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Mao Q, Zhou S, Liu S, Peng C, Yin X, Li J, Zhang Y, Zhou W, Hou G, Jiang W, Liu H. Emergence of novel reassortant H3N3 avian influenza viruses with increased pathogenicity in chickens in 2023. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2287683. [PMID: 37990831 PMCID: PMC10795584 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2287683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Mao
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuning Zhou
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuo Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Peng
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Yin
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinping Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanting Zhou
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangyu Hou
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenming Jiang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hualei Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Sun Y, Zhu Y, Zhang P, Sheng S, Guan Z, Cong Y. Hemagglutinin glycosylation pattern-specific effects: implications for the fitness of H9.4.2.5-branched H9N2 avian influenza viruses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2364736. [PMID: 38847071 PMCID: PMC11182062 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2364736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Since 2007, h9.4.2.5 has emerged as the most predominant branch of H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) that affects the majority of the global poultry population. The spread of this viral branch in vaccinated chicken flocks has not been considerably curbed despite numerous efforts. The evolutionary fitness of h9.4.2.5-branched AIVs must consequently be taken into consideration. The glycosylation modifications of hemagglutinin (HA) play a pivotal role in regulating the balance between receptor affinity and immune evasion for influenza viruses. Sequence alignment showed that five major HA glycosylation patterns have evolved over time in h9.4.2.5-branched AIVs. Here, we compared the adaptive phenotypes of five virus mutants with different HA glycosylation patterns. According to the results, the mutant with 6 N-linked glycans displayed the best acid and thermal stability and a better capacity for multiplication, although having a relatively lower receptor affinity than 7 glycans. The antigenic profile between the five mutants revealed a distinct antigenic distance, indicating that variations in glycosylation level have an impact on antigenic drift. These findings suggest that changes in the number of glycans on HA can not only modulate the receptor affinity and antigenicity of H9N2 AIVs, but also affect their stability and multiplication. These adaptive phenotypes may underlie the biological basis for the dominant strain switchover of h9.4.2.5-branched AIVs. Overall, our study provides a systematic insight into how changes in HA glycosylation patterns regulate the evolutionary fitness and epidemiological dominance drift of h9.4.2.5-branched H9N2 AIVs, which will be of great benefit for the glycosylation-dependent vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixue Sun
- Department of Policies and Regulations, Changchun University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengju Zhang
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shouzhi Sheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenhong Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanlong Cong
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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3
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Wu J, Wan Z, Qian K, Shao H, Ye J, Qin A. The amino acid variation at hemagglutinin sites 145, 153, 164 and 200 modulate antigenicity andreplication of H9N2 avian influenza virus. Vet Microbiol 2024; 296:110188. [PMID: 39018942 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV), one of the predominant subtypes circulating in the poultry industry, inflicts substantial economic damage. Mutations in the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins of H9N2 frequently alter viral antigenicity and replication. In this paper, we analyzed the HA genetic sequences and antigenic properties of 26 H9N2 isolates obtained from chickens in China between 2012 and 2019. The results showed that these H9N2 viruses all belonged to h9.4.2.5, and were divided into two clades. We assessed the impact of amino acid substitutions at HA sites 145, 149, 153, 164, 167, 168, and 200 on antigenicity, and found that a mutation at site 164 significantly modified antigenic characteristics. Amino acid variations at sites 145, 153, 164 and 200 affected virus's hemagglutination and the growth kinetics in mammalian cells. These results underscore the critical need for ongoing surveillance of the H9N2 virus and provide valuable insights for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsen Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Zhimin Wan
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Kun Qian
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Aijian Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China.
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Nugroho CMH, Silaen OSM, Kurnia RS, Krisnamurti DGB, Putra MA, Indrawati A, Poetri ON, Wibawan IWT, Widyaningtyas ST, Soebandrio A. In vitro antiviral activity of NanB bacterial sialidase against avian influenza H9N2 virus in MDCK cells. Avian Pathol 2024:1-12. [PMID: 39069790 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2024.2386315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The avian influenza virus is an infectious agent that may cause global health problems in poultry and is potentially zoonotic. In the recent decades, bacterial-derived sialidases have been extensively studied for their ability to inhibit avian influenza virus infections. In this study, the antiviral activity of NanB sialidase from Pasteurella multocida was investigated through in vitro analysis using Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. NanB sialidase was purified from P. multocida to test its toxicity and its ability to hydrolyse its sialic acid receptors on MDCK cells. The H9N2 challenge virus was propagated in MDCK cells until cytopathic effects appeared. Antiviral activity of NanB sialidase was tested using MDCK cells, and then observed based on cell morphology, viral copy number, and expression of apoptosis-mediating genes. NanB sialidase effectively hydrolysed Neu5Acα(2,6)-Gal sialic acid at a dose of 129 mU/ml, while at 258 mU/ml, it caused toxicity to MDCK cells. Antiviral activity of sialidase was evident based on the significant decrease in viral copy number at all doses administered. The increase of p53 and caspase-3 expression was observed in infected cells without sialidase. Our study demonstrates the ability of NanB sialidase to inhibit H9N2 virus replication based on observations of sialic acid hydrolysis, reduction in viral copy number, and expression of apoptosis-related genes. The future application of sialidase may be considered as an antiviral strategy against avian influenza H9N2 virus infections. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTSNanB sialidase effectively hydrolyses Neu5Acα(2,6)-Gal at a dose of 129 mU/ml.NanB sialidase from Pasteurella multocida can inhibit the entry of H9N2 virus into cells.NanB sialidase of Pasteurella multocida prevents infection-induced cell apoptosis.NanB sialidase reduces the H9N2 viral copy number in MDCK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Marco Hadi Nugroho
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia
- Animal Health Research and Diagnostic Unit, PT Medika Satwa Laboratoris, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Otto Sahat Martua Silaen
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ryan Septa Kurnia
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia
- Animal Health Research and Diagnostic Unit, PT Medika Satwa Laboratoris, Bogor, Indonesia
| | | | - Muhammad Ade Putra
- Department of Animal Disease and Veterinary Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Agustin Indrawati
- Department of Animal Disease and Veterinary Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Okti Nadia Poetri
- Department of Animal Disease and Veterinary Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - I Wayan Teguh Wibawan
- Department of Animal Disease and Veterinary Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Silvia Tri Widyaningtyas
- Virology and Cancer Pathobiology Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Amin Soebandrio
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia
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Kohnle L, Das T, Uddin MH, Nath SC, Mohsin MAS, Mahmud R, Biswas PK, Hoque MA, Pfeiffer DU, Fournié G. Amplification of avian influenza virus circulation along poultry marketing chains in Bangladesh: A controlled field experiment. Prev Vet Med 2024; 231:106302. [PMID: 39137554 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of avian influenza viruses is commonly found to increase dramatically as birds are transported from farms to live bird markets. Viral transmission dynamics along marketing chains are, however, poorly understood. To address this gap, we implemented a controlled field experiment altering chicken supply to a live bird market in Chattogram, Bangladesh. Broilers and backyard chickens traded along altered (intervention) and conventional (control) marketing chains were tested for avian influenza viruses at different time points. Upon arrival at the live bird market, the odds of detecting avian influenza viruses did not differ between control and intervention groups. However, 12 h later, intervention group odds were lower, particularly for broilers, indicating that viral shedding in live bird markets resulted partly from infections occurring during transport and trade. Curtailing avian influenza virus prevalence in live bird markets requires mitigating risk in marketing chain nodes preceding chickens' delivery at live bird markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kohnle
- City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
| | - Tridip Das
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Rd, Khulshi, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh; Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, North Wagga, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.
| | - Md Helal Uddin
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Rd, Khulshi, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh.
| | - Sanjib Chandra Nath
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Rd, Khulshi, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Abu Shoieb Mohsin
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Rd, Khulshi, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh.
| | - Rashed Mahmud
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Rd, Khulshi, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh.
| | - Paritosh Kumar Biswas
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Rd, Khulshi, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Ahasanul Hoque
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Rd, Khulshi, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh.
| | - Dirk Udo Pfeiffer
- City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China; Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, London, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom.
| | - Guillaume Fournié
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, London, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom; Université de Lyon, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, VetAgro Sup veterinary campus, 1, avenue Bourgelat, Marcy-l'Etoile 69280, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Clermont-Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, THEIX site, Saint Genes Champanelle, France.
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Cargnin Faccin F, Cáceres CJ, Gay LC, Seibert B, van Bentem N, Rodriguez LA, Soares Fraiha AL, Cardenas M, Geiger G, Ortiz L, Carnaccini S, Kapczynski DR, Rajao DS, Perez DR. Mass vaccination with reassortment-impaired live H9N2 avian influenza vaccine. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:136. [PMID: 39097573 PMCID: PMC11297921 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00923-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza poses a severe threat to poultry production and global food security, prompting the development of vaccination programs in numerous countries. Modified live virus (MLV) vaccines, with their potential for mass application, offer a distinct advantage over existing options. However, concerns surrounding reversion, recombination, and unintended transmission have hindered the progress of MLV development for avian influenza in poultry. To address these concerns, we engineered reassortment-impaired, non-transmissible, safe, immunogenic, and protective MLVs through the rearrangement of internal gene segments and additional modifications to the surface gene segments HA and NA. The unique peptide marker aspartic acid-arginine-proline-alanine-valine-isoleucine-alanine-asparragine (DRPAVIAN) was incorporated into HA, while NA was modified to encode the chicken interleukin-18 (ckIL18) gene (MLV-H9N2-IL). In vitro, the MLV-H9N2 and MLV-H9N2-IL candidates demonstrated stability and virus titers comparable to the wild-type H9N2 strain. In chickens, the MLV-H9N2 and MLV-H9N2-IL candidates did not transmit via direct contact. Co-infection studies with wild-type virus confirmed that the altered HA and NA segments exhibited fitness disadvantages and did not reassort. Vaccinated chickens showed no clinical signs upon vaccination, all seroconverted, and the inclusion of ckIL18 in the MLV-H9N2-IL vaccine enhanced neutralizing antibody production. A significant decrease in viral loads post-challenge underscored the protective effect of the MLVs. The MLV-H9N2-IL vaccine, administered via drinking water, proved immunogenic in chickens in a dose-dependent manner, generating protective levels of neutralizing antibodies upon aggressive homologous virus challenge. In summary, this study lays the groundwork for safe MLVs against avian influenza suitable for mass vaccination efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Cargnin Faccin
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - C Joaquin Cáceres
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - L Claire Gay
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Brittany Seibert
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nick van Bentem
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Division of Farm Animal Health, Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luis A Rodriguez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ana Luiza Soares Fraiha
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo, Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Matias Cardenas
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ginger Geiger
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lucia Ortiz
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Silvia Carnaccini
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Darrell R Kapczynski
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Disease Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniela S Rajao
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniel R Perez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Fusaro A, Pu J, Zhou Y, Lu L, Tassoni L, Lan Y, Lam TTY, Song Z, Bahl J, Chen J, Gao GF, Monne I, Liu J. Proposal for a Global Classification and Nomenclature System for A/H9 Influenza Viruses. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:1-13. [PMID: 39043566 PMCID: PMC11286050 DOI: 10.3201/eid3008.231176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A/H9 viruses circulate worldwide in wild and domestic avian species, continuing to evolve and posing a zoonotic risk. A substantial increase in human infections with A/H9N2 subtype avian influenza viruses (AIVs) and the emergence of novel reassortants carrying A/H9N2-origin internal genes has occurred in recent years. Different names have been used to describe the circulating and emerging A/H9 lineages. To address this issue, an international group of experts from animal and public health laboratories, endorsed by the WOAH/FAO Network of Expertise on Animal Influenza, has created a practical lineage classification and nomenclature system based on the analysis of 10,638 hemagglutinin sequences from A/H9 AIVs sampled worldwide. This system incorporates phylogenetic relationships and epidemiologic characteristics designed to trace emerging and circulating lineages and clades. To aid in lineage and clade assignment, an online tool has been created. This proposed classification enables rapid comprehension of the global spread and evolution of A/H9 AIVs.
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Zhai K, Dong J, Zeng J, Cheng P, Wu X, Han W, Chen Y, Qiu Z, Zhou Y, Pu J, Jiang T, Du X. Global antigenic landscape and vaccine recommendation strategy for low pathogenic avian influenza A (H9N2) viruses. J Infect 2024; 89:106199. [PMID: 38901571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The sustained circulation of H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) poses a significant threat for contributing to a new pandemic. Given the temporal and spatial uncertainty in the antigenicity of H9N2 AIVs, the immune protection efficiency of vaccines remains challenging. By developing an antigenicity prediction method for H9N2 AIVs, named PREDAC-H9, the global antigenic landscape of H9N2 AIVs was mapped. PREDAC-H9 utilizes the XGBoost model with 14 well-designed features. The XGBoost model was built and evaluated to predict the antigenic relationship between any two viruses with high values of 81.1 %, 81.4 %, 81.3 %, 81.1 %, and 89.4 % in accuracy, precision, recall, F1 value, and area under curve (AUC), respectively. Then the antigenic correlation network (ACnet) was constructed based on the predicted antigenic relationship for H9N2 AIVs from 1966 to 2022, and ten major antigenic clusters were identified. Of these, four novel clusters were generated in China in the past decade, demonstrating the unique complex situation there. To help tackle this situation, we applied PREDAC-H9 to calculate the cluster-transition determining sites and screen out virus strains with the high cross-protective spectrum, thus providing an in silico reference for vaccine recommendation. The proposed model will reduce the clinical monitoring workload and provide a useful tool for surveillance and control of H9N2 AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhai
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Jinze Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Zeng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Peiwen Cheng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Xinsheng Wu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Wenjie Han
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Yilin Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China
| | - Zekai Qiu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China; Department of Molecular and Radiooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69047, Germany
| | - Yong Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Juan Pu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Taijiao Jiang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
| | - Xiangjun Du
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbes & Biosecurity, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510030, PR China.
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9
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Fan Q, Xie Z, Zhao J, Hua J, Wei Y, Li X, Li D, Luo S, Li M, Xie L, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Wang S, Ren H, Wan L. Simultaneous differential detection of H5, H7 and H9 subtypes of avian influenza viruses by a triplex fluorescence loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1419312. [PMID: 39015104 PMCID: PMC11250583 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1419312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
H5, H7, and H9 are pivotal avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes that cause substantial economic losses and pose potential threats to public health worldwide. In this study, a novel triplex fluorescence reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (TLAMP) assay was developed in which traditional LAMP techniques were combined with probes for detection. Through this innovative approach, H5, H7, and H9 subtypes of AIV can be simultaneously identified and differentiated, thereby offering crucial technical support for prevention and control efforts. Three primer sets and composite probes were designed based on conserved regions of the haemagglutinin gene for each subtype. The probes were labelled with distinct fluorophores at their 3' ends, which were detached to release the fluorescence signal during the amplification process. The detection results were interpreted based on the colour of the TLAMP products. Then, the reaction conditions were optimized, and three primer sets and probes were combined in the same reaction system, resulting in a TLAMP detection assay for the differential diagnosis of AIV subtypes. Sensitivity testing with in vitro-transcribed RNA revealed that the detection limit of the TLAMP assay was 205 copies per reaction for H5, 360 copies for H7, and 545 copies for H9. The TLAMP assay demonstrated excellent specificity, no cross-reactivity with related avian viruses, and 100% consistency with a previously published quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. Therefore, due to its simplicity, rapidity, sensitivity, and specificity, this TLAMP assay is suitable for epidemiological investigations and is a valuable tool for detecting and distinguishing H5, H7, and H9 subtypes of AIV in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhixun Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
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10
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Chen X, Mu W, Shao Y, Peng L, Zhang R, Luo S, He X, Zhang L, He F, Li L, Wang R, Yang L, Xiang B. Genetic and molecular characterization of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in Yunnan Province, Southwestern China. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104040. [PMID: 39043028 PMCID: PMC11318558 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The H9N2 subtype of the avian influenza virus (AIV) is widely prevalent in birds, threatening the poultry industry and providing genetic material for emerging human pathogens. The prevalence and genetic characteristics of H9N2 in Yunnan Province, China, are largely unknown. Samples were collected from live poultry markets (LPMs) and breeding farms in Yunnan Province. H9N2-positive samples were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with a high positivity rate of 42.86% in tissue samples. The positivity rate of swab samples in the LPMs in Kunming was 3.97% (17/564), but no AIV was detected in samples from poultry farms in Lijiang, Wenshan, and Yuxi. Evolutionary analysis and genotyping were performed for the 17 strains of isolated H9N2 virus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all H9N2 viral genes had 91.6%-100% nucleotide homology, belonged to the G57 genotype, and had high homology with H9N2 viruses isolated from Guangdong and Guangxi, suggesting that the H9N2 viruses in Yunnan Province may have been imported by chicks. Using a nucleotide divergence cutoff of 95%, we identified ten distinct H9N2 genotypes that continued to evolve. The surface genes of the H9N2 isolates displayed substantial genetic diversity, highlighting the genetic diversity and complexity of the H9N2-subtype AIVs in Yunnan. Molecular analysis demonstrated that all 17 strains of H9N2 isolates had mutations at H183N, Q226L, L31P, and I268V in hemagglutinin; S31N in matrix protein 2; and no replacements at positions 274 and 292 of the neuraminidase protein. Sixteen strains had the A558V mutation and one strain had the E627V mutation in polymerase basic protein 2. Analysis of these amino acid sites suggests that H9N2 influenza viruses in Yunnan continue to mutate and adapt to mammals and are sensitive to neuraminidase inhibitors but resistant to adamantanes. It is necessary to strengthen surveillance of AIV H9N2 subtypes in poultry and LPMs in Yunnan to further understand their genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Center for Poultry Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Weiwu Mu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Center for Poultry Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yunteng Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Center for Poultry Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Li Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Center for Poultry Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Rongjie Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Center for Poultry Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Shiyu Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Center for Poultry Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xingchen He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Center for Poultry Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Limei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Center for Poultry Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Fengping He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Center for Poultry Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Lei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Center for Poultry Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ronghai Wang
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Bureau, Yanjin 657599, China
| | - Liangyu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Center for Poultry Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Bin Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Center for Poultry Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
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11
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Knoll M, Honce R, Meliopoulos V, Segredo-Otero EA, Johnson KE, Schultz-Cherry S, Ghedin E, Gresham D. Host obesity impacts genetic variation in influenza A viral populations. J Virol 2024; 98:e0177823. [PMID: 38785423 PMCID: PMC11237528 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01778-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is well established as a risk factor for many noncommunicable diseases; however, its consequences for infectious disease are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the impact of host obesity on influenza A virus (IAV) genetic variation using a diet-induced obesity ferret model and the A/Hong Kong/1073/1999 (H9N2) strain. Using a co-caging study design, we investigated the maintenance, generation, and transmission of intrahost IAV genetic variation by sequencing viral genomic RNA obtained from nasal wash samples over multiple days of infection. We found evidence for an enhanced role of positive selection acting on de novo mutations in obese hosts that led to nonsynonymous changes that rose to high frequency. In addition, we identified numerous cases of mutations throughout the genome that were specific to obese hosts and that were preserved during transmission between hosts. Despite detection of obese-specific variants, the overall viral genetic diversity did not differ significantly between obese and lean hosts. This is likely due to the high supply rate of de novo variation and common evolutionary adaptations to the ferret host regardless of obesity status, which we show are mediated by variation in the hemagglutinin and polymerase genes (PB2 and PB1). We also identified defective viral genomes (DVGs) that were found uniquely in either obese or lean hosts, but the overall DVG diversity and dynamics did not differ between the two groups. Our study suggests that obesity may result in a unique selective environment impacting intrahost IAV evolution, highlighting the need for additional genetic and functional studies to confirm these effects.IMPORTANCEObesity is a chronic health condition characterized by excess adiposity leading to a systemic increase in inflammation and dysregulation of metabolic hormones and immune cell populations. Influenza A virus (IAV) is a highly infectious pathogen responsible for seasonal and pandemic influenza. Host risk factors, including compromised immunity and pre-existing health conditions, can contribute to increased infection susceptibility and disease severity. During viral replication in a host, the negative-sense single-stranded RNA genome of IAV accumulates genetic diversity that may have important consequences for viral evolution and transmission. Our study provides the first insight into the consequences of host obesity on viral genetic diversity and adaptation, suggesting that host factors associated with obesity alter the selective environment experienced by a viral population, thereby impacting the spectrum of genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Knoll
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rebekah Honce
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Victoria Meliopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Katherine E.E. Johnson
- Systems Genomics Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Elodie Ghedin
- Systems Genomics Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David Gresham
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
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12
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Ingrao F, Ngabirano E, Rauw F, Dauphin G, Lambrecht B. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a multivalent herpesvirus vectored vaccine against H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza in chicken. Vaccine 2024; 42:3410-3419. [PMID: 38641498 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The application of recombinant herpesvirus of turkey, expressing the H9 hemagglutinin gene from low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) H9N2 and the avian orthoavulavirus-1 (AOAV-1) (commonly known as Newcastle Disease virus (NDV)) fusion protein (F) as an rHVT-H9-F vaccine, is an alternative to currently used classical vaccines. This study investigated H9- and ND-specific humoral and mucosal responses, H9-specific cell-mediated immunity, and protection conferred by the rHVT-H9-F vaccine in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. Vaccination elicited systemic NDV F- and AIV H9-specific antibody response but also local antibodies in eye wash fluid and oropharyngeal swabs. The ex vivo H9-specific stimulation of splenic and pulmonary T cells in the vaccinated group demonstrated the ability of vaccination to induce systemic and local cellular responses. The clinical protection against a challenge using a LPAIV H9N2 strain of the G1 lineage isolated in Morocco in 2016 was associated with a shorter duration of shedding along with reduced viral genome load in the upper respiratory tract and reduced cloacal shedding compared to unvaccinated controls.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/genetics
- Chickens/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/prevention & control
- Influenza in Birds/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Virus Shedding/immunology
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Newcastle disease virus/immunology
- Newcastle disease virus/genetics
- Poultry Diseases/prevention & control
- Poultry Diseases/immunology
- Poultry Diseases/virology
- Immunity, Cellular
- Herpesvirus 1, Meleagrid/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Meleagrid/genetics
- Vaccination/methods
- Immunity, Humoral
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Ingrao
- Service of Avian Virology and Immunology, Sciensano, 1180 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Eva Ngabirano
- Service of Avian Virology and Immunology, Sciensano, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Rauw
- Service of Avian Virology and Immunology, Sciensano, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gwenaëlle Dauphin
- Ceva Santé Animale, 10 Avenue de la Ballastière, 33500 Libourne, France
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13
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Graziosi G, Lupini C, Catelli E, Carnaccini S. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5 Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Birds and Mammals. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1372. [PMID: 38731377 PMCID: PMC11083745 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are highly contagious respiratory viruses of birds, leading to significant morbidity and mortality globally and causing substantial economic losses to the poultry industry and agriculture. Since their first isolation in 2013-2014, the Asian-origin H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAI) of clade 2.3.4.4b have undergone unprecedented evolution and reassortment of internal gene segments. In just a few years, it supplanted other AIV clades, and now it is widespread in the wild migratory waterfowl, spreading to Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Wild waterfowl, the natural reservoir of LPAIVs and generally more resistant to the disease, also manifested high morbidity and mortality with HPAIV clade 2.3.4.4b. This clade also caused overt clinical signs and mass mortality in a variety of avian and mammalian species never reported before, such as raptors, seabirds, sealions, foxes, and others. Most notably, the recent outbreaks in dairy cattle were associated with the emergence of a few critical mutations related to mammalian adaptation, raising concerns about the possibility of jumping species and acquisition of sustained human-to-human transmission. The main clinical signs and anatomopathological findings associated with clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection in birds and non-human mammals are hereby summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Graziosi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (C.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (C.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (C.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Silvia Carnaccini
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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14
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Liu K, Qi X, Bao C, Wang X, Liu X. Novel H10N3 avian influenza viruses: a potential threat to public health. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2024; 5:e417. [PMID: 38309285 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00409-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaituo Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xian Qi
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Changjun Bao
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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15
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Wen F, Yan Z, Chen G, Chen Y, Wang N, Li Z, Guo J, Yu H, Liu Q, Huang S. Recent H9N2 avian influenza virus lost hemagglutination activity due to a K141N substitution in hemagglutinin. J Virol 2024; 98:e0024824. [PMID: 38466094 PMCID: PMC11019909 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00248-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) represents a significant risk to both the poultry industry and public health. Our surveillance efforts in China have revealed a growing trend of recent H9N2 AIV strains exhibiting a loss of hemagglutination activity at 37°C, posing challenges to detection and monitoring protocols. This study identified a single K141N substitution in the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein as the culprit behind this diminished hemagglutination activity. The study evaluated the evolutionary dynamics of residue HA141 and studied the impact of the N141K substitution on aspects such as virus growth, thermostability, receptor-binding properties, and antigenic properties. Our findings indicate a polymorphism at residue 141, with the N variant becoming increasingly prevalent in recent Chinese H9N2 isolates. Although both wild-type and N141K mutant strains exclusively target α,2-6 sialic acid receptors, the N141K mutation notably impedes the virus's ability to bind to these receptors. Despite the mutation exerting minimal influence on viral titers, antigenicity, and pathogenicity in chicken embryos, it significantly enhances viral thermostability and reduces plaque size on Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Additionally, the N141K mutation leads to decreased expression levels of HA protein in both MDCK cells and eggs. These findings highlight the critical role of the K141N substitution in altering the hemagglutination characteristics of recent H9N2 AIV strains under elevated temperatures. This emphasizes the need for ongoing surveillance and genetic analysis of circulating H9N2 AIV strains to develop effective control and prevention measures.IMPORTANCEThe H9N2 subtype of avian influenza virus (AIV) is currently the most prevalent low-pathogenicity AIV circulating in domestic poultry globally. Recently, there has been an emerging trend of H9N2 AIV strains acquiring increased affinity for human-type receptors and even losing their ability to bind to avian-type receptors, which raises concerns about their pandemic potential. In China, there has been a growing number of H9N2 AIV strains that have lost their ability to agglutinate chicken red blood cells, leading to false-negative results during surveillance efforts. In this study, we identified a K141N mutation in the HA protein of H9N2 AIV to be responsible for the loss of hemagglutination activity. This finding provides insight into the development of effective surveillance, prevention, and control strategies to mitigate the threat posed by H9N2 AIV to both animal and human health.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chick Embryo
- Dogs
- Humans
- Chickens/virology
- Hemagglutination
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/growth & development
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/metabolism
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Poultry
- Female
- Mice
- Cell Line
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Evolution, Molecular
- Mutation
- Temperature
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhanfei Yan
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Gaojie Chen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yao Chen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Nina Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhili Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinyue Guo
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Hai Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Shujian Huang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
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16
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Fang K, Song W, Zhang Y, Zheng Y, You C, Hu J, Liu L, Feng L, Zhao Z, Zhao Y, Wang J, Wang X, Zhu L, Chen T. Comparative analysis and prediction of avian influenza in Shangrao city, China from 2016 to 2022. Virology 2024; 592:109995. [PMID: 38290415 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.109995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vaccination, COVID-19 pandemic and migration of migratory birds on the avian influenza positivity rate in Shangrao City and to predict the future avian influenza positivity rate. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect nucleic acids of avian influenza A viruses. 1795 samples were collected between 2016 and 2022, of which 1086 were positive. In addition, there were seven human cases of avian influenza. The results showed that the positivity rate of H9 subtype in Shangrao City was higher than usual during the COVID-19 pandemic and migratory birds. Predictions suggest that the H9 subtype positivity rate in Shangrao City will be on the rise in the future. In recent years, the H5 positivity rate has gradually increased. Migratory birds and the COVID-19 pandemic have led to an increase in H9 subtype positivity. Therefore, the prevention and control of them should be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, China
| | - Wentao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Shangrao Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shangrao City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yiyang Zheng
- Shangrao Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shangrao City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Chen You
- Shangrao Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shangrao City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jianhai Hu
- Shangrao Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shangrao City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Li Liu
- Shangrao Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shangrao City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Lei Feng
- Shangrao Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shangrao City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, China
| | - Yunkang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, China
| | - Jiayi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, China
| | - Xiaolan Wang
- Shangrao Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shangrao City, Jiangxi Province, China; Shangrao People's Hospital, Shangrao City, Jiangxi Province, China.
| | - Lin Zhu
- Shangrao Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shangrao City, Jiangxi Province, China.
| | - Tianmu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, China.
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17
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Graziosi G, Lupini C, Gobbo F, Zecchin B, Quaglia G, Pedrazzoli S, Lizzi G, Dosa G, Martini G, Terregino C, Catelli E. Genetic Diversity of Avian Influenza Viruses Detected in Waterbirds in Northeast Italy Using Two Different Sampling Strategies. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1018. [PMID: 38612257 PMCID: PMC11010841 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs), which circulate endemically in wild aquatic birds, pose a significant threat to poultry and raise concerns for their zoonotic potential. From August 2021 to April 2022, a multi-site cross-sectional study involving active AIV epidemiological monitoring was conducted in wetlands of the Emilia-Romagna region, northern Italy, adjacent to densely populated poultry areas. A total of 129 cloacal swab samples (CSs) and 407 avian faecal droppings samples (FDs) were collected, with 7 CSs (5.4%) and 4 FDs (1%) testing positive for the AIV matrix gene through rRT-PCR. A COI-barcoding protocol was applied to recognize the species of origin of AIV-positive FDs. Multiple low-pathogenic AIV subtypes were identified, and five of these were isolated, including an H5N3, an H1N1, and three H9N2 in wild ducks. Following whole-genome sequencing, phylogenetic analyses of the hereby obtained strains showed close genetic relationships with AIVs detected in countries along the Black Sea/Mediterranean migratory flyway. Notably, none of the analyzed gene segments were genetically related to HPAI H5N1 viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b isolated from Italian poultry during the concurrent 2021-2022 epidemic. Overall, the detected AIV genetic diversity emphasizes the necessity for ongoing monitoring in wild hosts using diverse sampling strategies and whole-genome sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Graziosi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, BO, Italy; (C.L.); (G.Q.); (S.P.); (G.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, BO, Italy; (C.L.); (G.Q.); (S.P.); (G.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Federica Gobbo
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Division, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (F.G.); (B.Z.); (C.T.)
| | - Bianca Zecchin
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Division, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (F.G.); (B.Z.); (C.T.)
| | - Giulia Quaglia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, BO, Italy; (C.L.); (G.Q.); (S.P.); (G.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Sara Pedrazzoli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, BO, Italy; (C.L.); (G.Q.); (S.P.); (G.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Gabriele Lizzi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, BO, Italy; (C.L.); (G.Q.); (S.P.); (G.L.); (E.C.)
| | - Geremia Dosa
- Veterinary Services, Local Health Unit of Imola (A.U.S.L. di Imola), 40026 Imola, BO, Italy; (G.D.); (G.M.)
| | - Gabriella Martini
- Veterinary Services, Local Health Unit of Imola (A.U.S.L. di Imola), 40026 Imola, BO, Italy; (G.D.); (G.M.)
| | - Calogero Terregino
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Division, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (F.G.); (B.Z.); (C.T.)
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia, BO, Italy; (C.L.); (G.Q.); (S.P.); (G.L.); (E.C.)
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18
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Youk S, Lee DH, Song CS. Differing Expression and Potential Immunological Role of C-Type Lectin Receptors of Two Different Chicken Breeds against Low Pathogenic H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus. Pathogens 2024; 13:95. [PMID: 38276168 PMCID: PMC10818356 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Diverse immune responses in different chicken lines can result in varying clinical consequences following avian influenza virus (AIV) infection. We compared two widely used layer breeds, Lohmann Brown (LB) and Lohmann White (LW), to examine virus replication and immune responses against H9N2 AIV infection. The transcription profile in the spleen of H9N2-infected chickens was compared using a microarray. Confirmatory real-time RT-PCR was used to measure the expression of C-type lectin, OASL, and MX1 genes. Additionally, to investigate the role of chicken lectin receptors in vitro, two C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) were expressed in DF-1 cells, and the early growth of the H9N2 virus was evaluated. The LB chickens shed a lower amount of virus from the cloaca compared with the LW chickens. Different expression levels of C-type lectin-like genes were observed in the transcription profile, with no significant differences in OASL or MX gene expression. Real-time RT-PCR indicated a sharp decrease in C-type lectin levels in the spleen of H9N2-infected LW chickens. In vitro studies demonstrated that cells overexpressing CLR exhibited lower virus replication, while silencing of homeostatic CLR had no effect on AIV replication. This study demonstrated distinct immune responses to H9N2 avian influenza in LB and LW chickens, particularly with differences in C-type lectin expression, potentially leading to lower virus shedding in LB chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungsu Youk
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Wildlife Health Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea;
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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19
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Luo S, Xie Z, Li M, Li D, Zhang M, Ruan Z, Xie L, Wang S, Fan Q, Zhang Y, Huang J, Zeng T. Simultaneous Differential Detection of H5, H7, H9 and Nine NA Subtypes of Avian Influenza Viruses via a GeXP Assay. Microorganisms 2024; 12:143. [PMID: 38257970 PMCID: PMC10819249 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
H5, H7 and H9 are the most important subtypes of avian influenza viruses (AIVs), and nine neuraminidase (NA) subtypes (N1-N9) of AIVs have been identified in poultry. A method that can simultaneously detect H5, H7, H9 and the nine NA subtypes of AIVs would save time and effort. In this study, 13 pairs of primers, including 12 pairs of subtype-specific primers for detecting particular subtypes (H5, H7, H9 and N1-N9) and one pair of universal primers for detecting all subtypes of AIVs, were designed and screened. The 13 pairs of primers were mixed in the same reaction, and the 13 target genes were simultaneously detected. A GeXP assay using all 13 pairs of primers to simultaneously detect H5, H7, H9 and the nine NA subtypes of AIVs was developed. The GeXP assay showed specific binding to the corresponding target genes for singlet and multiplex templates, and no cross-reactivity was observed between AIV subtypes and other related avian pathogens. Detection was observed even when only 102 copies of the 13 target genes were present. This study provides a high-throughput, rapid and labor-saving GeXP assay for the simultaneous rapid identification of three HA subtypes (H5, H7 and N9) and nine NA subtypes (N1-N9) of AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhixun Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEANCross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530001, China; (S.L.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (M.Z.); (Z.R.); (L.X.); (S.W.); (Q.F.); (Y.Z.); (J.H.); (T.Z.)
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20
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Sandhu S, Ferrante C, MacCosham A, Atchessi N, Bancej C. Epidemiological characteristics of human infections with avian influenza A(H5N6) virus, China and Laos: A multiple case descriptive analysis, February 2014-June 2023. CANADA COMMUNICABLE DISEASE REPORT = RELEVE DES MALADIES TRANSMISSIBLES AU CANADA 2024; 50:77-85. [PMID: 38655247 PMCID: PMC11037882 DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v50i12a09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Background The first human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N6) virus was reported in 2014. From then until June 30, 2023, 85 human cases with confirmed A(H5N6) infection have been reported worldwide. Objective To address the present gap in knowledge of the overall epidemiology of human A(H5N6) infections, the epidemiological characteristics of human infection with A(H5N6) in China from February 2014 to June 2023 are described. Methods Considering the severity of human infections with A(H5N6) virus (case fatality rate: 39%), the increased frequency of case reports from 2021 to present day, and lack of comprehensive epidemiologic analysis of all cases, we conducted a multiple-case descriptive analysis and a literature review to create an epidemiologic profile of reported human cases. Case data was obtained via a literature search and using official intelligence sources captured by the Public Health Agency of Canada's International Monitoring and Assessment Tool (IMAT), including Event Information Site posts from the World Health Organization. Results Most human A(H5N6) cases have been reported from China (China: 84; Laos: 1), with severe health outcomes, including hospitalization and death, reported among at-risk populations. The majority (84%) of cases reported contact with birds prior to illness onset. Cases were detected throughout the course of the year, with a slight decrease in illness incidence in the warmer months. Conclusion As A(H5N6) continues to circulate and cause severe illness, surveillance and prompt information sharing is important for creating and implementing effective public health measures to reduce the likelihood of additional human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Sandhu
- Centre for Emerging and Respiratory Infections and Pandemic Preparedness, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
| | - Christina Ferrante
- Centre for Emerging and Respiratory Infections and Pandemic Preparedness, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
| | - Aaron MacCosham
- Centre for Emerging and Respiratory Infections and Pandemic Preparedness, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
| | - Nicole Atchessi
- Centre for Emerging and Respiratory Infections and Pandemic Preparedness, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
| | - Christina Bancej
- Centre for Emerging and Respiratory Infections and Pandemic Preparedness, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
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21
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Wan Z, Gong J, Sang J, Jiang W, Zhao Z, Tang T, Li Y, Zhao Y, Kan Q, Xie Q, Li T, Shao H, Gao W, Qin A, Ye J. Identification of key residues of B cell epitopes in hemagglutinin of H6 influenza A virus. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0205923. [PMID: 37882566 PMCID: PMC10715104 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02059-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Since the escape immunity of influenza A viruses (IAVs) is mainly caused by the continuous antigenic variations in HA, the identification of key antigenic epitopes is crucial for better understanding of the escape immunity and vaccine development for IAVs. The antigenic sites of several HA subtypes, including H1, H3, H5, and H9, have been well characterized, whereas those of H6 subtype are poorly understood. Here, we mapped nine key residues of antigenic epitopes in H6 through escape mutants using a panel of MAbs. Moreover, MAbs 4C2 and 6E3, targeting 140 and 89 residues, respectively, could protect mice against lethal challenge of MA E-Teal/417. These key residues of antigenic epitopes identified here provide the molecular targets for further elucidating the antigenic evolution of H6 and better preparing the vaccine against H6 IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianxi Gong
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianjun Sang
- Sinopharm Yangzhou VAC Biological Engineering Co. Ltd, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjie Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhehong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ting Tang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yafeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yichao Zhao
- Sinopharm Yangzhou VAC Biological Engineering Co. Ltd, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiuqi Kan
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Quan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tuofan Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aijian Qin
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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22
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Zhang N, Quan K, Chen Z, Hu Q, Nie M, Xu N, Gao R, Wang X, Qin T, Chen S, Peng D, Liu X. The emergence of new antigen branches of H9N2 avian influenza virus in China due to antigenic drift on hemagglutinin through antibody escape at immunodominant sites. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2246582. [PMID: 37550992 PMCID: PMC10444018 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2246582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is a crucial prevention and control measure against H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) that threaten poultry production and public health. However, H9N2 AIVs in China undergo continuous antigenic drift of hemagglutinin (HA) under antibody pressure, leading to the emergence of immune escape variants. In this study, we investigated the molecular basis of the current widespread antigenic drift of H9N2 AIVs. Specifically, the most prevalent h9.4.2.5-lineage in China was divided into two antigenic branches based on monoclonal antibody (mAb) hemagglutination inhibition (HI) profiling analysis, and 12 antibody escape residues were identified as molecular markers of these two branches. The 12 escape residues were mapped to antigenic sites A, B, and E (H3 was used as the reference). Among these, eight residues primarily increased 3`SLN preference and contributed to antigenicity drift, and four of the eight residues at sites A and B were positively selected. Moreover, the analysis of H9N2 strains over time and space has revealed the emergence of a new antigenic branch in China since 2015, which has replaced the previous branch. However, the old antigenic branch recirculated to several regions after 2018. Collectively, this study provides a theoretical basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms of antigenic drift and for developing vaccine candidates that contest with the current antigenicity of H9N2 AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Keji Quan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zixuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qun Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Maoshun Nie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nuo Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruyi Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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23
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Wang X, Liu K, Guo Y, Pei Y, Chen X, Lu X, Gao R, Chen Y, Gu M, Hu J, Liu X, Hu S, Jiao XA, Liu X, Wang X. Emergence of a new designated clade 16 with significant antigenic drift in hemagglutinin gene of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus in eastern China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2249558. [PMID: 37585307 PMCID: PMC10467529 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2249558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) pose an increasing threat to the poultry industry worldwide and have pandemic potential. Vaccination has been principal prevention strategy to control H9N2 in China since 1998, but vaccine effectiveness is persistently challenged by the emergence of the genetic and/or antigenic variants. Here, we analysed the genetic and antigenic characteristics of H9N2 viruses in China, including 70 HA sequences of H9N2 isolates from poultry, 7358 from online databases during 2010-2020, and 15 from the early reference strains. Bayesian analyses based on hemagglutinin (HA) gene revealed that a new designated clade16 emerged in April 2012, and was prevalent and co-circulated with clade 15 since 2013 in China. Clade 16 viruses exhibited decreased cross-reactivity with those from clade 15. Antigenic Cartography analyses showed represent strains were classified into three antigenic groups named as Group1, Group2 and Group3, and most of the strains in Group 3 (15/17, 88.2%) were from Clade 16 while most of the strains in Group2 (26/29, 89.7%) were from Clade 15. The mean distance between Group 3 and Group 2 was 4.079 (95%CI 3.605-4.554), revealing that major switches to antigenic properties were observed over the emergence of clade 16. Genetic analysis indicated that 11 coevolving amino acid substitutions primarily at antigenic sites were associated with the antigenic differences between clade 15 and clade 16. These data highlight complexities of the genetic evolution and provide a framework for the genetic basis and antigenic characterization of emerging clade 16 of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyue Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaituo Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaqian Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuru Pei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruyi Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiao Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-an Jiao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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24
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Carnaccini S, Cáceres CJ, Gay LC, Ferreri LM, Skepner E, Burke DF, Brown IH, Geiger G, Obadan A, Rajao DS, Lewis NS, Perez DR. Antigenic mapping of the hemagglutinin of the H9 subtype influenza A viruses using sera from Japanese quail ( Coturnix c. japonica). J Virol 2023; 97:e0074323. [PMID: 37800947 PMCID: PMC10617583 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00743-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Determining the relevant amino acids involved in antigenic drift on the surface protein hemagglutinin (HA) is critical to understand influenza virus evolution and efficient assessment of vaccine strains relative to current circulating strains. We used antigenic cartography to generate an antigenic map of the H9 hemagglutinin (HA) using sera produced in one of the most relevant minor poultry species, Japanese quail. Key antigenic positions were identified and tested to confirm their impact on the antigenic profile. This work provides a better understanding of the antigenic diversity of the H9 HA as it relates to reactivity to quail sera and will facilitate a rational approach for selecting more efficacious vaccines against poultry-origin H9 influenza viruses in minor poultry species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Carnaccini
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - C. Joaquín Cáceres
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - L. Claire Gay
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Lucas M. Ferreri
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Eugene Skepner
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David F. Burke
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H. Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ginger Geiger
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Adebimpe Obadan
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniela S. Rajao
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Nicola S. Lewis
- World Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R. Perez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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25
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Xia J, Li YX, Dong MY, Guo ZW, Luo YW, Li NL, Zhao Y, Li M, Lin Y, Xu J, Cui M, Han XF, Cao SJ, Huang Y. Evolution of prevalent H9N2 subtype of avian influenza virus during 2019 to 2022 for the development of a control strategy in China. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102957. [PMID: 37573848 PMCID: PMC10448327 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The H9N2 subtype of avian influenza virus (H9N2 AIV) has caused significant losses in chicken flocks throughout China. At present, consensus has been reached that field isolates of H9N2 underwent antigenic drift to evolve into distinct groups with significant antigenic divergence from the commercially available vaccines in China. This project continues to monitor the evolution characteristics of H9N2 hemagglutinin (HA) genes in China over the past 3 yr. The results showed that the current circling H9N2 viruses were diversified into h9.4.2.5 subclade, which was genetically distant from commonly used commercial vaccine strains. Compared with vaccine strains or 2014 strains, more than 42.1% of the variable antigenic sites in recent 3 yr' strains have shown significant changes and these stacked changes have caused significant differences in antigenicity. We constructed a recombinant vaccine strain rCQY-GHHA, which uses A/Chicken/China/SichuanCQY/2014 as the framework and A/Chicken/China/SichuanGH/2020 strain, which meets the recent viral antigenic characteristics, as the HA gene donor. The recombinant strain was prepared as an oil-adjuvant inactivated vaccine following an industrial process. The results of the immune protection experiment showed that the rCQY-GHHA vaccine was better than the commercial vaccine strain SS in reducing the morbidity, pathological lesion, virus shedding, and viral load. These results provide a reference for the control of H9N2 AIV in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Xin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Yi Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Wei Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Wen Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Nian-Ling Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center of Chengdu City, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Lin
- Chengdu SG-Biotech Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Feng Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - San-Jie Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Knoll M, Honce R, Meliopoulos V, Schultz-Cherry S, Ghedin E, Gresham D. Host obesity impacts genetic variation in influenza A viral populations. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.12.548715. [PMID: 37503024 PMCID: PMC10369978 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.12.548715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic health condition characterized by excess adiposity leading to a systemic increase in inflammation and dysregulation of metabolic hormones and immune cell populations. Obesity is well established as a risk factor for many noncommunicable diseases; however, its consequences for infectious disease are poorly understood. Influenza A virus (IAV) is a highly infectious pathogen responsible for seasonal and pandemic influenza. Host risk factors, including compromised immunity and pre-existing health conditions, can contribute to increased infection susceptibility and disease severity. During viral replication in a host, the negative sense single stranded RNA genome of IAV accumulates genetic diversity that may have important consequences for viral evolution and transmission. Here, we investigated the impact of host obesity on IAV genetic variation using a diet induced obesity ferret model. We infected obese and lean male ferrets with the A/Hong Kong/1073/1999 (H9N2) IAV strain. Using a co-caging study design, we investigated the maintenance, generation, and transmission of intrahost IAV genetic variation by sequencing viral genomic RNA obtained from nasal wash samples over multiple days of infection. We found evidence for an enhanced role of positive selection acting on de novo mutations in obese hosts that led to nonsynonymous changes that rose to high frequency. In addition, we identified numerous cases of recurrent low-frequency mutations throughout the genome that were specific to obese hosts. Despite these obese-specific variants, overall viral genetic diversity did not differ significantly between obese and lean hosts. This is likely due to the high supply rate of de novo variation and common evolutionary adaptations to the ferret host regardless of obesity status, which we show are mediated by variation in the hemagglutinin (HA) and polymerase genes (PB2 and PB1). As with single nucleotide variants, we identified a class of defective viral genomes (DVGs) that were found uniquely in either obese or lean hosts, but overall DVG diversity and dynamics did not differ between the two groups. Our study provides the first insight into the consequences of host obesity on viral genetic diversity and adaptation, suggesting that host factors associated with obesity alter the selective environment experienced by a viral population, thereby impacting the spectrum of genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Knoll
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University
| | - Rebekah Honce
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital
| | | | | | - Elodie Ghedin
- Systems Genomics Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - David Gresham
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University
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27
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Wang Z, Li H, Li Y, Wu Z, Ai H, Zhang M, Rong L, Blinov ML, Tong Q, Liu L, Sun H, Pu J, Feng W, Liu J, Sun Y. Mixed selling of different poultry species facilitates emergence of public-health-threating avian influenza viruses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2214255. [PMID: 37191631 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2214255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Live poultry markets (LPMs) are regarded as hubs for avian influenza virus (AIV) transmission in poultry and are a major risk factor in human AIV infections. We performed an AIV surveillance study at a wholesale LPM, where different poultry species were sold in separate stalls, and nine retail LPMs, which received poultry from the wholesale LPM but where different poultry species were sold in one stall, in Guangdong province from 2017 to 2019. A higher AIV isolation rate was observed at the retail LPMs than the wholesale LPM. H9N2 was the dominant AIV subtype and was mainly present in chickens and quails. The genetic diversity of H9N2 viruses was greater at the retail LPMs, where a complex system of two-way transmission between different poultry species had formed. The isolated H9N2 viruses could be classed into four genotypes: G57 and the three novel genotypes, NG164, NG165, and NG166. The H9N2 AIVs isolated from chickens and quails at the wholesale LPM only belonged to the G57 and NG164 genotypes, respectively. However, the G57, NG164, and NG165 genotypes were identified in both chickens and quails at the retail LPMs. We found that the replication and transmission of the NG165 genotype were more adaptive to both poultry and mammalian models than those of its precursor genotype, NG164. Our findings revealed that mixed poultry selling at retail LPMs has increased the genetic diversity of AIVs, which might facilitate the emergence of novel viruses that threaten public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongkui Li
- Liaoning Agricultural Development Service Center, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuanli Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Ai
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Libin Rong
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael L Blinov
- Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Qi Tong
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Litao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglei Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Pu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhai Feng
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yipeng Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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28
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Abdelwhab EM, Mettenleiter TC. Zoonotic Animal Influenza Virus and Potential Mixing Vessel Hosts. Viruses 2023; 15:980. [PMID: 37112960 PMCID: PMC10145017 DOI: 10.3390/v15040980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae with a negative-sense, single-stranded segmented RNA genome. They infect a wide range of animals, including humans. From 1918 to 2009, there were four influenza pandemics, which caused millions of casualties. Frequent spillover of animal influenza viruses to humans with or without intermediate hosts poses a serious zoonotic and pandemic threat. The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic overshadowed the high risk raised by animal influenza viruses, but highlighted the role of wildlife as a reservoir for pandemic viruses. In this review, we summarize the occurrence of animal influenza virus in humans and describe potential mixing vessel or intermediate hosts for zoonotic influenza viruses. While several animal influenza viruses possess a high zoonotic risk (e.g., avian and swine influenza viruses), others are of low to negligible zoonotic potential (e.g., equine, canine, bat and bovine influenza viruses). Transmission can occur directly from animals, particularly poultry and swine, to humans or through reassortant viruses in "mixing vessel" hosts. To date, there are less than 3000 confirmed human infections with avian-origin viruses and less than 7000 subclinical infections documented. Likewise, only a few hundreds of confirmed human cases caused by swine influenza viruses have been reported. Pigs are the historic mixing vessel host for the generation of zoonotic influenza viruses due to the expression of both avian-type and human-type receptors. Nevertheless, there are a number of hosts which carry both types of receptors and can act as a potential mixing vessel host. High vigilance is warranted to prevent the next pandemic caused by animal influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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29
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Lee J, Cho AY, Kim DH, Lee JB, Park SY, Choi IS, Lee SW, Song CS. Live recombinant Newcastle disease virus vectored vaccine expressing the haemagglutinin of H9N2 avian influenza virus suppresses viral replication in chickens. Avian Pathol 2023; 52:100-107. [PMID: 36377478 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2148516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In 2020, the Y280-lineage H9N2 low-pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) was introduced into South Korea for the first time. Current vaccines are focused on the control of Y439-like viruses; however, there are continuous reports of decrease in egg production and secondary infections caused by Y280-lineage H9N2 LPAI infection in chickens. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop effective novel vaccines against Y280-lineage H9N2 LPAI. Most commercialized avian influenza vaccines are oil-adjuvanted inactivated vaccines, which are labour-intensive to administer and require higher dosage. In this study, rK148/Y280-HA, a novel recombinant Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vectored vaccine against Y280-lineage H9N2 LPAI, was developed and evaluated using two mass-applicable administration methods, spray vaccination and drinking water vaccination. Regardless of low serum antibody haemagglutination inhibition titres against NDV and Y280-lineage H9N2 LPAI after applying the rK148/Y280-HA vaccine, vaccination with either administration method protected chickens against virulent NDV and Y280-lineage H9N2 LPAIV after the challenge. Taken together, these results indicate that the rK148/Y280 vaccine can be administered using facile mass-application methods to provide protection against the Y280-lineage LPAI.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS NDV vectored vaccine harbouring Y280-lineage H9N2 HA protein was successfully generated.NDV vectored vaccine provides protection against NDV.NDV vectored vaccine with H9N2 HA protects against homologous H9N2 LPAIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Lee
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrew Y Cho
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Hwan Kim
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,KHAV Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Bok Lee
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yong Park
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Choi
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Department of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,KHAV Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
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30
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Gu M, Jiao J, Liu S, Zhao W, Ge Z, Cai K, Xu L, He D, Zhang X, Qi X, Jiang W, Zhang P, Wang X, Hu S, Liu X. Monoclonal antibody targeting a novel linear epitope on nucleoprotein confers pan-reactivity to influenza A virus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2437-2450. [PMID: 36820898 PMCID: PMC9947902 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoprotein (NP) functions crucially in the replicative cycle of influenza A virus (IAV) via forming the ribonucleoprotein complex together with PB2, PB1, and PA proteins. As its high conservation, NP ranks one of the hot targets for design of universal diagnostic reagents and antiviral drugs for IAV. Here, we report an anti-NP murine monoclonal antibody (mAb) 5F10 prepared from traditional lymphocyte hybridoma technique with the immunogen of a clade 2.3.4.4 H5N1 subtype avian influenza virus. The specificity of mAb 5F10 to NP protein was confirmed by immunofluorescence assay and western blotting, and the mAb 5F10 could be used in immunoprecipitation and immunohistochemistry assays. Importantly, mAb 5F10 possessed broad-spectrum reactivity against H1~H11 subtypes of avian influenza viruses, including various HA clades of H5Nx subtype. In addition, mAb 5F10 also showed good affinity with H1N1 and H3N2 subtype influenza viruses of swine and human origin. Furthermore, the recognized antigenic epitope of mAb 5F10 was identified to consist of the conserved amino acid motif 81EHPSA85 in the second flexible loop region of NP protein through screening the phage display peptide library. Collectively, the mAb 5F10 which recognizes the novel universal NP linear B-cell epitope of IAV with diverse origins and subtypes will be a powerful tool for NP protein-based structural, functional, and mechanistic studies, as well as the development of detection methods and universal vaccines for IAV. KEY POINTS: • A broad-spectrum mAb against various subtypes and sources of IAV was developed • The mAb possessed good reactivity in IFA, western blot, IP, and IHC assays • The mAb targeted a novel conserved linear B-cell epitope involving 81EHPSA85 on NP protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gu
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Jun Jiao
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Suhan Liu
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Wanchen Zhao
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Zhichuang Ge
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Kairui Cai
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Lijun Xu
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Dongchang He
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Xian Qi
- grid.410734.50000 0004 1761 5845Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210009 China
| | - Wenming Jiang
- grid.414245.20000 0004 6063 681XChina Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, 266032 China
| | - Pinghu Zhang
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- grid.268415.cAnimal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
- grid.268415.cJiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
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31
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Tissue Tropism of H9N2 Low-Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Broiler Chickens by Immunohistochemistry. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13061052. [PMID: 36978594 PMCID: PMC10044543 DOI: 10.3390/ani13061052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The H9N2 subtype of low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) is a widespread pathogen of poultry that can also infect humans. The characterization of viral infections is a complex process, involving clinical, pathological, and virological investigations. The aim of this study was to adapt and optimize an immunohistochemical (IHC) technique developed for LPAIVs specifically for the detection of H9N2 virus antigens in infected tissues. Twenty-one-day-old broiler chickens were inoculated with three different strains of H9N2 virus by different infection routes (i.e., intranasal-intratracheal and intravenous) or co-infected with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and observed for 11 days post infection. The suggested IHC protocol was modified: (i) DAB (diamino-benzidine) was substituted with AEC (3-amino-9-ethyl carbazole) as chromogen; and (ii) indirect two-step immune reactions of monoclonal primary and peroxidase-labeled anti-mouse secondary antibodies were used instead of avidin–biotin complexes. Avian influenza virus antigen appears as a red precipitate in the nuclei of affected cells but can also be identified in the cytoplasm. Mild hyperemia and congestion were observed in the trachea, air sac, and lungs of the challenged birds, and fibrinous exudate was found at the bifurcation in a few cases. Neither gross pathological nor IHC lesions were found in the control group. Using the optimized protocol and an associated scoring scheme, it was demonstrated that the H9N2 strains tested exhibited respiratory and urinary tract tropism irrespective of the route of inoculation. On day 5, viral antigen was detected in the respiratory tract and kidney in 30–50% of the samples. On day 11, no IHC signal was observed, indicating the lack of viral replication. Slight differences in viral antigen expression were found between the different H9N2 virus strains, but, in contrast to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), no viral antigen was detected in the brain and pancreas. Thus, IHC can be considered as an informative, visual addition to the toolkit for the characterization of H9N2 LPAIV infections.
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Amino Acid Variation at Hemagglutinin Position 193 Impacts the Properties of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus. J Virol 2023; 97:e0137922. [PMID: 36749072 PMCID: PMC9973016 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01379-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite active control strategies, including the vaccination program in poultry, H9N2 avian influenza viruses possessing mutations in hemagglutinin (HA) were frequently isolated. In this study, we analyzed the substitutions at HA residue 193 (H3 numbering) of H9N2 and investigated the impact of these mutations on viral properties. Our study indicated that H9N2 circulating in the Chinese poultry have experienced frequent mutations at HA residue 193 since 2013, with viruses that carried asparagine (N) being replaced by those with alanine (A), aspartic acid (D), glutamic acid (E), glycine (G), and serine (S), etc. Our results showed the N193G mutation impeded the multiple cycles of growth of H9N2, and although most of the variant HAs retained the preference for human-like receptors as did the wild-type N193 HA, the N193E mutation altered the preference for both human and avian-like receptors. Furthermore, these mutations substantially altered the antigenicity of H9N2 as measured by both monoclonal antibodies and antisera. In vivo studies further demonstrated that these mutations showed profound impact on viral replication and transmission of H9N2 in chicken. Viruses with D, E, or S at residue 193 acquired the ability to replicate in lungs of the infected chickens, whereas virus with G193 reduced its transmissibility in infected chickens to those in direct contact. Our findings demonstrated that variations at HA residue 193 altered various properties of H9N2, highlighting the significance of the continued surveillance of HA for better understanding of the etiology and effective control of H9N2 in poultry. IMPORTANCE H9N2 are widespread and have sporadically caused clinical diseases in humans. Extensive vaccinations in poultry helped constrain H9N2; however, they might have facilitated the evolution of the virus. It is therefore of importance to monitor the variation of the circulating H9N2 and evaluate its risk to both veterinary and public health. Here, we found substitutions at position 193 of HA from H9N2 circulated since 2013 and assessed the impact of several mutations on viral properties. Our data showed these mutations resulted in substantial antigenic change. N193E altered the binding preference of HA for human-like to both avian and human-like receptors. More importantly, N193G impaired the growth of H9N2 and its transmission in chickens, whereas mutations from N to D, E, and S enhanced the viral replication in lungs of chickens. Our study enriched the knowledge about H9N2 and may help implement an effective control strategy for H9N2.
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Detection and Characterization of an H9N2 Influenza A Virus in the Egyptian Rousette Bat in Limpopo, South Africa. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020498. [PMID: 36851712 PMCID: PMC9958621 DOI: 10.3390/v15020498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, bats have been shown to host various novel bat-specific influenza viruses, including H17N10 and H18N11 in the Americas and the H9N2 subtype from Africa. Rousettus aegyptiacus (Egyptian Rousette bat) is recognized as a host species for diverse viral agents. This study focused on the molecular surveillance of a maternal colony in Limpopo, South Africa, between 2017-2018. A pan-influenza hemi-nested RT-PCR assay targeting the PB1 gene was established, and influenza A virus RNA was identified from one fecal sample out of 860 samples. Genome segments were recovered using segment-specific amplification combined with standard Sanger sequencing and Illumina unbiased sequencing. The identified influenza A virus was closely related to the H9N2 bat-influenza virus, confirming the circulation of this subtype among Egyptian fruit bat populations in Southern Africa. This bat H9N2 subtype contained amino acid residues associated with transmission and virulence in either mammalian or avian hosts, though it will likely require additional adaptations before spillover.
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Zhang Y, Shi J, Cui P, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Hou Y, Liu L, Jiang Y, Guan Y, Chen H, Kong H, Deng G. Genetic analysis and biological characterization of H10N3 influenza A viruses isolated in China from 2014 to 2021. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28476. [PMID: 36609855 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The H10 subtypes of avian influenza viruses pose a continual threat to the poultry industry and human health. The sporadic spillover of H10 subtypes viruses from poultry to humans is represented by the H10N8 human cases in 2013 and the recent H10N3 human infection in 2021. However, the genesis and characteristics of the recent reassortment H10N3 viruses have not been systemically investigated. In this study, we characterized 20 H10N3 viruses isolated in live poultry markets during routine nationwide surveillance in China from 2014 to 2021. The viruses in the recent reassortant genotype acquired their hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes from the duck H10 viruses and H7N3 viruses, respectively, whereas the internal genes were derived from chicken H9N2 viruses as early as 2019. Receptor-binding analysis indicated that two of the tested H10N3 viruses had a higher affinity for human-type receptors than for avian-type receptors, highlighting the potential risk of avian-to-human transmission. Animal studies showed that only viruses belonging to the recent reassortant genotype were pathogenic in mice; two tested viruses transmitted via direct contact and one virus transmitted by respiratory droplets in guinea pigs, though with limited efficiency. These findings emphasize the need for enhanced surveillance of H10N3 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuancheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, China
| | - Jianzhong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, China
| | - Pengfei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, China
| | - Yujie Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, China
| | - Liling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, China
| | - Yongping Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, China
| | - Yuntao Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, China
| | - Hualan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, China
| | - Huihui Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, China
| | - Guohua Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, China
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Liu T, Xie S, Yang Z, Zha A, Shi Y, Xu L, Chen J, Qi W, Liao M, Jia W. That H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulating in different regions gather in the same live-poultry market poses a potential threat to public health. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1128286. [PMID: 36876085 PMCID: PMC9979309 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1128286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses are endemic and persistent in China, but those that are prevalent in different provinces are also causes of wide epidemics, related to the spread of wild birds and the cross-regional trade in live poultry. For the past 4 years, beginning in 2018, we have sampled a live-poultry market in Foshan, Guangdong, in this ongoing study. In addition to the prevalence of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in China during this period, we identified isolates from the same market belonging to clade A and clade B, which diverged in 2012-2013, and clade C, which diverged in 2014-2016, respectively. An analysis of population dynamics revealed that, after a critical divergence period from 2014 to 2016, the genetic diversity of H9N2 viruses peaked in 2017. Our spatiotemporal dynamics analysis found that clade A, B, and C, which maintain high rates of evolution, have different prevalence ranges and transmission paths. Clades A and B were mainly prevalent in East China in the early stage, and then spread to Southern China, becoming epidemic with clade C. Strains from different regions converge at the same live-poultry market to communicate, which may be one reasons the H9N2 viruses are difficult to eradicate and increasingly dominant throughout China. Selection pressure and molecular analysis have demonstrated that single amino acid polymorphisms at key receptor binding sites 156, 160, and 190 under positive selection pressure, suggesting that H9N2 viruses are undergoing mutations to adapt to new hosts. Live-poultry markets are important because people who visit them have frequent contact with poultry, H9N2 viruses from different regions converge at these markets and spread through contact between live birds and humans, generating increased risks of human exposure to these viruses and threatening public health safety. Thus, it is important to reducing the cross-regional trade of live poultry and strengthening the monitoring of avian influenza viruses in live-poultry markets to reduce the spread of avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Liu
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shumin Xie
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyi Yang
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aimin Zha
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Shi
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingyu Xu
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junhong Chen
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbao Qi
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weixin Jia
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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36
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Sagong M, Lee KN, Lee EK, Kang H, Choi YK, Lee YJ. Current situation and control strategies of H9N2 avian influenza in South Korea. J Vet Sci 2023; 24:e5. [PMID: 36560837 PMCID: PMC9899936 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.22216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The H9N2 avian influenza (AI) has become endemic in poultry in many countries since the 1990s, which has caused considerable economic losses in the poultry industry. Considering the long history of the low pathogenicity H9N2 AI in many countries, once H9N2 AI is introduced, it is more difficult to eradicate than high pathogenicity AI. Various preventive measures and strategies, including vaccination and active national surveillance, have been used to control the Y439 lineage of H9N2 AI in South Korea, but it took a long time for the H9N2 virus to disappear from the fields. By contrast, the novel Y280 lineage of H9N2 AI was introduced in June 2020 and has spread nationwide. This study reviews the history, genetic and pathogenic characteristics, and control strategies for Korean H9N2 AI. This review may provide some clues for establishing control strategies for endemic AIV and a newly introduced Y280 lineage of H9N2 AI in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingeun Sagong
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Kwang-Nyeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Hyunmi Kang
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea.
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea.
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Yang R, Sun H, Gao F, Luo K, Huang Z, Tong Q, Song H, Han Q, Liu J, Lan Y, Qi J, Li H, Chen S, Xu M, Qiu J, Zeng G, Zhang X, Huang C, Pei R, Zhan Z, Ye B, Guo Y, Zhou Y, Ye W, Yao D, Ren M, Li B, Yang J, Wang Y, Pu J, Sun Y, Shi Y, Liu WJ, Ou X, Gao GF, Gao L, Liu J. Human infection of avian influenza A H3N8 virus and the viral origins: a descriptive study. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2022; 3:e824-e834. [PMID: 36115379 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(22)00192-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The H3N8 avian influenza virus (AIV) has been circulating in wild birds, with occasional interspecies transmission to mammals. The first human infection of H3N8 subtype occurred in Henan Province, China, in April, 2022. We aimed to investigate clinical, epidemiological, and virological data related to a second case identified soon afterwards in Hunan Province, China. METHODS We analysed clinical, epidemiological, and virological data for a 5-year-old boy diagnosed with H3N8 AIV infection in May, 2022, during influenza-like illness surveillance in Changsha City, Hunan Province, China. H3N8 virus strains from chicken flocks from January, 2021, to April, 2022, were retrospectively investigated in China. The genomes of the viruses were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis of all the eight gene segments. We evaluated the receptor-binding properties of the H3N8 viruses by using a solid-phase binding assay. We used sequence alignment and homology-modelling methods to study the effect of specific mutations on the human receptor-binding properties. We also conducted serological surveillance to detect the H3N8 infections among poultry workers in the two provinces with H3N8 cases. FINDINGS The clinical symptoms of the patient were mild, including fever, sore throat, chills, and a runny nose. The patient's fever subsided on the same day of hospitalisation, and these symptoms disappeared 7 days later, presenting mild influenza symptoms, with no pneumonia. An H3N8 virus was isolated from the patient's throat swab specimen. The novel H3N8 virus causing human infection was first detected in a chicken farm in Guangdong Province in December, 2021, and subsequently emerged in several provinces. Sequence analyses revealed the novel H3N8 AIVs originated from multiple reassortment events. The haemagglutinin gene could have originated from H3Ny AIVs of duck origin. The neuraminidase gene belongs to North American lineage, and might have originated in Alaska (USA) and been transferred by migratory birds along the east Asian flyway. The six internal genes had originated from G57 genotype H9N2 AIVs that were endemic in chicken flocks. Reassortment events might have occurred in domestic ducks or chickens in the Pearl River Delta area in southern China. The novel H3N8 viruses possess the ability to bind to both avian-type and human-type sialic acid receptors, which pose a threat to human health. No poultry worker in our study was positive for antibodies against the H3N8 virus. INTERPRETATION The novel H3N8 virus that caused human infection had originated from chickens, a typical spillover. The virus is a triple reassortment strain with the Eurasian avian H3 gene, North American avian N8 gene, and dynamic internal genes of the H9N2 viruses. The virus already possesses binding ability to human-type receptors, though the risk of the H3N8 virus infection in humans was low, and the cases are rare and sporadic at present. Considering the pandemic potential, comprehensive surveillance of the H3N8 virus in poultry flocks and the environment is imperative, and poultry-to-human transmission should be closely monitored. FUNDING National Natural Science Foundation of China, National Key Research and Development Program of China, Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Innovative Construction Special Fund: Emergency response to COVID-19 outbreak, Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Health Department, and the Hunan Provincial Health Commission Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rengui Yang
- Changsha Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Honglei Sun
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Kaiwei Luo
- Hunan Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Zheng Huang
- Changsha Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Qi Tong
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Song
- Research Network of Immunity and Health, Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiqi Han
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiyu Liu
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Lan
- Chinese National Influenza Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Han Li
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuilian Chen
- Changsha Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Mingzhong Xu
- Changsha Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Jinsong Qiu
- Changsha Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Ge Zeng
- Hunan Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Xixing Zhang
- Changsha Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Chaoyang Huang
- Hunan Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Ruiqing Pei
- Changsha Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Zhifei Zhan
- Hunan Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Beiwei Ye
- Chinese National Influenza Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yaxin Guo
- Chinese National Influenza Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yinzhu Zhou
- Changsha Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Ye
- Changsha Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Dong Yao
- Changsha Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Min Ren
- Kaifu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Pediatric, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Jizhe Yang
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Pu
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - William J Liu
- Chinese National Influenza Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhua Ou
- Changsha Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - George F Gao
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Chinese National Influenza Center, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lidong Gao
- Hunan Workstation for Emerging Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Guo Y, Ding P, Li Y, Zhang Y, Zheng Y, Yu M, Suzuki Y, Zhang H, Ping J. Genetic and biological properties of H10N3 avian influenza viruses: A potential pandemic candidate? Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3171-e3182. [PMID: 35067005 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The continued emergence of human illness caused by avian influenza viruses (AIVs) demonstrates the threat of strains such as H5N1, H7N9, H10N8, and now H10N3. The genetic and biological properties of H10N3 viruses are not fully understood. In this study, three H10N3 strains isolated from live poultry markets (LPMs) were systematically studied. Genome sequencing showed that the poultry-origin viruses are highly homologous to the human H10N3 isolate. The three avian strains were A/chicken/Jiangsu/0146/2021(abbreviated as JS146, H10N3), A/chicken/Jiangsu/0169/2021 (JS169, H10N3), and A/chicken/Jiangsu/0189/2021(JS189, H10N3). Animal studies indicated that all three viruses are highly pathogenic to mice and that all could replicate efficiently in mouse nasal turbinate and lungs despite maintaining their avian receptor binding affinity. We also found that these viruses replicated efficiently in A549 cells and chicken embryos. The strain JS146 had sensitivity to the neuraminidase-targeting drugs oseltamivir and zanamivir, whereas JS169 and JS189 were more resistant; genetic comparison implied that a substitution at NA position 368 conferred drug resistance. Importantly, several key molecular markers associated with mammalian adaptation had been detected in both avian and human-isolated H10N3 influenza viruses in the HA (G228S), PB2 (I292V and A588V), PB1 (M317V and I368V), and PA (A343S, K356R and S409N) protein. The above work contributes new insight into the biology of this potentially zoonotic subtype and provides evidence supporting the continued epidemiological monitoring of human infections caused by AIV subtype H10N3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Guo
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pingyun Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yinjing Li
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute in CAAS, Harbin, China
| | - Yiqing Zheng
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengqi Yu
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yasuo Suzuki
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Lihua Nanjing Industrial Research Institute Co., Ltd, Nanjing, China
| | - Jihui Ping
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Meng J, Zhang Q, Ma M, Shi H, He G. Persistence of avian influenza virus (H9N2) on plastic surface. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155355. [PMID: 35460779 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plastics have been found to be colonized with pathogens and may become vectors for transmission of diseases. In this study, we evaluated the persistence of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) on the surfaces of various plastics (PP, PE, PS, PET, PVC, PMMA) under different environmental conditions using glass and stainless steel for comparison. Our results showed that the RNA abundance of AIV on plastics was decreased over time but still detectable 14 days after AIV had been dropped on plastic surfaces. Low temperature (4 °C) was more favorable for AIV RNA preservation and infectivity maintenance. The abundance of AIV RNA was significantly greater on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) than that on glass and stainless steel at higher temperature (i.e., 25 °C and 37 °C) and lower humidity (<20% and 40-60%) (p < 0.05). Infectivity assay showed that AIV infectivity was only maintained at 4 °C after 24 h of incubation. Taken together, the persistence of AIV was more affected by environmental factors than material types. Plastics were able to preserve viral RNA more effectively in relatively high-temperature or low-humidity environments. Our study indicates that environmental factors should be taken into consideration when we evaluate the capacity of plastics to spread viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Meng
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200162, China; State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Qun Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Process and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Min Ma
- Laboratory of Wildlife Epidemic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Huahong Shi
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200162, China; State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Guimei He
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200162, China; Laboratory of Wildlife Epidemic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
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Effect of the Interaction between Viral PB2 and Host SphK1 on H9N2 AIV Replication in Mammals. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071585. [PMID: 35891566 PMCID: PMC9322132 DOI: 10.3390/v14071585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) is currently widespread worldwide, posing a severe threat to the poultry industry and public health. Reassortment is an important way for influenza viruses to adapt to a new host. In 2007, the PB2 gene of H9N2 AIV in China was reassorted, and the DK1-like lineage replaced the F/98-like lineage, forming a dominant genotype of G57. This genotype and its reassortants (such as H7N9, H10N8 and H5N6) showed higher mammalian adaptation, and caused increased human infections. However, the adaptive mechanisms of the DK1-like lineage PB2 gene remain unclear. Here, we confirmed that the PB2 lineage of the H9N2 AIV currently prevalent in China still belongs to the DK1-like lineage and, compared with the previously predominant F/98-like lineage, the DK1-like lineage PB2 gene significantly enhances H9N2 AIV to mammalian adaptation. Through transcriptomic analysis and qRT–PCR and western blot experiments, we identified a host factor, sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1), that is closely related to viral replication. SphK1 inhibits the replication of DK1-like PB2 gene H9N2 AIV, but the ability of SphK1 protein to bind DK1-like PB2 protein is weaker than that of F/98-like PB2 protein, which may contribute to H9N2 AIV containing the DK1-like PB2 gene to escape the inhibitory effect of host factor SphK1 for efficient infection. This study broadens our understanding of the adaptive evolution of H9N2 AIV and highlights the necessity to pay close attention to the AIV that contains the adaptive PB2 protein in animals and humans.
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Risk Factors Associated with Avian Influenza Subtype H9 Outbreaks in Poultry Farms of Central Lowland Nepal. Infect Dis Rep 2022; 14:525-536. [PMID: 35893475 PMCID: PMC9326661 DOI: 10.3390/idr14040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) of subtype H9 outbreaks have been frequently occurring in major commercial hubs of Nepal including Chitwan, a central lowland area, causing substantial economic losses to the farmers. However, the risk factors associated with these outbreaks have been poorly understood, and hence, this case-control study was conducted in Chitwan, Nawalpur, and Makawanpur districts of Nepal from October 2019 to March 2020. A total of 102 farms were selected in which 51 were case farms, and 51 were controls. Case farms were avian influenza (AI)-subtype-H9-confirmed farms through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays on poultry samples. Control farms included farms that were AI-negative in the antigen test brought to the National Avian Disease Investigation Laboratory, Chitwan, for diagnosis during the study period. Each farm was visited to collect information using a semi-structured questionnaire. A total of 25 variables representing farm characteristics and biosecurity measures were considered as potential risk factors. The final multivariable model showed that distance of less than 0.5 km from the main road (OR = 4.04, 95% CI = 1.20–13.56, p = 0.023), distance of less than 1 km from a nearest infected farm (OR = 76.42, 95% CI = 7.17–814.06, p = 0.0003), and wild birds coming around the farm (OR = 6.12, 95% CI = 1.99–18.79, p = 0.0015) were risk factors for avian influenza type H9, whereas using apron or separate cloth inside the shed (OR = 0.109, 95% CI = 0.020–0.577, p = 0.0092) was shown to reduce the risk of farms being positive for AI subtype H9. These findings suggest that due consideration should be given to site selection while establishing the farms and the importance of implementing appropriate biosecurity measures, such as using separate cloth inside the shed and preventing the entry of wild birds inside the farm to reduce the potential risk of introduction of avian influenza type H9 to their poultry farms.
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Sun YX, Li ZR, Zhang PJ, Han JH, Di HY, Qin JY, Cong YL. A Single Vaccination of Chimeric Bivalent Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Confers Protection Against H9N2 and H3N2 Avian Influenza in Commercial Broilers and Allows a Strategy of Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals. Front Immunol 2022; 13:902515. [PMID: 35874682 PMCID: PMC9304867 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.902515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 and H3N2 are the two most important subtypes of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) because of their ongoing threat to the global poultry industry and public health. Although commercially available inactivated H9N2 vaccines are widely used in the affected countries, endemic H9N2 avian influenza remains uncontrolled. In addition, there is no available avian H3N2 vaccine. Influenza virus-like particles (VLPs) are one of the most promising vaccine alternatives to traditional egg-based vaccines. In this study, to increase the immunogenic content of VLPs to reduce production costs, we developed chimeric bivalent VLPs (cbVLPs) co-displaying hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of H9N2 and H3N2 viruses with the Gag protein of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) as the inner core using the Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system. The results showed that a single immunization of chickens with 40μg/0.3mL cbVLPs elicited an effective immune response and provided complete protection against H9N2 and H3N2 viruses. More importantly, cbVLPs with accompanying serological assays can successfully accomplish the strategy of differentiating infected animals from vaccinated animals (DIVA), making virus surveillance easier. Therefore, this cbVLP vaccine candidate would be a promising alternative to conventional vaccines, showing great potential for commercial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-xue Sun
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Research and Development Center of Biomedical Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun, China
| | - Zheng-rong Li
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng-ju Zhang
- Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Yan-long Cong, ; orcid.org/0000-0001-9497-4882
| | - Jin-hong Han
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hai-yang Di
- Department of Disease Prevention and Control, Zoological and Botanical Garden of Changchun, Changchun, China
| | - Jia-yi Qin
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan-long Cong
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Yan-long Cong, ; orcid.org/0000-0001-9497-4882
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Panzarin V, Marciano S, Fortin A, Brian I, D’Amico V, Gobbo F, Bonfante F, Palumbo E, Sakoda Y, Le KT, Chu DH, Shittu I, Meseko C, Haido AM, Odoom T, Diouf MN, Djegui F, Steensels M, Terregino C, Monne I. Redesign and Validation of a Real-Time RT-PCR to Improve Surveillance for Avian Influenza Viruses of the H9 Subtype. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061263. [PMID: 35746734 PMCID: PMC9227555 DOI: 10.3390/v14061263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses of the H9 subtype cause significant losses to poultry production in endemic regions of Asia, Africa and the Middle East and pose a risk to human health. The availability of reliable and updated diagnostic tools for H9 surveillance is thus paramount to ensure the prompt identification of this subtype. The genetic variability of H9 represents a challenge for molecular-based diagnostic methods and was the cause for suboptimal detection and false negatives during routine diagnostic monitoring. Starting from a dataset of sequences related to viruses of different origins and clades (Y439, Y280, G1), a bioinformatics workflow was optimized to extract relevant sequence data preparatory for oligonucleotides design. Analytical and diagnostic performances were assessed according to the OIE standards. To facilitate assay deployment, amplification conditions were optimized with different nucleic extraction systems and amplification kits. Performance of the new real-time RT-PCR was also evaluated in comparison to existing H9-detection methods, highlighting a significant improvement of sensitivity and inclusivity, in particular for G1 viruses. Data obtained suggest that the new assay has the potential to be employed under different settings and geographic areas for a sensitive detection of H9 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Panzarin
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sabrina Marciano
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Andrea Fortin
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Irene Brian
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Valeria D’Amico
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Federica Gobbo
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Elisa Palumbo
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (Y.S.); (K.T.L.)
| | - Kien Trung Le
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (Y.S.); (K.T.L.)
| | - Duc-Huy Chu
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD), Hanoi 115-19, Vietnam;
| | - Ismaila Shittu
- Regional Laboratory for Animal Influenzas and Other Transboundary Animal Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom 930010, Nigeria; (I.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Clement Meseko
- Regional Laboratory for Animal Influenzas and Other Transboundary Animal Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), Vom 930010, Nigeria; (I.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Abdoul Malick Haido
- Laboratoire Central de l’Élevage (LABOCEL), Ministère de l’Agriculture et de l’Elevage, Niamey 485, Niger;
| | - Theophilus Odoom
- Accra Veterinary Laboratory, Veterinary Services Directorate, Ministry of Food & Agriculture, Accra M161, Ghana;
| | - Mame Nahé Diouf
- Laboratoire National de l’Élevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (LNERV) de l’Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar-Hann 2057, Senegal;
| | - Fidélia Djegui
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Vétérinaire et de Sérosurveillance (LADISERO), Parakou 23, Benin;
| | - Mieke Steensels
- AI/ND National Reference Laboratory, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Calogero Terregino
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Isabella Monne
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.); (I.B.); (V.D.); (F.G.); (F.B.); (E.P.); (C.T.); (I.M.)
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Caceres CJ, Seibert B, Cargnin Faccin F, Cardenas-Garcia S, Rajao DS, Perez DR. Influenza antivirals and animal models. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:1142-1165. [PMID: 35451200 PMCID: PMC9157400 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A and B viruses are among the most prominent human respiratory pathogens. About 3-5 million severe cases of influenza are associated with 300 000-650 000 deaths per year globally. Antivirals effective at reducing morbidity and mortality are part of the first line of defense against influenza. FDA-approved antiviral drugs currently include adamantanes (rimantadine and amantadine), neuraminidase inhibitors (NAI; peramivir, zanamivir, and oseltamivir), and the PA endonuclease inhibitor (baloxavir). Mutations associated with antiviral resistance are common and highlight the need for further improvement and development of novel anti-influenza drugs. A summary is provided for the current knowledge of the approved influenza antivirals and antivirals strategies under evaluation in clinical trials. Preclinical evaluations of novel compounds effective against influenza in different animal models are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Joaquin Caceres
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Brittany Seibert
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Flavio Cargnin Faccin
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Stivalis Cardenas-Garcia
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniela S Rajao
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniel R Perez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Genetic Diversity of the Hemagglutinin Genes of Influenza a Virus in Asian Swine Populations. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040747. [PMID: 35458477 PMCID: PMC9032595 DOI: 10.3390/v14040747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza (SI) is a major respiratory disease of swine; SI is due to the influenza A virus of swine (IAV-S), a highly contagious virus with zoonotic potential. The intensity of IAV-S surveillance varies among countries because it is not a reportable disease and causes limited mortality in swine. Although Asia accounts for half of all pig production worldwide, SI is not well managed in those countries. Rigorously managing SI on pig farms could markedly reduce the economic losses, the likelihood of novel reassortants among IAV-S, and the zoonotic IAV-S infections in humans. Vaccination of pigs is a key control measure for SI, but its efficacy relies on the optimal antigenic matching of vaccine strains with the viral strains circulating in the field. Here, we phylogenetically reviewed the genetic diversity of the hemagglutinin gene among IAVs-S that have circulated in Asia during the last decade. This analysis revealed the existence of country-specific clades in both the H1 and H3 subtypes and cross-border transmission of IAVs-S. Our findings underscore the importance of choosing vaccine antigens for each geographic region according to both genetic and antigenic analyses of the circulating IAV-S to effectively manage SI in Asia.
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Murakami J, Shibata A, Neumann G, Imai M, Watanabe T, Kawaoka Y. Characterization of H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated from Poultry Products in a Mouse Model. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040728. [PMID: 35458458 PMCID: PMC9032349 DOI: 10.3390/v14040728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Low pathogenic H9N2 avian influenza viruses have spread in wild birds and poultry worldwide. Recently, the number of human cases of H9N2 virus infection has increased in China and other countries, heightening pandemic concerns. In Japan, H9N2 viruses are not yet enzootic; however, avian influenza viruses, including H5N1, H7N9, H5N6, and H9N2, have been repeatedly detected in raw poultry meat carried by international flight passengers from Asian countries to Japan. Although H9N2 virus-contaminated poultry products intercepted by the animal quarantine service at the Japan border have been characterized in chickens and ducks, the biological properties of those H9N2 viruses in mammals remain unclear. Here, we characterized the biological features of two H9N2 virus isolates [A/chicken/Japan/AQ-HE28-50/2016 (Ck/HE28-50) and A/chicken/Japan/AQ-HE28-57/2016 (Ck/HE28-57)] in a mouse model. We found that these H9N2 viruses replicate well in the respiratory tract of infected mice without adaptation, and that Ck/HE28-57 caused body weight loss in the infected mice. Our results indicate that H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolated from raw chicken meat products illegally brought to Japan can potentially infect and cause disease in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurika Murakami
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (J.M.); (M.I.)
| | - Akihiro Shibata
- Exotic Disease Inspection Division, Laboratory Department, Animal Quarantine Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokoname 479-0881, Japan;
| | - Gabriele Neumann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Masaki Imai
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (J.M.); (M.I.)
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Tokiko Watanabe
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (J.M.); (M.I.)
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.W.); (Y.K.)
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (J.M.); (M.I.)
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.W.); (Y.K.)
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Antigenic Evolution Characteristics and Immunological Evaluation of H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses from 1994–2019 in China. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040726. [DOI: 10.3390/v14040726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The H9N2 subtype avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been circulating in China for more than 20 years, attracting more and more attention due to the potential threat of them. At present, vaccination is a common prevention and control strategy in poultry farms, but as virus antigenicity evolves, the immune protection efficiency of vaccines has constantly been challenged. In this study, we downloaded the hemagglutinin (HA) protein sequences of the H9N2 subtype AIVs from 1994 to 2019 in China—with a total of 5138 sequences. The above sequences were analyzed in terms of time and space, and it was found that h9.4.2.5 was the most popular in various regions of China. Furthermore, the prevalence of H9N2 subtype AIVs in China around 2006 was different. The domestic epidemic branch was relatively diversified from 1994 to 2006. After 2006, the epidemic branch each year was h9.4.2.5. We compared the sequences around 2006 as a whole and screened out 15 different amino acid positions. Based on the HA protein of A/chicken/Guangxi/55/2005 (GX55), the abovementioned amino acid mutations were completed. According to the 12-plasmid reverse genetic system, the rescue of the mutant virus was completed using A/PuertoRico/8/1934 (H1N1) (PR8) as the backbone. The cross hemagglutination inhibition test showed that these mutant sites could transform the parental strain from the old to the new antigenic region. Animal experiments indicated that the mutant virus provided significant protection against the virus from the new antigenic region. This study revealed the antigenic evolution of H9N2 subtype AIVs in China. At the same time, it provided an experimental basis for the development of new vaccines.
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The molecular determinants of antigenic drift in a novel avian influenza A (H9N2) variant virus. Virol J 2022; 19:26. [PMID: 35123509 PMCID: PMC8817646 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01755-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In early 2020, a novel H9N2 AIV immune escape variant emerged in South China and rapidly spread throughout mainland China. The effectiveness of the current H9N2 vaccine is being challenged by emerging immune escape strains. Assessing key amino acid substitutions that contribute to antigenic drift and immune escape in the HA gene of circulating strains is critical for understanding virus evolution and in selecting more effective vaccine components. Methods In this study, a representative immune escape strain, A/chicken/Fujian/11/2020 (FJ/20), differed from current H9N2 vaccine strain, A/chicken/Anhui/LH99/2017 (AH/17) by 18 amino acids in the head domain in HA protein. To investigate the molecular determinants of antigenic drift of FJ/20, a panel of mutants were generated by reverse genetics including specific amino acids changes in the HA genes of FJ/20 and AH/17. The antigenic effect of the substitutions was evaluated by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay and antigenic cartography. Results Fujian-like H9N2 viruses had changed antigenicity significantly, having mutated into an antigenically distinct sub-clade. Relative to the titers of the vaccine virus AH/17, the escape strain FJ/20 saw a 16-fold reduction in HI titer against antiserum elicited by AH/17. Our results showed that seven residue substitutions (D127S, G135D, N145T, R146Q, D179T, R182T and T183N) near the HA receptor binding sites were critical for converting the antigenicity of both AH/17 and FJ/20. Especially, the combined mutations 127D, 135G, 145N, and 146R could be a major factor of antigenic drift in the current immune escape variant FJ/20. The avian influenza A (H9N2) variant virus need further ongoing epidemiological surveillance. Conclusions In this study, we evaluated the relative contributions of different combinations of amino acid substitutions in the HA globular head domain of the immune escape strain FJ/20 and the vaccine strain AH/17. Our study provides more insights into the molecular mechanism of the antigenic drift of the H9N2 AIV immune escape strain. This work identified important markers for understanding H9N2 AIV evolution as well as for improving vaccine development and control strategies in poultry. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-022-01755-9.
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Wang F, Wan Z, Wu J, Wang Y, Fu H, Shao H, Qian K, Gao W, Ye J, Qin A. A Cross-Reactive Monoclonal Antibody Against Neuraminidases of Both H9N2 and H3N2 Influenza Viruses Shows Protection in Mice Challenging Models. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:730449. [PMID: 34646249 PMCID: PMC8503672 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.730449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidases (NAs) of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and H3N2 human seasonal influenza virus (HSIV) share similar antigenic structures. However, there are few reports on epitopes shared by these two NAs. We previously reported a monoclonal antibody (mAb) 1G8 against the NA of H9N2 AIV with neuraminidase inhibition (NI) ability. In this study, 1G8 was shown to cross-react with and inhibit the NA of H3N2 HSIV. In a passive transfer experiment, 1G8 provided protection to mice challenged with rescued H1N2 viruses carrying H9N2 NA or H3N2 NA. Mutation at amino acid position 199 was also selected and proved to be crucial for H3N2 HSIV to escape from mAb 1G8. Moreover, we found that residue 199 contributed to inducing broad protective antibodies without the influence of the N-linked glycosylation at amino acid position 200 in NAs. Residues as residue 199, which are not shielded by glycosylation modification, would form ideal epitopes for developing universal vaccine and protective antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhimin Wan
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jinsen Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yajuan Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hui Fu
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kun Qian
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Aijian Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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50
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Du W, de Vries E, van Kuppeveld FJM, Matrosovich M, de Haan CAM. Second sialic acid-binding site of influenza A virus neuraminidase: binding receptors for efficient release. FEBS J 2021; 288:5598-5612. [PMID: 33314755 PMCID: PMC8518505 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are a major cause of human respiratory tract infections and cause significant disease and mortality. Human IAVs originate from animal viruses that breached the host species barrier. IAV particles contain sialoglycan receptor-binding hemagglutinin (HA) and receptor-destroying neuraminidase (NA) in their envelope. When IAV crosses the species barrier, the functional balance between HA and NA needs to be adjusted to the sialoglycan repertoire of the novel host species. Relatively little is known about the role of NA in host adaptation in contrast to the extensively studied HA. NA prevents virion aggregation and facilitates release of (newly assembled) virions from cell surfaces and from decoy receptors abundantly present in mucus and cell glycocalyx. In addition to a highly conserved catalytic site, NA carries a second sialic acid-binding site (2SBS). The 2SBS preferentially binds α2,3-linked sialic acids and enhances activity of the neighboring catalytic site by bringing/keeping multivalent substrates in close contact with this site. In this way, the 2SBS contributes to the HA-NA balance of virus particles and affects virus replication. The 2SBS is highly conserved in all NA subtypes of avian IAVs, with some notable exceptions associated with changes in the receptor-binding specificity of HA and host tropism. Conservation of the 2SBS is invariably lost in human (pandemic) viruses and in several other viruses adapted to mammalian host species. Preservation or loss of the 2SBS is likely to be an important factor of the viral host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Du
- Section of VirologyDivision of Infectious Diseases & ImmunologyDepartment of Biomolecular Health SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Erik de Vries
- Section of VirologyDivision of Infectious Diseases & ImmunologyDepartment of Biomolecular Health SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld
- Section of VirologyDivision of Infectious Diseases & ImmunologyDepartment of Biomolecular Health SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
| | | | - Cornelis A. M. de Haan
- Section of VirologyDivision of Infectious Diseases & ImmunologyDepartment of Biomolecular Health SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
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