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Dar A, Godara P, Prusty D, Bashir M. Plasmodium falciparum topoisomerases: Emerging targets for anti-malarial therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:116056. [PMID: 38171145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Different metabolic pathways like DNA replication, transcription, and recombination generate topological constrains in the genome. These topological constraints are resolved by essential molecular machines known as topoisomerases. To bring changes in DNA topology, the topoisomerases create a single or double-stranded nick in the template DNA, hold the nicked ends to let the tangled DNA pass through, and finally re-ligate the breaks. The DNA nicking and re-ligation activities as well as ATPase activities (when present) in topoisomerases are subjected to inhibition by several anticancer and antibacterial drugs, thus establishing these enzymes as successful targets in anticancer and antibacterial therapies. The anti-topoisomerase drugs interfere with the functioning of these enzymes and result in the accumulation of DNA tangles or lethal genomic breaks, thereby promoting host cell (or organism) death. The potential of topoisomerases in the human malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum in antimalarial drug development has received little attention so far. Interestingly, the parasite genome encodes orthologs of topoisomerases found in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and archaea, thus, providing an enormous opportunity for investigating these enzymes for antimalarial therapeutics. This review focuses on the features of Plasmodium falciparum topoisomerases (PfTopos) with respect to their closer counterparts in other organisms. We will discuss overall advances and basic challenges with topoisomerase research in Plasmodium falciparum and our attempts to understand the interaction of PfTopos with classical and new-generation topoisomerase inhibitors using in silico molecular docking approach. The recent episodes of parasite resistance against artemisinin, the only effective antimalarial drug at present, further highlight the significance of investigating new drug targets including topoisomerases in antimalarial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Dar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India.
| | - Priya Godara
- Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Masarat Bashir
- COTS, Sheri-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Mirgund, Srinagar, India
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2
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Soliman TN, Keifenheim D, Parker PJ, Clarke DJ. Cell cycle responses to Topoisomerase II inhibition: Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202209125. [PMID: 37955972 PMCID: PMC10641588 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202209125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA Topoisomerase IIA (Topo IIA) is an enzyme that alters the topological state of DNA and is essential for the separation of replicated sister chromatids and the integrity of cell division. Topo IIA dysfunction activates cell cycle checkpoints, resulting in arrest in either the G2-phase or metaphase of mitosis, ultimately triggering the abscission checkpoint if non-disjunction persists. These events, which directly or indirectly monitor the activity of Topo IIA, have become of major interest as many cancers have deficiencies in Topoisomerase checkpoints, leading to genome instability. Recent studies into how cells sense Topo IIA dysfunction and respond by regulating cell cycle progression demonstrate that the Topo IIA G2 checkpoint is distinct from the G2-DNA damage checkpoint. Likewise, in mitosis, the metaphase Topo IIA checkpoint is separate from the spindle assembly checkpoint. Here, we integrate mechanistic knowledge of Topo IIA checkpoints with the current understanding of how cells regulate progression through the cell cycle to accomplish faithful genome transmission and discuss the opportunities this offers for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya N. Soliman
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Keifenheim
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Duncan J. Clarke
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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3
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Topoisomerase II deficiency leads to a postreplicative structural shift in all Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14940. [PMID: 34294749 PMCID: PMC8298500 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93875-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The key role of Topoisomerase II (Top2) is the removal of topological intertwines between sister chromatids. In yeast, inactivation of Top2 brings about distinct cell cycle responses. In the case of the conditional top2-5 allele, interphase and mitosis progress on schedule but cells suffer from a chromosome segregation catastrophe. We here show that top2-5 chromosomes fail to enter a Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) in the first cell cycle, a behavior traditionally linked to the presence of replication and recombination intermediates. We distinguished two classes of affected chromosomes: the rDNA-bearing chromosome XII, which fails to enter a PFGE at the beginning of S-phase, and all the other chromosomes, which fail at a postreplicative stage. In synchronously cycling cells, this late PFGE retention is observed in anaphase; however, we demonstrate that this behavior is independent of cytokinesis, stabilization of anaphase bridges, spindle pulling forces and, probably, anaphase onset. Strikingly, once the PFGE retention has occurred it becomes refractory to Top2 re-activation. DNA combing, two-dimensional electrophoresis, genetic analyses, and GFP-tagged DNA damage markers suggest that neither recombination intermediates nor unfinished replication account for the postreplicative PFGE shift, which is further supported by the fact that the shift does not trigger the G2/M checkpoint. We propose that the absence of Top2 activity leads to a general chromosome structural/topological change in mitosis.
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4
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Johansson M, Azuma Y, Clarke DJ. Role of Aurora B and Haspin kinases in the metaphase Topoisomerase II checkpoint. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:345-352. [PMID: 33459116 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1875671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA Topoisomerase II (TopoII) uses ATP hydrolysis to decatenate chromosomes so that sister chromatids can faithfully segregate in mitosis. When the TopoII enzyme cycle stalls due to failed ATP hydrolysis, the onset of anaphase is delayed, presumably to allow extra time for decatenation to be completed. Recent evidence revealed that, unlike the spindle assembly checkpoint, this TopoII checkpoint response requires Aurora B and Haspin kinases and is triggered by SUMOylation of the C-terminal domain of TopoII.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Johansson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Y Azuma
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas , Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - D J Clarke
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN, USA
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5
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Pandey N, Keifenheim D, Yoshida MM, Hassebroek VA, Soroka C, Azuma Y, Clarke DJ. Topoisomerase II SUMOylation activates a metaphase checkpoint via Haspin and Aurora B kinases. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:jcb.201807189. [PMID: 31712254 PMCID: PMC7039214 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201807189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To prevent chromosome missegregation, a metaphase checkpoint is activated when topoisomerase II is catalytically inhibited and DNA catenations persist. Pandey et al. dissect the key molecular events triggering this regulatory system. Topoisomerase II (Topo II) is essential for mitosis since it resolves sister chromatid catenations. Topo II dysfunction promotes aneuploidy and drives cancer. To protect from aneuploidy, cells possess mechanisms to delay anaphase onset when Topo II is perturbed, providing additional time for decatenation. Molecular insight into this checkpoint is lacking. Here we present evidence that catalytic inhibition of Topo II, which activates the checkpoint, leads to SUMOylation of the Topo II C-terminal domain (CTD). This modification triggers mobilization of Aurora B kinase from inner centromeres to kinetochore proximal centromeres and the core of chromosome arms. Aurora B recruitment accompanies histone H3 threonine-3 phosphorylation and requires Haspin kinase. Strikingly, activation of the checkpoint depends both on Haspin and Aurora B. Moreover, mutation of the conserved CTD SUMOylation sites perturbs Aurora B recruitment and checkpoint activation. The data indicate that SUMOylated Topo II recruits Aurora B to ectopic sites, constituting the molecular trigger of the metaphase checkpoint when Topo II is catalytically inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nootan Pandey
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Daniel Keifenheim
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | | | - Caitlin Soroka
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Yoshiaki Azuma
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Duncan J Clarke
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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6
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Ramos-Pérez C, Dominska M, Anaissi-Afonso L, Cazorla-Rivero S, Quevedo O, Lorenzo-Castrillejo I, Petes TD, Machín F. Cytological and genetic consequences for the progeny of a mitotic catastrophe provoked by Topoisomerase II deficiency. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:11686-11721. [PMID: 31812950 PMCID: PMC6932922 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Topoisomerase II (Top2) removes topological linkages between replicated chromosomes. Top2 inhibition leads to mitotic catastrophe (MC) when cells unsuccessfully try to split their genetic material between the two daughter cells. Herein, we have characterized the fate of these daughter cells in the budding yeast. Clonogenic and microcolony experiments, in combination with vital and apoptotic stains, showed that 75% of daughter cells become senescent in the short term; they are unable to divide but remain alive. Decline in cell vitality then occurred, yet slowly, uncoordinatedly when comparing pairs of daughters, and independently of the cell death mediator Mca1/Yca1. Furthermore, we showed that senescence can be modulated by ploidy, suggesting that gross chromosome imbalances during segregation may account for this phenotype. Indeed, we found that diploid long-term survivors of the MC are prone to genomic imbalances such as trisomies, uniparental disomies and terminal loss of heterozygosity (LOH), the latter affecting the longest chromosome arms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ramos-Pérez
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Escuela de Doctorado y Estudios de Postgrado, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Present address: BenchSci Analytics Inc., Toronto, Canada
| | - Margaret Dominska
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Laura Anaissi-Afonso
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Escuela de Doctorado y Estudios de Postgrado, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Sara Cazorla-Rivero
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Escuela de Doctorado y Estudios de Postgrado, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Oliver Quevedo
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Present address: Genomic Integrity Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Isabel Lorenzo-Castrillejo
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Thomas D Petes
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Félix Machín
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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7
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Cell Cycle-Dependent Control and Roles of DNA Topoisomerase II. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10110859. [PMID: 31671531 PMCID: PMC6896119 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II topoisomerases are ubiquitous enzymes in all branches of life that can alter DNA superhelicity and unlink double-stranded DNA segments during processes such as replication and transcription. In cells, type II topoisomerases are particularly useful for their ability to disentangle newly-replicated sister chromosomes. Growing lines of evidence indicate that eukaryotic topoisomerase II (topo II) activity is monitored and regulated throughout the cell cycle. Here, we discuss the various roles of topo II throughout the cell cycle, as well as mechanisms that have been found to govern and/or respond to topo II function and dysfunction. Knowledge of how topo II activity is controlled during cell cycle progression is important for understanding how its misregulation can contribute to genetic instability and how modulatory pathways may be exploited to advance chemotherapeutic development.
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8
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Jirakkakul J, Roytrakul S, Srisuksam C, Swangmaneecharern P, Kittisenachai S, Jaresitthikunchai J, Punya J, Prommeenate P, Senachak J, So L, Tachaleat A, Tanticharoen M, Cheevadhanarak S, Wattanachaisaereekul S, Amnuaykanjanasin A. Culture degeneration in conidia of Beauveria bassiana and virulence determinants by proteomics. Fungal Biol 2017; 122:156-171. [PMID: 29458719 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The quality of Beauveria bassiana conidia directly affects the virulence against insects. In this study, continuous subculturing of B. bassiana on both rice grains and potato dextrose agar (PDA) resulted in 55 and 49 % conidial yield reduction after 12 passages and 68 and 60 % virulence reduction after 20 and 12 passages at four d post-inoculation, respectively. The passage through Tenebrio molitor and Spodoptera exigua restored the virulence of rice and PDA subcultures, respectively. To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the conidial quality and the decline of virulence after multiple subculturing, we investigated the conidial proteomic changes. Successive subculturing markedly increased the protein levels in oxidative stress response, autophagy, amino acid homeostasis, and apoptosis, but decreased the protein levels in DNA repair, ribosome biogenesis, energy metabolism, and virulence. The nitro blue tetrazolium assay verified that the late subculture's colony and conidia had a higher oxidative stress level than the early subculture. A 2A-type protein phosphatase and a Pleckstrin homology domain protein Slm1, effector proteins of the target of rapamycin (TOR) complex 1 and 2, respectively, were dramatically increased in the late subculture. These results suggest that TOR signalling might be associated with ageing in B. bassiana late subculture, in turn affecting its physiological characteristics and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiraporn Jirakkakul
- Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkhuntien, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Chettida Srisuksam
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pratchya Swangmaneecharern
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Suthathip Kittisenachai
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Janthima Jaresitthikunchai
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Juntira Punya
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Peerada Prommeenate
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Jittisak Senachak
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Laihong So
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Anuwat Tachaleat
- Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkhuntien, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Morakot Tanticharoen
- Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkhuntien, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Supapon Cheevadhanarak
- Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkhuntien, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Songsak Wattanachaisaereekul
- Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkhuntien, Bangkok 10150, Thailand.
| | - Alongkorn Amnuaykanjanasin
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
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9
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Piskadlo E, Oliveira RA. A Topology-Centric View on Mitotic Chromosome Architecture. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2751. [PMID: 29258269 PMCID: PMC5751350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitotic chromosomes are long-known structures, but their internal organization and the exact process by which they are assembled are still a great mystery in biology. Topoisomerase II is crucial for various aspects of mitotic chromosome organization. The unique ability of this enzyme to untangle topologically intertwined DNA molecules (catenations) is of utmost importance for the resolution of sister chromatid intertwines. Although still controversial, topoisomerase II has also been proposed to directly contribute to chromosome compaction, possibly by promoting chromosome self-entanglements. These two functions raise a strong directionality issue towards topoisomerase II reactions that are able to disentangle sister DNA molecules (in trans) while compacting the same DNA molecule (in cis). Here, we review the current knowledge on topoisomerase II role specifically during mitosis, and the mechanisms that directly or indirectly regulate its activity to ensure faithful chromosome segregation. In particular, we discuss how the activity or directionality of this enzyme could be regulated by the SMC (structural maintenance of chromosomes) complexes, predominantly cohesin and condensin, throughout mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Piskadlo
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Raquel A Oliveira
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
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10
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Clarke DJ, Azuma Y. Non-Catalytic Roles of the Topoisomerase IIα C-Terminal Domain. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112438. [PMID: 29149026 PMCID: PMC5713405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA Topoisomerase IIα (Topo IIα) is a ubiquitous enzyme in eukaryotes that performs the strand passage reaction where a double helix of DNA is passed through a second double helix. This unique reaction is critical for numerous cellular processes. However, the enzyme also possesses a C-terminal domain (CTD) that is largely dispensable for the strand passage reaction but is nevertheless important for the fidelity of cell division. Recent studies have expanded our understanding of the roles of the Topo IIα CTD, in particular in mitotic mechanisms where the CTD is modified by Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO), which in turn provides binding sites for key regulators of mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan J Clarke
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development, University of Minnesota, 420 Washington Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Yoshiaki Azuma
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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11
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Genome-Scale Genetic Interactions and Cell Imaging Confirm Cytokinesis as Deleterious to Transient Topoisomerase II Deficiency in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2017; 7:3379-3391. [PMID: 28839115 PMCID: PMC5633387 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.300104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Topoisomerase II (Top2) is an essential protein that resolves DNA catenations. When Top2 is inactivated, mitotic catastrophe results from massive entanglement of chromosomes. Top2 is also the target of many first-line anticancer drugs, the so-called Top2 poisons. Often, tumors become resistant to these drugs by acquiring hypomorphic mutations in the genes encoding Top2 Here, we have compared the cell cycle and nuclear segregation of two coisogenic Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains carrying top2 thermosensitive alleles that differ in their resistance to Top2 poisons: the broadly-used poison-sensitive top2-4 and the poison-resistant top2-5 Furthermore, we have performed genome-scale synthetic genetic array (SGA) analyses for both alleles under permissive conditions, chronic sublethal Top2 downregulation, and acute, yet transient, Top2 inactivation. We find that slowing down mitotic progression, especially at the time of execution of the mitotic exit network (MEN), protects against Top2 deficiency. In all conditions, genetic protection was stronger in top2-5; this correlated with cell biology experiments in this mutant, whereby we observed destabilization of both chromatin and ultrafine anaphase bridges by execution of MEN and cytokinesis. Interestingly, whereas transient inactivation of the critical MEN driver Cdc15 partly suppressed top2-5 lethality, this was not the case when earlier steps within anaphase were disrupted; i.e., top2-5 cdc14-1 We discuss the basis of this difference and suggest that accelerated progression through mitosis may be a therapeutic strategy to hypersensitize cancer cells carrying hypomorphic mutations in TOP2.
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12
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Edgerton H, Johansson M, Keifenheim D, Mukherjee S, Chacón JM, Bachant J, Gardner MK, Clarke DJ. A noncatalytic function of the topoisomerase II CTD in Aurora B recruitment to inner centromeres during mitosis. J Cell Biol 2017; 213:651-64. [PMID: 27325791 PMCID: PMC4915189 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201511080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-terminal domain (CTD) of Topo II is dispensable for its catalytic activity yet essential for Topo II function in chromosome segregation during mitosis. Here, Edgerton et al. resolve the role of the Topo II CTD during mitosis in yeast, showing that it functions noncatalytically via the Haspin-H3 T3-Phos pathway to recruit Ipl1/Aurora B to mitotic inner centromeres. Faithful chromosome segregation depends on the precise timing of chromatid separation, which is enforced by checkpoint signals generated at kinetochores. Here, we provide evidence that the C-terminal domain (CTD) of DNA topoisomerase IIα (Topo II) provides a novel function at inner centromeres of kinetochores in mitosis. We find that the yeast CTD is required for recruitment of the tension checkpoint kinase Ipl1/Aurora B to inner centromeres in metaphase but is not required in interphase. Conserved CTD SUMOylation sites are required for Ipl1 recruitment. This inner-centromere CTD function is distinct from the catalytic activity of Topo II. Genetic and biochemical evidence suggests that Topo II recruits Ipl1 via the Haspin–histone H3 threonine 3 phosphorylation pathway. Finally, Topo II and Sgo1 are equally important for Ipl1 recruitment to inner centromeres. This indicates H3 T3-Phos/H2A T120-Phos is a universal epigenetic signature that defines the eukaryotic inner centromere and provides the binding site for Ipl1/Aurora B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Edgerton
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Marnie Johansson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Daniel Keifenheim
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Soumya Mukherjee
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Jeremy M Chacón
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Jeff Bachant
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Melissa K Gardner
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Duncan J Clarke
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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13
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Brownlow N, Pike T, Zicha D, Collinson L, Parker PJ. Mitotic catenation is monitored and resolved by a PKCε-regulated pathway. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5685. [PMID: 25483024 PMCID: PMC4272242 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exit from mitosis is controlled by silencing of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). It is important that preceding exit, all sister chromatid pairs are correctly bioriented, and that residual catenation is resolved, permitting complete sister chromatid separation in the ensuing anaphase. Here we determine that the metaphase response to catenation in mammalian cells operates through PKCε. The PKCε-controlled pathway regulates exit from the SAC only when mitotic cells are challenged by retained catenation and this delayed exit is characterized by BubR1-high and Mad2-low kinetochores. In addition, we show that this pathway is necessary to facilitate resolution of retained catenanes in mitosis. When delayed by catenation in mitosis, inhibition of PKCε results in premature entry into anaphase with PICH-positive strands and chromosome bridging. These findings demonstrate the importance of PKCε-mediated regulation in protection from loss of chromosome integrity in cells failing to resolve catenation in G2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Brownlow
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London
Research Institute, 44 Lincolns Inn Fields, London
WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Tanya Pike
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London
Research Institute, 44 Lincolns Inn Fields, London
WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Daniel Zicha
- Light Microscopy, Cancer Research UK London Research
Institute, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Lucy Collinson
- Electron Microscopy, Cancer Research UK London Research
Institute, London
WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Peter J. Parker
- Protein Phosphorylation Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London
Research Institute, 44 Lincolns Inn Fields, London
WC2A 3LY, UK
- Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London,
New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, London
SE1 1UL, UK
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14
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Murillo-Pineda M, Cabello-Lobato MJ, Clemente-Ruiz M, Monje-Casas F, Prado F. Defective histone supply causes condensin-dependent chromatin alterations, SAC activation and chromosome decatenation impairment. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:12469-82. [PMID: 25300489 PMCID: PMC4227775 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural organization of chromosomes is essential for their correct function and dynamics during the cell cycle. The assembly of DNA into chromatin provides the substrate for topoisomerases and condensins, which introduce the different levels of superhelical torsion required for DNA metabolism. In particular, Top2 and condensin are directly involved in both the resolution of precatenanes that form during replication and the formation of the intramolecular loop that detects tension at the centromeric chromatin during chromosome biorientation. Here we show that histone depletion activates the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) and impairs sister chromatid decatenation, leading to chromosome mis-segregation and lethality in the absence of the SAC. We demonstrate that histone depletion impairs chromosome biorientation and activates the Aurora-dependent pathway, which detects tension problems at the kinetochore. Interestingly, SAC activation is suppressed by the absence of Top2 and Smc2, an essential component of condensin. Indeed, smc2-8 suppresses catenanes accumulation, mitotic arrest and growth defects induced by histone depletion at semi-permissive temperature. Remarkably, SAC activation by histone depletion is associated with condensin-mediated alterations of the centromeric chromatin. Therefore, our results reveal the importance of a precise interplay between histone supply and condensin/Top2 for pericentric chromatin structure, precatenanes resolution and centromere biorientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Murillo-Pineda
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - María J Cabello-Lobato
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Marta Clemente-Ruiz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | | | - Félix Prado
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
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15
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The NIMA kinase is required to execute stage-specific mitotic functions after initiation of mitosis. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2013; 13:99-109. [PMID: 24186954 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00231-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The G2-M transition in Aspergillus nidulans requires the NIMA kinase, the founding member of the Nek kinase family. Inactivation of NIMA results in a late G2 arrest, while overexpression of NIMA is sufficient to promote mitotic events independently of cell cycle phase. Endogenously tagged NIMA-GFP has dynamic mitotic localizations appearing first at the spindle pole body and then at nuclear pore complexes before transitioning to within nuclei and the mitotic spindle and back at the spindle pole bodies at mitotic exit, suggesting that it functions sequentially at these locations. Since NIMA is indispensable for mitotic entry, it has been difficult to determine the requirement of NIMA for subaspects of mitosis. We show here that when NIMA is partially inactivated, although mitosis can be initiated, a proportion of cells fail to successfully generate two daughter nuclei. We further define the mitotic defects to show that normal NIMA function is required for the formation of a bipolar spindle, nuclear pore complex disassembly, completion of chromatin segregation, and the normal structural rearrangements of the nuclear envelope required to generate two nuclei from one. In the remaining population of cells that enter mitosis with inadequate NIMA, two daughter nuclei are generated in a manner dependent on the spindle assembly checkpoint, indicating highly penetrant defects in mitotic progression without sufficient NIMA activity. This study shows that NIMA is required not only for mitotic entry but also sequentially for successful completion of stage-specific mitotic events.
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16
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Furniss KL, Tsai HJ, Byl JAW, Lane AB, Vas AC, Hsu WS, Osheroff N, Clarke DJ. Direct monitoring of the strand passage reaction of DNA topoisomerase II triggers checkpoint activation. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003832. [PMID: 24098144 PMCID: PMC3789831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
By necessity, the ancient activity of type II topoisomerases co-evolved with the double-helical structure of DNA, at least in organisms with circular genomes. In humans, the strand passage reaction of DNA topoisomerase II (Topo II) is the target of several major classes of cancer drugs which both poison Topo II and activate cell cycle checkpoint controls. It is important to know the cellular effects of molecules that target Topo II, but the mechanisms of checkpoint activation that respond to Topo II dysfunction are not well understood. Here, we provide evidence that a checkpoint mechanism monitors the strand passage reaction of Topo II. In contrast, cells do not become checkpoint arrested in the presence of the aberrant DNA topologies, such as hyper-catenation, that arise in the absence of Topo II activity. An overall reduction in Topo II activity (i.e. slow strand passage cycles) does not activate the checkpoint, but specific defects in the T-segment transit step of the strand passage reaction do induce a cell cycle delay. Furthermore, the cell cycle delay depends on the divergent and catalytically inert C-terminal region of Topo II, indicating that transmission of a checkpoint signal may occur via the C-terminus. Other, well characterized, mitotic checkpoints detect DNA lesions or monitor unattached kinetochores; these defects arise via failures in a variety of cell processes. In contrast, we have described the first example of a distinct category of checkpoint mechanism that monitors the catalytic cycle of a single specific enzyme in order to determine when chromosome segregation can proceed faithfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L. Furniss
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Hung-Ji Tsai
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jo Ann W. Byl
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Andrew B. Lane
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Amit C. Vas
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Wei-Shan Hsu
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Neil Osheroff
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Duncan J. Clarke
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
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17
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DNA topoisomerase 2 mutant allele mildly delays the mitotic progression and activates the checkpoint protein kinase Chk1 in fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Genet Res (Camb) 2011; 93:275-83. [PMID: 21767457 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672311000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA topoisomerases are specialized nuclear enzymes that perform topological modifications on double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and hence are essential for DNA metabolism such as replication, transcription, recombination, condensation and segregation. In a genetic screen, we identified a temperature-sensitive mutant allele of topoisomerase 2 that exhibits conditional synthetic lethality with a chk1 knockout strain. The mutant allele of topoisomerase 2 is defective in chromosome segregation at a non-permissive temperature and there was increase in chromosome segregation defects in the double mutant of top2-10 and chk1 delete at a non-permissive temperature. More importantly, topoisomearse 2 mutant cells mildly delay the mitotic progression at non-permissive temperature that is mediated by checkpoint protein kinase Chk1. Additionally, top2-10 mutant cells also activate the Chk1 at a non-permissive temperature and this activation of Chk1 takes place at the time of mitosis. Interestingly, top2-10 mutant cells retain their viability at a non-permissive temperature if the cells are not allowed to enter into mitosis. Taking together our results, we speculate that in the top2-10 mutant, the segregation of entangled chromatids during mitosis could result in delaying the mitotic progression through the activation of Chk1 kinase.
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18
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Di Cecco L, Melissari E, Mariotti V, Iofrida C, Galli A, Guidugli L, Lombardi G, Caligo MA, Iacopetti P, Pellegrini S. Characterisation of gene expression profiles of yeast cells expressing BRCA1 missense variants. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45:2187-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Persistent mechanical linkage between sister chromatids throughout anaphase. Chromosoma 2009; 118:633-45. [PMID: 19603176 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-009-0224-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In budding yeast, we have found that sister rDNA arrays marked with fluorescent probes can be visualized as two distinguishable strands during metaphase. Upon anaphase, these arm loci are drawn into the spindle, where they adopt a cruciform-like structure and stretch 2.5-fold as they migrate to the poles. Therefore, while sister rDNA arrays appear separated in metaphase, mechanical linkages between sister arm loci persist throughout anaphase in yeast, as shown in grasshopper spermatocytes (Paliulis and Nicklas 2004). These linkages are partially dependent on the protector of cohesin, SGO1. In anaphase, the spatially regulated dissolution of these mechanical linkages serves to prevent premature sister separation and restrain the rate of spindle elongation. Thus, sister separation is temporally controlled and linkages between sister chromatids contribute to the regulation of anaphase spindle elongation.
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20
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Abstract
DNA topoisomerases are enzymes that disentangle the topological problems that arise in double-stranded DNA. Many of these can be solved by the generation of either single or double strand breaks. However, where there is a clear requirement to alter DNA topology by introducing transient double strand breaks, only DNA topoisomerase II (TOP2) can carry out this reaction. Extensive biochemical and structural studies have provided detailed models of how TOP2 alters DNA structure, and recent molecular studies have greatly expanded knowledge of the biological contexts in which TOP2 functions, such as DNA replication, transcription and chromosome segregation -- processes that are essential for preventing tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Nitiss
- Molecular Pharmacology Department, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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21
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Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of DNA is the repository of hereditary information. Yet, it is now clear that the DNA itself plays an active role in regulating the ability of the cell to extract its information. Basic biological processes, including control of gene transcription, faithful DNA replication and segregation, maintenance of the genome and cellular differentiation are subject to the conformational and topological properties of DNA in addition to the regulation imparted by the sequence itself. How do these DNA features manifest such striking effects and how does the cell regulate them? In this review, we describe how misregulation of DNA topology can lead to cellular dysfunction. We then address how cells prevent these topological problems. We close with a discussion on recent theoretical advances indicating that the topological problems, themselves, can provide the cues necessary for their resolution by type-2 topoisomerases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Center for Theoretical Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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22
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Lee MT, Bachant J. SUMO modification of DNA topoisomerase II: trying to get a CENse of it all. DNA Repair (Amst) 2009; 8:557-68. [PMID: 19230795 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
DNA topoisomerase II (topo II) is an essential determinant of chromosome structure and function, acting to resolve topological problems inherent in recombining, transcribing, replicating and segregating DNA. In particular, the unique decatenating activity of topo II is required for sister chromatids to disjoin and separate in mitosis. Topo II exhibits a dynamic localization pattern on mitotic chromosomes, accumulating at centromeres and axial chromosome cores prior to anaphase. In organisms ranging from yeast to humans, a fraction of topo II is targeted for SUMO conjugation in mitotic cells, and here we review our current understanding of the significance of this modification. As we shall see, an emerging consensus is that in metazoans SUMO modification is required for topo II to accumulate at centromeres, and that in the absence of this regulation there is an elevated frequency of chromosome non-disjunction, segregation errors, and aneuploidy. The underlying molecular mechanisms for how SUMO controls topo II are as yet unclear. In closing, however, we will evaluate two possible interpretations: one in which SUMO promotes enzyme turnover, and a second in which SUMO acts as a localization tag for topo II chromosome trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ta Lee
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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23
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Chène P, Rudloff J, Schoepfer J, Furet P, Meier P, Qian Z, Schlaeppi JM, Schmitz R, Radimerski T. Catalytic inhibition of topoisomerase II by a novel rationally designed ATP-competitive purine analogue. BMC CHEMICAL BIOLOGY 2009; 9:1. [PMID: 19128485 PMCID: PMC2628638 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6769-9-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Topoisomerase II poisons are in clinical use as anti-cancer therapy for decades and work by stabilizing the enzyme-induced DNA breaks. In contrast, catalytic inhibitors block the enzyme before DNA scission. Although several catalytic inhibitors of topoisomerase II have been described, preclinical concepts for exploiting their anti-proliferative activity based on molecular characteristics of the tumor cell have only recently started to emerge. Topoisomerase II is an ATPase and uses the energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to orchestrate the movement of the DNA double strands along the enzyme. Thus, interfering with ATPase function with low molecular weight inhibitors that target the nucleotide binding pocket should profoundly affect cells that are committed to undergo mitosis. Results Here we describe the discovery and characterization of a novel purine diamine analogue as a potent ATP-competitive catalytic inhibitor of topoisomerase II. Quinoline aminopurine compound 1 (QAP 1) inhibited topoisomerase II ATPase activity and decatenation reaction at sub-micromolar concentrations, targeted both topoisomerase II alpha and beta in cell free assays and, using a quantitative cell-based assay and a chromosome segregation assay, displayed catalytic enzyme inhibition in cells. In agreement with recent hypothesis, we show that BRCA1 mutant breast cancer cells have increased sensitivity to QAP 1. Conclusion The results obtained with QAP 1 demonstrate that potent and selective catalytic inhibition of human topoisomerase II function with an ATP-competitive inhibitor is feasible. Our data suggest that further drug discovery efforts on ATP-competitive catalytic inhibitors are warranted and that such drugs could potentially be developed as anti-cancer therapy for tumors that bear the appropriate combination of molecular alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Chène
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joëlle Rudloff
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joseph Schoepfer
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Furet
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Meier
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zhiyan Qian
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Schlaeppi
- Biologics Center, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rita Schmitz
- Biologics Center, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Radimerski
- Department of Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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24
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Kaufmann WK. Analysis of the topoisomerase II-dependent decatenation G2 checkpoint and checkpoint kinases in human cells. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 582:155-66. [PMID: 19763949 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-340-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of Topo II function using poisons and catalytic inhibitors triggers checkpoints that act to delay progression of G2 cells into mitosis. Topo II poisons induce Topo II-associated DNA double-strand breaks that activate ATM and the DNA damage G2 checkpoint. Topo II catalytic inhibitors do not induce DNA double-strand breaks but block decatenation of intertwined daughter chromatids. Complete decatenation before anaphase of mitosis is required for chromatid segregation. G2 cells appear to sense the degree of chromatid arm catenations and actively delay the onset of mitosis by sustaining the inhibition of mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) and polo-like kinase 1 (Plk-1) kinase activities that normally propel G2 cells into mitosis. This chapter details the methods for assay of decatenation G2 checkpoint function and checkpoint kinase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K Kaufmann
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, US
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25
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Abstract
Topoisomerase II activity is crucial to maintain genome stability through the removal of catenanes in the DNA formed during DNA replication and scaffolding the mitotic chromosome. Perturbed Topo II activity causes defects in chromosome segregation due to persistent catenations and aberrant DNA condensation during mitosis. Recently, novel top2 alleles in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed a checkpoint control that responds to perturbed Topo II activity. Described in this chapter are protocols for assaying the phenotypes seen in top2 mutants on a cell biological basis in live cells: activation of the Topo II checkpoint using spindle morphology, chromosome condensation using fluorescently labeled chromosomal loci, and cell cycle progression by flow cytometry. Further characterization of this novel checkpoint is warranted so that we can further our understanding of the cell cycle, genomic stability, and the possibility of identifying novel drug targets.
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26
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Abstract
DNA topoisomerases are enzymes that alter the topology of DNA. They have important functions in DNA replication, transcription, Holliday junction dissolution, chromosome condensation, and sister chromatid separation. Deficiencies in these enzymes are associated with diseases that result from genome instability. The last 10-15 years has seen a great deal of exciting research in the field of topoisomerase. Here we discuss a selection of the new themes that have been recently introduced into the already large body of topoisomerase research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan J Clarke
- Department of Genetics, University of Minnesota, Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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27
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Luo K, Yuan J, Chen J, Lou Z. Topoisomerase IIalpha controls the decatenation checkpoint. Nat Cell Biol 2008; 11:204-10. [PMID: 19098900 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Topoisomerase II (Topo II) is required to separate intertwined sister chromatids before chromosome segregation can occur in mitosis. However, it remains to be resolved whether Topo II has any role in checkpoint control. Here we report that when phosphorylated, Ser 1524 of Topo IIalpha acts as a binding site for the BRCT domain of MDC1 (mediator of DNA damage checkpoint protein-1), thereby recruiting MDC1 to chromatin. Although Topo IIalpha-MDC1 interaction is not required for checkpoint activation induced by DNA damage, it is required for activation of the decatenation checkpoint. Mutation of Ser 1524 results in a defective decatenation checkpoint. These results reveal an important role of Topo II in checkpoint activation and in the maintenance of genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntian Luo
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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28
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Williamson EA, Rasila KK, Corwin LK, Wray J, Beck BD, Severns V, Mobarak C, Lee SH, Nickoloff JA, Hromas R. The SET and transposase domain protein Metnase enhances chromosome decatenation: regulation by automethylation. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:5822-31. [PMID: 18790802 PMCID: PMC2566874 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metnase is a human SET and transposase domain protein that methylates histone H3 and promotes DNA double-strand break repair. We now show that Metnase physically interacts and co-localizes with Topoisomerase IIα (Topo IIα), the key chromosome decatenating enzyme. Metnase promotes progression through decatenation and increases resistance to the Topo IIα inhibitors ICRF-193 and VP-16. Purified Metnase greatly enhanced Topo IIα decatenation of kinetoplast DNA to relaxed circular forms. Nuclear extracts containing Metnase decatenated kDNA more rapidly than those without Metnase, and neutralizing anti-sera against Metnase reversed that enhancement of decatenation. Metnase automethylates at K485, and the presence of a methyl donor blocked the enhancement of Topo IIα decatenation by Metnase, implying an internal regulatory inhibition. Thus, Metnase enhances Topo IIα decatenation, and this activity is repressed by automethylation. These results suggest that cancer cells could subvert Metnase to mediate clinically relevant resistance to Topo IIα inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Williamson
- Division of Hematology–Oncology, Cancer Research and Treatment Center, Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Kanwaldeep Kaur Rasila
- Division of Hematology–Oncology, Cancer Research and Treatment Center, Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Lori Kwan Corwin
- Division of Hematology–Oncology, Cancer Research and Treatment Center, Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Justin Wray
- Division of Hematology–Oncology, Cancer Research and Treatment Center, Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Brian D. Beck
- Division of Hematology–Oncology, Cancer Research and Treatment Center, Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Virginia Severns
- Division of Hematology–Oncology, Cancer Research and Treatment Center, Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Charlotte Mobarak
- Division of Hematology–Oncology, Cancer Research and Treatment Center, Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Suk-Hee Lee
- Division of Hematology–Oncology, Cancer Research and Treatment Center, Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jac A. Nickoloff
- Division of Hematology–Oncology, Cancer Research and Treatment Center, Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Robert Hromas
- Division of Hematology–Oncology, Cancer Research and Treatment Center, Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 505 272 5837; Fax: +1 505 272 5865;
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29
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Warsi TH, Navarro MS, Bachant J. DNA topoisomerase II is a determinant of the tensile properties of yeast centromeric chromatin and the tension checkpoint. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:4421-33. [PMID: 18701701 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-05-0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Centromeric (CEN) chromatin is placed under mechanical tension and stretches as kinetochores biorient on the mitotic spindle. This deformation could conceivably provide a readout of biorientation to error correction mechanisms that monitor kinetochore-spindle interactions, but whether CEN chromatin acts in a tensiometer capacity is unresolved. Here, we report observations linking yeast Topoisomerase II (Top2) to both CEN mechanics and assessment of interkinetochore tension. First, in top2-4 and sumoylation-resistant top2-SNM mutants CEN chromatin stretches extensively during biorientation, resulting in increased sister kinetochore separation and preanaphase spindle extension. Our data indicate increased CEN stretching corresponds with alterations to CEN topology induced in response to tension. Second, Top2 potentiates aspects of the tension checkpoint. Mutations affecting the Mtw1 kinetochore protein activate Ipl1 kinase to detach kinetochores and induce spindle checkpoint arrest. In mtw1top2-4 and mtw1top2-SNM mutants, however, kinetochores are resistant to detachment and checkpoint arrest is attenuated. For top2-SNM cells, CEN stretching and checkpoint attenuation occur even in the absence of catenation linking sister chromatids. In sum, Top2 seems to play a novel role in CEN compaction that is distinct from decatenation. Perturbations to this function may allow weakened kinetochores to stretch CENs in a manner that mimics tension or evades Ipl1 surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq H Warsi
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Baxter J, Diffley JFX. Topoisomerase II inactivation prevents the completion of DNA replication in budding yeast. Mol Cell 2008; 30:790-802. [PMID: 18570880 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Revised: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Type II topoisomerases are essential for resolving topologically entwined double-stranded DNA. Although anti-topoisomerase 2 (Top2) drugs are clinically important antibiotics and chemotherapies, to our knowledge, the mechanisms of cell killing by Top2 depletion and inactivation have never been directly compared. We show that depletion of Top2 protein from budding yeast cells prevents DNA decatenation during S phase. Cells complete DNA replication and enter the ensuing mitosis on schedule, suffering extensive chromosome missegregation. Cytokinesis through incompletely segregated chromosomes causes lethal DNA damage. By contrast, expression of catalytically inactive Top2 causes a stable G2 arrest requiring an intact DNA damage checkpoint. Checkpoint activation correlates with an inability to complete DNA replication, resulting in hypercatenated, gapped daughter DNA molecules. Thus, Top2 depletion and inactivation kill cells by different mechanisms, which has implications for understanding the nature of the catenation checkpoint, how DNA replication terminates, how anti-Top2 drugs work, and how new drugs might be designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Baxter
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, Hertfordshire EN6 3LD, UK
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Cuvier O, Stanojcic S, Lemaitre JM, Mechali M. A topoisomerase II-dependent mechanism for resetting replicons at the S-M-phase transition. Genes Dev 2008; 22:860-5. [PMID: 18381889 DOI: 10.1101/gad.445108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerase II (topo II) is required for chromosome segregation and for reprogramming replicons. Here, we show that topo II couples DNA replication termination with the clearing of replication complexes for resetting replicons at mitosis. Topo II inhibition impairs completion of DNA replication, accounting for replication protein A (RPA) stabilization onto ssDNA. Topo II inhibition does not affect the caffeine-sensitive ORC1 degradation found upon origin firing, but it impairs the cdk-dependent degradation/chromatin dissociation of an ORC1/2 reservoir at mitosis. Our results show that ORC1 degradation is rescued by Pin1 depletion and that this topo II-dependent clearing of ORC1/2 from chromatin involves the APC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Cuvier
- Institute of Human Genetics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Kim EM, Burke DJ. DNA damage activates the SAC in an ATM/ATR-dependent manner, independently of the kinetochore. PLoS Genet 2008; 4:e1000015. [PMID: 18454191 PMCID: PMC2265443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage checkpoint and the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) are two important regulatory mechanisms that respond to different lesions. The DNA damage checkpoint detects DNA damage, initiates protein kinase cascades, and inhibits the cell cycle. The SAC relies on kinetochore-dependent assembly of protein complexes to inhibit mitosis when chromosomes are detached from the spindle. The two checkpoints are thought to function independently. Here we show that yeast cells lacking the DNA damage checkpoint arrest prior to anaphase in response to low doses of the DNA damaging agent methyl methane sulfonate (MMS). The arrest requires the SAC proteins Mad1, Mad2, Mad3, Bub1, and Bub3 and works through Cdc20 and Pds1 but unlike the normal SAC, does not require a functional kinetochore. Mec1 (ATR) and Tel1 (ATM) are also required, independently of Chk1 and Rad53, suggesting that Mec1 and Tel1 inhibit anaphase in response to DNA damage by utilizing SAC proteins. Our results demonstrate cross-talk between the two checkpoints and suggest that assembling inhibitory complexes of SAC proteins at unattached kinetochores is not obligatory for their inhibitory activity. Furthermore, our results suggest that there are novel, important targets of ATM and ATR for cell cycle regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Mi Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Burke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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33
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Bermejo R, Doksani Y, Capra T, Katou YM, Tanaka H, Shirahige K, Foiani M. Top1- and Top2-mediated topological transitions at replication forks ensure fork progression and stability and prevent DNA damage checkpoint activation. Genes Dev 2007; 21:1921-36. [PMID: 17671091 PMCID: PMC1935030 DOI: 10.1101/gad.432107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
DNA topoisomerases solve topological problems during chromosome metabolism. We investigated where and when Top1 and Top2 are recruited on replicating chromosomes and how their inactivation affects fork integrity and DNA damage checkpoint activation. We show that, in the context of replicating chromatin, Top1 and Top2 act within a 600-base-pair (bp) region spanning the moving forks. Top2 exhibits additional S-phase clusters at specific intergenic loci, mostly containing promoters. TOP1 ablation does not affect fork progression and stability and does not cause activation of the Rad53 checkpoint kinase. top2 mutants accumulate sister chromatid junctions in S phase without affecting fork progression and activate Rad53 at the M-G1 transition. top1 top2 double mutants exhibit fork block and processing and phosphorylation of Rad53 and gamma H2A in S phase. The exonuclease Exo1 influences fork processing and DNA damage checkpoint activation in top1 top2 mutants. Our data are consistent with a coordinated action of Top1 and Top2 in counteracting the accumulation of torsional stress and sister chromatid entanglement at replication forks, thus preventing the diffusion of topological changes along large chromosomal regions. A failure in resolving fork-related topological constrains during S phase may therefore result in abnormal chromosome transitions, DNA damage checkpoint activation, and chromosome breakage during segregation.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Cycle
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Checkpoint Kinase 2
- Chromosomes, Fungal/genetics
- Chromosomes, Fungal/metabolism
- Consensus Sequence
- DNA Damage
- DNA Replication
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/genetics
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/metabolism
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/genetics
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/metabolism
- DNA, Fungal/chemistry
- DNA, Fungal/genetics
- DNA, Fungal/metabolism
- Genes, Fungal
- Models, Biological
- Models, Molecular
- Mutation
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/cytology
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Bermejo
- Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (FIRC) Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation (IFOM-IEO Campus) and DSBB-Università degli Studi di Milano, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Ylli Doksani
- Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (FIRC) Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation (IFOM-IEO Campus) and DSBB-Università degli Studi di Milano, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Thelma Capra
- Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (FIRC) Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation (IFOM-IEO Campus) and DSBB-Università degli Studi di Milano, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Yuki-Mori Katou
- Laboratory of Genome Structure and Function, Division for Gene Research, Center for Biological Resources and Informatics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tanaka
- Laboratory of Genome Structure and Function, Division for Gene Research, Center for Biological Resources and Informatics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Shirahige
- Laboratory of Genome Structure and Function, Division for Gene Research, Center for Biological Resources and Informatics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Marco Foiani
- Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (FIRC) Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation (IFOM-IEO Campus) and DSBB-Università degli Studi di Milano, 20139 Milan, Italy
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34
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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