Sport Athletes: Current Knowledge, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Proteomes 2022; 10:proteomes10030027. [PMID: 35997439 PMCID: PMC9396992 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes10030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics is a promising tool for studying exercise physiology and exercise-associated metabolism. It has recently been defined with the term “sportomics” due to metabolomics’ capability to characterize several metabolites in several biological samples simultaneously. This narrative review on exercise metabolomics provides an initial and brief overview of the different metabolomics technologies, sample collection, and further processing steps employed for sport. It also discusses the data analysis and its biological interpretation. Thus, we do not cover sample collection, preparation, and analysis paragraphs in detail here but outline a general outlook to help the reader to understand the metabolomics studies conducted in team-sports athletes, alongside endeavoring to recognize existing or emergent trends and deal with upcoming directions in the field of exercise metabolomics in a team-sports setting.
Collapse
|
13
|
A Metabolomic Approach and Traditional Physical Assessments to Compare U22 Soccer Players According to Their Competitive Level. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11081103. [PMID: 35892959 PMCID: PMC9331507 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to use traditional physical assessments combined with a metabolomic approach to compare the anthropometric, physical fitness level, and serum fasting metabolic profile among U22 soccer players at different competitive levels. In the experimental design, two teams of male U22 soccer were evaluated (non-elite = 20 athletes, competing in a regional division; elite = 16 athletes, competing in the first division of the national U22 youth league). Earlobe blood samples were collected, and metabolites were extracted after overnight fasting (12 h). Untargeted metabolomics through Liquid Chromatograph Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis and anthropometric evaluation were performed. Critical velocity was applied to determine aerobic (CV) and anaerobic (ARC) capacity. Height (non-elite = 174.4 ± 7.0 cm; elite = 176.5 ± 7.0 cm), body mass index (non-elite = 22.1 ± 2.4 kg/m2; elite = 21.9 ± 2.3 kg/m2), body mass (non-elite = 67.1 ± 8.8 kg; elite = 68.5 ± 10.1 kg), lean body mass (non-elite = 59.3 ± 7.1 kg; elite = 61.1 ± 7.9 kg), body fat (non-elite = 7.8 ± 2.4 kg; elite = 7.3 ± 2.4 kg), body fat percentage (non-elite = 11.4 ± 2.4%; elite = 10.5 ± 1.7%), hematocrit (non-elite = 50.2 ± 4.0%; elite = 51.0 ± 4.0%), CV (non-elite = 3.1 ± 0.4 m/s; elite = 3.0 ± 0.2 m/s), and ARC (non-elite = 129.6 ± 55.7 m; elite = 161.5 ± 61.0 m) showed no significant differences between the elite and non-elite teams, while the multivariate Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) model revealed a separation between the elite and non-elite athletes. Nineteen metabolites with importance for projection (VIP) >1.0 were annotated as belonging to the glycerolipid, sterol lipid, fatty acyl, flavonoid, and glycerophospholipid classes. Metabolites with a high relative abundance in the elite group were related in the literature to a better level of aerobic power, greater efficiency in the recovery process, and improvement of mood, immunity, decision making, and accuracy, in addition to acting in mitochondrial preservation and electron transport chain maintenance. In conclusion, although classical physical assessments were not able to distinguish the teams at different competitive levels, the metabolomics approach successfully indicated differences between the fasting metabolic profiles of elite and non-elite teams.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Physical activity and its sustained and purposeful performance-exercise-promote a broad and diverse set of metabolic and cardiovascular health benefits. Regular exercise is the most effective way to improve cardiorespiratory fitness, a measure of one's global cardiovascular, pulmonary and metabolic health, and one of the strongest predictors of future health risk. Here, we describe how exercise affects individual organ systems related to cardiometabolic health, including the promotion of insulin and glucose homeostasis through improved efficiency in skeletal muscle glucose utilization and enhanced insulin sensitivity; beneficial changes in body composition and adiposity; and improved cardiac mechanics and vascular health. We subsequently identify knowledge gaps that remain in exercise science, including heterogeneity in exercise responsiveness. While the application of molecular profiling technologies in exercise science has begun to illuminate the biochemical pathways that govern exercise-induced health promotion, much of this work has focused on individual organ systems and applied single platforms. New insights into exercise-induced secreted small molecules and proteins that impart their effects in distant organs ("exerkines") highlight the need for an integrated approach towards the study of exercise and its global effects; efforts that are ongoing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Prashant Rao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Jeremy M. Robbins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Castells-Sánchez A, Roig-Coll F, Dacosta-Aguayo R, Lamonja-Vicente N, Torán-Monserrat P, Pera G, García-Molina A, Tormos JM, Montero-Alía P, Heras-Tébar A, Soriano-Raya JJ, Cáceres C, Domènech S, Via M, Erickson KI, Mataró M. Molecular and Brain Volume Changes Following Aerobic Exercise, Cognitive and Combined Training in Physically Inactive Healthy Late-Middle-Aged Adults: The Projecte Moviment Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:854175. [PMID: 35529777 PMCID: PMC9067321 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.854175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral interventions have shown promising neuroprotective effects, but the cascade of molecular, brain and behavioral changes involved in these benefits remains poorly understood. Projecte Moviment is a 12-week (5 days per week—45 min per day) multi-domain, single-blind, proof-of-concept randomized controlled trial examining the cognitive effect and underlying mechanisms of an aerobic exercise (AE), computerized cognitive training (CCT) and a combined (COMB) groups compared to a waitlist control group. Adherence was > 80% for 82/109 participants recruited (62% female; age = 58.38 ± 5.47). In this study we report intervention-related changes in plasma biomarkers (BDNF, TNF-α, HGF, ICAM-1, SDF1-α) and structural-MRI (brain volume) and how they related to changes in physical activity and individual variables (age and sex) and their potential role as mediators in the cognitive changes. Our results show that although there were no significant changes in molecular biomarker concentrations in any intervention group, changes in ICAM-1 and SDF1-α were negatively associated with changes in physical activity outcomes in AE and COMB groups. Brain volume changes were found in the CCT showing a significant increase in precuneus volume. Sex moderated the brain volume change in the AE and COMB groups, suggesting that men may benefit more than women. Changes in molecular biomarkers and brain volumes did not significantly mediate the cognitive-related benefits found previously for any group. This study shows crucial initial molecular and brain volume changes related to lifestyle interventions at early stages and highlights the value of examining activity parameters, individual difference characteristics and using a multi-level analysis approach to address these questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Castells-Sánchez
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesca Roig-Coll
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosalía Dacosta-Aguayo
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina, Mataró, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Rosalía Dacosta-Aguayo,
| | - Noemí Lamonja-Vicente
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina, Mataró, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Pere Torán-Monserrat
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina, Mataró, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Guillem Pera
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina, Mataró, Spain
| | - Alberto García-Molina
- Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - José Maria Tormos
- Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Pilar Montero-Alía
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina, Mataró, Spain
| | - Antonio Heras-Tébar
- Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l’Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina, Mataró, Spain
| | - Juan José Soriano-Raya
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cynthia Cáceres
- Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Sira Domènech
- Institut de Diagnòstic per la Imatge, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marc Via
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Kirk I. Erickson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Maria Mataró
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Montull L, Slapšinskaitė-Dackevičienė A, Kiely J, Hristovski R, Balagué N. Integrative Proposals of Sports Monitoring: Subjective Outperforms Objective Monitoring. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:41. [PMID: 35348932 PMCID: PMC8964908 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00432-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Current trends in sports monitoring are characterized by the massive collection of tech-based biomechanical, physiological and performance data, integrated through mathematical algorithms. However, the application of algorithms, predicated on mechanistic assumptions of how athletes operate, cannot capture, assess and adequately promote athletes' health and performance. The objective of this paper is to reorient the current integrative proposals of sports monitoring by re-conceptualizing athletes as complex adaptive systems (CAS). CAS contain higher-order perceptual units that provide continuous and multilevel integrated information about performer-environment interactions. Such integrative properties offer exceptional possibilities of subjective monitoring for outperforming any objective monitoring system. Future research should investigate how to enhance this human potential to contribute further to athletes' health and performance. This line of argument is not intended to advocate for the elimination of objective assessments, but to highlight the integrative possibilities of subjective monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lluc Montull
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- University School of Health and Sport, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Agne Slapšinskaitė-Dackevičienė
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Nursing and Faculty of Public Health, Health Research Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - John Kiely
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Robert Hristovski
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Natàlia Balagué
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bizjak DA, Zügel M, Treff G, Winkert K, Jerg A, Hudemann J, Mooren FC, Krüger K, Nieß A, Steinacker JM. Effects of Training Status and Exercise Mode on Global Gene Expression in Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212578. [PMID: 34830458 PMCID: PMC8674764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate differences in skeletal muscle gene expression of highly trained endurance and strength athletes in comparison to untrained individuals at rest and in response to either an acute bout of endurance or strength exercise. Endurance (ET, n = 8, VO2max 67 ± 9 mL/kg/min) and strength athletes (ST, n = 8, 5.8 ± 3.0 training years) as well as untrained controls (E-UT and S-UT, each n = 8) performed an acute endurance or strength exercise test. One day before testing (Pre), 30 min (30'Post) and 3 h (180'Post) afterwards, a skeletal muscle biopsy was obtained from the m. vastus lateralis. Skeletal muscle mRNA was isolated and analyzed by Affymetrix-microarray technology. Pathway analyses were performed to evaluate the effects of training status (trained vs. untrained) and exercise mode-specific (ET vs. ST) transcriptional responses. Differences in global skeletal muscle gene expression between trained and untrained were smaller compared to differences in exercise mode. Maximum differences between ET and ST were found between Pre and 180'Post. Pathway analyses showed increased expression of exercise-related genes, such as nuclear transcription factors (NR4A family), metabolism and vascularization (PGC1-α and VEGF-A), and muscle growth/structure (myostatin, IRS1/2 and HIF1-α. The most upregulated genes in response to acute endurance or strength exercise were the NR4A genes (NR4A1, NR4A2, NR4A3). The mode of acute exercise had a significant effect on transcriptional regulation Pre vs. 180'Post. In contrast, the effect of training status on human skeletal muscle gene expression profiles was negligible compared to strength or endurance specialization. The highest variability in gene expression, especially for the NR4A-family, was observed in trained individuals at 180'Post. Assessment of these receptors might be suitable to obtain a deeper understanding of skeletal muscle adaptive processes to develop optimized training strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Bizjak
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Ulm, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (M.Z.); (G.T.); (K.W.); (A.J.); (J.M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-73150045368; Fax: +49-73150045301
| | - Martina Zügel
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Ulm, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (M.Z.); (G.T.); (K.W.); (A.J.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Gunnar Treff
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Ulm, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (M.Z.); (G.T.); (K.W.); (A.J.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Kay Winkert
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Ulm, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (M.Z.); (G.T.); (K.W.); (A.J.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Achim Jerg
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Ulm, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (M.Z.); (G.T.); (K.W.); (A.J.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Jens Hudemann
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; (J.H.); (A.N.)
| | - Frank C. Mooren
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, 58455 Witten, Germany;
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, University of Gießen, 35394 Gießen, Germany;
| | - Andreas Nieß
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; (J.H.); (A.N.)
| | - Jürgen M. Steinacker
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Ulm, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (M.Z.); (G.T.); (K.W.); (A.J.); (J.M.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Exercise mimetics: harnessing the therapeutic effects of physical activity. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:862-879. [PMID: 34103713 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00217-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Exercise mimetics are a proposed class of therapeutics that specifically mimic or enhance the therapeutic effects of exercise. Increased physical activity has demonstrated positive effects in preventing and ameliorating a wide range of diseases, including brain disorders such as Alzheimer disease and dementia, cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This article discusses the molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways associated with the beneficial effects of physical activity, focusing on effects on brain function and cognitive enhancement. Emerging therapeutic targets and strategies for the development of exercise mimetics, particularly in the field of central nervous system disorders, as well as the associated opportunities and challenges, are discussed.
Collapse
|
19
|
"Fuel for the Damage Induced": Untargeted Metabolomics in Elite Rugby Union Match Play. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080544. [PMID: 34436485 PMCID: PMC8400368 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic perturbations caused by competitive rugby are not well characterized. Our aim is to utilize untargeted metabolomics to develop appropriate interventions, based on the metabolic fluctuations that occur in response to this collision-based team sport. Seven members of an English Premiership rugby squad consented to provide blood, urine, and saliva samples daily, over a competitive week including gameday (GD), with physical demands and dietary intake also recorded. Sample collection, processing and statistical analysis were performed in accordance with best practice set out by the metabolomics standards initiative employing 700 MHz NMR spectroscopy. Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis were employed to reveal the acute energy needs of this high intensity sport are met via glycolysis, the TCA cycle and gluconeogenesis. The recovery period after cessation of match play and prior to training recommencing sees a re-entry to gluconeogenesis, coupled with markers of oxidative stress, structural protein degradation, and reduced fatty acid metabolism. This novel insight leads us to propose that effective recovery from muscle damaging collisions is dependent upon the availability of glucose. An adjustment in the periodisation of carbohydrate to increase GD+1 provision may prevent the oxidation of amino acids which may also be crucial to allay markers of structural tissue degradation. Should we expand the ‘Fuel for the work required’ paradigm in collision-based team sports to include ‘Fuel for the damage induced’?
Collapse
|
20
|
The Importance of Lipidomic Approach for Mapping and Exploring the Molecular Networks Underlying Physical Exercise: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168734. [PMID: 34445440 PMCID: PMC8395903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining appropriate levels of physical exercise is an optimal way for keeping a good state of health. At the same time, optimal exercise performance necessitates an integrated organ system response. In this respect, physical exercise has numerous repercussions on metabolism and function of different organs and tissues by enhancing whole-body metabolic homeostasis in response to different exercise-related adaptations. Specifically, both prolonged and intensive physical exercise produce vast changes in multiple and different lipid-related metabolites. Lipidomic technologies allow these changes and adaptations to be clarified, by using a biological system approach they provide scientific understanding of the effect of physical exercise on lipid trajectories. Therefore, this systematic review aims to indicate and clarify the identifying biology of the individual response to different exercise workloads, as well as provide direction for future studies focused on the body’s metabolome exercise-related adaptations. It was performed using five databases (Medline (PubMed), Google Scholar, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library). Two author teams reviewed 105 abstracts for inclusion and at the end of the screening process 50 full texts were analyzed. Lastly, 14 research articles specifically focusing on metabolic responses to exercise in healthy subjects were included. The Oxford quality scoring system scale was used as a quality measure of the reviews. Information was extracted using the participants, intervention, comparison, outcomes (PICOS) format. Despite that fact that it is well-known that lipids are involved in different sport-related changes, it is unclear what types of lipids are involved. Therefore, we analyzed the characteristic lipid species in blood and skeletal muscle, as well as their alterations in response to chronic and acute exercise. Lipidomics analyses of the studies examined revealed medium- and long-chain fatty acids, fatty acid oxidation products, and phospholipids qualitative changes. The main cumulative evidence indicates that both chronic and acute bouts of exercise determine significant changes in lipidomic profiles, but they manifested in very different ways depending on the type of tissue examined. Therefore, this systematic review may offer the possibility to fully understand the individual lipidomics exercise-related response and could be especially important to improve athletic performance and human health.
Collapse
|
21
|
Mussap M, Noto A, Piras C, Atzori L, Fanos V. Slotting metabolomics into routine precision medicine. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2021.1911639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Mussap
- Department of Surgical Science, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Antonio Noto
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Cristina Piras
- Department of Surgical Science, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Luigi Atzori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Department of Surgical Science, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Metabolomics and Lipidomics: Expanding the Molecular Landscape of Exercise Biology. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11030151. [PMID: 33799958 PMCID: PMC8001908 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11030151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic changes in circulating and tissue metabolites and lipids occur in response to exercise-induced cellular and whole-body energy demands to maintain metabolic homeostasis. The metabolome and lipidome in a given biological system provides a molecular snapshot of these rapid and complex metabolic perturbations. The application of metabolomics and lipidomics to map the metabolic responses to an acute bout of aerobic/endurance or resistance exercise has dramatically expanded over the past decade thanks to major analytical advancements, with most exercise-related studies to date focused on analyzing human biofluids and tissues. Experimental and analytical considerations, as well as complementary studies using animal model systems, are warranted to help overcome challenges associated with large human interindividual variability and decipher the breadth of molecular mechanisms underlying the metabolic health-promoting effects of exercise. In this review, we provide a guide for exercise researchers regarding analytical techniques and experimental workflows commonly used in metabolomics and lipidomics. Furthermore, we discuss advancements in human and mammalian exercise research utilizing metabolomic and lipidomic approaches in the last decade, as well as highlight key technical considerations and remaining knowledge gaps to continue expanding the molecular landscape of exercise biology.
Collapse
|
23
|
Yu F, Salisbury D, Mathiason MA. Inter-individual differences in the responses to aerobic exercise in Alzheimer's disease: Findings from the FIT-AD trial. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2021; 10:65-72. [PMID: 32505710 PMCID: PMC7858037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the strong evidence of aerobic exercise as a disease-modifying treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in animal models, its effects on cognition are inconsistent in human studies. A major contributor to these findings is inter-individual differences in the responses to aerobic exercise, which was well documented in the general population but not in those with AD. The purpose of this study was to examine inter-individual differences in aerobic fitness and cognitive responses to a 6-month aerobic exercise intervention in community-dwelling older adults with mild-to-moderate dementia due to AD. METHODS This study was a secondary analysis of the Effects of Aerobic Exercise for Treating Alzheimer's Disease (FIT-AD) trial data. Aerobic fitness was measured by the shuttle walk test (SWT), the 6-min walk test (6MWT), and the maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) test, and cognition by the AD Assessment Scale-Cognition (ADAS-Cog). Inter-individual differences were calculated as the differences in the standard deviation of 6-month change (SDR) in the SWT, 6MWT, VO2max, and ADAS-Cog between the intervention and control groups. RESULTS Seventy-eight participants were included in this study (77.4 ± 6.3 years old, mean ± SD; 15.7 ± 2.8 years of education; 41% were female). VO2max was available for 26 participants (77.7 ± 7.1 years old; 14.8 ± 2.6 years of education; 35% were female). The SDR was 37.0, 121.1, 1.7, and 2.3 for SWT, 6MWT, VO2max, and ADAS-Cog, respectively. CONCLUSION There are true inter-individual differences in aerobic fitness and cognitive responses to aerobic exercise in older adults with mild-to-moderate dementia due to AD. These inter-individual differences likely underline the inconsistent cognitive benefits in human studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yu
- Adult and Gerontological Health Cooperative, School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Dereck Salisbury
- Adult and Gerontological Health Cooperative, School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Michelle A Mathiason
- Adult and Gerontological Health Cooperative, School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bragazzi NL, Khoramipour K, Chaouachi A, Chamari K. Toward Sportomics: Shifting From Sport Genomics to Sport Postgenomics and Metabolomics Specialties. Promises, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:1201-1202. [PMID: 32963119 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Karim Chamari
- ASPETAR
- Qatar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Valenzuela PL, Castillo-García A, Morales JS, de la Villa P, Hampel H, Emanuele E, Lista S, Lucia A. Exercise benefits on Alzheimer's disease: State-of-the-science. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 62:101108. [PMID: 32561386 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Although there is no unanimity, growing evidence supports the value of regular physical exercise to prevent Alzheimer's disease as well as cognitive decline in affected patients. Together with an introductory summary on epidemiological evidence, the aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the potential biological mechanisms underlying exercise benefits in this condition. Regular physical exercise has proven to be beneficial for traditional cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., reduced vascular flow, diabetes) involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Exercise also promotes neurogenesis via increases in exercise-induced metabolic factors (e.g., ketone bodies, lactate) and muscle-derived myokines (cathepsin-B, irisin), which in turn stimulate the production of neurotrophins such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Finally, regular exercise exerts anti-inflammatory effects and improves the brain redox status, thereby ameliorating the pathophysiological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (e.g., amyloid-β deposition). In summary, physical exercise might provide numerous benefits through different pathways that might, in turn, help prevent risk and progression of Alzheimer's disease. More evidence is needed, however, based on human studies.
Collapse
|
26
|
Khoramipour K, Gaeini AA, Shirzad E, Gilany K, Chashniam S, Sandbakk Ø. Metabolic load comparison between the quarters of a game in elite male basketball players using sport metabolomics. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:1022-1034. [PMID: 32746753 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1805515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: A basketball match is characterized by intermittent high-intensity activities, thereby relying extensively on both aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways. Here, we aimed to compare the metabolic fluctuations between the four 10-min quarters of high-level basketball games using metabolomics analyses. Methods: 70 male basketball players with at least 3 years of experience in the Iran national top-league participated. Before and after each quarter, saliva samples were taken for subsequent untargeted metabolomics analyses, where Principal component analysis (PCA) and Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were employed for statistical analysis. Results: Quarters 1 and 3 showed similar metabolic profiles, with increased levels of ATP turnover (higher Lactate, Pyruvate, Succinic Acid, Citric Cid, Glucose and Hypoxanthine), indicating more reliance on anaerobic energy systems than quarters 2 and 4. In comparison, quarters 2 and 4 showed a reduction in Valine and Lucien and an increase in Alanine, Glycerol, AcetoAcetic Acid, Acetone, Succinic Acid, Citric Acid, Acetate and Taurine that was not present in quarters 1 and 3, indicating greater reliance of aerobic energy contribution, fat metabolism and gluconeogenesis. Conclusion: Our data demonstrate that the higher intensity of movements in the first quarter, where players are more rested, induce an increase in anaerobic energy contribution. This seems to be the case also for the third quarter that follows 15 min of rest, whereas the accumulated fatigue and reduction of high-intensity movements in the second and fourth quarters also reduces the speed of energy production and players thereby utilize more aerobic energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayvan Khoramipour
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Gaeini
- Department of exercise physiology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Shirzad
- Department of Health and Sports Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kambiz Gilany
- Reproductive Immunology Research Center Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Integrative Oncology Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Øyvind Sandbakk
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Ansere
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Willard M Freeman
- Genes and Human Disease Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA. .,Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Robbins JM, Herzig M, Morningstar J, Sarzynski MA, Cruz DE, Wang TJ, Gao Y, Wilson JG, Bouchard C, Rankinen T, Gerszten RE. Association of Dimethylguanidino Valeric Acid With Partial Resistance to Metabolic Health Benefits of Regular Exercise. JAMA Cardiol 2020; 4:636-643. [PMID: 31166569 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2019.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Importance Metabolic responses to exercise training are variable. Metabolite profiling may aid in the clinical assessment of an individual's responsiveness to exercise interventions. Objective To investigate the association between a novel circulating biomarker of hepatic fat, dimethylguanidino valeric acid (DMGV), and metabolic health traits before and after 20 weeks of endurance exercise training. Design, Setting, and Participants This study involved cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of the Health, Risk Factors, Exercise Training, and Genetics (HERITAGE) Family Study, a 20-week, single-arm endurance exercise clinical trial performed in multiple centers between 1993 and 1997. White participants with sedentary lifestyles who were free of cardiometabolic disease were included. Metabolomic tests were performed using a liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry method on plasma samples collected before and after exercise training in the HERITAGE study. Metabolomics and data analysis were performed from August 2017 to May 2018. Exposures Plasma DMGV levels. Main Outcome and Measures The association between DMGV levels and measures of body composition, plasma lipids, insulin, and glucose homeostasis before and after exercise training. Results Among the 439 participants included in analyses from HERITAGE, the mean (SD) age was 36 (15) years, 228 (51.9%) were female, and the median (interquartile range) body mass index was 25 (22-28). Baseline levels of DMGV were positively associated with body fat percentage, abdominal visceral fat, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides, and inversely associated with insulin sensitivity, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein size, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (range of β coefficients, 0.17-0.46 [SEs, 0.026-0.050]; all P < .001, after adjusting for age and sex). After adjusting for age, sex, and baseline traits, baseline DMGV levels were positively associated with changes in small high-density lipoprotein particles (β, 0.14 [95% CI, 0.05-0.23]) and inversely associated with changes in medium and total high-density lipoprotein particles (β, -0.15 [95% CI, -0.24 to -0.05] and -0.19 [95% CI, -0.28 to -0.10], respectively), apolipoprotein A1 (β, -0.14 [95% CI, -0.23 to -0.05]), and insulin sensitivity (β, -0.13; P = 3.0 × 10-3) after exercise training. Conclusions and Relevance Dimethylguanidino valeric acid is an early marker of cardiometabolic dysfunction that is associated with attenuated improvements in lipid traits and insulin sensitivity after exercise training. Levels of DMGV may identify individuals who require additional therapies beyond guideline-directed exercise to improve their metabolic health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Robbins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew Herzig
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jordan Morningstar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark A Sarzynski
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Daniel E Cruz
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas J Wang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - James G Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Robert E Gerszten
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Affiliation(s)
- John A Hawley
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Krokidis MG. Transcriptomics and Metabolomics in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1195:205-212. [PMID: 32468479 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32633-3_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease involving progressive and selective loss of motor neurons, muscle weakness, paralysis and death. The pathogenesis of ALS is not clearly understood, while reliable prognostic markers have not been identified to detect symptoms at earlier time points. The rapid development of microarray technology offers great potential for simultaneous analysis of the transcriptional expression of thousands of genes, aiming to determine novel candidate targets for efficient treatment. Additionally, metabolomics, as a high-throughput approach, is gaining significant attention in ALS research providing an opportunity to develop predictive biomarkers that may be utilized as indicators of clinical symptoms of ALS. In this review, recent evidences from gene expression profiling studies in ALS are illustrated in order to examine molecular signatures related to the disease's pathogenesis and potential discovery of therapeutic targets. Moreover, potent challenges are presented regarding the utilization of the metabolomics approach as a diagnostic tool in context with distinctive biomarkers' identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marios G Krokidis
- National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos, Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Exercise is a well-known non-pharmacologic agent used to prevent and treat a wide range of pathologic conditions such as metabolic and cardiovascular disease. In this sense, the classic field of exercise physiology has determined the main theoretical and practical bases of physiologic adaptations in response to exercise. However, the last decades were marked by significant advances in analytical laboratory techniques, where the field of biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology promoted exercise science to enter a new era. Regardless of its application, whether in the field of disease prevention or performance, the association of molecular biology with exercise physiology has been fundamental for unveiling knowledge of the molecular mechanisms related to the adaptation to exercise. This chapter will address the natural evolution of exercise physiology toward genetics and molecular biology, emphasizing the collection of integrated analytical approaches that composes the OMICS and their contribution to the field of molecular exercise physiology.
Collapse
|
32
|
Nelson ME, Parker BL, Burchfield JG, Hoffman NJ, Needham EJ, Cooke KC, Naim T, Sylow L, Ling NXY, Francis D, Norris DM, Chaudhuri R, Oakhill JS, Richter EA, Lynch GS, Stöckli J, James DE. Phosphoproteomics reveals conserved exercise-stimulated signaling and AMPK regulation of store-operated calcium entry. EMBO J 2019; 38:e102578. [PMID: 31381180 PMCID: PMC6912027 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019102578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise stimulates cellular and physiological adaptations that are associated with widespread health benefits. To uncover conserved protein phosphorylation events underlying this adaptive response, we performed mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomic analyses of skeletal muscle from two widely used rodent models: treadmill running in mice and in situ muscle contraction in rats. We overlaid these phosphoproteomic signatures with cycling in humans to identify common cross-species phosphosite responses, as well as unique model-specific regulation. We identified > 22,000 phosphosites, revealing orthologous protein phosphorylation and overlapping signaling pathways regulated by exercise. This included two conserved phosphosites on stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), which we validate as AMPK substrates. Furthermore, we demonstrate that AMPK-mediated phosphorylation of STIM1 negatively regulates store-operated calcium entry, and this is beneficial for exercise in Drosophila. This integrated cross-species resource of exercise-regulated signaling in human, mouse, and rat skeletal muscle has uncovered conserved networks and unraveled crosstalk between AMPK and intracellular calcium flux.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marin E Nelson
- Charles Perkins CentreSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesSydney Medical SchoolThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Benjamin L Parker
- Charles Perkins CentreSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesSydney Medical SchoolThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- Present address:
Department of PhysiologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - James G Burchfield
- Charles Perkins CentreSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesSydney Medical SchoolThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Nolan J Hoffman
- Charles Perkins CentreSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesSydney Medical SchoolThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- Present address:
Exercise and Nutrition Research ProgramMary MacKillop Institute for Health ResearchAustralian Catholic UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Elise J Needham
- Charles Perkins CentreSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesSydney Medical SchoolThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Kristen C Cooke
- Charles Perkins CentreSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesSydney Medical SchoolThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Timur Naim
- Centre for Muscle ResearchDepartment of PhysiologySchool of Biomedical SciencesThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVicAustralia
| | - Lykke Sylow
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsFaculty of ScienceThe University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Naomi XY Ling
- Metabolic Signalling LaboratorySt. Vincent's Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Deanne Francis
- Charles Perkins CentreSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesSydney Medical SchoolThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Dougall M Norris
- Charles Perkins CentreSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesSydney Medical SchoolThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Rima Chaudhuri
- Charles Perkins CentreSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesSydney Medical SchoolThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Jonathan S Oakhill
- Metabolic Signalling LaboratorySt. Vincent's Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVic.Australia
- Exercise and Nutrition Research ProgramMary MacKillop Institute for Health ResearchAustralian Catholic UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Erik A Richter
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsFaculty of ScienceThe University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Gordon S Lynch
- Centre for Muscle ResearchDepartment of PhysiologySchool of Biomedical SciencesThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVicAustralia
| | - Jacqueline Stöckli
- Charles Perkins CentreSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesSydney Medical SchoolThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - David E James
- Charles Perkins CentreSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesSydney Medical SchoolThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ramachandran K, Senagolage MD, Sommars MA, Futtner CR, Omura Y, Allred AL, Barish GD. Dynamic enhancers control skeletal muscle identity and reprogramming. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000467. [PMID: 31589602 PMCID: PMC6799888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscles consist of fibers of differing metabolic activities and contractility, which become remodeled in response to chronic exercise, but the epigenomic basis for muscle identity and adaptation remains poorly understood. Here, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing of dimethylated histone 3 lysine 4 and acetylated histone 3 lysine 27 as well as transposase-accessible chromatin profiling to dissect cis-regulatory networks across muscle groups. We demonstrate that in vivo enhancers specify muscles in accordance with myofiber composition, show little resemblance to cultured myotube enhancers, and identify glycolytic and oxidative muscle-specific regulators. Moreover, we find that voluntary wheel running and muscle-specific peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (Pgc1a) transgenic (mTg) overexpression, which stimulate endurance performance in mice, result in markedly different changes to the epigenome. Exercise predominantly leads to enhancer hypoacetylation, whereas mTg causes hyperacetylation at different sites. Integrative analysis of regulatory regions and gene expression revealed that exercise and mTg are each associated with myocyte enhancer factor (MEF) 2 and estrogen-related receptor (ERR) signaling and transcription of genes promoting oxidative metabolism. However, exercise was additionally associated with regulation by retinoid X receptor (RXR), jun proto-oncogene (JUN), sine oculis homeobox factor (SIX), and other factors. Overall, our work defines the unique enhancer repertoires of skeletal muscles in vivo and reveals that divergent exercise-induced or PGC1α-driven epigenomic programs direct partially convergent transcriptional networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krithika Ramachandran
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Madhavi D. Senagolage
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Meredith A. Sommars
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Christopher R. Futtner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yasuhiro Omura
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Amanda L. Allred
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Grant D. Barish
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lavin KM, Roberts BM, Fry CS, Moro T, Rasmussen BB, Bamman MM. The Importance of Resistance Exercise Training to Combat Neuromuscular Aging. Physiology (Bethesda) 2019; 34:112-122. [PMID: 30724133 PMCID: PMC6586834 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00044.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Older adults undergoing age-related decrements in muscle health can benefit substantially from resistance exercise training, a potent stimulus for whole muscle and myofiber hypertrophy, neuromuscular performance gains, and improved functional mobility. With the use of advancing technologies, research continues to elucidate the mechanisms of and heterogeneity in adaptations to resistance exercise training beyond differences in exercise prescription. This review highlights the current knowledge in these areas and emphasizes knowledge gaps that require future attention of the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaleen M Lavin
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Brandon M Roberts
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Christopher S Fry
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas ; and
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Tatiana Moro
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas ; and
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas ; and
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Marcas M Bamman
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Interactive Roles for AMPK and Glycogen from Cellular Energy Sensing to Exercise Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113344. [PMID: 30373152 PMCID: PMC6274970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a heterotrimeric complex with central roles in cellular energy sensing and the regulation of metabolism and exercise adaptations. AMPK regulatory β subunits contain a conserved carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) that binds glycogen, the major tissue storage form of glucose. Research over the past two decades has revealed that the regulation of AMPK is impacted by glycogen availability, and glycogen storage dynamics are concurrently regulated by AMPK activity. This growing body of research has uncovered new evidence of physical and functional interactive roles for AMPK and glycogen ranging from cellular energy sensing to the regulation of whole-body metabolism and exercise-induced adaptations. In this review, we discuss recent advancements in the understanding of molecular, cellular, and physiological processes impacted by AMPK-glycogen interactions. In addition, we appraise how novel research technologies and experimental models will continue to expand the repertoire of biological processes known to be regulated by AMPK and glycogen. These multidisciplinary research advances will aid the discovery of novel pathways and regulatory mechanisms that are central to the AMPK signaling network, beneficial effects of exercise and maintenance of metabolic homeostasis in health and disease.
Collapse
|
36
|
Antero J, Saulière G, Marck A, Toussaint JF. A Medal in the Olympics Runs in the Family: A Cohort Study of Performance Heritability in the Games History. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1313. [PMID: 30283357 PMCID: PMC6157334 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Elite performance in sports is known to be influenced by heritable components, but the magnitude of such an influence has never been quantified. Hypothesis/Objectives: We hypothesized that having a former world-class champion in the family increases the chances of an athlete to repeat the achievement of her or his kinship. We aimed to measure the heritability of a medal in the Olympic Games (OG) among Olympians and to estimate the percentage of the genetic contribution to such a heritance. Study Design: Twin-family study of a retrospective cohort. Methods: All the 125,051 worldwide athletes that have participated in the OG between 1896 and 2012 were included. The expected probability to win a medal in the OG was defined as the frequency of medallists among Olympians without any blood kinship in the OG. This expected probability was compared with the probability to win a medal for Olympians having a kinship (grandparent, aunt/uncle, parent, or siblings) with a former Olympian that was a (1) non-medallist or (2) medallist. The heritability of the genetically determined phenotype (h2) was assessed by probandwise concordance rates among dizygotic (DZ) and monozygotic (MZ) twins (n = 90). Results: The expected probability to win a medal in the OG was 20.4%. No significant difference of medal probability was found in the subgroups of Olympians with a Non-medallist kinship, except among siblings for whom this probability was lower: 13.3% (95% CI 11.2–14.8). The medal probability was significantly greater among Olympians having a kinship with a former Olympic Medallist: 44.4% for niece/nephew (33.7–54.2); 43.4% for offspring (37.4–48.6); 64.8% for siblings (61.2–68.8); 75.5% for DZ twins (63.3–86.6); and 85.7% for MZ twins (63.6–96.9); with significantly greater concordance between MZ than DZ (p = 0.01) and h2 estimated at 20.5%. Conclusion: Having a kinship with a former Olympic medallist is associated with a greater probability for an Olympian to also become a medallist, the closer an athlete is genetically to such kinship the greater this probability. Once in the OG, the genetic contribution to win a medal is estimated to be 20.5%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Antero
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport, Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Saulière
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport, Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France
| | - Adrien Marck
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport, Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Toussaint
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport, Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France.,EA 7329, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France.,CIMS, Hôtel-Dieu, Assistance Publique, Hopitaux De Paris, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Cho Y, Ross RS. A mini review: Proteomics approaches to understand disused vs. exercised human skeletal muscle. Physiol Genomics 2018; 50:746-757. [PMID: 29958080 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00043.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Immobilization, bed rest, or denervation leads to muscle disuse and subsequent skeletal muscle atrophy. Muscle atrophy can also occur as a component of various chronic diseases such as cancer, AIDS, sepsis, diabetes, and chronic heart failure or as a direct result of genetic muscle disorders. In addition to this atrophic loss of muscle mass, metabolic deregulation of muscle also occurs. In contrast, physical exercise plays a beneficial role in counteracting disuse-induced atrophy by increasing muscle mass and strength. Along with this, exercise can also reduce mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic deregulation. Still, while exercise causes valuable metabolic and functional adaptations in skeletal muscle, the mechanisms and effectors that lead to these changes such as increased mitochondria content or enhanced protein synthesis are not fully understood. Therefore, mechanistic insights may ultimately provide novel ways to treat disuse induced atrophy and metabolic deregulation. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics offers enormous promise for investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying disuse and exercise-induced changes in skeletal muscle. This review will focus on initial findings uncovered by using proteomics approaches with human skeletal muscle specimens and discuss their potential for the future study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitake Cho
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California
| | - Robert S Ross
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California.,Cardiology Section, Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Healthcare , San Diego, California
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hawley JA, Lundby C, Cotter JD, Burke LM. Maximizing Cellular Adaptation to Endurance Exercise in Skeletal Muscle. Cell Metab 2018; 27:962-976. [PMID: 29719234 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The application of molecular techniques to exercise biology has provided novel insight into the complexity and breadth of intracellular signaling networks involved in response to endurance-based exercise. Here we discuss several strategies that have high uptake by athletes and, on mechanistic grounds, have the potential to promote cellular adaptation to endurance training in skeletal muscle. Such approaches are based on the underlying premise that imposing a greater metabolic load and provoking extreme perturbations in cellular homeostasis will augment acute exercise responses that, when repeated over months and years, will amplify training adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Hawley
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Carsten Lundby
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - James D Cotter
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Louise M Burke
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Department of Sport Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Belconnen, ACT, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bora G, Subaşı-Yıldız Ş, Yeşbek-Kaymaz A, Bulut N, Alemdaroğlu İ, Tunca-Yılmaz Ö, Topaloğlu H, Karaduman AA, Erdem-Yurter H. Effects of Arm Cycling Exercise in Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type II Patients: A Pilot Study. J Child Neurol 2018; 33:209-215. [PMID: 29327642 DOI: 10.1177/0883073817750500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exercise studies in neuromuscular diseases like spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a devastating disease caused by survival of motor neuron 1 ( SMN1) gene mutations, are drawing attention due to its beneficial effects. In this study, we presented a constructed arm cycling exercise protocol and evaluated the benefits on SMA patients. Five SMA type II patients performed 12 weeks of supervised arm cycling exercise. The physical functions were evaluated together with the SMN2 copy numbers, SMN protein levels, insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF1) and binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) levels. The active cycling distance and duration of patients significantly improved. Significant changes could not have detected either SMN or IGF1 and IGFBP3 levels in response to exercise. The findings demonstrated that the patients tolerated the exercise protocol and gained a benefit from arm cycling but benefits could not be associated with SMN2 copy number, SMN protein level, IGF1, or IGFBP3 levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Bora
- 1 Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Şulenur Subaşı-Yıldız
- 2 Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Yeşbek-Kaymaz
- 1 Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Numan Bulut
- 2 Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İpek Alemdaroğlu
- 2 Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Öznur Tunca-Yılmaz
- 2 Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Haluk Topaloğlu
- 3 Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Neurology Unit, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aynur Ayşe Karaduman
- 2 Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hayat Erdem-Yurter
- 1 Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|