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Kumari A, Franks NE, Li L, Audu G, Liskowicz S, Johnson JD, Mistretta CM, Allen BL. Distinct expression patterns of Hedgehog signaling components in mouse gustatory system during postnatal tongue development and adult homeostasis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0294835. [PMID: 38848388 PMCID: PMC11161123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (HH) pathway regulates embryonic development of anterior tongue taste fungiform papilla (FP) and the posterior circumvallate (CVP) and foliate (FOP) taste papillae. HH signaling also mediates taste organ maintenance and regeneration in adults. However, there are knowledge gaps in HH pathway component expression during postnatal taste organ differentiation and maturation. Importantly, the HH transcriptional effectors GLI1, GLI2 and GLI3 have not been investigated in early postnatal stages; the HH receptors PTCH1, GAS1, CDON and HHIP, required to either drive HH pathway activation or antagonism, also remain unexplored. Using lacZ reporter mouse models, we mapped expression of the HH ligand SHH, HH receptors, and GLI transcription factors in FP, CVP and FOP in early and late postnatal and adult stages. In adults we also studied the soft palate, and the geniculate and trigeminal ganglia, which extend afferent fibers to the anterior tongue. Shh and Gas1 are the only components that were consistently expressed within taste buds of all three papillae and the soft palate. In the first postnatal week, we observed broad expression of HH signaling components in FP and adjacent, non-taste filiform (FILIF) papillae in epithelium or stroma and tongue muscles. Notably, we observed elimination of Gli1 in FILIF and Gas1 in muscles, and downregulation of Ptch1 in lingual epithelium and of Cdon, Gas1 and Hhip in stroma from late postnatal stages. Further, HH receptor expression patterns in CVP and FOP epithelium differed from anterior FP. Among all the components, only known positive regulators of HH signaling, SHH, Ptch1, Gli1 and Gli2, were expressed in the ganglia. Our studies emphasize differential regulation of HH signaling in distinct postnatal developmental periods and in anterior versus posterior taste organs, and lay the foundation for functional studies to understand the roles of numerous HH signaling components in postnatal tongue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Kumari
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Nicole E. Franks
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Libo Li
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle Audu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan-Virtua School of Translational Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virtua Health College of Medicine and Life Sciences of Rowan University, Stratford, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sarah Liskowicz
- Department of Biology, University of Scranton, Scranton, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John D. Johnson
- Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine, Virtua Health College of Medicine and Life Sciences of Rowan University, Stratford, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Charlotte M. Mistretta
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Benjamin L. Allen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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Zhu S, Li X, Dai X, Li J. Prenatal cadmium exposure impairs neural tube closure via inducing excessive apoptosis in neuroepithelium. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:572-584. [PMID: 38135421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Birth defects have become a public health concern. The hazardous environmental factors exposure to embryos could increase the risk of birth defects. Cadmium, a toxic environmental factor, can cross the placental barrier during pregnancy. Pregnant woman may be subjected to cadmium before taking precautionary protective actions. However, the link between birth defects and cadmium remains obscure. Cadmium exposure can induce excessive apoptosis in neuroepithelium during embryonic development progresses. Cadmium exposure activated the p53 via enhancing the adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and reactive oxygen species' (ROS) level. And cadmium decreases the level of Paired box 3 (Pax3) and murine double minute 2 (Mdm2), disrupting the process of p53 ubiquitylation. And p53 accumulation induced excessive apoptosis in neuroepithelium during embryonic development progresses. Excessive apoptosis led to the failure of neural tube closure. The study emphasizes that environmental materials may increase the health risk for embryos. Cadmium caused the failure of neural tube closure during early embryotic day. Pregnant women may be exposed by cadmium before taking precautionary protective actions, because of cadmium concentration-containing foods and environmental tobacco smoking. This suggests that prenatal cadmium exposure is a threatening risk factor for birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xuenan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xueyan Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jinlong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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Leung AOW, Poon ACH, Wang X, Feng C, Chen P, Zheng Z, To MK, Chan WCW, Cheung M, Chan D. Suppression of apoptosis impairs phalangeal joint formation in the pathogenesis of brachydactyly type A1. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2229. [PMID: 38472182 PMCID: PMC10933404 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis occurs during development when a separation of tissues is needed. Synovial joint formation is initiated at the presumptive site (interzone) within a cartilage anlagen, with changes in cellular differentiation leading to cavitation and tissue separation. Apoptosis has been detected in phalangeal joints during development, but its role and regulation have not been defined. Here, we use a mouse model of brachydactyly type A1 (BDA1) with an IhhE95K mutation, to show that a missing middle phalangeal bone is due to the failure of the developing joint to cavitate, associated with reduced apoptosis, and a joint is not formed. We showed an intricate relationship between IHH and interacting partners, CDON and GAS1, in the interzone that regulates apoptosis. We propose a model in which CDON/GAS1 may act as dependence receptors in this context. Normally, the IHH level is low at the center of the interzone, enabling the "ligand-free" CDON/GAS1 to activate cell death for cavitation. In BDA1, a high concentration of IHH suppresses apoptosis. Our findings provided new insights into the role of IHH and CDON in joint formation, with relevance to hedgehog signaling in developmental biology and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian On Wah Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrew Chung Hin Poon
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chen Feng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Hebei Orthopedic Clinical Research Center, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 050051, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Peikai Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong -Shenzhen Hospital (HKU-SZH), Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhengfan Zheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael KaiTsun To
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong -Shenzhen Hospital (HKU-SZH), Shenzhen, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wilson Cheuk Wing Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong -Shenzhen Hospital (HKU-SZH), Shenzhen, China.
| | - Martin Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Danny Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
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Xu J, Iyyanar PPR, Lan Y, Jiang R. Sonic hedgehog signaling in craniofacial development. Differentiation 2023; 133:60-76. [PMID: 37481904 PMCID: PMC10529669 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in SHH and several other genes encoding components of the Hedgehog signaling pathway have been associated with holoprosencephaly syndromes, with craniofacial anomalies ranging in severity from cyclopia to facial cleft to midfacial and mandibular hypoplasia. Studies in animal models have revealed that SHH signaling plays crucial roles at multiple stages of craniofacial morphogenesis, from cranial neural crest cell survival to growth and patterning of the facial primordia to organogenesis of the palate, mandible, tongue, tooth, and taste bud formation and homeostasis. This article provides a summary of the major findings in studies of the roles of SHH signaling in craniofacial development, with emphasis on recent advances in the understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating the SHH signaling pathway activity and those involving SHH signaling in the formation and patterning of craniofacial structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Xu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | - Paul P R Iyyanar
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Yu Lan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Rulang Jiang
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
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Chan B, Glogauer M, Wang Y, Wrana J, Chan K, Beier F, Bali S, Hinz B, Parreno J, Ashraf S, Kandel R. Adseverin, an actin-binding protein, modulates hypertrophic chondrocyte differentiation and osteoarthritis progression. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf1130. [PMID: 37540756 PMCID: PMC10403223 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
In osteoarthritis (OA), a disease characterized by progressive articular cartilage degradation and calcification, the articular chondrocyte phenotype changes and this correlates with actin cytoskeleton alterations suggesting that it regulates gene expression essential for proper phenotype. This study reports that OA is associated with the loss of adseverin, an actin capping and severing protein. Adseverin deletion (Adseverin-/-) in mice compromised articular chondrocyte function, by reducing F-actin and aggrecan expression and increasing apoptosis, Indian hedgehog, Runx2, MMP13, and collagen type X expression, and cell proliferation. This led to stiffer cartilage and decreased hyaline and increased calcified cartilage thickness. Together, these changes predisposed the articular cartilage to enhanced OA severity in Adseverin-/- mice who underwent surgical induction of OA. Adseverin-/- chondrocyte RNA sequencing and in vitro studies together suggests that adseverin modulates cell viability and prevents mineralization. Thus, adseverin maintains articular chondrocyte phenotype and cartilage tissue homeostasis by preventing progression to hypertrophic differentiation in vivo. Adseverin may be chondroprotective and a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron Chan
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Wrana
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kin Chan
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Frank Beier
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Supinder Bali
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Boris Hinz
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of the St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Justin Parreno
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Sajjad Ashraf
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rita Kandel
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Zhong J, Sun Y, Wu S, Zhang T, Yang J, He Y, Liu K. The impact of the Hedgehog signal pathway on the tumor immune microenvironment of gastric adenocarcinoma by integrated analysis of scRNA-seq and RNA-seq datasets. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:258. [PMID: 37526746 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01187-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog signaling is a highly conserved pathway to regulate cell growth and proliferation, and plays an essential role in stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) and other cancer types. However, previous studies were primarily conducted in terms of mRNA or vitro cell culture. It would be more convincing to integrate single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data because it is a more precise approach for genomic research. The expression profile, genetic alteration, and activity of the Hedgehog signaling pathway were investigated in both scRNA-seq and RNA-seq datasets of STAD. Communications between cancer cells and fibroblasts were determined by the cell-chat algorithm, and the Hedgehog-related gene signature was constructed to predict the survival of STAD. Patients were categorized into high- and low-risk groups according to the median of the signature. Further analysis explored the difference in survival outcome, tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), and drug sensitivity between the two groups, aiming to guide the use of chemotherapy and immunotherapy in STAD patients. Hedgehog signal pathway was over-activated in STAD. GAS1, GLI1, and SCEBU2 were recognized as hub genes in the prognostic signature of STAD, and served as robust risk factors to induce a poor survival outcome. Patients in the high-risk group demonstrated an exhausted TIME pattern, with rather low sensitivity toward molecular-targeted drugs. This study depicted the influence of the Hedgehog pathway on the survival outcome, TIME, and drug sensitivity of STAD, and provides novel insights for the treatment of STAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhong
- Colorectal Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Sun
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sijia Wu
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianying Zhang
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Colorectal Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhua He
- Colorectal Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Gastric Cancer Center and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Bian Y, Hahn H, Uhmann A. The hidden hedgehog of the pituitary: hedgehog signaling in development, adulthood and disease of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1219018. [PMID: 37476499 PMCID: PMC10355329 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1219018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling plays pivotal roles in embryonic development, adult homeostasis and tumorigenesis. However, its engagement in the pituitary gland has been long underestimated although Hedgehog signaling and pituitary embryogenic development are closely linked. Thus, deregulation of this signaling pathway during pituitary development results in malformation of the gland. Research of the last years further implicates a regulatory role of Hedgehog signaling in the function of the adult pituitary, because its activity is also interlinked with homeostasis, hormone production, and most likely also formation of neoplasms of the gland. The fact that this pathway can be efficiently targeted by validated therapeutic strategies makes it a promising candidate for treating pituitary diseases. We here summarize the current knowledge about the importance of Hedgehog signaling during pituitary development and review recent data that highlight the impact of Hedgehog signaling in the healthy and the diseased adult pituitary gland.
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Li Z, Lui KNC, Lau ST, Lai FPL, Li P, Chung PHY, Wong KKY, Tam PKH, Garica-Barcelo MM, Hui CC, Sham PC, Ngan ESW. Transcriptomics of Hirschsprung disease patient-derived enteric neural crest cells reveals a role for oxidative phosphorylation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2157. [PMID: 37061531 PMCID: PMC10105741 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37928-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hirschsprung disease is characterized by the absence of enteric neurons caused by the defects of enteric neural crest cells, leading to intestinal obstruction. Here, using induced pluripotent stem cell-based models of Hirschsprung and single-cell transcriptomic analysis, we identify a gene set of 118 genes commonly dysregulated in all patient enteric neural crest cells, and suggest HDAC1 may be a key regulator of these genes. Furthermore, upregulation of RNA splicing mediators and enhanced alternative splicing events are associated with severe form of Hirschsprung. In particular, the higher inclusion rate of exon 9 in PTBP1 and the perturbed expression of a PTBP1-target, PKM, are significantly enriched in these patient cells, and associated with the defective oxidative phosphorylation and impaired neurogenesis. Hedgehog-induced oxidative phosphorylation significantly enhances the survival and differentiation capacity of patient cells. In sum, we define various factors associated with Hirschsprung pathogenesis and demonstrate the implications of oxidative phosphorylation in enteric neural crest development and HSCR pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Li
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kathy Nga-Chu Lui
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Sin-Ting Lau
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Frank Pui-Ling Lai
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Peng Li
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 628 Zhenyuan Road, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Patrick Ho-Yu Chung
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kenneth Kak-Yuen Wong
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Paul Kwong-Hing Tam
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | | | - Chi-Chung Hui
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G1L7, ON, Canada
| | - Pak Chung Sham
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Elly Sau-Wai Ngan
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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Manuel LL, de los Ángeles César F, Pérez-Silva Nancy B, Celia PL, Elizabeth BR, Gonzalez Rosa O, Antonio GBJ, Jose S. Low-scale production and purification of a biologically active optimized form of the antitumor protein growth arrest specific 1 (GAS1) in a mammalian system for post-translational analysis. Biochem Eng J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2023.108858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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10
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Hirayama J, Hattori A, Takahashi A, Furusawa Y, Tabuchi Y, Shibata M, Nagamatsu A, Yano S, Maruyama Y, Matsubara H, Sekiguchi T, Suzuki N. Physiological consequences of space flight, including abnormal bone metabolism, space radiation injury, and circadian clock dysregulation: Implications of melatonin use and regulation as a countermeasure. J Pineal Res 2023; 74:e12834. [PMID: 36203395 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to the space environment induces a number of pathophysiological outcomes in astronauts, including bone demineralization, sleep disorders, circadian clock dysregulation, cardiovascular and metabolic dysfunction, and reduced immune system function. A recent report describing experiments aboard the Space Shuttle mission, STS-132, showed that the level of melatonin, a hormone that provides the biochemical signal of darkness, was decreased during microgravity in an in vitro culture model. Additionally, abnormal lighting conditions in outer space, such as low light intensity in orbital spacecraft and the altered 24-h light-dark cycles, may result in the dysregulation of melatonin rhythms and the misalignment of the circadian clock from sleep and work schedules in astronauts. Studies on Earth have demonstrated that melatonin regulates various physiological functions including bone metabolism. These data suggest that the abnormal regulation of melatonin in outer space may contribute to pathophysiological conditions of astronauts. In addition, experiments with high-linear energy transfer radiation, a ground-based model of space radiation, showed that melatonin may serve as a protectant against space radiation. Gene expression profiling using an in vitro culture model exposed to space flight during the STS-132 mission, showed that space radiation alters the expression of DNA repair and oxidative stress response genes, indicating that melatonin counteracts the expression of these genes responsive to space radiation to promote cell survival. These findings implicate the use of exogenous melatonin and the regulation of endogenous melatonin as countermeasures for the physiological consequences of space flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hirayama
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences & Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Sustainable Systems Science, Komatsu University, Komatsu, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Hattori
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Japan
| | | | - Yukihiro Furusawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tabuchi
- Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shibata
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Japan
| | | | - Sachiko Yano
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yusuke Maruyama
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Hajime Matsubara
- Noto Center for Fisheries Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Noto-cho, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Toshio Sekiguchi
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Noto-cho, Japan
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Noto-cho, Japan
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Cetina-Palma A, Namorado-Tónix C, Rodríguez-Muñoz R, Vergara P, Reyes-Sánchez JL, Segovia J. Characterization of the pattern of expression of Gas1 in the kidney during postnatal development in the rat. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284816. [PMID: 37093844 PMCID: PMC10124827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth Arrest-Specific 1 (Gas1) is a pleiotropic protein with different functions, in the adult kidney Gas1 acts as an endogenous inhibitor of cell proliferation but it is also necessary for the maintenance and proliferation of Renal Progenitor Cells (RPC) during early development, thus it fulfills important functions in the adult kidney. However, it is not known whether or not Gas1 is expressed during postnatal development, a critical stage for renal maturation. For this reason, the main objective of this work was to characterize the expression pattern of Gas1 in the different regions of the kidney by immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis during the postnatal development of the rat. We found that Gas1 is present and has a differential expression pattern in the various regions of the nephron during postnatal development. We observed that the highest levels of expression of Gas1 occur in the adult, however, Gas1 is also expressed in RPC and interestingly, the expression of RPC markers such as the Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and Cluster of differentiation 24 (CD24) were found to have an inverse pattern of expression to Gas1 (decreases as the kidney matures) during postnatal renal maturation, this indicates a role for Gas1 in the regulation of renal cell proliferation at this stage of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cetina-Palma
- Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carmen Namorado-Tónix
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rafael Rodríguez-Muñoz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paula Vergara
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Luis Reyes-Sánchez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Segovia
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
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12
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Echevarría-Andino ML, Franks NE, Schrader HE, Hong M, Krauss RS, Allen BL. CDON contributes to Hedgehog-dependent patterning and growth of the developing limb. Dev Biol 2023; 493:1-11. [PMID: 36265686 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (HH) signaling is a major driver of tissue patterning during embryonic development through the regulation of a multitude of cell behaviors including cell fate specification, proliferation, migration, and survival. HH ligands signal through the canonical receptor PTCH1 and three co-receptors, GAS1, CDON and BOC. While previous studies demonstrated an overlapping and collective requirement for these co-receptors in early HH-dependent processes, the early embryonic lethality of Gas1;Cdon;Boc mutants precluded an assessment of their collective contribution to later HH-dependent signaling events. Specifically, a collective role for these co-receptors during limb development has yet to be explored. Here, we investigate the combined contribution of these co-receptors to digit specification, limb patterning and long bone growth through limb-specific conditional deletion of Cdon in a Gas1;Boc null background. Combined deletion of Gas1, Cdon and Boc in the limb results in digit loss as well as defects in limb outgrowth and long bone patterning. Taken together, these data demonstrate that GAS1, CDON and BOC are collectively required for HH-dependent patterning and growth of the developing limb.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole E Franks
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Hannah E Schrader
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Mingi Hong
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Robert S Krauss
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Benjamin L Allen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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13
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HajiEsmailPoor Z, Tabnak P, Ahmadzadeh B, Ebrahimi SS, Faal B, Mashatan N. Role of hedgehog signaling related non-coding RNAs in developmental and pathological conditions. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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14
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Hedgehog Morphogens Act as Growth Factors Critical to Pre- and Postnatal Cardiac Development and Maturation: How Primary Cilia Mediate Their Signal Transduction. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121879. [PMID: 35741008 PMCID: PMC9221318 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are crucial for normal cardiac organogenesis via the formation of cyto-architectural, anatomical, and physiological boundaries in the developing heart and outflow tract. These tiny, plasma membrane-bound organelles function in a sensory-integrative capacity, interpreting both the intra- and extra-cellular environments and directing changes in gene expression responses to promote, prevent, and modify cellular proliferation and differentiation. One distinct feature of this organelle is its involvement in the propagation of a variety of signaling cascades, most notably, the Hedgehog cascade. Three ligands, Sonic, Indian, and Desert hedgehog, function as growth factors that are most commonly dependent on the presence of intact primary cilia, where the Hedgehog receptors Patched-1 and Smoothened localize directly within or at the base of the ciliary axoneme. Hedgehog signaling functions to mediate many cell behaviors that are critical for normal embryonic tissue/organ development. However, inappropriate activation and/or upregulation of Hedgehog signaling in postnatal and adult tissue is known to initiate oncogenesis, as well as the pathogenesis of other diseases. The focus of this review is to provide an overview describing the role of Hedgehog signaling and its dependence upon the primary cilium in the cell types that are most essential for mammalian heart development. We outline the breadth of developmental defects and the consequential pathologies resulting from inappropriate changes to Hedgehog signaling, as it pertains to congenital heart disease and general cardiac pathophysiology.
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15
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Li Z, Sau-Wai Ngan E. New insights empowered by single-cell sequencing: from neural crest to enteric nervous system. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:2464-2472. [PMID: 35664232 PMCID: PMC9133688 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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16
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Kaushal JB, Batra SK, Rachagani S. Hedgehog signaling and its molecular perspective with cholesterol: a comprehensive review. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:266. [PMID: 35486193 PMCID: PMC9990174 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is evolutionarily conserved and plays an instructional role in embryonic morphogenesis, organogenesis in various animals, and the central nervous system organization. Multiple feedback mechanisms dynamically regulate this pathway in a spatiotemporal and context-dependent manner to confer differential patterns in cell fate determination. Hh signaling is complex due to canonical and non-canonical mechanisms coordinating cell-cell communication. In addition, studies have demonstrated a regulatory framework of Hh signaling and shown that cholesterol is vital for Hh ligand biogenesis, signal generation, and transduction from the cell surface to intracellular space. Studies have shown the importance of a specific cholesterol pool, termed accessible cholesterol, which serves as a second messenger, conveying signals between smoothened (Smo) and patched 1 (Ptch1) across the plasma and ciliary membranes. Remarkably, recent high-resolution structural and molecular studies shed new light on the interplay between Hh signaling and cholesterol in membrane biology. These studies elucidated novel mechanistic insight into the release and dispersal of cholesterol-anchored Hh and the basis of Hh recognition by Ptch1. Additionally, the putative model of Smo activation by cholesterol binding and/or modification and Ptch1 antagonization of Smo has been explicated. However, the coupling mechanism of Hh signaling and cholesterol offered a new regulatory principle in cell biology: how effector molecules of the Hh signal network react to and remodel cholesterol accessibility in the membrane and selectively activate Hh signaling proteins thereof. Recognizing the biological importance of cholesterol in Hh signaling activation and transduction opens the door for translational research to develop novel therapeutic strategies. This review looks in-depth at canonical and non-canonical Hh signaling and the distinct proposed model of cholesterol-mediated regulation of Hh signaling components, facilitating a more sophisticated understanding of the Hh signal network and cholesterol biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti B Kaushal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
- Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Satyanarayana Rachagani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
- Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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17
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Huang P, Wierbowski BM, Lian T, Chan C, García-Linares S, Jiang J, Salic A. Structural basis for catalyzed assembly of the Sonic hedgehog-Patched1 signaling complex. Dev Cell 2022; 57:670-685.e8. [PMID: 35231446 PMCID: PMC8932645 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The dually lipidated Sonic hedgehog (SHH) morphogen signals through the tumor suppressor membrane protein Patched1 (PTCH1) to activate the Hedgehog pathway, which is fundamental in development and cancer. SHH engagement with PTCH1 requires the GAS1 coreceptor, but the mechanism is unknown. We demonstrate a unique role for GAS1, catalyzing SHH-PTCH1 complex assembly in vertebrate cells by direct SHH transfer from the extracellular SCUBE2 carrier to PTCH1. Structure of the GAS1-SHH-PTCH1 transition state identifies how GAS1 recognizes the SHH palmitate and cholesterol modifications in modular fashion and how it facilitates lipid-dependent SHH handoff to PTCH1. Structure-guided experiments elucidate SHH movement from SCUBE2 to PTCH1, explain disease mutations, and demonstrate that SHH-induced PTCH1 dimerization causes its internalization from the cell surface. These results define how the signaling-competent SHH-PTCH1 complex assembles, the key step triggering the Hedgehog pathway, and provide a paradigm for understanding morphogen reception and its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Tengfei Lian
- Laboratory of Membrane Proteins and Structural Biology, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Charlene Chan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Jiansen Jiang
- Laboratory of Membrane Proteins and Structural Biology, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Adrian Salic
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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18
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Seppala M, Thivichon-Prince B, Xavier GM, Shaffie N, Sangani I, Birjandi AA, Rooney J, Lau JNS, Dhaliwal R, Rossi O, Riaz MA, Stonehouse-Smith D, Wang Y, Papageorgiou SN, Viriot L, Cobourne MT. Gas1 Regulates Patterning of the Murine and Human Dentitions through Sonic Hedgehog. J Dent Res 2021; 101:473-482. [PMID: 34796774 PMCID: PMC8935464 DOI: 10.1177/00220345211049403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian dentition is a serially homogeneous structure that exhibits wide numerical and morphological variation among multiple different species. Patterning of the dentition is achieved through complex reiterative molecular signaling interactions that occur throughout the process of odontogenesis. The secreted signaling molecule Sonic hedgehog (Shh) plays a key role in this process, and the Shh coreceptor growth arrest-specific 1 (Gas1) is expressed in odontogenic mesenchyme and epithelium during multiple stages of tooth development. We show that mice engineered with Gas1 loss-of-function mutation have variation in number, morphology, and size of teeth within their molar dentition. Specifically, supernumerary teeth with variable morphology are present mesial to the first molar with high penetrance, while molar teeth are characterized by the presence of both additional and absent cusps, combined with reduced dimensions and exacerbated by the presence of a supernumerary tooth. We demonstrate that the supernumerary tooth in Gas1 mutant mice arises through proliferation and survival of vestigial tooth germs and that Gas1 function in cranial neural crest cells is essential for the regulation of tooth number, acting to restrict Wnt and downstream FGF signaling in odontogenic epithelium through facilitation of Shh signal transduction. Moreover, regulation of tooth number is independent of the additional Hedgehog coreceptors Cdon and Boc, which are also expressed in multiple regions of the developing tooth germ. Interestingly, further reduction of Hedgehog pathway activity in Shhtm6Amc hypomorphic mice leads to fusion of the molar field and reduced prevalence of supernumerary teeth in a Gas1 mutant background. Finally, we demonstrate defective coronal morphology and reduced coronal dimensions in the molar dentition of human subjects identified with pathogenic mutations in GAS1 and SHH/GAS1, suggesting that regulation of Hedgehog signaling through GAS1 is also essential for normal patterning of the human dentition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Seppala
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - B Thivichon-Prince
- Laboratoire de Biologie tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), UMR CNRS 5305/Université de Lyon 1, IBCP, Lyon, France.,Faculté d'Odontologie, Université de Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Service d'Odontologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - G M Xavier
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - N Shaffie
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - I Sangani
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A A Birjandi
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J Rooney
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J N S Lau
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - R Dhaliwal
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - O Rossi
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M A Riaz
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - D Stonehouse-Smith
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Y Wang
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S N Papageorgiou
- Clinic of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L Viriot
- Laboratoire de Biologie tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), UMR CNRS 5305/Université de Lyon 1, IBCP, Lyon, France
| | - M T Cobourne
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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19
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Marczenke M, Sunaga-Franze DY, Popp O, Althaus IW, Sauer S, Mertins P, Christ A, Allen BL, Willnow TE. GAS1 is required for NOTCH-dependent facilitation of SHH signaling in the ventral forebrain neuroepithelium. Development 2021; 148:272617. [PMID: 34698766 PMCID: PMC8627604 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Growth arrest-specific 1 (GAS1) acts as a co-receptor to patched 1, promoting sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling in the developing nervous system. GAS1 mutations in humans and animal models result in forebrain and craniofacial malformations, defects ascribed to a function for GAS1 in SHH signaling during early neurulation. Here, we confirm loss of SHH activity in the forebrain neuroepithelium in GAS1-deficient mice and in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cell models of human neuroepithelial differentiation. However, our studies document that this defect can be attributed, at least in part, to a novel role for GAS1 in facilitating NOTCH signaling, which is essential to sustain a persistent SHH activity domain in the forebrain neuroepithelium. GAS1 directly binds NOTCH1, enhancing ligand-induced processing of the NOTCH1 intracellular domain, which drives NOTCH pathway activity in the developing forebrain. Our findings identify a unique role for GAS1 in integrating NOTCH and SHH signal reception in neuroepithelial cells, and they suggest that loss of GAS1-dependent NOTCH1 activation contributes to forebrain malformations in individuals carrying GAS1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Marczenke
- Molecular Physiology, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 12169 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Oliver Popp
- Proteomics Platform, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Irene W Althaus
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sascha Sauer
- Genomics Platform, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Mertins
- Proteomics Platform, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annabel Christ
- Molecular Physiology, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin L Allen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Thomas E Willnow
- Molecular Physiology, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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20
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Emerging roles of the Hedgehog signalling pathway in inflammatory bowel disease. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:314. [PMID: 34702800 PMCID: PMC8548344 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00679-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway plays a critical role in the growth and patterning during embryonic development and maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis. Emerging data indicate that Hh signalling is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Current therapeutic treatments for IBD require optimisation, and novel effective drugs are warranted. Targeting the Hh signalling pathway may pave the way for successful IBD treatment. In this review, we introduce the molecular mechanisms underlying the Hh signalling pathway and its role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Then, we present interactions between the Hh signalling and other pathways involved in IBD and colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC), such as the Wnt and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathways. Furthermore, we summarise the latest research on Hh signalling associated with the occurrence and progression of IBD and CAC. Finally, we discuss the future directions for research on the role of Hh signalling in IBD pathogenesis and provide viewpoints on novel treatment options for IBD by targeting Hh signalling. An in-depth understanding of the complex role of Hh signalling in IBD pathogenesis will contribute to the development of new effective therapies for IBD patients.
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21
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Hallett SA, Matsushita Y, Ono W, Sakagami N, Mizuhashi K, Tokavanich N, Nagata M, Zhou A, Hirai T, Kronenberg HM, Ono N. Chondrocytes in the resting zone of the growth plate are maintained in a Wnt-inhibitory environment. eLife 2021; 10:e64513. [PMID: 34309509 PMCID: PMC8313235 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondrocytes in the resting zone of the postnatal growth plate are characterized by slow cell cycle progression, and encompass a population of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP)-expressing skeletal stem cells that contribute to the formation of columnar chondrocytes. However, how these chondrocytes are maintained in the resting zone remains undefined. We undertook a genetic pulse-chase approach to isolate slow cycling, label-retaining chondrocytes (LRCs) using a chondrocyte-specific doxycycline-controllable Tet-Off system regulating expression of histone 2B-linked GFP. Comparative RNA-seq analysis identified significant enrichment of inhibitors and activators for Wnt signaling in LRCs and non-LRCs, respectively. Activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in PTHrP+ resting chondrocytes using Pthlh-creER and Apc-floxed allele impaired their ability to form columnar chondrocytes. Therefore, slow-cycling chondrocytes are maintained in a Wnt-inhibitory environment within the resting zone, unraveling a novel mechanism regulating maintenance and differentiation of PTHrP+ skeletal stem cells of the postnatal growth plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn A Hallett
- University of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Yuki Matsushita
- University of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Wanida Ono
- University of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborUnited States
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of DentistryHoustonUnited States
| | - Naoko Sakagami
- University of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Koji Mizuhashi
- University of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Nicha Tokavanich
- University of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Mizuki Nagata
- University of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Annabelle Zhou
- University of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Takao Hirai
- Ishikawa Prefectural Nursing UniversityIshikawaJapan
| | - Henry M Kronenberg
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Noriaki Ono
- University of Michigan School of DentistryAnn ArborUnited States
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of DentistryHoustonUnited States
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22
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Hedgehog/GLI Signaling Pathway: Transduction, Regulation, and Implications for Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143410. [PMID: 34298625 PMCID: PMC8304605 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Hedgehog/GLI (Hh/GLI) pathway plays a major role during development and it is commonly dysregulated in many diseases, including cancer. This highly concerted series of ligands, receptors, cytoplasmic signaling molecules, transcription factors, and co-regulators is involved in regulating the biological functions controlled by this pathway. Activation of Hh/GLI in cancer is most often through a non-canonical method of activation, independent of ligand binding. This review is intended to summarize our current understanding of the Hh/GLI signaling, non-canonical mechanisms of pathway activation, its implication in disease, and the current therapeutic strategies targeting this cascade. Abstract The Hh/GLI signaling pathway was originally discovered in Drosophila as a major regulator of segment patterning in development. This pathway consists of a series of ligands (Shh, Ihh, and Dhh), transmembrane receptors (Ptch1 and Ptch2), transcription factors (GLI1–3), and signaling regulators (SMO, HHIP, SUFU, PKA, CK1, GSK3β, etc.) that work in concert to repress (Ptch1, Ptch2, SUFU, PKA, CK1, GSK3β) or activate (Shh, Ihh, Dhh, SMO, GLI1–3) the signaling cascade. Not long after the initial discovery, dysregulation of the Hh/GLI signaling pathway was implicated in human disease. Activation of this signaling pathway is observed in many types of cancer, including basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma, colorectal, prostate, pancreatic, and many more. Most often, the activation of the Hh/GLI pathway in cancer occurs through a ligand-independent mechanism. However, in benign disease, this activation is mostly ligand-dependent. The upstream signaling component of the receptor complex, SMO, is bypassed, and the GLI family of transcription factors can be activated regardless of ligand binding. Additional mechanisms of pathway activation exist whereby the entirety of the downstream signaling pathway is bypassed, and PTCH1 promotes cell cycle progression and prevents caspase-mediated apoptosis. Throughout this review, we summarize each component of the signaling cascade, non-canonical modes of pathway activation, and the implications in human disease, including cancer.
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23
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Comparison of Transcriptomic Profiles of MiaPaCa-2 Pancreatic Cancer Cells Treated with Different Statins. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123528. [PMID: 34207840 PMCID: PMC8226792 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins have been widely used for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia due to their ability to inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme of de novo cholesterol synthesis, via the so-called mevalonate pathway. However, their inhibitory action also causes depletion of downstream intermediates of the pathway, resulting in the pleiotropic effects of statins, including the beneficial impact in the treatment of cancer. In our study, we compared the effect of all eight existing statins on the expression of genes, the products of which are implicated in cancer inhibition and suggested the molecular mechanisms of their action in epigenetic and posttranslational regulation, and in cell-cycle arrest, death, migration, or invasion of the cancer cells.
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24
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Kearns CA, Walker M, Ravanelli AM, Scott K, Arzbecker MR, Appel B. Zebrafish spinal cord oligodendrocyte formation requires boc function. Genetics 2021; 218:6289992. [PMID: 34057474 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The axis of the vertebrate neural tube is patterned, in part, by a ventral to dorsal gradient of Shh signaling. In the ventral spinal cord, Shh induces concentration-dependent expression of transcription factors, subdividing neural progenitors into distinct domains that subsequently produce distinct neuronal and glial subtypes. In particular, progenitors of the pMN domain express the bHLH transcription factor Olig2 and produce motor neurons followed by oligodendrocytes, the myelinating glial cell type of the central nervous system. In addition to its role in patterning ventral progenitors, Shh signaling must be maintained through development to specify pMN progenitors for oligodendrocyte fate. Using a forward genetic screen in zebrafish for mutations that disrupt development of oligodendrocytes, we identified a new mutant allele of boc, which encodes a type I transmembrane protein that functions as a coreceptor for Shh. Embryos homozygous for the bocco25 allele, which creates a missense mutation in a Fibronectin type III domain that binds Shh, have normally patterned spinal cords but fail to maintain pMN progenitors, resulting in a deficit of oligodendrocytes. Using a sensitive fluorescent detection method for in situ RNA hybridization, we found that spinal cord cells express boc in a graded fashion that is inverse to the gradient of Shh signaling activity and that boc function is necessary to maintain pMN progenitors by shaping the Shh signaling gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Kearns
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Macie Walker
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Andrew M Ravanelli
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Kayt Scott
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Madeline R Arzbecker
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Bruce Appel
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, 80045, USA
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25
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Lainez-González D, Serrano-López J, Alonso-Domínguez JM. Understanding the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Stem Cells: A Necessary Step toward a Cure. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10040255. [PMID: 33804919 PMCID: PMC8063837 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The Hedgehog signaling pathway is related to the cell cycle. In particular, it is considered to play a fundamental role in the quiescence of leukemic stem cell (i.e., a temporary resting state without cell replication). Leukemic stem cells are the cells supposed to give rise to the relapses of the leukemia. Therefore, the Hedgehog pathway must be understood to improve the current treatments against acute myeloid leukemia and avoid the relapse of the disease. In this review, we gather the present knowledge about the physiological Hedgehog pathway function, the aberrant activation of Hedgehog in leukemia, and highlight the lack of evidence regarding some aspects of this important pathway. Finally, we summarize the acute myeloid leukemia treatments targeting this signaling pathway. Abstract A better understanding of how signaling pathways govern cell fate is fundamental to advances in cancer development and treatment. The initialization of different tumors and their maintenance are caused by the deregulation of different signaling pathways and cancer stem cell maintenance. Quiescent stem cells are resistant to conventional chemotherapeutic treatments and, consequently, are responsible for disease relapse. In this review we focus on the conserved Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway which is involved in regulating the cell cycle of hematopoietic and leukemic stem cells. Thus, we examine the role of the Hh signaling pathway in normal and leukemic stem cells and dissect its role in acute myeloid leukemia. We explain not only the connection between illness and the signaling pathway but also evaluate innovative therapeutic approaches that could affect the outcome of patients with acute myeloid leukemia. We found that many aspects of the Hedgehog signaling pathway remain unknown. The role of Hh has only been proven in embryo and hematopoietic stem cell development. Further research is needed to elucidate the role of GLI transcription factors for therapeutic targeting. Glasdegib, an SMO inhibitor, has shown clinical activity in acute myeloid leukemia; however, its mechanism of action is not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lainez-González
- Experimental Hematology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Avenida Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.L.-G.); (J.S.-L.)
| | - Juana Serrano-López
- Experimental Hematology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Avenida Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.L.-G.); (J.S.-L.)
| | - Juan Manuel Alonso-Domínguez
- Experimental Hematology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Avenida Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.L.-G.); (J.S.-L.)
- Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Avenida Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-918488100-2673
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Wang X, Chen T, Deng Z, Gao W, Liang T, Qiu X, Gao B, Wu Z, Qiu J, Zhu Y, Chen Y, Liang Z, Zhou H, Xu C, Liang A, Su P, Peng Y, Huang D. Melatonin promotes bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic differentiation and prevents osteoporosis development through modulating circ_0003865 that sponges miR-3653-3p. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:150. [PMID: 33632317 PMCID: PMC7908669 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02224-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about the implications of circRNAs in the effects of melatonin (MEL) on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) osteogenic differentiation and osteoporosis (OP) progression. The aim of our study was to investigate circRNAs in MEL-regulated BMSC differentiation and OP progression. Methods BMSC osteogenic differentiation was measured by qRT-PCR, western blot (WB), Alizarin Red, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining. Differential circRNA and mRNA profiles of BMSCs treated by MEL were characterized by deep sequencing, followed by validation using RT-PCR, Sanger sequencing, and qRT-PCR. Silencing and overexpression of circ_0003865 were conducted for functional investigations. The sponged microRNAs and targeted mRNAs were predicted by bioinformatics and validated by qRT-PCR, RNA pull-down, and dual-luciferase reporter assay. The function of miR-3653-3p and circ_0003865/miR-3653-3p/growth arrest-specific gene 1 (GAS1) cascade was validated for the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by CCK-8, qRT-PCR, WB, Alizarin Red, and ALP staining. The effects of circ_0003865 on OP development were tested in murine OP model. Results MEL promoted osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. RNA sequencing revealed significant alterations in circRNA and mRNA profiles associated with multiple biological processes and signaling pathways. Circ_0003865 expression in BMSCs was significantly decreased by MEL treatment. Silencing of circ_0003865 had no effect on proliferation while promoted osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Overexpression of circ_0003865 abrogated the promotion of BMSC osteogenic differentiation induced by MEL, but proliferation of BMSCs induced by MEL had no change whether circ_0003865 was overexpression or not. Furthermore, circ_0003865 sponged miR-3653-3p to promote GAS1 expression in BMSCs. BMSC osteogenic differentiation was enhanced by miR-3653-3p overexpression while BMSC proliferation was not affected. By contrast, miR-3653-3p silencing mitigated the promoted BMSC osteogenic differentiation caused by circ_0003865 silencing, but had no effect on proliferation. Finally, circ_0003865 silencing repressed OP development in mouse model. Conclusion MEL promotes BMSC osteogenic differentiation and inhibits OP pathogenesis by suppressing the expression of circ_0003865, which regulates GAS1 gene expression via sponging miR-3653-3p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, #107 West Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China.,Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Taiqiu Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, #107 West Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Zhihuai Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, #107 West Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Wenjie Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, #107 West Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Tongzhou Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, #107 West Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Xianjian Qiu
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, #107 West Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, #107 West Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Zizhao Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jincheng Qiu
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, #107 West Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Yuanxin Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, #107 West Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Yanbo Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, #107 West Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Zhancheng Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, #107 West Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, #107 West Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Caixia Xu
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Anjing Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, #107 West Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Peiqiang Su
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, #107 West Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China.
| | - Dongsheng Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, #107 West Yan Jiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China.
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Geyer N, Gerling M. Hedgehog Signaling in Colorectal Cancer: All in the Stroma? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031025. [PMID: 33498528 PMCID: PMC7864206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling regulates intestinal development and homeostasis. The role of Hh signaling in cancer has been studied for many years; however, its role in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains controversial. It has become increasingly clear that the “canonical” Hh pathway, in which ligand binding to the receptor PTCH1 initiates a signaling cascade that culminates in the activation of the GLI transcription factors, is mainly organized in a paracrine manner, both in the healthy colon and in CRC. Such canonical Hh signals largely act as tumor suppressors. In addition, stromal Hh signaling has complex immunomodulatory effects in the intestine with a potential impact on carcinogenesis. In contrast, non-canonical Hh activation may have tumor-promoting roles in a subset of CRC tumor cells. In this review, we attempt to summarize the current knowledge of the Hh pathway in CRC, with a focus on the tumor-suppressive role of canonical Hh signaling in the stroma. Despite discouraging results from clinical trials using Hh inhibitors in CRC and other solid cancers, we argue that a more granular understanding of Hh signaling might allow the exploitation of this key morphogenic pathway for cancer therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Geyer
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden;
| | - Marco Gerling
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden;
- Theme Cancer, Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Solna, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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28
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Echevarría-Andino ML, Allen BL. The hedgehog co-receptor BOC differentially regulates SHH signaling during craniofacial development. Development 2020; 147:dev.189076. [PMID: 33060130 DOI: 10.1242/dev.189076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (HH) pathway controls multiple aspects of craniofacial development. HH ligands signal through the canonical receptor PTCH1, and three co-receptors: GAS1, CDON and BOC. Together, these co-receptors are required during embryogenesis to mediate proper HH signaling. Here, we investigated the individual and combined contributions of GAS1, CDON and BOC to HH-dependent mammalian craniofacial development. Notably, individual deletion of either Gas1 or Cdon results in variable holoprosencephaly phenotypes in mice, even on a congenic background. In contrast, we find that Boc deletion results in facial widening that correlates with increased HH target gene expression. In addition, Boc deletion in a Gas1 null background partially ameliorates the craniofacial defects observed in Gas1 single mutants; a phenotype that persists over developmental time, resulting in significant improvements to a subset of craniofacial structures. This contrasts with HH-dependent phenotypes in other tissues that significantly worsen following combined deletion of Gas1 and Boc Together, these data indicate that BOC acts as a multi-functional regulator of HH signaling during craniofacial development, alternately promoting or restraining HH pathway activity in a tissue-specific fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin L Allen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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29
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Wierbowski BM, Petrov K, Aravena L, Gu G, Xu Y, Salic A. Hedgehog Pathway Activation Requires Coreceptor-Catalyzed, Lipid-Dependent Relay of the Sonic Hedgehog Ligand. Dev Cell 2020; 55:450-467.e8. [PMID: 33038332 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling governs critical processes in embryogenesis, adult stem cell maintenance, and tumorigenesis. The activating ligand, Sonic hedgehog (SHH), is highly hydrophobic because of dual palmitate and cholesterol modification, and thus, its release from cells requires the secreted SCUBE proteins. We demonstrate that the soluble SCUBE-SHH complex, although highly potent in cellular assays, cannot directly signal through the SHH receptor, Patched1 (PTCH1). Rather, signaling by SCUBE-SHH requires a molecular relay mediated by the coreceptors CDON/BOC and GAS1, which relieves SHH inhibition by SCUBE. CDON/BOC bind both SCUBE and SHH, recruiting the complex to the cell surface. SHH is then handed off, in a dual lipid-dependent manner, to GAS1, and from GAS1 to PTCH1, initiating signaling. These results define an essential step in Hedgehog signaling, whereby coreceptors activate SHH by chaperoning it from a latent extracellular complex to its cell-surface receptor, and point to a broader paradigm of coreceptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kostadin Petrov
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Laura Aravena
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Garrick Gu
- Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA
| | - Yangqing Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adrian Salic
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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30
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Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays several diverse regulatory and patterning roles during organogenesis of the intestine and in the regulation of adult intestinal homeostasis. In the embryo, fetus, and adult, intestinal Hh signaling is paracrine: Hh ligands are expressed in the endodermally derived epithelium, while signal transduction is confined to the mesenchymal compartment, where at least a dozen distinct cell types are capable of responding to Hh signals. Epithelial Hh ligands not only regulate a variety of mesenchymal cell behaviors, but they also direct these mesenchymal cells to secrete additional soluble factors (e.g., Wnts, Bmps, inflammatory mediators) that feed back to regulate the epithelial cells themselves. Evolutionary conservation of the core Hh signaling pathway, as well as conservation of epithelial/mesenchymal cross talk in the intestine, has meant that work in many diverse model systems has contributed to our current understanding of the role of this pathway in intestinal organogenesis, which is reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D Walton
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA; , .,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Deborah L Gumucio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA; ,
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31
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Chapouly C, Hollier PL, Guimbal S, Cornuault L, Gadeau AP, Renault MA. Desert Hedgehog-Driven Endothelium Integrity Is Enhanced by Gas1 (Growth Arrest-Specific 1) but Negatively Regulated by Cdon (Cell Adhesion Molecule-Related/Downregulated by Oncogenes). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:e336-e349. [PMID: 33028094 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidences accumulated within the past decades identified hedgehog signaling as a new regulator of endothelium integrity. More specifically, we recently identified Dhh (desert hedgehog) as a downstream effector of Klf2 (Kruppel-like factor 2) in endothelial cells (ECs). The purpose of this study is to investigate whether hedgehog coreceptors Gas1 (growth arrest-specific 1) and Cdon (cell adhesion molecule-related/downregulated by oncogenes) may be used as therapeutic targets to modulate Dhh signaling in ECs. Approach and Results: We demonstrated that both Gas1 and Cdon are expressed in adult ECs and relied on either siRNAs- or EC-specific conditional knockout mice to investigate their role. We found that Gas1 deficiency mainly phenocopies Dhh deficiency especially by inducing VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1) and ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1) overexpression while Cdon deficiency has opposite effects by promoting endothelial junction integrity. At a molecular level, Cdon prevents Dhh binding to Ptch1 (patched-1) and thus acts as a decoy receptor for Dhh, while Gas1 promotes Dhh binding to Smo (smoothened) and as a result potentiates Dhh effects. Since Cdon is upregulated in ECs treated by inflammatory cytokines, including TNF (tumor necrosis factor)-α and Il (interleukin)-1β, we then tested whether Cdon inhibition would promote endothelium integrity in acute inflammatory conditions and found that both fibrinogen and IgG extravasation were decreased in association with an increased Cdh5 (cadherin-5) expression in the brain cortex of EC-specific Cdon knockout mice administered locally with Il-1β. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these results demonstrate that Gas1 is a positive regulator of Dhh in ECs while Cdon is a negative regulator. Interestingly, Cdon blocking molecules may then be used to promote endothelium integrity, at least in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Chapouly
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases, U1034, F-33604 Pessac, France
| | - Pierre-Louis Hollier
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases, U1034, F-33604 Pessac, France
| | - Sarah Guimbal
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases, U1034, F-33604 Pessac, France
| | - Lauriane Cornuault
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases, U1034, F-33604 Pessac, France
| | - Alain-Pierre Gadeau
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases, U1034, F-33604 Pessac, France
| | - Marie-Ange Renault
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases, U1034, F-33604 Pessac, France
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32
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Kim Y, Lee J, Seppala M, Cobourne MT, Kim SH. Ptch2/Gas1 and Ptch1/Boc differentially regulate Hedgehog signalling in murine primordial germ cell migration. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1994. [PMID: 32332736 PMCID: PMC7181751 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15897-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gas1 and Boc/Cdon act as co-receptors in the vertebrate Hedgehog signalling pathway, but the nature of their interaction with the primary Ptch1/2 receptors remains unclear. Here we demonstrate, using primordial germ cell migration in mouse as a developmental model, that specific hetero-complexes of Ptch2/Gas1 and Ptch1/Boc mediate the process of Smo de-repression with different kinetics, through distinct modes of Hedgehog ligand reception. Moreover, Ptch2-mediated Hedgehog signalling induces the phosphorylation of Creb and Src proteins in parallel to Gli induction, identifying a previously unknown Ptch2-specific signal pathway. We propose that although Ptch1 and Ptch2 functionally overlap in the sequestration of Smo, the spatiotemporal expression of Boc and Gas1 may determine the outcome of Hedgehog signalling through compartmentalisation and modulation of Smo-downstream signalling. Our study identifies the existence of a divergent Hedgehog signal pathway mediated by Ptch2 and provides a mechanism for differential interpretation of Hedgehog signalling in the germ cell niche. How co-receptors Gas1 and Boc interact with Ptch1/2 receptors and regulate Hh signalling is unclear. Here, the authors demonstrate that the spatiotemporal expression of Gas1 and Boc determines how Hh signalling affects the dynamic migration of murine primordial germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonjoo Kim
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Maisa Seppala
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences King's College London Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Martyn T Cobourne
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dental, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences King's College London Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Soo-Hyun Kim
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK.
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Zhou L, Wang D, Sheng D, Xu J, Chen W, Qin Y, Du R, Yang X, He X, Xie N, Liu S, Zhang L. NOTCH4 maintains quiescent mesenchymal-like breast cancer stem cells via transcriptionally activating SLUG and GAS1 in triple-negative breast cancer. Theranostics 2020; 10:2405-2421. [PMID: 32104513 PMCID: PMC7019177 DOI: 10.7150/thno.38875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: NOTCH4 receptor has been implicated in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) development and breast cancer stem cell (BCSC) regulation. However, the potential of NOTCH4 as a BCSC marker and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: In this study, we determined the expression and activation of NOTCH4 in breast cancer cell lines and tumor samples by qRT-PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Subsequently, in vitro and in vivo serial dilution experiments were performed to demonstrate the application of NOTCH4 as an efficient mesenchymal-like (ML)-BCSC marker in TNBC. Stable overexpression of activated NOTCH4 and knockdown cell lines were established using lentivirus. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR were employed to reveal the downstream effectors of NOTCH4, followed by dual-luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays to identify the genuine binding sites of NOTCH4 on SLUG and GAS1 promoters. Transwell assay, mammosphere formation and chemoresistance experiments were performed to determine the effects of SLUG, GAS1 and NOTCH4 on the mesenchymal-like characteristics of TNBC cells. Survival analysis was used to study the relation of NOTCH4, SLUG and GAS1 with prognosis of breast cancer. Results: NOTCH4 is aberrantly highly expressed and activated in TNBC, which contributes to the maintenance of ML-BCSCs. Furthermore, NOTCH4 shows significantly higher efficiency in labeling ML-BCSCs than the currently commonly used CD24-CD44+ marker. Mechanistically, NOTCH4 transcriptionally upregulates SLUG and GAS1 to promote EMT and quiescence in TNBC, respectively. The effects of NOTCH4 can be mimicked by simultaneous overexpression of SLUG and GAS1. Moreover, SLUG is also involved in harnessing GAS1, a known tumor suppressor gene, via its anti-apoptotic function. Conclusions: Our findings reveal that the NOTCH4-SLUG-GAS1 circuit serves as a potential target for tumor intervention by overcoming stemness of ML-BCSCs and by conquering the lethal chemoresistance and metastasis of TNBC.
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34
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Okuhara S, Birjandi AA, Adel Al-Lami H, Sagai T, Amano T, Shiroishi T, Xavier GM, Liu KJ, Cobourne MT, Iseki S. Temporospatial sonic hedgehog signalling is essential for neural crest-dependent patterning of the intrinsic tongue musculature. Development 2019; 146:146/21/dev180075. [PMID: 31719045 DOI: 10.1242/dev.180075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The tongue is a highly specialised muscular organ with a complex anatomy required for normal function. We have utilised multiple genetic approaches to investigate local temporospatial requirements for sonic hedgehog (SHH) signalling during tongue development. Mice lacking a Shh cis-enhancer, MFCS4 (ShhMFCS4/-), with reduced SHH in dorsal tongue epithelium have perturbed lingual septum tendon formation and disrupted intrinsic muscle patterning, with these defects reproduced following global Shh deletion from E10.5 in pCag-CreERTM; Shhflox/flox embryos. SHH responsiveness was diminished in local cranial neural crest cell (CNCC) populations in both mutants, with SHH targeting these cells through the primary cilium. CNCC-specific deletion of orofaciodigital syndrome 1 (Ofd1), which encodes a ciliary protein, in Wnt1-Cre; Ofdfl/Y mice led to a complete loss of normal myotube arrangement and hypoglossia. In contrast, mesoderm-specific deletion of Ofd1 in Mesp1-Cre; Ofdfl/Y embryos resulted in normal intrinsic muscle arrangement. Collectively, these findings suggest key temporospatial requirements for local SHH signalling in tongue development (specifically, lingual tendon differentiation and intrinsic muscle patterning through signalling to CNCCs) and provide further mechanistic insight into the tongue anomalies seen in patients with disrupted hedgehog signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Okuhara
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Dental and Medical Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Anahid A Birjandi
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Hadeel Adel Al-Lami
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Tomoko Sagai
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
| | - Takanori Amano
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Shiroishi
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
| | - Guilherme M Xavier
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Karen J Liu
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Martyn T Cobourne
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Sachiko Iseki
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Dental and Medical Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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Abstract
Muscle undergoes progressive weakening and regenerative dysfunction with age due in part to the functional decline of skeletal muscle stem cells (MuSCs). MuSCs are heterogeneous but whether their gene expression changes with age and the implication of such changes are unclear. Here we show that in mice, Growth arrest-specific gene 1 (Gas1) is expressed in a small subset of young MuSCs with its expression progressively increasing in larger fractions of MuSCs later in life. Over-expression of Gas1 in young MuSCs and inactivation of Gas1 in aged MuSCs support that Gas1 reduces the quiescence and self-renewal capacity of MuSCs. Gas1 reduces Ret signaling, which is required for MuSC quiescence and self-renewal. Indeed, we show that the Ret ligand, Glial Cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF), can counteract Gas1 by stimulating Ret signaling and enhancing MuSC self-renewal and regeneration, thus improving muscle function. We propose that strategies aimed to target this pathway can be exploited to improve the regenerative decline of muscle stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangji Li
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michelle Rozo
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sibiao Yue
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaobin Zheng
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Frederick J Tan
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christoph Lepper
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chen-Ming Fan
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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36
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López‐Escobar B, Wlodarczyk BJ, Caro‐Vega J, Lin Y, Finnell RH, Ybot‐González P. The interaction of maternal diabetes with mutations that affect folate metabolism and how they affect the development of neural tube defects in mice. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:900-917. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz López‐Escobar
- Neurodevelopment Research GroupInstitute of Biomedicine of Seville/Hospital Virgen del Rocio/US/CSIC Sevilla Spain
- Department of Nutritional SciencesDell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA
| | - Bogdan J. Wlodarczyk
- Department of Nutritional SciencesDell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and MedicineBaylor College of Medicine Houston Texas USA
| | - Jose Caro‐Vega
- Neurodevelopment Research GroupInstitute of Biomedicine of Seville/Hospital Virgen del Rocio/US/CSIC Sevilla Spain
| | - Ying Lin
- Department of Nutritional SciencesDell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and MedicineBaylor College of Medicine Houston Texas USA
| | - Richard H. Finnell
- Department of Nutritional SciencesDell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and MedicineBaylor College of Medicine Houston Texas USA
| | - Patricia Ybot‐González
- Neurodevelopment Research GroupInstitute of Biomedicine of Seville/Hospital Virgen del Rocio/US/CSIC Sevilla Spain
- Department of Neurology and NeurofisiologyHospital Virgen de Macarena Sevilla Spain
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37
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Hu Z, Sackton TB, Edwards SV, Liu JS. Bayesian Detection of Convergent Rate Changes of Conserved Noncoding Elements on Phylogenetic Trees. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 36:1086-1100. [PMID: 30851112 PMCID: PMC6501877 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Conservation of DNA sequence over evolutionary time is a strong indicator of function, and gain or loss of sequence conservation can be used to infer changes in function across a phylogeny. Changes in evolutionary rates on particular lineages in a phylogeny can indicate shared functional shifts, and thus can be used to detect genomic correlates of phenotypic convergence. However, existing methods do not allow easy detection of patterns of rate variation, which causes challenges for detecting convergent rate shifts or other complex evolutionary scenarios. Here we introduce PhyloAcc, a new Bayesian method to model substitution rate changes in conserved elements across a phylogeny. The method assumes several categories of substitution rate for each branch on the phylogenetic tree, estimates substitution rates per category, and detects changes of substitution rate as the posterior probability of a category switch. Simulations show that PhyloAcc can detect genomic regions with rate shifts in multiple target species better than previous methods and has a higher accuracy of reconstructing complex patterns of substitution rate changes than prevalent Bayesian relaxed clock models. We demonstrate the utility of PhyloAcc in two classic examples of convergent phenotypes: loss of flight in birds and the transition to marine life in mammals. In each case, our approach reveals numerous examples of conserved nonexonic elements with accelerations specific to the phenotypically convergent lineages. Our method is widely applicable to any set of conserved elements where multiple rate changes are expected on a phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirui Hu
- Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Scott V Edwards
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.,Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Jun S Liu
- Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
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38
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Kerekes K, Bányai L, Trexler M, Patthy L. Structure, function and disease relevance of Wnt inhibitory factor 1, a secreted protein controlling the Wnt and hedgehog pathways. Growth Factors 2019; 37:29-52. [PMID: 31210071 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2019.1626380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Wnts and Hedgehogs (Hh) are large, lipid-modified extracellular morphogens that play key roles in embryonic development and stem cell proliferation of Metazoa. Both morphogens signal through heptahelical Frizzled-type receptors of the G-Protein Coupled Receptor family and there are several other similarities that suggest a common evolutionary origin of the Hh and Wnt pathways. There is evidence that the secreted protein, Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (WIF1) modulates the activity of both Wnts and Hhs and may thus contribute to the intertwining of these pathways. In this article, we review the structure, evolution, molecular interactions and functions of WIF1 with major emphasis on its role in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Kerekes
- a Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - László Bányai
- a Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Mária Trexler
- a Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - László Patthy
- a Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
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39
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Magli A, Baik J, Mills LJ, Kwak IY, Dillon BS, Mondragon Gonzalez R, Stafford DA, Swanson SA, Stewart R, Thomson JA, Garry DJ, Dynlacht BD, Perlingeiro RCR. Time-dependent Pax3-mediated chromatin remodeling and cooperation with Six4 and Tead2 specify the skeletal myogenic lineage in developing mesoderm. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000153. [PMID: 30807574 PMCID: PMC6390996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional mechanisms driving lineage specification during development are still largely unknown, as the interplay of multiple transcription factors makes it difficult to dissect these molecular events. Using a cell-based differentiation platform to probe transcription function, we investigated the role of the key paraxial mesoderm and skeletal myogenic commitment factors-mesogenin 1 (Msgn1), T-box 6 (Tbx6), forkhead box C1 (Foxc1), paired box 3 (Pax3), Paraxis, mesenchyme homeobox 1 (Meox1), sine oculis-related homeobox 1 (Six1), and myogenic factor 5 (Myf5)-in paraxial mesoderm and skeletal myogenesis. From this study, we define a genetic hierarchy, with Pax3 emerging as the gatekeeper between the presomitic mesoderm and the myogenic lineage. By assaying chromatin accessibility, genomic binding and transcription profiling in mesodermal cells from mouse and human Pax3-induced embryonic stem cells and Pax3-null embryonic day (E)9.5 mouse embryos, we identified conserved Pax3 functions in the activation of the skeletal myogenic lineage through modulation of Hedgehog, Notch, and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathways. In addition, we demonstrate that Pax3 molecular function involves chromatin remodeling of its bound elements through an increase in chromatin accessibility and cooperation with sine oculis-related homeobox 4 (Six4) and TEA domain family member 2 (Tead2) factors. To our knowledge, these data provide the first integrated analysis of Pax3 function, demonstrating its ability to remodel chromatin in mesodermal cells from developing embryos and proving a mechanistic footing for the transcriptional hierarchy driving myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Magli
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - June Baik
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Lauren J. Mills
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Il-Youp Kwak
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Bridget S. Dillon
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ricardo Mondragon Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - David A. Stafford
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Swanson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ron Stewart
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - James A. Thomson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Garry
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Dynlacht
- Department of Pathology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rita C. R. Perlingeiro
- Department of Medicine, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
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40
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Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication is fundamental for embryo development and subsequent tissue homeostasis. This communication is often mediated by a small number of signaling pathways in which a secreted ligand binds to the surface of a target cell, thereby activating signal transduction. In vertebrate neural development, these signaling mechanisms are repeatedly used to obtain different and context-dependent outcomes. Part of the versatility of these communication mechanisms depends on their finely tuned regulation that controls timing, spatial localization, and duration of the signaling. The existence of secreted antagonists, which prevent ligand–receptor interaction, is an efficient mechanism to regulate some of these pathways. The Hedgehog family of signaling proteins, however, activates a pathway that is controlled largely by the positive or negative activity of membrane-bound proteins such as Cdon, Boc, Gas1, or Megalin/LRP2. In this review, we will use the development of the vertebrate retina, from its early specification to neurogenesis, to discuss whether there is an advantage to the use of such regulators, pointing to unresolved or controversial issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Gallardo
- Centro de Biología Molecular , CSIC-UAM, Madrid, 28049, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Paola Bovolenta
- Centro de Biología Molecular , CSIC-UAM, Madrid, 28049, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, 28029, Spain
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41
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Roscito JG, Sameith K, Parra G, Langer BE, Petzold A, Moebius C, Bickle M, Rodrigues MT, Hiller M. Phenotype loss is associated with widespread divergence of the gene regulatory landscape in evolution. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4737. [PMID: 30413698 PMCID: PMC6226452 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07122-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Detecting the genomic changes underlying phenotypic changes between species is a main goal of evolutionary biology and genomics. Evolutionary theory predicts that changes in cis-regulatory elements are important for morphological changes. We combined genome sequencing, functional genomics and genome-wide comparative analyses to investigate regulatory elements in lineages that lost morphological traits. We first show that limb loss in snakes is associated with widespread divergence of limb regulatory elements. We next show that eye degeneration in subterranean mammals is associated with widespread divergence of eye regulatory elements. In both cases, sequence divergence results in an extensive loss of transcription factor binding sites. Importantly, diverged regulatory elements are associated with genes required for normal limb patterning or normal eye development and function, suggesting that regulatory divergence contributed to the loss of these phenotypes. Together, our results show that genome-wide decay of the phenotype-specific cis-regulatory landscape is a hallmark of lost morphological traits. Cis-regulatory elements are important factors for morphological changes. Here, the authors show widespread divergence of limb and eye regulatory elements in limb loss in snakes and eye degeneration in subterranean mammals respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana G Roscito
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, 01307, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, 01187, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany.,Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Katrin Sameith
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, 01307, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, 01187, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Genis Parra
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, 01307, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, 01187, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Bjoern E Langer
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, 01307, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, 01187, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Andreas Petzold
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Claudia Moebius
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | - Marc Bickle
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, 01307, Germany
| | | | - Michael Hiller
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, 01307, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, 01187, Germany. .,Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, 01307, Germany.
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42
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Hong M, Krauss RS. Modeling the complex etiology of holoprosencephaly in mice. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2018; 178:140-150. [PMID: 29749693 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a common developmental defect caused by failure to define the midline of the forebrain and/or midface. HPE is associated with heterozygous mutations in Nodal and Sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway components, but clinical presentation is highly variable, and many mutation carriers are unaffected. It is therefore thought that such mutations interact with more common modifiers, genetic and/or environmental, to produce severe patterning defects. Modifiers are difficult to identify, as their effects are context-dependent and occur within the complex genetic and environmental landscapes that characterize human populations. This has made a full understanding of HPE etiology challenging. We discuss here the use of mice, a genetically tractable model sensitive to teratogens, as a system to address this challenge. Mice carrying mutations in human HPE genes often display wide variations in phenotypic penetrance and expressivity when placed on different genetic backgrounds, demonstrating the existence of silent HPE modifier genes. Studies with mouse lines carrying SHH pathway mutations on appropriate genetic backgrounds have led to identification of both genetic and environmental modifiers that synergize with the mutations to produce a spectrum of HPE phenotypes. These models favor a scenario in which multiple modifying influences-both genetic and environmental, sensitizing and protective-interact with bona fide HPE mutations to grade phenotypic outcomes. Despite the complex interplay of HPE risk factors, mouse models have helped establish some clear concepts in HPE etiology. A combination of mouse and human cohort studies should improve our understanding of this fascinating and medically important issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingi Hong
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Robert S Krauss
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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43
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Elliott KH, Brugmann SA. Sending mixed signals: Cilia-dependent signaling during development and disease. Dev Biol 2018; 447:28-41. [PMID: 29548942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Molecular signals are the guiding force of development, imparting direction upon cells to divide, migrate, differentiate, etc. The mechanisms by which a cell can receive and transduce these signals into measurable actions remains a 'black box' in developmental biology. Primary cilia are ubiquitous, microtubule-based organelles that dynamically extend from a cell to receive and process molecular and mechanical signaling cues. In the last decade, this organelle has become increasingly intriguing to the research community due to its ability to act as a cellular antenna, receive and transduce molecular stimuli, and initiate a cellular response. In this review, we discuss the structure of primary cilia, emphasizing how the ciliary components contribute to the transduction of signaling pathways. Furthermore, we address how the cilium integrates these signals and conveys them into cellular processes such as proliferation, migration and tissue patterning. Gaining a deeper understanding of the mechanisms used by primary cilia to receive and integrate molecular signals is essential, as it opens the door for the identification of therapeutic targets within the cilium that could alleviate pathological conditions brought on by aberrant molecular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey H Elliott
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Samantha A Brugmann
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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44
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Memi F, Zecevic N, Radonjić N. Multiple roles of Sonic Hedgehog in the developing human cortex are suggested by its widespread distribution. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:2361-2375. [PMID: 29492654 PMCID: PMC5968052 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1621-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) plays an instrumental role in brain development, fine-tuning processes such as cell proliferation, patterning, and fate specification. Although, mutations in the SHH pathway in humans are associated with various neurodevelopmental disorders, ranging from holoprosencephaly to schizophrenia, its expression pattern in the developing human brain is not well established. We now determined the previously not reported wide expression of SHH in the human fetal cerebral cortex during most of the gestation period (10–40 gestational weeks). This spatiotemporal distribution puts Shh in a position to influence the fundamental processes involved in corticogenesis. SHH expression increased during development, shifting from progenitor cells in the proliferative zones to neurons, both glutamatergic and GABAergic, and astrocytes in upper cortical compartments. Importantly, the expression of its downstream effectors and complementary receptors revealed evolutionary differences in SHH-pathway gene expression between humans and rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fani Memi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA. .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, 21 University Street, London, WC1E 6DE, UK.
| | - Nada Zecevic
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Nevena Radonjić
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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45
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Skoda AM, Simovic D, Karin V, Kardum V, Vranic S, Serman L. The role of the Hedgehog signaling pathway in cancer: A comprehensive review. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2018; 18:8-20. [PMID: 29274272 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2018.2756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway was first identified in the common fruit fly. It is a highly conserved evolutionary pathway of signal transmission from the cell membrane to the nucleus. The Hh signaling pathway plays an important role in the embryonic development. It exerts its biological effects through a signaling cascade that culminates in a change of balance between activator and repressor forms of glioma-associated oncogene (Gli) transcription factors. The components of the Hh signaling pathway involved in the signaling transfer to the Gli transcription factors include Hedgehog ligands (Sonic Hh [SHh], Indian Hh [IHh], and Desert Hh [DHh]), Patched receptor (Ptch1, Ptch2), Smoothened receptor (Smo), Suppressor of fused homolog (Sufu), kinesin protein Kif7, protein kinase A (PKA), and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The activator form of Gli travels to the nucleus and stimulates the transcription of the target genes by binding to their promoters. The main target genes of the Hh signaling pathway are PTCH1, PTCH2, and GLI1. Deregulation of the Hh signaling pathway is associated with developmental anomalies and cancer, including Gorlin syndrome, and sporadic cancers, such as basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma, pancreatic, breast, colon, ovarian, and small-cell lung carcinomas. The aberrant activation of the Hh signaling pathway is caused by mutations in the related genes (ligand-independent signaling) or by the excessive expression of the Hh signaling molecules (ligand-dependent signaling - autocrine or paracrine). Several Hh signaling pathway inhibitors, such as vismodegib and sonidegib, have been developed for cancer treatment. These drugs are regarded as promising cancer therapies, especially for patients with refractory/advanced cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marija Skoda
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
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46
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Xavier GM, Seppala M, Papageorgiou SN, Fan CM, Cobourne MT. Genetic interactions between the hedgehog co-receptors Gas1 and Boc regulate cell proliferation during murine palatogenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:79233-79246. [PMID: 27811357 PMCID: PMC5346710 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal regulation of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling has been described in a variety of human cancers and developmental anomalies, which highlights the essential role of this signaling molecule in cell cycle regulation and embryonic development. Gas1 and Boc are membrane co-receptors for Shh, which demonstrate overlapping domains of expression in the early face. This study aims to investigate potential interactions between these co-receptors during formation of the secondary palate. Mice with targeted mutation in Gas1 and Boc were used to generate Gas1; Boc compound mutants. The expression of key Hedgehog signaling family members was examined in detail during palatogenesis via radioactive in situ hybridization. Morphometric analysis involved computational quantification of BrdU-labeling and cell packing; whilst TUNEL staining was used to assay cell death. Ablation of Boc in a Gas1 mutant background leads to reduced Shh activity in the palatal shelves and an increase in the penetrance and severity of cleft palate, associated with failed elevation, increased proliferation and reduced cell death. Our findings suggest a dual requirement for Boc and Gas1 during early development of the palate, mediating cell cycle regulation during growth and subsequent fusion of the palatal shelves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme M Xavier
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, SE1 9RT, London, UK.,Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, SE1 9RT, London, UK
| | - Maisa Seppala
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, SE1 9RT, London, UK.,Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, SE1 9RT, London, UK
| | - Spyridon N Papageorgiou
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Bonn, 53111, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Oral Technology, School of Dentistry, University of Bonn, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - Chen-Ming Fan
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Martyn T Cobourne
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, SE1 9RT, London, UK.,Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, SE1 9RT, London, UK
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47
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Quezada-Ramírez M, Castañeda-Arellano R, Pérez-Sánchez G, Hernández-Soto J, Segovia J. The Growth arrest specific 1 ( Gas1 ) gene is transcriptionally regulated by NeuroD1 via two distal E-boxes. Exp Cell Res 2018; 363:332-341. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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48
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Aristizabal Prada ET, Auernhammer CJ. Targeted therapy of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours: preclinical strategies and future targets. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:R1-R25. [PMID: 29146887 PMCID: PMC5754510 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Molecular targeted therapy of advanced neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) of the gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) system currently encompasses approved therapy with the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor everolimus and the multi-tyrosinkinase inhibitor sunitinib. However, clinical efficacy of these treatment strategies is limited by low objective response rates and limited progression-free survival due to tumour resistance. Further novel strategies for molecular targeted therapy of NETs of the GEP system are needed. This paper reviews preclinical research models and signalling pathways in NETs of the GEP system. Preclinical and early clinical data on putative novel targets for molecular targeted therapy of NETs of the GEP system are discussed, including PI3K, Akt, mTORC1/mTORC2, GSK3, c-Met, Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK, embryogenic pathways (Hedgehog, Notch, Wnt/beta-catenin, TGF-beta signalling and SMAD proteins), tumour suppressors and cell cycle regulators (p53, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) CDK4/6, CDK inhibitor p27, retinoblastoma protein (Rb)), heat shock protein HSP90, Aurora kinase, Src kinase family, focal adhesion kinase and epigenetic modulation by histone deacetylase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Aristizabal Prada
- Department of Internal Medicine IVCampus Grosshadern, University-Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C J Auernhammer
- Department of Internal Medicine IVCampus Grosshadern, University-Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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49
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Wils LJ, Bijlsma MF. Epigenetic regulation of the Hedgehog and Wnt pathways in cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 121:23-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Geoghegan F, Xavier GM, Birjandi AA, Seppala M, Cobourne MT. Vax1 Plays an Indirect Role in the Etiology of Murine Cleft Palate. J Dent Res 2017; 96:1555-1562. [PMID: 28771384 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517724145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleft lip with or without palate (CLP) and isolated cleft palate (CP) are common human developmental malformations with a complex etiology that reflects a failure of normal facial development. VAX1 encodes a homeobox-containing transcription factor identified as a candidate gene for CLP in human populations, with targeted deletion in mice associated with multiple anomalies, including disruption of the visual apparatus and basal forebrain, lobar holoprosencephaly, and CP. We have investigated Vax1 function during murine palatogenesis but found no evidence for a direct role in this process. Vax1 is not expressed in the developing palate and mutant palatal shelves elevate above the tongue, demonstrating morphology and proliferation indices indistinguishable from wild type. However, mutant mice did have a large midline cavity originating from the embryonic forebrain situated beneath the floor of the hypothalamus and extending through the nasal cavity to expand this region and prevent approximation of the palatal shelves. Interestingly, despite strong expression of Vax1 in ectoderm of the medial nasal processes, the upper lip remained intact in mutant mice. We found further evidence of disrupted craniofacial morphology in Vax1 mutants, including truncation of the midface associated with reduced cell proliferation in forebrain neuroectoderm and frontonasal mesenchyme. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signal transduction was downregulated in the mutant forebrain, consistent with a role for Vax1 in mediating transduction of this pathway. However, Shh was also reduced in this region, suggestive of a Shh-Vax1 feedback loop during early development of the forebrain and a likely mechanism for the underlying lobar holoprosencephaly. Despite significant associations between VAX1 and human forms of CLP, we find no evidence of a direct role for this transcription factor in development of this region in a mutant mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Geoghegan
- 1 Centre for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK.,2 Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK
| | - G M Xavier
- 1 Centre for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK.,2 Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK
| | - A A Birjandi
- 1 Centre for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK
| | - M Seppala
- 1 Centre for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK.,2 Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK
| | - M T Cobourne
- 1 Centre for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration, King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK.,2 Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK
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