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Pei L, Li Y, Gu H, Wang S, Wu W, Fan S, Shi X, Si X. Identification of SMC2 and SMC4 as prognostic markers in breast cancer through bioinformatics analysis. Clin Transl Oncol 2024:10.1007/s12094-024-03521-5. [PMID: 38773061 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-024-03521-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BRCA) is one of the most common malignant tumors. The structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) gene family has been shown to play an important role in human cancers. However, the role of SMC families in BRCA is unclear. This study aimed to explore the role and potential clinical value of whole SMCs in BRCA. METHODS TIMER and UALCAN database were used to analysis the expression level. Genetic variations were analyzed by cBioPortal. Promoter methylation and protein level were analyzed by UCLCAN. GO and KEGG were analyzed by Metascape database. Prognostic value of SMCs was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier and multivariate cox regression analyses. Immune infiltration analysis was conducted by CIBERSORT. Immunotherapy outcome prediction was conducted by Cancer Immunome Atlas. Targeted drug therapy outcome prediction was taken by GDSC and R language. The cell viability was tested by CCK8 and migration was tested by wound healing assay. Xenograft model was used to investigate the in vivo role of SMC2. RESULTS Expression levels of SMC1A, SMC2, SMC4, SMC5 and SMC6 mRNA were increased in BRCA tissues, and negatively correlated with promoter methylation. Overexpression of SMC2 and SMC4 was negatively correlated with survival. Function of SMCs family regulatory genes was mainly related to ATPase activity. Expression of most SMCs was negatively correlated with immunotherapy and drug therapy outcomes. Interfere SMC2 and SMC4 decreased IC50 values of 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin and inhibited the migration of MCF7 cells. Tumor growth and weights were significantly decreased in si-SMC2 groups. CONCLUSIONS Combined bioinformatics and clinical specimen analysis verified SMC2 and SMC4 as independent prognostic factors in BRCA, suggesting their significance for the diagnosis and treatment of BRCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Pei
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Yu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Hao Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Wenhao Wu
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Siyi Fan
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, 222000, China
| | - Xiao Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China.
| | - Xinxin Si
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China.
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Brangulis K, Akopjana I, Drunka L, Matisone S, Zelencova-Gopejenko D, Bhattacharya S, Bogans J, Tars K. Members of the paralogous gene family 12 from the Lyme disease agent Borrelia burgdorferi are non-specific DNA-binding proteins. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296127. [PMID: 38626020 PMCID: PMC11020477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease is the most prevalent vector-borne infectious disease in Europe and the USA. Borrelia burgdorferi, as the causative agent of Lyme disease, is transmitted to the mammalian host during the tick blood meal. To adapt to the different encountered environments, Borrelia has adjusted the expression pattern of various, mostly outer surface proteins. The function of most B. burgdorferi outer surface proteins remains unknown. We determined the crystal structure of a previously uncharacterized B. burgdorferi outer surface protein BBK01, known to belong to the paralogous gene family 12 (PFam12) as one of its five members. PFam12 members are shown to be upregulated as the tick starts its blood meal. Structural analysis of BBK01 revealed similarity to the coiled coil domain of structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) protein family members, while functional studies indicated that all PFam12 members are non-specific DNA-binding proteins. The residues involved in DNA binding were identified and probed by site-directed mutagenesis. The combination of SMC-like proteins being attached to the outer membrane and exposed to the environment or located in the periplasm, as observed in the case of PFam12 members, and displaying the ability to bind DNA, represents a unique feature previously not observed in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inara Akopjana
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Laura Drunka
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | | | | | | | - Janis Bogans
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Kaspars Tars
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
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Rotermund A, Staege MS, Brandt S, Luetzkendorf J, Lucas H, Mueller LP, Mueller T. Luciferase Expressing Preclinical Model Systems Representing the Different Molecular Subtypes of Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4122. [PMID: 37627150 PMCID: PMC10452405 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15164122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease. More insight into the biological diversity of CRC is needed to improve therapeutic outcomes. Established CRC cell lines are frequently used and were shown to be representative models of the main subtypes of CRC at the genomic and transcriptomic level. In the present work, we established stable, luciferase expressing derivatives from 10 well-established CRC cell lines, generated spheroids and subcutaneous xenograft tumors in nude mice, and performed comparative characterization of these model systems. Transcriptomic analyses revealed the close relation of cell lines with their derived spheroids and xenograft tumors. The preclinical model systems clustered with patient tumor samples when compared to normal tissue thereby confirming that cell-line-based tumor models retain specific characteristics of primary tumors. Xenografts showed different differentiation patterns and bioluminescence imaging revealed metastatic spread to the lungs. In addition, the models were classified according to the CMS classification system, with further sub-classification according to the recently identified two intrinsic epithelial tumor cell states of CRC, iCMS2 and iCMS3. The combined data showed that regarding primary tumor characteristics, 3D-spheroid cultures resemble xenografts more closely than 2D-cultured cells do. Furthermore, we set up a bioluminescence-based spheroid cytotoxicity assay in order to be able to perform dose-response relationship studies in analogy to typical monolayer assays. Applying the established assay, we studied the efficacy of oxaliplatin. Seven of the ten used cell lines showed a significant reduction in the response to oxaliplatin in the 3D-spheroid model compared to the 2D-monolayer model. Therapy studies in selected xenograft models confirmed the response or lack of response to oxaliplatin treatment. Analyses of differentially expressed genes in these models identified CAV1 as a possible marker of oxaliplatin resistance. In conclusion, we established a combined 2D/3D, in vitro/in vivo model system representing the heterogeneity of CRC, which can be used in preclinical research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Rotermund
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany; (A.R.); (S.B.); (J.L.); (L.P.M.)
| | - Martin S. Staege
- Department of Surgical and Conservative Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany;
| | - Sarah Brandt
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany; (A.R.); (S.B.); (J.L.); (L.P.M.)
| | - Jana Luetzkendorf
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany; (A.R.); (S.B.); (J.L.); (L.P.M.)
| | - Henrike Lucas
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany;
| | - Lutz P. Mueller
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany; (A.R.); (S.B.); (J.L.); (L.P.M.)
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany; (A.R.); (S.B.); (J.L.); (L.P.M.)
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Schubert V, Weißleder A, Lermontova I. Simultaneous EYFP-CENH3/H2B-DsRed Expression Is Impaired Differentially in Meristematic and Differentiated Nuclei of Arabidopsis Double Transformants. Cytogenet Genome Res 2023; 163:74-80. [PMID: 37552957 DOI: 10.1159/000533317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence live-cell microscopy is important in cell biology to perform artifact-free investigations. To analyze the dynamics of chromatin and centromeres at different stages of the cell cycle in nuclei and chromosomes, we performed simultaneous EYFP-CENH3/H2B-DsRed and single H2B-YFP transformations in Arabidopsis wild-type and cohesin T-DNA mutants. All constructs were under the control of the strong CaMV 35S promoter. While a strong silencing of fluorescence expression occurred differently in leaf and root tissues in the double transformants, nearly all single-transformed wild-type and most mutant cells showed H2B-YFP fluorescence. It seems that for an efficient co-expression of two fluorescence proteins, endogenous promoters and terminators should be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit Schubert
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Andrea Weißleder
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
| | - Inna Lermontova
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Seeland, Germany
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Dadinova LA, Petoukhov MV, Gordienko AM, Manuvera VA, Lazarev VN, Rakitina TV, Mozhaev AA, Peters GS, Shtykova EV. Nucleoid-Associated Proteins HU and IHF: Oligomerization in Solution and Hydrodynamic Properties. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:640-654. [PMID: 37331710 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923050073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Structure and function of bacterial nucleoid is controlled by the nucleoid-associated proteins (NAP). In any phase of growth, various NAPs, acting sequentially, condense nucleoid and facilitate formation of its transcriptionally active structure. However, in the late stationary phase, only one of the NAPs, Dps protein, is strongly expressed, and DNA-protein crystals are formed that transform nucleoid into a static, transcriptionally inactive structure, effectively protected from the external influences. Discovery of crystal structures in living cells and association of this phenomenon with the bacterial resistance to antibiotics has aroused great interest in studying this phenomenon. The aim of this work is to obtain and compare structures of two related NAPs (HU and IHF), since they are the ones that accumulate in the cell at the late stationary stage of growth, which precedes formation of the protective DNA-Dps crystalline complex. For structural studies, two complementary methods were used in the work: small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) as the main method for studying structure of proteins in solution, and dynamic light scattering as a complementary one. To interpret the SAXS data, various approaches and computer programs were used (in particular, the evaluation of structural invariants, rigid body modeling and equilibrium mixture analysis in terms of the volume fractions of its components were applied), which made it possible to determine macromolecular characteristics and obtain reliable 3D structural models of various oligomeric forms of HU and IHF proteins with ~2 nm resolution typical for SAXS. It was shown that these proteins oligomerize in solution to varying degrees, and IHF is characterized by the presence of large oligomers consisting of initial dimers arranged in a chain. An analysis of the experimental and published data made it possible to hypothesize that just before the Dps expression, it is IHF that forms toroidal structures previously observed in vivo and prepares the platform for formation of DNA-Dps crystals. The results obtained are necessary for further investigation of the phenomenon of biocrystal formation in bacterial cells and finding ways to overcome resistance of various pathogens to external conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov A Dadinova
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333, Russia
| | - Maxim V Petoukhov
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333, Russia
| | - Alexander M Gordienko
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333, Russia
| | - Valentin A Manuvera
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 119435, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Vassili N Lazarev
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 119435, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Rakitina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - Andrey A Mozhaev
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Georgy S Peters
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - Eleonora V Shtykova
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333, Russia.
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6
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Shen P, Yu J, Yan C, Yang D, Tong C, Wang X. Analysis of differentially expressed microRNAs in bovine mammary epithelial cells treated with lipoteichoic acid. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:463-474. [PMID: 35997417 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is one of the most common diseases of dairy cattle and can be caused by physical stress, chemicals and microbial infection. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common pathogens that induce mastitis in dairy cattle. In this study, bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) were treated either with lipoteichoic acid (LTA, 30 µg/ml) or 1 × phosphate-buffer saline (PBS, control) and RNA-Seq was applied to explore the effect of LTA on the expression microRNAs (miRNAs) in BMECs. Compared to the control group, 43 miRNAs were significantly up-regulated and eight miRNAs were significantly down-regulated. Additionally, 724 genes were significantly up-regulated and 13 genes were significantly down-regulated in LTA group relative to the control group. Bta-miR-196a, bta-miR-2285aj-5p, bta-miR-143, bta-miR-2433, bta-miR-2284f and bta-miR-2368-3p were selected from 51 differentially expressed miRNAs and are discussed in this manuscript. Target gene prediction revealed that the target genes of these six miRNAs were all differentially expressed, including MT1E, SPDYA, FGL1, TLR2, PAPOLG, ZDHHC17 and SMC4. Subsequently, the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that the target genes with differentially expressed miRNAs were enriched in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway, rheumatoid arthritis and cancer. Therefore, the results of this study provided new evidences for the molecular mechanism of LTA-induced mastitis, which may provide new targets for the diagnosis and treatment of mastitis in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puxiu Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingcheng Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chenbo Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dexin Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chao Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinzhuang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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Association of SMC4 with prognosis and immune infiltration of sarcoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:567-582. [PMID: 36719264 PMCID: PMC9925680 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was performed to explore the prognostic relevance of structural maintenance of chromosomes 4 (SMC4) in pan-cancer and explore the association between SMC4 and immune infiltration of sarcoma. RESULTS Elevated expression of SMC4 was detected in cancer tissues compared to normal tissue, which was confirmed in synovial sarcoma tissues with immunohistochemistry (IHC). Additionally, higher expression of SMC4 was connected to worse outcomes of sarcoma, gastric cancer, breast cancer, liver cancer or ovarian cancer. Moreover, SMC4 was positively connected to immune cell infiltrates in sarcoma. In addition, infiltrating immune cell markers including monocyte, TAM, M1 and M2 presented different SMC4-associated immune infiltration patterns. CONCLUSION The results from our study showed that SMC4 was positively related to the prognosis and immunological status of sarcoma. SMC4 could be a potential biomarker for prognosis and immune cell infiltrates in sarcoma. METHODS Several databases including ONCOMINE, GEPIA, and Kaplan-Meier Plotter were adopted to explore the expression pattern of SMC4 in sarcoma, which was confirmed by IHC. The GEPIA and TIMER datasets were adopted to investigate the associations between SMC4 and prognosis in various cancers, especially in sarcoma.
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Abstract
Aging is associated with increased mutational burden in every tissue studied. Occasionally, fitness-increasing mutations will arise, leading to stem cell clonal expansion. This process occurs in several tissues but has been best studied in blood. Clonal hematopoiesis is associated with an increased risk of blood cancers, such as acute myeloid leukemia, which result if additional cooperating mutations occur. Surprisingly, it is also associated with an increased risk of nonmalignant diseases, such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. This may be due to enhanced inflammation in mutated innate immune cells, which could be targeted clinically with anti-inflammatory drugs. Recent studies have uncovered other factors that predict poor outcomes in patients with clonal hematopoiesis, such as size of the mutant clone, mutated driver genes, and epigenetic aging. Though clonality is inevitable and largely a function of time, recent work has shown that inherited genetic variation can also influence this process. Clonal hematopoiesis provides a paradigm for understanding how age-related changes in tissue stem cell composition and function influence human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herra Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA; .,Department of Cardiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Jahn
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA;
| | - Siddhartha Jaiswal
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA; .,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Yan W, Wang DD, Zhang HD, Huang J, Hou JC, Yang SJ, Zhang J, Lu L, Zhang Q. Expression profile and prognostic values of SMC family members in HCC. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31336. [PMID: 36281130 PMCID: PMC9592487 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) gene family, including 6 proteins, is involved in a wide range of biological functions in different human cancers. Nevertheless, there is little research on the expression patterns, potential functions and prognostic value of SMC genes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Based on publicly available databases and integrative bioinformatics analysis, we tried to determine the value of SMC gene expression in predicting the risk of developing HCC. METHODS The expression and copy number variations data of SMC family members were obtained from TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas). We identified the prognostic values of SMC family members and their clinical features. GSEA (Gene Set Enrichment Analysis) was conducted to detect the mechanism underlying the involvement of SMC family members in liver cancer. We used Tumor Immune Estimation Resource database to explore the associations between TIICs (Tumor Immune Infiltrating Cells) and the SMC family members. RESULTS Our analysis proved that downregulation of SMC family members was common modification in HCC patients. In HCC, the expression of SMC1A, SMC2, SMC3, SMC4, SMC6 were upregulated. Upregulation of SMC2, SMC3, and SMC4, along with the clinical stage of HCC, were associated with a poor prognosis according to the results of univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. SMC2, SMC3, and SMC4 are also related to tumor purity and immune infiltration levels of HCC. The GSEA results proved that SMC family members take part in numerous biological processes underlying tumorigenesis. CONCLUSION In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the expression of SMC family members in patients with HCC. This can provide insights for further investigation of the SMC members as potential therapeutic targets in HCC and suggest that the use of SMC inhibitor targeting SMC2, SMC3, and SMC4 can be a practical strategy for the therapy of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - He-Da Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinny Huang
- Department of Surgery, the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jun-Chen Hou
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Su-Jin Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Lu
- Hepatobiliary Center of The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University & Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital (Jiangsu Cancer Hospital), Nanjing Medical, University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Qian Zhang, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China (e-mail: )
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10
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Yoshinaga M, Nakayama T, Inagaki Y. A novel structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC)-related protein family specific to Archaea. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:913088. [PMID: 35992648 PMCID: PMC9389158 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.913088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATPases belonging to the structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) superfamily are involved in the maintenance of chromosome organization and dynamics, as well as DNA repair. The major proteins in this superfamily recognized to date are either conserved among the three domains of Life (i.e., SMC and Rad50) or specific to Bacteria (i.e., RecF, RecN, and MukB). In Archaea, no protein related to SMC (SMC-related protein) with a broad taxonomic distribution has been reported. Nevertheless, two SMC-related proteins, namely coalescin and Sph, have been identified in crenarchaea Sulfolobus spp. and the euryarchaeon Halobacterium salinarum, respectively, hinting that the diversity of SMC-related proteins has been overlooked in Archaea. In this study, we report a novel SMC-related protein that is distributed among broad archaeal lineages and termed “Archaea-specific SMC-related proteins” or “ASRPs.” We further demonstrate that the ASRP family encloses both coalescin and Sph but the two proteins represent only a tip of the diversity of this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Yoshinaga
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takuro Nakayama
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuji Inagaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yuji Inagaki,
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Li X, Wang Y, Wu W, Xiang J, Wang M, Yu H. A novel DNA damage and repair-related gene signature to improve predictive capacity of overall survival for patients with gliomas. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:3736-3750. [PMID: 35615996 PMCID: PMC9258707 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas, as the most lethal and malignant brain tumours in adults, remain a major challenge worldwide. DNA damage and repair‐related genes (DDRRGs) appear to play a significant role in gliomas, but the studies of DDRRGs are still insufficient. Herein, we systematically explored and analysed 1547 DDRRGs in 938 glioma samples from TCGA and CGGA datasets. Using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression analysis, we identified a 16‐DDRRG signature, characterized by high‐risk and low‐risk patterns. This risk model harbours robust predictive capability for overall survival of glioma patients. We found the high‐risk score is strongly associated with well‐known malignant features of gliomas, such as the mesenchymal subtype, IDH‐wildtype, 1p/19q non‐codeletion and MGMT promoter unmethylated status. In addition, we found that the high‐risk score is also linked with multiple oncogenic pathways and therapeutic resistance. Significantly, we found the high‐risk group has higher enrichment of immunosuppressive cells (M2‐type macrophages, Tregs and MDSCs) and immune inhibition biomarkers (PD‐1, PD‐L1 and CTLA‐4). Lastly, we proved that SMC4, which has the highest positive regression coefficient in our risk model, is strongly linked with malignant progression and TMZ resistance of gliomas in a E2F1‐dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Center of Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yichang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Center of Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Center of Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianyang Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Center of Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Maode Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Center of Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Center of Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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12
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Mishra D, Srinivasan R. Catching a Walker in the Act-DNA Partitioning by ParA Family of Proteins. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:856547. [PMID: 35694299 PMCID: PMC9178275 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.856547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Partitioning the replicated genetic material is a crucial process in the cell cycle program of any life form. In bacteria, many plasmids utilize cytoskeletal proteins that include ParM and TubZ, the ancestors of the eukaryotic actin and tubulin, respectively, to segregate the plasmids into the daughter cells. Another distinct class of cytoskeletal proteins, known as the Walker A type Cytoskeletal ATPases (WACA), is unique to Bacteria and Archaea. ParA, a WACA family protein, is involved in DNA partitioning and is more widespread. A centromere-like sequence parS, in the DNA is bound by ParB, an adaptor protein with CTPase activity to form the segregation complex. The ParA ATPase, interacts with the segregation complex and partitions the DNA into the daughter cells. Furthermore, the Walker A motif-containing ParA superfamily of proteins is associated with a diverse set of functions ranging from DNA segregation to cell division, cell polarity, chemotaxis cluster assembly, cellulose biosynthesis and carboxysome maintenance. Unifying principles underlying the varied range of cellular roles in which the ParA superfamily of proteins function are outlined. Here, we provide an overview of the recent findings on the structure and function of the ParB adaptor protein and review the current models and mechanisms by which the ParA family of proteins function in the partitioning of the replicated DNA into the newly born daughter cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipika Mishra
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institutes, Mumbai, India
| | - Ramanujam Srinivasan
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institutes, Mumbai, India
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13
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Li B, Xiao Q, Shan L, Song Y. NCAPH promotes cell proliferation and inhibits cell apoptosis of bladder cancer cells through MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Cell Cycle 2022; 21:427-438. [PMID: 34974790 PMCID: PMC8855866 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.2021050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers world-wide with a poor prognosis. Non-SMC (Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes)-condensin I complex subunit H (NCAPH) is a regulatory subunit of the condensin I complex and plays an important role in tumorigenesis and progression in several types of cancers. However, the role of NCAPH in BC remains unknown. In this study, we tried to reveal the biological functions of NCAPH in BC. We detected the expressions of NCAPH in BC and adjacent tissues, and BC cells lines. Subsequently, the gain- and loss-of-function experiments were performed to determine the effects of NCAPH on BC cell proliferation, apoptosis, and activation of the MEK/ERK signaling pathway in vitro. Moreover, we used BALB/c nude mice and established a xenograft model to investigate whether silence NCAPH using shRNA targeting NCAPH (shNCAPH) can inhibit BC tumor growth in vivo. The results showed NCAPH was overexpressed in BC tissues compared to adjacent tissues and highly expressed in BC cell lines. Additionally, overexpression of NCAPH promoted cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis in SW780 cells. Conversely, knockdown of NCAPH reduced cell proliferation and enhanced apoptosis in UMUC3 cells. Furthermore, we found that the NCAPH activated the MEK/ERK signaling pathway in BC cells. MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 blocked the increase of cell proliferation regulated by NCAPH overexpression. Knockdown of NCAPH significantly inhibited tumor growth in mice. Our results suggest that NCAPH might play an important role in BC progression and provide the potential marker in the diagnosis of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of President’s Office, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Liping Shan
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yongsheng Song
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China,CONTACT Yongsheng Song Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning110004, China, +86-24-96615-34211
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14
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Hsieh DK, Chuang SC, Chen CY, Chao YT, Lu MYJ, Lee MH, Shih MC. Comparative Genomics of Three Colletotrichum scovillei Strains and Genetic Analysis Revealed Genes Involved in Fungal Growth and Virulence on Chili Pepper. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:818291. [PMID: 35154058 PMCID: PMC8828978 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.818291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum scovillei causes anthracnose of chili pepper in many countries. Three strains of this pathogen, Coll-524, Coll-153, and Coll-365, show varied virulence on chili pepper. Among the three strains, Coll-365 showed significant defects in growth and virulence. To decipher the genetic variations among these strains and identify genes contributing to growth and virulence, comparative genomic analysis and gene transformation to show gene function were applied in this study. Compared to Coll-524, Coll-153, and Coll-365 had numerous gene losses including 32 candidate effector genes that are mainly exist in acutatum species complex. A cluster of 14 genes in a 34-kb genomic fragment was lost in Coll-365. Through gene transformation, three genes in the 34-kb fragment were identified to have functions in growth and/or virulence of C. scovillei. CsPLAA encoding a phospholipase A2-activating protein enhanced the growth of Coll-365. A combination of CsPLAA with one transcription factor CsBZTF and one C6 zinc finger domain-containing protein CsCZCP was found to enhance the pathogenicity of Coll-365. Introduction of CsGIP, which encodes a hypothetical protein, into Coll-365 caused a reduction in the germination rate of Coll-365. In conclusion, the highest virulent strain Coll-524 had more genes and encoded more pathogenicity related proteins and transposable elements than the other two strains, which may contribute to the high virulence of Coll-524. In addition, the absence of the 34-kb fragment plays a critical role in the defects of growth and virulence of strain Coll-365.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai-Keng Hsieh
- Ph.D. Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Cheng Chuang
- Ph.D. Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yi Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Chao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yeh Jade Lu
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Miin-Huey Lee
- Ph.D. Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Miin-Huey Lee,
| | - Ming-Che Shih
- Ph.D. Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Ming-Che Shih,
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15
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Schneider K, Farr T, Pinter N, Schmitt K, Valerius O, Braus GH, Kämper J. The Nma1 protein promotes long distance transport mediated by early endosomes in Ustilago maydis. Mol Microbiol 2021; 117:334-352. [PMID: 34817894 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Early endosomes (EEs) are part of the endocytic transport pathway and resemble the earliest class of transport vesicles between the internalization of extracellular material, their cellular distribution or vacuolar degradation. In filamentous fungi, EEs fulfill important functions in long distance transport of cargoes as mRNAs, ribosomes, and peroxisomes. Formation and maturation of early endosomes is controlled by the specific membrane-bound Rab-GTPase Rab5 and tethering complexes as CORVET (class C core vacuole/endosome tethering). In the basidiomycete Ustilago maydis, Rab5a is the prominent GTPase to recruit CORVET to EEs; in rab5a deletion strains, this function is maintained by the second EE-associated GTPase Rab5b. The tethering- and core-subunits of CORVET are essential, buttressing a central role for EE transport in U. maydis. The function of EEs in long distance transport is supported by the Nma1 protein that interacts with the Vps3 subunit of CORVET. The interaction stabilizes the binding of Vps3 to the CORVET core complex that is recruited to Rab5a via Vps8. Deletion of nma1 leads to a significantly reduced number of EEs, and an increased conversion rate of EEs to late endosomes. Thus, Nma1 modulates the lifespan of EEs to ensure their availability for the various long distance transport processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Schneider
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Theresa Farr
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Niko Pinter
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schmitt
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Valerius
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard H Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Kämper
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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16
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Kao Y, Tsai WC, Chen SH, Hsu SY, Huang LC, Chang CJ, Huang SM, Hueng DY. Shugosin 2 is a biomarker for pathological grading and survival prediction in patients with gliomas. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18541. [PMID: 34535705 PMCID: PMC8448842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97119-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas are the most common type of adult primary brain neoplasms. Clinically, it is helpful to identify biomarkers to predict the survival of patients with gliomas due to its poor outcome. Shugoshin 2 (SGO2) is critical in cell division and cell cycle progression in eukaryotes. However, the association of SGO2 with pathological grading and survival in patients with gliomas remains unclear. We analyzed the association between SGO2 expression and clinical outcomes from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset profiles, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA). SGO2 mRNA and protein expression in normal brain tissue and glioma cell lines were investigated via quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot, and IHC staining. The roles of SGO2 in proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of GBM cells were studied with wound-healing assay, BrdU assay, cell cycle analysis, and JC-1 assay. The protein–protein interaction (PPI) was analyzed via Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING). SGO2 mRNA expression predicted higher grade gliomas than non-tumor brain tissues. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed that patients with high-grade gliomas with a higher SGO2 expression had worse survival outcomes. SGO2 mRNA and protein expression were upper regulated in gliomas than in normal brain tissue. Inhibition of SGO2 suppressed cell proliferation and migration. Also, PPI result showed SGO2 to be a potential hub protein, which was related to the expression of AURKB and FOXM1. SGO2 expression positively correlates with WHO pathological grading and patient survival, suggesting that SGO2 is a biomarker that is predictive of disease progression in patients with gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Kao
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei City Hospital Zhongxing Branch, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Chiuan Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ssu-Han Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shao-Yuan Hsu
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei City Hospital, Renai Branch, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Chun Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Ju Chang
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Ming Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Dueng-Yuan Hueng
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC. .,Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC. .,Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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17
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Li X, Song G, Zhao Y, Ren J, Li Q, Cui Z. Functions of SMC2 in the Development of Zebrafish Liver. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091240. [PMID: 34572426 PMCID: PMC8465584 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SMC2 (structural maintenance of chromosomes 2) is the core subunit of condensins, which play a central role in chromosome organization and segregation. However, the functions of SMC2 in embryonic development remain poorly understood, due to the embryonic lethality of homozygous SMC2−/− mice. Herein, we explored the roles of SMC2 in the liver development of zebrafish. The depletion of SMC2, with the CRISPR/Cas9-dependent gene knockout approach, led to a small liver phenotype. The specification of hepatoblasts was unaffected. Mechanistically, extensive apoptosis occurred in the liver of SMC2 mutants, which was mainly associated with the activation of the p53-dependent apoptotic pathway. Moreover, an aberrant activation of a series of apoptotic pathways in SMC2 mutants was involved in the defective chromosome segregation and subsequent DNA damage. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that SMC2 is necessary for zebrafish liver development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (X.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Guili Song
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (G.S.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.)
| | - Yasong Zhao
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (G.S.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.)
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (X.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Qing Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (G.S.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.)
| | - Zongbin Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (X.L.); (J.R.)
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (G.S.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-020-87137656
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18
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He H, Zheng C, Tang Y. Overexpression of SMC4 predicts a poor prognosis in cervical cancer and facilitates cancer cell malignancy phenotype by activating NF-κB pathway. Hum Cell 2021; 34:1888-1898. [PMID: 34480271 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-021-00603-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the leading female malignancy tumors worldwide. Structural maintenance of chromosomes 4 (SMC4), a member of the SMC family, is associated with cancer pathogenesis and progression. However, the role of SMC4 in cervical cancer is still unclear. In the study, SMC4 was increased in cervical cancer tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. The SMC4 knockdown and overexpression were performed in cervical cancer cells. SMC4 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation, cell migration and invasion, and suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Conversely, SMC4 overexpression exerted opposite effects. Moreover, SMC4 knockdown down-regulated stem cell markers, reduced the capacity of spheroid formation and inactivated NF-κB pathway. SMC4 overexpression contributed to stem cell markers, and stimulated spheroid formation and NF-κB pathway activation. Additionally, BAY11-7082 (an NF-κB inhibitor) alleviated the SMC4-mediated the effects in cervical cancer cells. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that SMC4 overexpression facilitated the development of cervical cancer cells by activating NF-κBpathway, which provides a new therapeutic target for patients with cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, No. 16, Baita West Road, Gusu District, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Cui Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, No. 16, Baita West Road, Gusu District, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunxian Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, No. 16, Baita West Road, Gusu District, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu, China
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19
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Zou W, Li G, Jian L, Qian J, Liu Y, Zhao J. Arabidopsis SMC6A and SMC6B have redundant function in seed and gametophyte development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4871-4887. [PMID: 33909904 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive development is a crucial process during plant growth. The structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) 5/6 complex has been studied in various species. However, there are few studies on the biological function of SMC6 in plant development, especially during reproduction. In this study, knocking out of both AtSMC6A and AtSMC6B led to severe defects in Arabidopsis seed development, and expression of AtSMC6A or AtSMC6B could completely restore seed abortion in the smc6a-/-smc6b-/-double mutant. Knocking down AtSMC6A in the smc6b-/- mutant led to defects in female and male development and decreased fertility. The double mutation also resulted in loss of cell viability, and caused embryo and endosperm cell death through vacuolar cell death and necrosis. Furthermore, the expression of genes involved in embryo patterning, endosperm cellularisation, DNA damage repair, cell cycle regulation, and DNA replication were significantly changed in the albino seeds of the double mutant. Moreover, we found that the SMC5/6 complex may participate in the SOG1 (SUPPRESSOR OF GAMMA RESPONSE1)-dependent DNA damage repair pathway. These findings suggest that both AtSMC6A and AtSMC6B are functionally redundant and play important roles in seed and gametophyte development through maintaining chromosome stability in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liufang Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yantong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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20
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Zhou J, Wu G, Tong Z, Sun J, Su J, Cao Z, Luo Y, Wang W. Prognostic relevance of SMC family gene expression in human sarcoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 13:1473-1487. [PMID: 33460400 PMCID: PMC7835044 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To explore the prognostic value of the expression of genes encoding structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMCs) in human sarcoma. Results: We found that the levels of SMC1A, SMC2, SMC3, SMC4, SMC5 and SMC6 mRNA were all higher in most tumors compared to normal tissues, and especially in sarcoma. According to the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE), SMC1A, SMC2, SMC3, SMC4, SMC5 and SMC6 are also highly expressed in sarcoma cell lines. Results of Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) indicated that high expression of SMC1A was significantly related to poor overall survival (OS) (p<0.05) and disease-free survival (DFS) in sarcoma (p<0.05). Additionally, strong expression of SMC2 was significantly related to poor OS in sarcoma (p<0.05). In contrast, SMC3, SMC4, SMC5, and SMC6 expression had no significant impact on OS or DFS in sarcoma. Conclusions: Expression of SMC family members is significantly different in sarcoma relative to normal tissues, and SMC1A and SMC2 may be useful as prognostic biomarkers. Methods: We performed a detailed comparison of cancer and normal tissues regarding the expression levels of mRNA for SMC family members in various cancers including sarcoma through ONCOMINE and GEPIA (Gene Expression Profile Interactive Analysis) databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Gen Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China.,Clinical Medicine Eight-year Program, 02 Class, 2014 Grade, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhongyi Tong
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jingjing Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Su
- The Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Ziqin Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yingquan Luo
- Department of General Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Wanchun Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
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21
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Gutierrez-Escribano P, Hormeño S, Madariaga-Marcos J, Solé-Soler R, O'Reilly FJ, Morris K, Aicart-Ramos C, Aramayo R, Montoya A, Kramer H, Rappsilber J, Torres-Rosell J, Moreno-Herrero F, Aragon L. Purified Smc5/6 Complex Exhibits DNA Substrate Recognition and Compaction. Mol Cell 2020; 80:1039-1054.e6. [PMID: 33301732 PMCID: PMC7758880 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic SMC complexes, cohesin, condensin, and Smc5/6, use ATP hydrolysis to power a plethora of functions requiring organization and restructuring of eukaryotic chromosomes in interphase and during mitosis. The Smc5/6 mechanism of action and its activity on DNA are largely unknown. Here we purified the budding yeast Smc5/6 holocomplex and characterized its core biochemical and biophysical activities. Purified Smc5/6 exhibits DNA-dependent ATP hydrolysis and SUMO E3 ligase activity. We show that Smc5/6 binds DNA topologically with affinity for supercoiled and catenated DNA templates. Employing single-molecule assays to analyze the functional and dynamic characteristics of Smc5/6 bound to DNA, we show that Smc5/6 locks DNA plectonemes and can compact DNA in an ATP-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that the Smc5/6 complex recognizes DNA tertiary structures involving juxtaposed helices and might modulate DNA topology by plectoneme stabilization and local compaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Hormeño
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julene Madariaga-Marcos
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roger Solé-Soler
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), Department of Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Francis J O'Reilly
- Bioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany; Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Kyle Morris
- Microscopy Facility, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Clara Aicart-Ramos
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Aramayo
- Microscopy Facility, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alex Montoya
- Biological Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Holger Kramer
- Biological Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- Bioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany; Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Jordi Torres-Rosell
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA), Department of Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Fernando Moreno-Herrero
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Aragon
- Cell Cycle Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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22
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Montaldo P, Cunnington A, Oliveira V, Swamy R, Bandya P, Pant S, Lally PJ, Ivain P, Mendoza J, Atreja G, Padmesh V, Baburaj M, Sebastian M, Yasashwi I, Kamalarathnam C, Chandramohan R, Mangalabharathi S, Kumaraswami K, Kumar S, Benakappa N, Manerkar S, Mondhkar J, Prakash V, Sajjid M, Seeralar A, Jahan I, Moni SC, Shahidullah M, Sujatha R, Chandrasekaran M, Ramji S, Shankaran S, Kaforou M, Herberg J, Thayyil S. Transcriptomic profile of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes after neonatal encephalopathy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13100. [PMID: 32753750 PMCID: PMC7403382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70131-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid and early diagnostic test to identify the encephalopathic babies at risk of adverse outcome may accelerate the development of neuroprotectants. We examined if a whole blood transcriptomic signature measured soon after birth, predicts adverse neurodevelopmental outcome eighteen months after neonatal encephalopathy. We performed next generation sequencing on whole blood ribonucleic acid obtained within six hours of birth from the first 47 encephalopathic babies recruited to the Hypothermia for Encephalopathy in Low and middle-income countries (HELIX) trial. Two infants with blood culture positive sepsis were excluded, and the data from remaining 45 were analysed. A total of 855 genes were significantly differentially expressed between the good and adverse outcome groups, of which RGS1 and SMC4 were the most significant. Biological pathway analysis adjusted for gender, trial randomisation allocation (cooling therapy versus usual care) and estimated blood leukocyte proportions revealed over-representation of genes from pathways related to melatonin and polo-like kinase in babies with adverse outcome. These preliminary data suggest that transcriptomic profiling may be a promising tool for rapid risk stratification in neonatal encephalopathy. It may provide insights into biological mechanisms and identify novel therapeutic targets for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Montaldo
- Department of Brain Sciences, Centre for Perinatal Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, UK. .,Neonatal Unit, Università Degli Studi Della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
| | - Aubrey Cunnington
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Vania Oliveira
- Department of Brain Sciences, Centre for Perinatal Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ravi Swamy
- Department of Brain Sciences, Centre for Perinatal Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Prathik Bandya
- Neonatal Medicine, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Stuti Pant
- Department of Brain Sciences, Centre for Perinatal Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Peter J Lally
- Department of Brain Sciences, Centre for Perinatal Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Phoebe Ivain
- Department of Brain Sciences, Centre for Perinatal Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Josephine Mendoza
- Department of Brain Sciences, Centre for Perinatal Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gaurav Atreja
- Department of Brain Sciences, Centre for Perinatal Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Vadakepat Padmesh
- Neonatal Medicine, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mythili Baburaj
- Neonatal Medicine, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Monica Sebastian
- Neonatal Medicine, Institute of Child Health, Madras Medical College, Tamil Nadu, Chennai, India
| | - Indiramma Yasashwi
- Neonatal Medicine, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Chinnathambi Kamalarathnam
- Neonatal Medicine, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rema Chandramohan
- Neonatal Medicine, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sundaram Mangalabharathi
- Neonatal Medicine, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kumutha Kumaraswami
- Neonatal Medicine, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shobha Kumar
- Neonatal Medicine, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Naveen Benakappa
- Neonatal Medicine, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | - Vinayagam Prakash
- Neonatal Medicine, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohammed Sajjid
- Neonatal Medicine, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arasar Seeralar
- Neonatal Medicine, Institute of Child Health, Madras Medical College, Tamil Nadu, Chennai, India
| | - Ismat Jahan
- Neonatal Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mohammod Shahidullah
- Neonatal Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Radhika Sujatha
- Neonatal Medicine, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Manigandan Chandrasekaran
- Department of Brain Sciences, Centre for Perinatal Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Siddarth Ramji
- Neonatal Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Seetha Shankaran
- Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Myrsini Kaforou
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jethro Herberg
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sudhin Thayyil
- Department of Brain Sciences, Centre for Perinatal Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, UK
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23
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Francia ME, Bhavsar S, Ting LM, Croken MM, Kim K, Dubremetz JF, Striepen B. A Homolog of Structural Maintenance of Chromosome 1 Is a Persistent Centromeric Protein Which Associates With Nuclear Pore Components in Toxoplasma gondii. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:295. [PMID: 32714878 PMCID: PMC7343853 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexa are obligate intracellular parasites which cause various animal and human diseases including malaria, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. They proliferate by a unique mechanism that combines physically separated semi-closed mitosis of the nucleus and assembly of daughter cells by internal budding. Mitosis occurs in the presence of a nuclear envelope and with little appreciable chromatin condensation. A long standing question in the field has been how parasites keep track of their uncondensed chromatin chromosomes throughout their development, and hence secure proper chromosome segregation during division. Past work demonstrated that the centromeres, the region of kinetochore assembly at chromosomes, of Toxoplasma gondii remain clustered at a defined region of the nuclear periphery proximal to the main microtubule organizing center of the cell, the centrosome. We have proposed that this mechanism is likely involved in the process. Here we set out to identify underlying molecular players involved in centromere clustering. Through pharmacological treatment and structural analysis we show that centromere clustering is not mediated by persistent microtubules of the mitotic spindle. We identify the chromatin binding factor a homolog of structural maintenance of chromosomes 1 (SMC1). Additionally, we show that both TgSMC1, and a centromeric histone, interact with TgExportin1, a predicted soluble component of the nuclear pore complex. Our results suggest that the nuclear envelope, and in particular the nuclear pore complex may play a role in positioning centromeres in T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Francia
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Sheila Bhavsar
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Li-Min Ting
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Health, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Matthew M Croken
- Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kami Kim
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Health, Tampa, FL, United States
| | | | - Boris Striepen
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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24
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Yu J, Qin B, Moyer AM, Nowsheen S, Tu X, Dong H, Boughey JC, Goetz MP, Weinshilboum R, Lou Z, Wang L. Regulation of sister chromatid cohesion by nuclear PD-L1. Cell Res 2020; 30:590-601. [PMID: 32350394 PMCID: PMC7343880 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1 or B7-H1) is well known for its role in immune checkpoint regulation, but its function inside the tumor cells has rarely been explored. Here we report that nuclear PD-L1 is important for cancer cell sister chromatid cohesion. We found that depletion of PD-L1 suppresses cancer cell proliferation, colony formation in vitro, and tumor growth in vivo in immune-deficient NSG mice independent of its role in immune checkpoint. Specifically, PD-L1 functions as a subunit of the cohesin complex, and its deficiency leads to formation of multinucleated cells and causes a defect in sister chromatid cohesion. Mechanistically, PD-L1 compensates for the loss of Sororin, whose expression is suppressed in cancer cells overexpressing PD-L1. PD-L1 competes with Wing Apart-Like (WAPL) for binding to PDS5B, and secures proper sister chromatid cohesion and segregation. Our findings suggest an important role for nuclear PD-L1 in cancer cells independent of its function in immune checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Bo Qin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Ann M Moyer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Somaira Nowsheen
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine and the Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Xinyi Tu
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Haidong Dong
- Departments of Urology and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Judy C Boughey
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Matthew P Goetz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Richard Weinshilboum
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Zhenkun Lou
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Liewei Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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25
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A Single Gene Causes Thelytokous Parthenogenesis, the Defining Feature of the Cape Honeybee Apis mellifera capensis. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2248-2259.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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26
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Li L, Huang K, Zhao H, Chen B, Ye Q, Yue J. CDK1-PLK1/SGOL2/ANLN pathway mediating abnormal cell division in cell cycle may be a critical process in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:1236-1252. [PMID: 32275843 PMCID: PMC7217380 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1749471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the potential mechanisms and identify core biomarkers of Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The profile GSE113850 was downloaded to analyze the differentially expressed genes. Gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and protein-protein interaction network analysis were used to reveal the main signal pathways of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and hub genes. The correlation between core gene expression and pathological stages, the disease-free survival analysis, the overall survival analysis were analyzed by Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis. Furthermore, we reidentified the expression level of core genes of carcinoma tissues and para-carcinoma tissues from 14 HCC patients with real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis (RT-PCR) and western blotting. After SK-Hep1 cell was treated with cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) siRNA for 72 h, we detected the expression of the core genes and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. A total of 378 DEGs were found. GO and KEGG analysis revealed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in the cell cycle. There were positive correlations among CDK1, polo-like kinase 1, shugoshin2 and anillin actin-binding protein. Moreover, the expression levels of four core genes were related to the HCC occurrence, pathological stages, and survivorship curve. The clinical HCC specimens verified the higher expression level of core genes by real-time RT-PCR. The transfection of siCDK1 in SK-Hep1 resulted in a disordered cell cycle. Furthermore, CDK1 knockdown suppressed the expression of PLK1, ANLN, and SGOL2. The CDK1-PLK1/SGOL2/ANLN pathway mediating abnormal cell division in the cell cycle might be a critical process in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei, RP China
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, RP China
| | - Kang Huang
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei, RP China
| | - Huijia Zhao
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei, RP China
| | - Binyao Chen
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei, RP China
| | - Qifa Ye
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, Hubei, RP China
- The 3rd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Research Center of National Health Ministry on Transplantation Medicine Engineering and Technology, Changsha, Hubei, RP China
| | - Jiang Yue
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, RP China
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27
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Kim S, Darcy IK. A topological analysis of difference topology experiments of condensin with topoisomerase II. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio048603. [PMID: 32184229 PMCID: PMC7132813 DOI: 10.1242/bio.048603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An experimental technique called difference topology combined with the mathematics of tangle analysis has been used to unveil the structure of DNA bound by the Mu transpososome. However, difference topology experiments can be difficult and time consuming. We discuss a modification that greatly simplifies this experimental technique. This simple experiment involves using a topoisomerase to trap DNA crossings bound by a protein complex and then running a gel to determine the crossing number of the knotted product(s). We develop the mathematics needed to analyze the results and apply these results to model the topology of DNA bound by 13S condensin and by the condensin MukB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojeong Kim
- Yonsei University, University College, Incheon 21983, South Korea
| | - Isabel K Darcy
- Department of Mathematics, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
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28
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Intracellular Delivery of Anti-SMC2 Antibodies against Cancer Stem Cells. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020185. [PMID: 32098204 PMCID: PMC7076674 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 2 (SMC2) is a central component of the condensin complex involved in DNA supercoiling, an essential process for embryonic stem cell survival. SMC2 over-expression has been related with tumorigenesis and cancer malignancy and its inhibition is regarded as a potential therapeutic strategy even though no drugs are currently available. Here, we propose to inhibit SMC2 by intracellular delivery of specific antibodies against the SMC2 protein. This strategy aims to reduce cancer malignancy by targeting cancer stem cells (CSC), the tumoral subpopulation responsible of tumor recurrence and metastasis. In order to prevent degradation and improve cellular internalization, anti-SMC2 antibodies (Ab-SMC2) were delivered by polymeric micelles (PM) based on Pluronic® F127 amphiphilic polymers. Importantly, scaffolding the Ab-SMC2 onto nanoparticles allowed its cellular internalization and highly increased its efficacy in terms of cytotoxicity and inhibition of tumorsphere formation in MDA-MB-231 and HCT116 breast and colon cancer cell lines, respectively. Moreover, in the case of the HCT116 cell line G1, cell-cycle arrest was also observed. In contrast, no effects from free Ab-SMC2 were detected in any case. Further, combination therapy of anti-SMC2 micelles with paclitaxel (PTX) and 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) was also explored. For this, PTX and 5-FU were respectively loaded into an anti-SMC2 decorated PM. The efficacy of both encapsulated drugs was higher than their free forms in both the HCT116 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Remarkably, micelles loaded with Ab-SMC2 and PTX showed the highest efficacy in terms of inhibition of tumorsphere formation in HCT116 cells. Accordingly, our data clearly suggest an effective intracellular release of antibodies targeting SMC2 in these cell models and, further, strong cytotoxicity against CSC, alone and in combined treatments with Standard-of-Care drugs.
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29
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King TD, Leonard CJ, Cooper JC, Nguyen S, Joyce EF, Phadnis N. Recurrent Losses and Rapid Evolution of the Condensin II Complex in Insects. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 36:2195-2204. [PMID: 31270536 PMCID: PMC6759200 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Condensins play a crucial role in the organization of genetic material by compacting and disentangling chromosomes. Based on studies in a few model organisms, the condensins I and II complexes are considered to have distinct functions, with the condensin II complex playing a role in meiosis and somatic pairing of homologous chromosomes in Drosophila. Intriguingly, the Cap-G2 subunit of condensin II is absent in Drosophila melanogaster, and this loss may be related to the high levels of chromosome pairing seen in flies. Here, we find that all three non-SMC subunits of condensin II (Cap-G2, Cap-D3, and Cap-H2) have been repeatedly and independently lost in taxa representing multiple insect orders, with some taxa lacking all three. We also find that all non-Dipteran insects display near-uniform low-pairing levels regardless of their condensin II complex composition, suggesting that some key aspects of genome organization are robust to condensin II subunit losses. Finally, we observe consistent signatures of positive selection in condensin subunits across flies and mammals. These findings suggest that these ancient complexes are far more evolutionarily labile than previously suspected, and are at the crossroads of several forms of genomic conflicts. Our results raise fundamental questions about the specific functions of the two condensin complexes in taxa that have experienced subunit losses, and open the door to further investigations to elucidate the diversity of molecular mechanisms that underlie genome organization across various life forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D King
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Jacob C Cooper
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Son Nguyen
- Department of Genetics, Penn Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Eric F Joyce
- Department of Genetics, Penn Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nitin Phadnis
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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30
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The Prognostic Value of the Expression of SMC4 mRNA in Breast Cancer. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:2183057. [PMID: 31871499 PMCID: PMC6906798 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2183057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Aim To investigate the mRNA expression and clinical significance of structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 4 (SMC4) in breast cancer. Methods A total of 23 paired samples were sequenced, and data from the Cancer Genome Atlas were analyzed. Results SMC4 mRNA level was significantly upregulated in breast cancer tissues (P < 0.001). Patients with high mRNA expression of SMC4 had significantly poor survival (P = 0.012). Subgroup analyses show that in nontriple negative breast cancer (non-TNBC) patients, the high SMC4 mRNA expression, older age (>65), negative progesterone receptor, and advanced stages (III-IV) were independent risk factors (HR = 3.293, 95% CI 1.257-8.625, P = 0.015). In patients with TNBC, high mRNA expression of SMC4 correlated with better survival rate (P < 0.046). Conclusion SMC4 mRNA level is a good prognostic biomarker for patients with breast cancer.
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31
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Li G, Zou W, Jian L, Qian J, Zhao J. AtNSE1 and AtNSE3 are required for embryo pattern formation and maintenance of cell viability during Arabidopsis embryogenesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:6229-6244. [PMID: 31408172 PMCID: PMC6859727 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Embryogenesis is an essential process during seed development in higher plants. It has previously been shown that mutation of the Arabidopsis non-SMC element genes AtNSE1 or AtNSE3 leads to early embryo abortion, and their proteins can interact with each other directly. However, the crucial regions of these proteins in this interaction and how the proteins are cytologically involved in Arabidopsis embryo development are unknown. In this study, we found that the C-terminal including the Ring-like motif of AtNSE1 can interact with the N-terminal of AtNSE3, and only the Ring-like motif is essential for binding with three α motifs of AtNSE2 (homologous to AtMMS21). Using genetic assays and by analysing molecular markers of cell fate decisions (STM, WOX5, and WOX8) in mutant nse1 and nse3 embryos, we found that AtNSE1 and AtNSE3 work non-redundantly in early embryo development, and that differentiation of the apical meristem and the hypophysis fails in the mutants, which have disrupted auxin transportation and responses. However, the upper cells of the suspensor in the mutants seem to have proper embryo cell identity. Cytological examination showed that cell death occurred from the early embryo stage, and that vacuolar programmed cell death and necrosis in the nse1 and nse3 mutant embryos led to ovule abortion. Thus, AtNSE1 and AtNSE3 are essential for maintaining cell viability and growth during early embryogenesis. Our results improve our understanding of the functions of SMC5/6 complex in early embryogenesis in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenxuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liufang Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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32
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HIF-1-miR-219-SMC4 Regulatory Pathway Promoting Proliferation and Migration of HCC under Hypoxic Condition. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:8983704. [PMID: 31828143 PMCID: PMC6885181 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8983704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to investigate the function of structural maintenance of chromosome 4 (SMC4) in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) under hypoxic condition. In this study, we found that suppression of SMC4 could inhibit proliferation and migration of HCC cells through inducing G1 phase arrest and affecting process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) under hypoxic condition. Moreover, we demonstrated that SMC4 was transcriptionally regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) under hypoxic condition. As SMC has been shown to be a target gene of miR-219, we observed that miR-219 was downregulated under hypoxic condition and suppression of HIF-1a could lead to the upregulation of miR-219. We also proved that miR-219 could affect the proliferation and migration of HCC cells under hypoxic condition. In conclusion, our study demonstrated a novel HIF-1-miR-219-SMC4 regulatory pathway under hypoxic condition in HCC cells.
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33
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Liang J, Sharakhov IV. Premeiotic and meiotic failures lead to hybrid male sterility in the Anopheles gambiae complex. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191080. [PMID: 31288705 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid male sterility (HMS) contributes to speciation by restricting gene flow between related taxa. Detailed cytological characterization of reproductive organs in hybrid males is important for identifying phenotypes that can help guide searches of speciation genes. To investigate possible cellular causes of HMS, we performed crosses between closely related species of the Anopheles gambiae complex: An. merus with An. gambiae or An. coluzzii. We demonstrate that HMS in African malaria mosquitoes involves two defects in the reciprocal crosses: a premeiotic arrest of germline stem cells in degenerate testes and a failure of the reductional meiotic division of primary spermatocytes in normal-like testes. The premeiotic arrest in degenerate testes of hybrids is accompanied by a strong suppression of meiotic and postmeiotic genes. Unlike pure species, sex chromosomes in normal-like testes of F1 hybrids are largely unpaired during meiotic prophase I and all chromosomes show various degrees of insufficient condensation. Instead of entering reductional division in meiosis I, primary spermatocytes prematurely undergo an equational mitotic division producing non-motile diploid sperm. Thus, our study identified cytogenetic errors in interspecies hybrids that arise during the early stages of postzygotic isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Liang
- 1 Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, VA , USA
| | - Igor V Sharakhov
- 1 Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, VA , USA.,2 Department of Cytology and Genetics, Tomsk State University , Tomsk , Russian Federation
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34
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Dong Q, Xu Q, Kong J, Peng X, Zhou W, Chen L, Wu J, Xiang Y, Jiang H, Cheng B. Overexpression of ZmbZIP22 gene alters endosperm starch content and composition in maize and rice. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 283:407-415. [PMID: 31128711 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Starch content and composition are major determinants of yield and quality in maize. In recent years, the major genes for starch metabolism have been cloned in this species. However, the role of transcription factors in regulating the starch metabolism pathway remains unclear. The ZmbZIP22 gene encodes a bZIP transcription factor. In our study, plants overexpressing ZmbZIP22 showed reductions in the size of starch granules, the size and weight of seeds, reduced amylose content, and alterations in the chemical structure of starch granules. Also, overexpression of ZmbZIP22 resulted in increases in the contents of soluble sugars and reducing sugars in transgenic rice and maize. ZmbZIP22 promotes the transcription of starch metabolism genes by binding to their promoters. Screening by yeast one-hybrid assays indicated a possible interaction between ZmbZIP22 and the promoters of eight key starch enzyme genes. Collectively, our results indicated that ZmbZIP22 functions as a negative regulator of starch synthesis, and suggest that this occurs through the regulation of key sugar and starch metabolism genes in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Dong
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistence, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China; Maize Research Center, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Qianqian Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistence, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jingjing Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistence, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xiaojian Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistence, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistence, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Long Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistence, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jiandong Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistence, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yan Xiang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistence, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistence, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Beijiu Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistence, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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35
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Kim LH, Hong ST, Choi KW. Protein phosphatase 2A interacts with Verthandi/Rad21 to regulate mitosis and organ development in Drosophila. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7624. [PMID: 31110215 PMCID: PMC6527568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rad21/Scc1 is a subunit of the cohesin complex implicated in gene regulation as well as sister chromatid cohesion. The level of Rad21/Scc1 must be controlled for proper mitosis and gene expression during development. Here, we identify the PP2A catalytic subunit encoded by microtubule star (mts) as a regulator of Drosophila Rad21/Verthandi (Vtd). Mutations in mts and vtd cause synergistic mitotic defects, including abnormal spindles and loss of nuclei during nuclear division in early embryo. Depletion of Mts and Vtd in developing wing synergistically reduces the Cut protein level, causing severe defects in wing growth. Mts and PP2A subunit Twins (Tws) interact with Vtd protein. Loss of Mts or Tws reduces Vtd protein level. Reduced proteasome function suppresses mitotic defects caused by mutations in mts and vtd. Taken together, this work provides evidence that PP2A is required for mitosis and wing growth by regulating the Vtd level through the proteasomal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Hyang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Tae Hong
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Wook Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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36
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Abstract
Condensins and cohesins are highly conserved complexes that tether together DNA loci within a single DNA molecule to produce DNA loops. Condensin and cohesin structures, however, are different, and the DNA loops produced by each underlie distinct cell processes. Condensin rods compact chromosomes during mitosis, with condensin I and II complexes producing spatially defined and nested looping in metazoan cells. Structurally adaptive cohesin rings produce loops, which organize the genome during interphase. Cohesin-mediated loops, termed topologically associating domains or TADs, antagonize the formation of epigenetically defined but untethered DNA volumes, termed compartments. While condensin complexes formed through cis-interactions must maintain chromatin compaction throughout mitosis, cohesins remain highly dynamic during interphase to allow for transcription-mediated responses to external cues and the execution of developmental programs. Here, I review differences in condensin and cohesin structures, and highlight recent advances regarding the intramolecular or cis-based tetherings through which condensins compact DNA during mitosis and cohesins organize the genome during interphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert V Skibbens
- Department of Biological Sciences, 111 Research Drive, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
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37
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Sun H, Zhang J, Xin S, Jiang M, Zhang J, Li Z, Cao Q, Lou H. Cul4-Ddb1 ubiquitin ligases facilitate DNA replication-coupled sister chromatid cohesion through regulation of cohesin acetyltransferase Esco2. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007685. [PMID: 30779731 PMCID: PMC6396947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cohesin acetyltransferases ESCO1 and ESCO2 play a vital role in establishing sister chromatid cohesion. How ESCO1 and ESCO2 are controlled in a DNA replication-coupled manner remains unclear in higher eukaryotes. Here we show a critical role of CUL4-RING ligases (CRL4s) in cohesion establishment via regulating ESCO2 in human cells. Depletion of CUL4A, CUL4B or DDB1 subunits substantially reduces the normal cohesion efficiency. We also show that MMS22L, a vertebrate ortholog of yeast Mms22, is one of DDB1 and CUL4-associated factors (DCAFs) involved in cohesion. Several lines of evidence show selective interaction of CRL4s with ESCO2 through LxG motif, which is lost in ESCO1. Depletion of either CRL4s or ESCO2 causes a defect in SMC3 acetylation, which can be rescued by HDAC8 inhibition. More importantly, both CRL4s and PCNA act as mediators for efficiently stabilizing ESCO2 on chromatin and catalyzing SMC3 acetylation. Taken together, we propose an evolutionarily conserved mechanism in which CRL4s and PCNA promote ESCO2-dependent establishment of sister chromatid cohesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health and State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health and State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Siyu Xin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health and State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Meiqian Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health and State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health and State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health and State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qinhong Cao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health and State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiqiang Lou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health and State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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38
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Hong S, Joo JH, Yun H, Kim K. The nature of meiotic chromosome dynamics and recombination in budding yeast. J Microbiol 2019; 57:221-231. [PMID: 30671743 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-019-8541-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
During meiosis, crossing over allows for the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, enabling their segregation and leading to genetic variation in the resulting gametes. Spo11, a topoisomerase-like protein expressed in eukaryotes, and diverse accessory factors induce programmed double-strand breaks (DSBs) to initiate meiotic recombination during the early phase of meiosis after DNA replication. DSBs are further repaired via meiosis-specific homologous recombination. Studies on budding yeast have provided insights into meiosis and genetic recombination and have improved our understanding of higher eukaryotic systems. Cohesin, a chromosome-associated multiprotein complex, mediates sister chromatid cohesion (SCC), and is conserved from yeast to humans. Diverse cohesin subunits in budding yeast have been identified in DNA metabolic pathways, such as DNA replication, chromosome segregation, recombination, DNA repair, and gene regulation. During cell cycle, SCC is established by multiple cohesin subunits, which physically bind sister chromatids together and modulate proteins that involve in the capturing and separation of sister chromatids. Cohesin components include at least four core subunits that establish and maintain SCC: two structural maintenance chromosome subunits (Smc1 and Smc3), an α-kleisin subunit (Mcd1/Scc1 during mitosis and Rec8 during meiosis), and Scc3/Irr1 (SA1 and SA2). In addition, the cohesin-associated factors Pds5 and Rad61 regulate structural modifications and cell cyclespecific dynamics of chromatin to ensure accurate chromosome segregation. In this review, we discuss SCC and the recombination pathway, as well as the relationship between the two processes in budding yeast, and we suggest a possible conserved mechanism for meiotic chromosome dynamics from yeast to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soogil Hong
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hwan Joo
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeseon Yun
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Keunpil Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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39
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Ishiguro K. The cohesin complex in mammalian meiosis. Genes Cells 2019; 24:6-30. [PMID: 30479058 PMCID: PMC7379579 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cohesin is an evolutionary conserved multi-protein complex that plays a pivotal role in chromosome dynamics. It plays a role both in sister chromatid cohesion and in establishing higher order chromosome architecture, in somatic and germ cells. Notably, the cohesin complex in meiosis differs from that in mitosis. In mammalian meiosis, distinct types of cohesin complexes are produced by altering the combination of meiosis-specific subunits. The meiosis-specific subunits endow the cohesin complex with specific functions for numerous meiosis-associated chromosomal events, such as chromosome axis formation, homologue association, meiotic recombination and centromeric cohesion for sister kinetochore geometry. This review mainly focuses on the cohesin complex in mammalian meiosis, pointing out the differences in its roles from those in mitosis. Further, common and divergent aspects of the meiosis-specific cohesin complex between mammals and other organisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei‐ichiro Ishiguro
- Institute of Molecular Embryology and GeneticsKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
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40
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Kim MK. Novel insight into the function of tankyrase. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:6895-6902. [PMID: 30546421 PMCID: PMC6256358 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tankyrases are multifunctional poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases that regulate a variety of cellular processes, including Wnt signaling, telomere maintenance and mitosis regulation. Tankyrases interact with target proteins and regulate their interactions and stability through poly(ADP-ribosyl) ation. In addition to their roles in telomere maintenance and regulation of mitosis, tankyrase proteins regulate tumor suppressors, including AXIN, phosphatase and tensin homolog and angiomotin. Therefore, tankyrases may be effective targets for cancer treatment. Tankyrase inhibitors could affect a variety of carcinogenic pathways that promote uncontrolled proliferation, including Wnt, AKT, yes-associated protein, telomere maintenance and mitosis regulation. Recently, novel aspects of the function and mechanism of tankyrases have been reported, and a number of tankyrase inhibitors have been identified. A combination of conventional chemotherapy agents with tankyrase inhibitors may have synergistic anticancer effects. Therefore, it is expected that more advanced and improved tankyrase inhibitors will be developed, enabling novel therapeutic strategies against cancer and other tankyrase-associated diseases. The present review discusses tankyrase function and the role of tankyrase inhibitors in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyung Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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41
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Female Meiosis: Synapsis, Recombination, and Segregation in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2018; 208:875-908. [PMID: 29487146 PMCID: PMC5844340 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A century of genetic studies of the meiotic process in Drosophila melanogaster females has been greatly augmented by both modern molecular biology and major advances in cytology. These approaches, and the findings they have allowed, are the subject of this review. Specifically, these efforts have revealed that meiotic pairing in Drosophila females is not an extension of somatic pairing, but rather occurs by a poorly understood process during premeiotic mitoses. This process of meiotic pairing requires the function of several components of the synaptonemal complex (SC). When fully assembled, the SC also plays a critical role in maintaining homolog synapsis and in facilitating the maturation of double-strand breaks (DSBs) into mature crossover (CO) events. Considerable progress has been made in elucidating not only the structure, function, and assembly of the SC, but also the proteins that facilitate the formation and repair of DSBs into both COs and noncrossovers (NCOs). The events that control the decision to mature a DSB as either a CO or an NCO, as well as determining which of the two CO pathways (class I or class II) might be employed, are also being characterized by genetic and genomic approaches. These advances allow a reconsideration of meiotic phenomena such as interference and the centromere effect, which were previously described only by genetic studies. In delineating the mechanisms by which the oocyte controls the number and position of COs, it becomes possible to understand the role of CO position in ensuring the proper orientation of homologs on the first meiotic spindle. Studies of bivalent orientation have occurred in the context of numerous investigations into the assembly, structure, and function of the first meiotic spindle. Additionally, studies have examined the mechanisms ensuring the segregation of chromosomes that have failed to undergo crossing over.
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42
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Ivanov MP, Ladurner R, Poser I, Beveridge R, Rampler E, Hudecz O, Novatchkova M, Hériché JK, Wutz G, van der Lelij P, Kreidl E, Hutchins JR, Axelsson-Ekker H, Ellenberg J, Hyman AA, Mechtler K, Peters JM. The replicative helicase MCM recruits cohesin acetyltransferase ESCO2 to mediate centromeric sister chromatid cohesion. EMBO J 2018; 37:e97150. [PMID: 29930102 PMCID: PMC6068434 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome segregation depends on sister chromatid cohesion which is established by cohesin during DNA replication. Cohesive cohesin complexes become acetylated to prevent their precocious release by WAPL before cells have reached mitosis. To obtain insight into how DNA replication, cohesion establishment and cohesin acetylation are coordinated, we analysed the interaction partners of 55 human proteins implicated in these processes by mass spectrometry. This proteomic screen revealed that on chromatin the cohesin acetyltransferase ESCO2 associates with the MCM2-7 subcomplex of the replicative Cdc45-MCM-GINS helicase. The analysis of ESCO2 mutants defective in MCM binding indicates that these interactions are required for proper recruitment of ESCO2 to chromatin, cohesin acetylation during DNA replication, and centromeric cohesion. We propose that MCM binding enables ESCO2 to travel with replisomes to acetylate cohesive cohesin complexes in the vicinity of replication forks so that these complexes can be protected from precocious release by WAPL Our results also indicate that ESCO1 and ESCO2 have distinct functions in maintaining cohesion between chromosome arms and centromeres, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rene Ladurner
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ina Poser
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Evelyn Rampler
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Otto Hudecz
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Gordana Wutz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Emanuel Kreidl
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Jan Ellenberg
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anthony A Hyman
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karl Mechtler
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
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43
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Zheng G, Kanchwala M, Xing C, Yu H. MCM2-7-dependent cohesin loading during S phase promotes sister-chromatid cohesion. eLife 2018; 7:e33920. [PMID: 29611806 PMCID: PMC5897099 DOI: 10.7554/elife.33920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA replication transforms cohesin rings dynamically associated with chromatin into the cohesive form to establish sister-chromatid cohesion. Here, we show that, in human cells, cohesin loading onto chromosomes during early S phase requires the replicative helicase MCM2-7 and the kinase DDK. Cohesin and its loader SCC2/4 (NIPBL/MAU2 in humans) associate with DDK and phosphorylated MCM2-7. This binding does not require MCM2-7 activation by CDC45 and GINS, but its persistence on activated MCM2-7 requires fork-stabilizing replisome components. Inactivation of these replisome components impairs cohesin loading and causes interphase cohesion defects. Interfering with Okazaki fragment processing or nucleosome assembly does not impact cohesion. Therefore, MCM2-7-coupled cohesin loading promotes cohesion establishment, which occurs without Okazaki fragment maturation. We propose that the cohesin-loader complex bound to MCM2-7 is mobilized upon helicase activation, transiently held by the replisome, and deposited behind the replication fork to encircle sister chromatids and establish cohesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Zheng
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Mohammed Kanchwala
- Bioinformatics Lab, Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and DevelopmentUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Chao Xing
- Bioinformatics Lab, Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and DevelopmentUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Department of Clinical SciencesUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Department of BioinformaticsUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Hongtao Yu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
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44
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Bady P, Kurscheid S, Delorenzi M, Gorlia T, van den Bent MJ, Hoang-Xuan K, Vauléon É, Gijtenbeek A, Enting R, Thiessen B, Chinot O, Dhermain F, Brandes AA, Reijneveld JC, Marosi C, Taphoorn MJB, Wick W, von Deimling A, French P, Stupp R, Baumert BG, Hegi ME. The DNA methylome of DDR genes and benefit from RT or TMZ in IDH mutant low-grade glioma treated in EORTC 22033. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 135:601-615. [PMID: 29368212 PMCID: PMC5978935 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1810-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The optimal treatment for patients with low-grade glioma (LGG) WHO grade II remains controversial. Overall survival ranges from 2 to over 15 years depending on molecular and clinical factors. Hence, risk-adjusted treatments are required for optimizing outcome and quality of life. We aim at identifying mechanisms and associated molecular markers predictive for benefit from radiotherapy (RT) or temozolomide (TMZ) in LGG patients treated in the randomized phase III trial EORTC 22033. As candidate biomarkers for these genotoxic treatments, we considered the DNA methylome of 410 DNA damage response (DDR) genes. We first identified 62 functionally relevant CpG sites located in the promoters of 24 DDR genes, using the LGG data from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Then we tested their association with outcome [progression-free survival (PFS)] depending on treatment in 120 LGG patients of EORTC 22033, whose tumors were mutant for isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 or 2 (IDHmt), the molecular hallmark of LGG. The results suggested that seven CpGs of four DDR genes may be predictive for longer PFS in one of the treatment arms that comprised MGMT, MLH3, RAD21, and SMC4. Most interestingly, the two CpGs identified for MGMT are the same, previously selected for the MGMT-STP27 score that is used to determine the methylation status of the MGMT gene. This score was higher in the LGG with 1p/19q codeletion, in this and other independent LGG datasets. It was predictive for PFS in the TMZ, but not in the RT arm of EORTC 22033. The results support the hypothesis that a high score predicts benefit from TMZ treatment for patients with IDHmt LGG, regardless of the 1p/19q status. This MGMT methylation score may identify patients who benefit from first-line treatment with TMZ, to defer RT for long-term preservation of cognitive function and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bady
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Biology and Genetics, Neuroscience Research Center, Lausanne University Hospital, Chemin des Boveresses 155, CLE-C306, 1066 Epalinges, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Division of Neurosurgery, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Education and Research, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Kurscheid
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Biology and Genetics, Neuroscience Research Center, Lausanne University Hospital, Chemin des Boveresses 155, CLE-C306, 1066 Epalinges, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Division of Neurosurgery, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Genome Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Khê Hoang-Xuan
- APHP Pitié-Salpétrière, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, UMR S 1127, Paris, France
| | - Élodie Vauléon
- Regional Cancer Institute Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Anja Gijtenbeek
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roelien Enting
- UMCG, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Olivier Chinot
- Aix-Marseille Université, AP-HM, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Jaap C Reijneveld
- Brain Tumor Center and Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Marosi
- Clinical Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Wolfgang Wick
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology and Neurooncology Program, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas von Deimling
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and CCU Neuropathology German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pim French
- The Brain Tumor Center at Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roger Stupp
- Division of Neurosurgery, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute at the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brigitta G Baumert
- Department of Radiation-Oncology (MAASTRO Clinic) & GROW (School for Oncology), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiation-Oncology, Paracelsus Clinic Osnabrück, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Monika E Hegi
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Biology and Genetics, Neuroscience Research Center, Lausanne University Hospital, Chemin des Boveresses 155, CLE-C306, 1066 Epalinges, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Division of Neurosurgery, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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45
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Diaz M, Pecinka A. Scaffolding for Repair: Understanding Molecular Functions of the SMC5/6 Complex. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9010036. [PMID: 29329249 PMCID: PMC5793187 DOI: 10.3390/genes9010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome organization, dynamics and stability are required for successful passage through cellular generations and transmission of genetic information to offspring. The key components involved are Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) complexes. Cohesin complex ensures proper chromatid alignment, condensin complex chromosome condensation and the SMC5/6 complex is specialized in the maintenance of genome stability. Here we summarize recent knowledge on the composition and molecular functions of SMC5/6 complex. SMC5/6 complex was originally identified based on the sensitivity of its mutants to genotoxic stress but there is increasing number of studies demonstrating its roles in the control of DNA replication, sister chromatid resolution and genomic location-dependent promotion or suppression of homologous recombination. Some of these functions appear to be due to a very dynamic interaction with cohesin or other repair complexes. Studies in Arabidopsis indicate that, besides its canonical function in repair of damaged DNA, the SMC5/6 complex plays important roles in regulating plant development, abiotic stress responses, suppression of autoimmune responses and sexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Diaz
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IEB), Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Šlechtitelů 31, 77900 Olomouc-Holice, Czech Republic.
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research (MPIPZ), Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Ales Pecinka
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IEB), Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Šlechtitelů 31, 77900 Olomouc-Holice, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
The three-dimensional (3D) genome structure is highly ordered by a hierarchy of organizing events ranging from enhancer-promoter or gene-gene contacts to chromosomal territorial arrangement. It is becoming clear that the cohesin and condensin complexes are key molecular machines that organize the 3D genome structure. These complexes are highly conserved from simple systems, e.g., yeast cells, to the much more complex human system. Therefore, knowledge from the budding and fission yeast systems illuminates highly conserved molecular mechanisms of how cohesin and condensin establish the functional 3D genome structures. Here I discuss how these complexes are recruited across the yeast genomes, mediate distinct genome-organizing events such as gene contacts and topological domain formation, and participate in important nuclear activities including transcriptional regulation and chromosomal dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Noma
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
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Wani S, Maharshi N, Kothiwal D, Mahendrawada L, Kalaivani R, Laloraya S. Interaction of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae RING-domain protein Nse1 with Nse3 and the Smc5/6 complex is required for chromosome replication and stability. Curr Genet 2017; 64:599-617. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-017-0776-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Peng L, Tang Y, Zhang Y, Guo S, Peng L, Ye L, Wang Y, Jiang Y. Structural maintenance of chromosomes 4 is required for leukemia stem cell maintenance in MLL-AF9 induced acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2017; 59:2423-2430. [PMID: 29043883 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1387906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The gene, structural maintenance of chromosomes 4 (SMC4) plays important role in chromosomes condensing and mitotic sister chromatid segregation, which has been revealed in regulating multiple cancer development and carcinogenesis. However, the role of SMC4 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) propagation and its function in regulation of leukemia stem cells (LSCs) is not yet clear. Using an MLL-AF9 induced AML mouse model, we demonstrated that down modulating of SMC4 expression could prolong the survival time of AML mice. Furthermore, we found that knockdown SMC4 expression decreased the proportion of LSCs and affected its leukemia-initiating capacity. Cell cycle assay demonstrated that more LSCs were arrested in G0 phase by SMC4 knockdown. This activity was accompanied by increased expression of the Cdkn1a (P21) and Cdkn1b (P27) as well as decreased expression of CDK4. Therefore, our study revealed the critical role of SMC4 during AML progression and provided new insights into the mechanism of LSC maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyun Peng
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine , West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , China.,b Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education , Chengdu , China
| | - Yuanting Tang
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine , West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , China.,b Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education , Chengdu , China
| | - Yingchi Zhang
- c State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Tianjin , China
| | - Siqi Guo
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine , West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , China.,b Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education , Chengdu , China
| | - Leiwen Peng
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine , West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , China.,b Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education , Chengdu , China
| | - Lei Ye
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine , West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , China.,b Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education , Chengdu , China
| | - Yuefang Wang
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine , West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , China.,b Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education , Chengdu , China
| | - Yongmei Jiang
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine , West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , China.,b Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education , Chengdu , China
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Hinshaw SM, Makrantoni V, Harrison SC, Marston AL. The Kinetochore Receptor for the Cohesin Loading Complex. Cell 2017; 171:72-84.e13. [PMID: 28938124 PMCID: PMC5610175 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The ring-shaped cohesin complex brings together distant DNA domains to maintain, express, and segregate the genome. Establishing specific chromosomal linkages depends on cohesin recruitment to defined loci. One such locus is the budding yeast centromere, which is a paradigm for targeted cohesin loading. The kinetochore, a multiprotein complex that connects centromeres to microtubules, drives the recruitment of high levels of cohesin to link sister chromatids together. We have exploited this system to determine the mechanism of specific cohesin recruitment. We show that phosphorylation of the Ctf19 kinetochore protein by a conserved kinase, DDK, provides a binding site for the Scc2/4 cohesin loading complex, thereby directing cohesin loading to centromeres. A similar mechanism targets cohesin to chromosomes in vertebrates. These findings represent a complete molecular description of targeted cohesin loading, a phenomenon with wide-ranging importance in chromosome segregation and, in multicellular organisms, transcription regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Hinshaw
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vasso Makrantoni
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| | - Adèle L Marston
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.
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Yi F, Wang Z, Liu J, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Xu H, Li X, Bai N, Cao L, Song X. Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes protein 1: Role in Genome Stability and Tumorigenesis. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:1092-1099. [PMID: 28924389 PMCID: PMC5599913 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.21206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SMC1 (Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes protein 1), well known as one of the SMC superfamily members, has been explored to function in many activities including chromosome dynamics, cell cycle checkpoint, DNA damage repair and genome stability. Upon being properly assembled as part of cohesin, SMC1 can be phosphorylated by ATM and mediate downstream DNA damage repair after ionizing irradiation. Abnormal gene expression or mutation of SMC1 can cause defect in the DNA damage repair pathway, which has been strongly associated with tumorigenesis. Here we focus to discuss SMC1's role in genome stability maintenance and tumorigenesis. Deciphering the underlying molecular mechanism can provide insight into novel strategies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yi
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jingwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hongde Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiaoman Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ning Bai
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Liu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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