1
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Sterling NA, Cho SH, Kim S. Entosis implicates a new role for P53 in microcephaly pathogenesis, beyond apoptosis. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2300245. [PMID: 38778437 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Entosis, a form of cell cannibalism, is a newly discovered pathogenic mechanism leading to the development of small brains, termed microcephaly, in which P53 activation was found to play a major role. Microcephaly with entosis, found in Pals1 mutant mice, displays P53 activation that promotes entosis and apoptotic cell death. This previously unappreciated pathogenic mechanism represents a novel cellular dynamic in dividing cortical progenitors which is responsible for cell loss. To date, various recent models of microcephaly have bolstered the importance of P53 activation in cell death leading to microcephaly. P53 activation caused by mitotic delay or DNA damage manifests apoptotic cell death which can be suppressed by P53 removal in these animal models. Such genetic studies attest P53 activation as quality control meant to eliminate genomically unfit cells with minimal involvement in the actual function of microcephaly associated genes. In this review, we summarize the known role of P53 activation in a variety of microcephaly models and introduce a novel mechanism wherein entotic cell cannibalism in neural progenitors is triggered by P53 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle A Sterling
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Seo-Hee Cho
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sydney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Seonhee Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Zhao X, Wang Y, Mouilleau V, Solak AC, Garcia J, Chen X, Wilkinson CJ, Royer L, Dong Z, Guo S. PCM1 conveys centrosome asymmetry to polarized endosome dynamics in regulating daughter cell fate. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.17.599416. [PMID: 38948739 PMCID: PMC11212863 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.17.599416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Vertebrate radial glia progenitors (RGPs), the principal neural stem cells, balance self-renewal and differentiation through asymmetric cell division (ACD), during which unequal inheritance of centrosomes is observed. Mechanistically, how centrosome asymmetry leads to distinct daughter cell fate remains largely unknown. Here we find that the centrosome protein Pericentriolar Material 1 (Pcm1), asymmetrically distributed at the centrosomes, regulates polarized endosome dynamics and RGP fate. In vivo time-lapse imaging and nanoscale-resolution expansion microscopy of zebrafish embryonic RGPs detect Pcm1 on Notch ligand-containing endosomes, in a complex with the polarity regulator Par-3 and dynein motor. Loss of pcm1 disrupts endosome dynamics, with clonal analysis uncovering increased neuronal production at the expense of progenitors. Pcm1 facilitates an exchange of Rab5b (early) for Rab11a (recycling) endosome markers and promotes the formation of Par-3 and dynein macromolecular complexes on recycling endosomes. Finally, in human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived brain organoids, PCM1 shows asymmetry and co-localization with PARD3 and RAB11A in mitotic neural progenitors. Our data reveal a new mechanism by which centrosome asymmetry is conveyed by Pcm1 to polarize endosome dynamics and Notch signaling in regulating ACD and progenitor fate.
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3
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Vermoyal JC, Hardy D, Goirand-Lopez L, Vinck A, Silvagnoli L, Fortoul A, Francis F, Cappello S, Bureau I, Represa A, Cardoso C, Watrin F, Marissal T, Manent JB. Grey matter heterotopia subtypes show specific morpho-electric signatures and network dynamics. Brain 2024; 147:996-1010. [PMID: 37724593 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Grey matter heterotopia (GMH) are neurodevelopmental disorders associated with abnormal cortical function and epilepsy. Subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) and periventricular nodular heterotopia (PVNH) are two well-recognized GMH subtypes in which neurons are misplaced, either forming nodules lining the ventricles in PVNH, or forming bands in the white matter in SBH. Although both PVNH and SBH are commonly associated with epilepsy, it is unclear whether these two GMH subtypes differ in terms of pathological consequences or, on the contrary, share common altered mechanisms. Here, we studied two robust preclinical models of SBH and PVNH, and performed a systematic comparative assessment of the physiological and morphological diversity of heterotopia neurons, as well as the dynamics of epileptiform activity and input connectivity. We uncovered a complex set of altered properties, including both common and distinct physiological and morphological features across heterotopia subtypes, and associated with specific dynamics of epileptiform activity. Taken together, these results suggest that pro-epileptic circuits in GMH are, at least in part, composed of neurons with distinct, subtype-specific, physiological and morphological properties depending on the heterotopia subtype. Our work supports the notion that GMH represent a complex set of disorders, associating both shared and diverging pathological consequences, and contributing to forming epileptogenic networks with specific properties. A deeper understanding of these properties may help to refine current GMH classification schemes by identifying morpho-electric signatures of GMH subtypes, to potentially inform new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Vermoyal
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Delphine Hardy
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Lucas Goirand-Lopez
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Antonin Vinck
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Lucas Silvagnoli
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Aurélien Fortoul
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Fiona Francis
- INSERM, Sorbonne University, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris 75005, France
| | - Silvia Cappello
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Ingrid Bureau
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Alfonso Represa
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Carlos Cardoso
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Françoise Watrin
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Thomas Marissal
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille 13009, France
| | - Jean-Bernard Manent
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille 13009, France
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4
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Peglion F, Etienne-Manneville S. Cell polarity changes in cancer initiation and progression. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202308069. [PMID: 38091012 PMCID: PMC10720656 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202308069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity, which consists of the morphological, structural, and functional organization of cells along a defined axis, is a feature of healthy cells and tissues. In contrast, abnormal polarity is a hallmark of cancer cells. At the molecular level, key evolutionarily conserved proteins that control polarity establishment and maintenance in various contexts are frequently altered in cancer, but the relevance of these molecular alterations in the oncogenic processes is not always clear. Here, we summarize the recent findings, shedding new light on the involvement of polarity players in cancer development, and discuss the possibility of harnessing cell polarity changes to better predict, diagnose, and cure cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Peglion
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Université de Paris, UMR3691 CNRS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2023, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Université de Paris, UMR3691 CNRS, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2023, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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5
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Kronman FA, Liwang JK, Betty R, Vanselow DJ, Wu YT, Tustison NJ, Bhandiwad A, Manjila SB, Minteer JA, Shin D, Lee CH, Patil R, Duda JT, Puelles L, Gee JC, Zhang J, Ng L, Kim Y. Developmental Mouse Brain Common Coordinate Framework. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.14.557789. [PMID: 37745386 PMCID: PMC10515964 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.14.557789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
3D standard reference brains serve as key resources to understand the spatial organization of the brain and promote interoperability across different studies. However, unlike the adult mouse brain, the lack of standard 3D reference atlases for developing mouse brains has hindered advancement of our understanding of brain development. Here, we present a multimodal 3D developmental common coordinate framework (DevCCF) spanning mouse embryonic day (E) 11.5, E13.5, E15.5, E18.5, and postnatal day (P) 4, P14, and P56 with anatomical segmentations defined by a developmental ontology. At each age, the DevCCF features undistorted morphologically averaged atlas templates created from Magnetic Resonance Imaging and co-registered high-resolution templates from light sheet fluorescence microscopy. Expert-curated 3D anatomical segmentations at each age adhere to an updated prosomeric model and can be explored via an interactive 3D web-visualizer. As a use case, we employed the DevCCF to unveil the emergence of GABAergic neurons in embryonic brains. Moreover, we integrated the Allen CCFv3 into the P56 template with stereotaxic coordinates and mapped spatial transcriptome cell-type data with the developmental ontology. In summary, the DevCCF is an openly accessible resource that can be used for large-scale data integration to gain a comprehensive understanding of brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fae A Kronman
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
| | - Josephine K Liwang
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
| | - Rebecca Betty
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
| | - Daniel J Vanselow
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
| | - Yuan-Ting Wu
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
| | - Nicholas J Tustison
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | | | - Steffy B Manjila
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
| | - Jennifer A Minteer
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
| | - Donghui Shin
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
| | - Choong Heon Lee
- Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Rohan Patil
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
| | - Jeffrey T Duda
- Department of Radiology, Penn Image Computing and Science Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Luis Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Murcia, and Murcia Arrixaca Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIB) Murcia, Spain
| | - James C Gee
- Department of Radiology, Penn Image Computing and Science Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jiangyang Zhang
- Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Lydia Ng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yongsoo Kim
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA
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6
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Wei X, Huang G, Liu J, Ge J, Zhang W, Mei Z. An update on the role of Hippo signaling pathway in ischemia-associated central nervous system diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114619. [PMID: 37004330 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The most frequent reason of morbidity and mortality in the world, cerebral ischemia sets off a chain of molecular and cellular pathologies that associated with some central nervous system (CNS) disorders mainly including ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), epilepsy and other CNS diseases. In recent times, despite significant advancements in the treatment of the pathological processes underlying various neurological illnesses, effective therapeutic approaches that are specifically targeted to minimizing the damage of such diseases remain absent. Hippo signaling pathway, characterized by enzyme linked reactions between MSTI/2, LAST1/2, and YAP or TAZ proteins, controls cell division, survival, and differentiation, as well as being engaged in a variety of biological activities, such as the development and transformation of the nervous system. Recently, accumulating studies demonstrated that Hippo pathway takes part in the processes of ischemic stroke, AD, PD, etc., including but not limited to oxidative stress, inflammatory response, blood-brain barrier damage, mitochondrial disorders, and neural cells death. Thus, it's crucial to understand the molecular basis of the Hippo signaling pathway for determining potential new therapeutic targets against ischemia-associated CNS diseases. Here, we discuss latest advances in the deciphering of the Hippo signaling pathway and highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting the pathway in treating ischemia-associated CNS diseases.
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7
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Fernández V, Borrell V. Developmental mechanisms of gyrification. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 80:102711. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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8
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Gredler ML, Zallen JA. Multicellular rosettes link mesenchymal-epithelial transition to radial intercalation in the mouse axial mesoderm. Dev Cell 2023:S1534-5807(23)00134-X. [PMID: 37080203 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal-epithelial transitions are fundamental drivers of development and disease, but how these behaviors generate epithelial structure is not well understood. Here, we show that mesenchymal-epithelial transitions promote epithelial organization in the mouse node and notochordal plate through the assembly and radial intercalation of three-dimensional rosettes. Axial mesoderm rosettes acquire junctional and apical polarity, develop a central lumen, and dynamically expand, coalesce, and radially intercalate into the surface epithelium, converting mesenchymal-epithelial transitions into higher-order tissue structure. In mouse Par3 mutants, axial mesoderm rosettes establish central tight junction polarity but fail to form an expanded apical domain and lumen. These defects are associated with altered rosette dynamics, delayed radial intercalation, and formation of a small, fragmented surface epithelial structure. These results demonstrate that three-dimensional rosette behaviors translate mesenchymal-epithelial transitions into collective radial intercalation and epithelial formation, providing a strategy for building epithelial sheets from individual self-organizing units in the mammalian embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa L Gredler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer A Zallen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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9
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An entosis-like process induces mitotic disruption in Pals1 microcephaly pathogenesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:82. [PMID: 36604424 PMCID: PMC9816111 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35719-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Entosis is cell cannibalism utilized by tumor cells to engulf live neighboring cells for pro- or anti-tumorigenic purposes. It is unknown whether this extraordinary cellular event can be pathogenic in other diseases such as microcephaly, a condition characterized by a smaller than normal brain at birth. We find that mice mutant for the human microcephaly-causing gene Pals1, which exhibit diminished cortices due to massive cell death, also exhibit nuclei enveloped by plasma membranes inside of dividing cells. These cell-in-cell (CIC) structures represent a dynamic process accompanied by lengthened mitosis and cytokinesis abnormalities. As shown in tumor cells, ROCK inhibition completely abrogates CIC structures and restores the normal length of mitosis. Moreover, genetic elimination of Trp53 produces a remarkable rescue of cortical size along with substantial reductions of CIC structures and cell death. These results provide a novel pathogenic mechanism by which microcephaly is produced through entotic cell cannibalism.
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10
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de Thonel A, Ahlskog JK, Daupin K, Dubreuil V, Berthelet J, Chaput C, Pires G, Leonetti C, Abane R, Barris LC, Leray I, Aalto AL, Naceri S, Cordonnier M, Benasolo C, Sanial M, Duchateau A, Vihervaara A, Puustinen MC, Miozzo F, Fergelot P, Lebigot É, Verloes A, Gressens P, Lacombe D, Gobbo J, Garrido C, Westerheide SD, David L, Petitjean M, Taboureau O, Rodrigues-Lima F, Passemard S, Sabéran-Djoneidi D, Nguyen L, Lancaster M, Sistonen L, Mezger V. CBP-HSF2 structural and functional interplay in Rubinstein-Taybi neurodevelopmental disorder. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7002. [PMID: 36385105 PMCID: PMC9668993 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients carrying autosomal dominant mutations in the histone/lysine acetyl transferases CBP or EP300 develop a neurodevelopmental disorder: Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS). The biological pathways underlying these neurodevelopmental defects remain elusive. Here, we unravel the contribution of a stress-responsive pathway to RSTS. We characterize the structural and functional interaction between CBP/EP300 and heat-shock factor 2 (HSF2), a tuner of brain cortical development and major player in prenatal stress responses in the neocortex: CBP/EP300 acetylates HSF2, leading to the stabilization of the HSF2 protein. Consequently, RSTS patient-derived primary cells show decreased levels of HSF2 and HSF2-dependent alteration in their repertoire of molecular chaperones and stress response. Moreover, we unravel a CBP/EP300-HSF2-N-cadherin cascade that is also active in neurodevelopmental contexts, and show that its deregulation disturbs neuroepithelial integrity in 2D and 3D organoid models of cerebral development, generated from RSTS patient-derived iPSC cells, providing a molecular reading key for this complex pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie de Thonel
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Johanna K Ahlskog
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Kevin Daupin
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Dubreuil
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Berthelet
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France
| | - Carole Chaput
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, F-75013, Paris, France
- Ksilink, Strasbourg, France
| | - Geoffrey Pires
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Camille Leonetti
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Ryma Abane
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Lluís Cordón Barris
- Laboratory of Molecular Regulation of Neurogenesis, GIGA-Stem Cells and GIGA-Neurosciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Leray
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Santé, Inserm UMS 016, CNRS UMS 3556, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Anna L Aalto
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Sarah Naceri
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Marine Cordonnier
- INSERM, UMR1231, Laboratoire d'Excellence LipSTIC, Dijon, France
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Département d'Oncologie médicale, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Carène Benasolo
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Sanial
- CNRS, UMR 7592 Institut Jacques Monod, F-75205, Paris, France
| | - Agathe Duchateau
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Anniina Vihervaara
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael C Puustinen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Federico Miozzo
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, F-75013, Paris, France
- Neuroscience Institute-CNR (IN-CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Patricia Fergelot
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France and INSERM U1211, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Élise Lebigot
- Service de Biochimie-pharmaco-toxicologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Hopitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris-Sud, France
| | - Alain Verloes
- Université de Paris, INSERM, NeuroDiderot, Robert-Debré Hospital, F-75019, Paris, France
- Genetics Department, AP-HP, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Université de Paris, INSERM, NeuroDiderot, Robert-Debré Hospital, F-75019, Paris, France
| | - Didier Lacombe
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France and INSERM U1211, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jessica Gobbo
- INSERM, UMR1231, Laboratoire d'Excellence LipSTIC, Dijon, France
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Département d'Oncologie médicale, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Carmen Garrido
- INSERM, UMR1231, Laboratoire d'Excellence LipSTIC, Dijon, France
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Département d'Oncologie médicale, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Sandy D Westerheide
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Laurent David
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Santé, Inserm UMS 016, CNRS UMS 3556, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Michel Petitjean
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Taboureau
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France
| | | | - Sandrine Passemard
- Université de Paris, INSERM, NeuroDiderot, Robert-Debré Hospital, F-75019, Paris, France
| | | | - Laurent Nguyen
- Laboratory of Molecular Regulation of Neurogenesis, GIGA-Stem Cells and GIGA-Neurosciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA-R), University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Madeline Lancaster
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical, Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lea Sistonen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Valérie Mezger
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, F-75013, Paris, France.
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11
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Hirose T, Sugitani Y, Kurihara H, Kazama H, Kusaka C, Noda T, Takahashi H, Ohno S. PAR3 restricts the expansion of neural precursor cells by regulating hedgehog signaling. Development 2022; 149:277212. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.199931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
During brain development, neural precursor cells (NPCs) expand initially, and then switch to generating stage-specific neurons while maintaining self-renewal ability. Because the NPC pool at the onset of neurogenesis crucially affects the final number of each type of neuron, tight regulation is necessary for the transitional timing from the expansion to the neurogenic phase in these cells. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this transition are poorly understood. Here, we report that the telencephalon-specific loss of PAR3 before the start of neurogenesis leads to increased NPC proliferation at the expense of neurogenesis, resulting in disorganized tissue architecture. These NPCs demonstrate hyperactivation of hedgehog signaling in a smoothened-dependent manner, as well as defects in primary cilia. Furthermore, loss of PAR3 enhanced ligand-independent ciliary accumulation of smoothened and an inhibitor of smoothened ameliorated the hyperproliferation of NPCs in the telencephalon. Thus, these findings support the idea that PAR3 has a crucial role in the transition of NPCs from the expansion phase to the neurogenic phase by restricting hedgehog signaling through the establishment of ciliary integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Hirose
- Yokohama City University School of Medicine 1 Department of Molecular Biology , , Yokohama 236-0004 , Japan
- Cancer Institute 2 Department of Cell Biology , , , Tokyo 135-8550 , Japan
- Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research 2 Department of Cell Biology , , , Tokyo 135-8550 , Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Sugitani
- Cancer Institute 2 Department of Cell Biology , , , Tokyo 135-8550 , Japan
- Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research 2 Department of Cell Biology , , , Tokyo 135-8550 , Japan
- Juntendo University School of Medicine 3 Department of Pathology and Oncology , , Tokyo 113-8421 , Japan
| | - Hidetake Kurihara
- Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine 4 Department of Anatomy and Life Structure , , Tokyo 113-8421 , Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Aino University 5 , Osaka 567-0012 , Japan
| | - Hiromi Kazama
- Yokohama City University School of Medicine 1 Department of Molecular Biology , , Yokohama 236-0004 , Japan
| | - Chiho Kusaka
- Yokohama City University School of Medicine 1 Department of Molecular Biology , , Yokohama 236-0004 , Japan
| | - Tetsuo Noda
- Cancer Institute 2 Department of Cell Biology , , , Tokyo 135-8550 , Japan
- Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research 2 Department of Cell Biology , , , Tokyo 135-8550 , Japan
- Director's Room, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research 6 , Tokyo 135-8550 , Japan
| | - Hidehisa Takahashi
- Yokohama City University School of Medicine 1 Department of Molecular Biology , , Yokohama 236-0004 , Japan
| | - Shigeo Ohno
- Yokohama City University School of Medicine 1 Department of Molecular Biology , , Yokohama 236-0004 , Japan
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12
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Primary Cilia Influence Progenitor Function during Cortical Development. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182895. [PMID: 36139475 PMCID: PMC9496791 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticogenesis is an intricate process controlled temporally and spatially by many intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Alterations during this important process can lead to severe cortical malformations. Apical neuronal progenitors are essential cells able to self-amplify and also generate basal progenitors and/or neurons. Apical radial glia (aRG) are neuronal progenitors with a unique morphology. They have a long basal process acting as a support for neuronal migration to the cortical plate and a short apical process directed towards the ventricle from which protrudes a primary cilium. This antenna-like structure allows aRG to sense cues from the embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (eCSF) helping to maintain cell shape and to influence several key functions of aRG such as proliferation and differentiation. Centrosomes, major microtubule organising centres, are crucial for cilia formation. In this review, we focus on how primary cilia influence aRG function during cortical development and pathologies which may arise due to defects in this structure. Reporting and cataloguing a number of ciliary mutant models, we discuss the importance of primary cilia for aRG function and cortical development.
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13
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Smith JL, Wilson ML, Nilson SM, Rowan TN, Schnabel RD, Decker JE, Seabury CM. Genome-wide association and genotype by environment interactions for growth traits in U.S. Red Angus cattle. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:517. [PMID: 35842584 PMCID: PMC9287884 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08667-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genotypic information produced from single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays has routinely been used to identify genomic regions associated with complex traits in beef and dairy cattle. Herein, we assembled a dataset consisting of 15,815 Red Angus beef cattle distributed across the continental U.S. and a union set of 836,118 imputed SNPs to conduct genome-wide association analyses (GWAA) for growth traits using univariate linear mixed models (LMM); including birth weight, weaning weight, and yearling weight. Genomic relationship matrix heritability estimates were produced for all growth traits, and genotype-by-environment (GxE) interactions were investigated. Results Moderate to high heritabilities with small standard errors were estimated for birth weight (0.51 ± 0.01), weaning weight (0.25 ± 0.01), and yearling weight (0.42 ± 0.01). GWAA revealed 12 pleiotropic QTL (BTA6, BTA14, BTA20) influencing Red Angus birth weight, weaning weight, and yearling weight which met a nominal significance threshold (P ≤ 1e-05) for polygenic traits using 836K imputed SNPs. Moreover, positional candidate genes associated with Red Angus growth traits in this study (i.e., LCORL, LOC782905, NCAPG, HERC6, FAM184B, SLIT2, MMRN1, KCNIP4, CCSER1, GRID2, ARRDC3, PLAG1, IMPAD1, NSMAF, PENK, LOC112449660, MOS, SH3PXD2B, STC2, CPEB4) were also previously associated with feed efficiency, growth, and carcass traits in beef cattle. Collectively, 14 significant GxE interactions were also detected, but were less consistent among the investigated traits at a nominal significance threshold (P ≤ 1e-05); with one pleiotropic GxE interaction detected on BTA28 (24 Mb) for Red Angus weaning weight and yearling weight. Conclusions Sixteen well-supported QTL regions detected from the GWAA and GxE GWAA for growth traits (birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight) in U.S. Red Angus cattle were found to be pleiotropic. Twelve of these pleiotropic QTL were also identified in previous studies focusing on feed efficiency and growth traits in multiple beef breeds and/or their composites. In agreement with other beef cattle GxE studies our results implicate the role of vasodilation, metabolism, and the nervous system in the genetic sensitivity to environmental stress. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08667-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna L Smith
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77843, USA
| | - Miranda L Wilson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77843, USA
| | - Sara M Nilson
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211, USA
| | - Troy N Rowan
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211, USA.,Genetics Area Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211, USA
| | - Robert D Schnabel
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211, USA.,Genetics Area Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211, USA.,Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211, USA
| | - Jared E Decker
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211, USA.,Genetics Area Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211, USA.,Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211, USA
| | - Christopher M Seabury
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77843, USA.
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14
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Avansini SH, Puppo F, Adams JW, Vieira AS, Coan AC, Rogerio F, Torres FR, Araújo PAOR, Martin M, Montenegro MA, Yasuda CL, Tedeschi H, Ghizoni E, França AFEC, Alvim MKM, Athié MC, Rocha CS, Almeida VS, Dias EV, Delay L, Molina E, Yaksh TL, Cendes F, Lopes Cendes I, Muotri AR. Junctional instability in neuroepithelium and network hyperexcitability in a focal cortical dysplasia human model. Brain 2022; 145:1962-1977. [PMID: 34957478 PMCID: PMC9336577 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasia is a highly epileptogenic cortical malformation with few treatment options. Here, we generated human cortical organoids from patients with focal cortical dysplasia type II. Using this human model, we mimicked some focal cortical dysplasia hallmarks, such as impaired cell proliferation, the presence of dysmorphic neurons and balloon cells, and neuronal network hyperexcitability. Furthermore, we observed alterations in the adherens junctions zonula occludens-1 and partitioning defective 3, reduced polarization of the actin cytoskeleton, and fewer synaptic puncta. Focal cortical dysplasia cortical organoids showed downregulation of the small GTPase RHOA, a finding that was confirmed in brain tissue resected from these patients. Functionally, both spontaneous and optogenetically-evoked electrical activity revealed hyperexcitability and enhanced network connectivity in focal cortical dysplasia organoids. Taken together, our findings suggest a ventricular zone instability in tissue cohesion of neuroepithelial cells, leading to a maturational arrest of progenitors or newborn neurons, which may predispose to cellular and functional immaturity and compromise the formation of neural networks in focal cortical dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simoni H Avansini
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children’s Hospital-San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
| | - Francesca Puppo
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children’s Hospital-San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jason W Adams
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children’s Hospital-San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andre S Vieira
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Ana C Coan
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Fabio Rogerio
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Fabio R Torres
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
| | - Patricia A O R Araújo
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
| | - Mariana Martin
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
| | - Maria A Montenegro
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Clarissa L Yasuda
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Helder Tedeschi
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Enrico Ghizoni
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Andréa F E C França
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Marina K M Alvim
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Maria C Athié
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
| | - Cristiane S Rocha
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
| | - Vanessa S Almeida
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
| | - Elayne V Dias
- Department of Anesthesiology/Medical Center Hillcrest, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, Hillcrest, CA 92103, USA
| | - Lauriane Delay
- Department of Anesthesiology/Medical Center Hillcrest, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, Hillcrest, CA 92103, USA
| | - Elsa Molina
- Stem Cell Genomics and Microscopy Core, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tony L Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology/Medical Center Hillcrest, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, Hillcrest, CA 92103, USA
| | - Fernando Cendes
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Iscia Lopes Cendes
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-888, Brazil
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children’s Hospital-San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, Archealization Center (ArchC), Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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15
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The Roles of Par3, Par6, and aPKC Polarity Proteins in Normal Neurodevelopment and in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. J Neurosci 2022; 42:4774-4793. [PMID: 35705493 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0059-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal neural circuits and functions depend on proper neuronal differentiation, migration, synaptic plasticity, and maintenance. Abnormalities in these processes underlie various neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders. Neural development and maintenance are regulated by many proteins. Among them are Par3, Par6 (partitioning defective 3 and 6), and aPKC (atypical protein kinase C) families of evolutionarily conserved polarity proteins. These proteins perform versatile functions by forming tripartite or other combinations of protein complexes, which hereafter are collectively referred to as "Par complexes." In this review, we summarize the major findings on their biophysical and biochemical properties in cell polarization and signaling pathways. We next summarize their expression and localization in the nervous system as well as their versatile functions in various aspects of neurodevelopment, including neuroepithelial polarity, neurogenesis, neuronal migration, neurite differentiation, synaptic plasticity, and memory. These versatile functions rely on the fundamental roles of Par complexes in cell polarity in distinct cellular contexts. We also discuss how cell polarization may correlate with subcellular polarization in neurons. Finally, we review the involvement of Par complexes in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. While emerging evidence indicates that Par complexes are essential for proper neural development and maintenance, many questions on their in vivo functions have yet to be answered. Thus, Par3, Par6, and aPKC continue to be important research topics to advance neuroscience.
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16
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Terry BK, Kim S. The Role of Hippo-YAP/TAZ Signaling in Brain Development. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:1644-1665. [PMID: 35651313 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In order for our complex nervous system to develop normally, both precise spatial and temporal regulation of a number of different signaling pathways is critical. During both early embryogenesis and in organ development, one pathway that has been repeatedly implicated is the Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling pathway. The paralogs YAP and TAZ are transcriptional co-activators that play an important role in cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and organ growth. Regulation of these proteins by the Hippo kinase cascade is therefore important for normal development. In this article, we review the growing field of research surrounding the role of Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling in normal and atypical brain development. Starting from the development of the neural tube to the development and refinement of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and ventricular system, we address the typical role of these transcriptional co-activators, the functional consequences that manipulation of YAP/TAZ and their upstream regulators have on brain development, and where further research may be of benefit. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany K Terry
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Neural Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Seonhee Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Neural Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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17
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Casas Gimeno G, Paridaen JTML. The Symmetry of Neural Stem Cell and Progenitor Divisions in the Vertebrate Brain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:885269. [PMID: 35693936 PMCID: PMC9174586 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.885269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust brain development requires the tight coordination between tissue growth, neuronal differentiation and stem cell maintenance. To achieve this, neural stem cells need to balance symmetric proliferative and terminal divisions with asymmetric divisions. In recent years, the unequal distribution of certain cellular components in mitosis has emerged as a key mechanism to regulate the symmetry of division, and the determination of equal and unequal sister cell fates. Examples of such components include polarity proteins, signaling components, and cellular structures such as endosomes and centrosomes. In several types of neural stem cells, these factors show specific patterns of inheritance that correlate to specific cell fates, albeit the underlying mechanism and the potential causal relationship is not always understood. Here, we review these examples of cellular neural stem and progenitor cell asymmetries and will discuss how they fit into our current understanding of neural stem cell function in neurogenesis in developing and adult brains. We will focus mainly on the vertebrate brain, though we will incorporate relevant examples from invertebrate organisms as well. In particular, we will highlight recent advances in our understanding of the complexities related cellular asymmetries in determining division mode outcomes, and how these mechanisms are spatiotemporally regulated to match the different needs for proliferation and differentiation as the brain forms.
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18
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Jabali A, Hoffrichter A, Uzquiano A, Marsoner F, Wilkens R, Siekmann M, Bohl B, Rossetti AC, Horschitz S, Koch P, Francis F, Ladewig J. Human cerebral organoids reveal progenitor pathology in EML1-linked cortical malformation. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54027. [PMID: 35289477 PMCID: PMC9066063 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Malformations of human cortical development (MCD) can cause severe disabilities. The lack of human‐specific models hampers our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of the intricate processes leading to MCD. Here, we use cerebral organoids derived from patients and genome edited‐induced pluripotent stem cells to address pathophysiological changes associated with a complex MCD caused by mutations in the echinoderm microtubule‐associated protein‐like 1 (EML1) gene. EML1‐deficient organoids display ectopic neural rosettes at the basal side of the ventricular zone areas and clusters of heterotopic neurons. Single‐cell RNA sequencing shows an upregulation of basal radial glial (RG) markers and human‐specific extracellular matrix components in the ectopic cell population. Gene ontology and molecular analyses suggest that ectopic progenitor cells originate from perturbed apical RG cell behavior and yes‐associated protein 1 (YAP1)‐triggered expansion. Our data highlight a progenitor origin of EML1 mutation‐induced MCD and provide new mechanistic insight into the human disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Jabali
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anne Hoffrichter
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ana Uzquiano
- INSERM U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Fabio Marsoner
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ruven Wilkens
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Siekmann
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bettina Bohl
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea C Rossetti
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Horschitz
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Koch
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fiona Francis
- INSERM U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Julia Ladewig
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research, Mannheim, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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19
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Sokpor G, Brand-Saberi B, Nguyen HP, Tuoc T. Regulation of Cell Delamination During Cortical Neurodevelopment and Implication for Brain Disorders. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:824802. [PMID: 35281509 PMCID: PMC8904418 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.824802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical development is dependent on key processes that can influence apical progenitor cell division and progeny. Pivotal among such critical cellular processes is the intricate mechanism of cell delamination. This indispensable cell detachment process mainly entails the loss of apical anchorage, and subsequent migration of the mitotic derivatives of the highly polarized apical cortical progenitors. Such apical progenitor derivatives are responsible for the majority of cortical neurogenesis. Many factors, including transcriptional and epigenetic/chromatin regulators, are known to tightly control cell attachment and delamination tendency in the cortical neurepithelium. Activity of these molecular regulators principally coordinate morphogenetic cues to engender remodeling or disassembly of tethering cellular components and external cell adhesion molecules leading to exit of differentiating cells in the ventricular zone. Improper cell delamination is known to frequently impair progenitor cell fate commitment and neuronal migration, which can cause aberrant cortical cell number and organization known to be detrimental to the structure and function of the cerebral cortex. Indeed, some neurodevelopmental abnormalities, including Heterotopia, Schizophrenia, Hydrocephalus, Microcephaly, and Chudley-McCullough syndrome have been associated with cell attachment dysregulation in the developing mammalian cortex. This review sheds light on the concept of cell delamination, mechanistic (transcriptional and epigenetic regulation) nuances involved, and its importance for corticogenesis. Various neurodevelopmental disorders with defective (too much or too little) cell delamination as a notable etiological underpinning are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Sokpor
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- *Correspondence: Godwin Sokpor,
| | - Beate Brand-Saberi
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Tran Tuoc,
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20
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Ossola C, Kalebic N. Roots of the Malformations of Cortical Development in the Cell Biology of Neural Progenitor Cells. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:817218. [PMID: 35069108 PMCID: PMC8766818 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.817218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is a structure that underlies various brain functions, including cognition and language. Mammalian cerebral cortex starts developing during the embryonic period with the neural progenitor cells generating neurons. Newborn neurons migrate along progenitors’ radial processes from the site of their origin in the germinal zones to the cortical plate, where they mature and integrate in the forming circuitry. Cell biological features of neural progenitors, such as the location and timing of their mitoses, together with their characteristic morphologies, can directly or indirectly regulate the abundance and the identity of their neuronal progeny. Alterations in the complex and delicate process of cerebral cortex development can lead to malformations of cortical development (MCDs). They include various structural abnormalities that affect the size, thickness and/or folding pattern of the developing cortex. Their clinical manifestations can entail a neurodevelopmental disorder, such as epilepsy, developmental delay, intellectual disability, or autism spectrum disorder. The recent advancements of molecular and neuroimaging techniques, along with the development of appropriate in vitro and in vivo model systems, have enabled the assessment of the genetic and environmental causes of MCDs. Here we broadly review the cell biological characteristics of neural progenitor cells and focus on those features whose perturbations have been linked to MCDs.
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21
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Terry BK, Park R, Cho SH, Crino PB, Kim S. Abnormal activation of Yap/Taz contributes to the pathogenesis of tuberous sclerosis complex. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:1979-1996. [PMID: 34999833 PMCID: PMC9239747 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The multi-systemic genetic disorder tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) impacts multiple neurodevelopmental processes including neuronal morphogenesis, neuronal migration, myelination and gliogenesis. These alterations contribute to the development of cerebral cortex abnormalities and malformations. Although TSC is caused by mTORC1 hyperactivation, cognitive and behavioral impairments are not improved through mTORC1 targeting, making the study of the downstream effectors of this complex important for understanding the mechanisms underlying TSC. As mTORC1 has been shown to promote the activity of the transcriptional co-activator Yap, we hypothesized that altered Yap/Taz signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of TSC. We first observed that the levels of Yap/Taz are increased in human cortical tuber samples and in embryonic cortices of Tsc2 conditional knockout (cKO) mice. Next, to determine how abnormal upregulation of Yap/Taz impacts the neuropathology of TSC, we deleted Yap/Taz in Tsc2 cKO mice. Importantly, Yap/Taz/Tsc2 triple conditional knockout (tcKO) animals show reduced cortical thickness and cortical neuron cell size, despite the persistence of high mTORC1 activity, suggesting that Yap/Taz play a downstream role in cytomegaly. Furthermore, Yap/Taz/Tsc2 tcKO significantly restored cortical and hippocampal lamination defects and reduced hippocampal heterotopia formation. Finally, the loss of Yap/Taz increased the distribution of myelin basic protein in Tsc2 cKO animals, consistent with an improvement in myelination. Overall, our results indicate that targeting Yap/Taz lessens the severity of neuropathology in a TSC animal model. This study is the first to implicate Yap/Taz as contributors to cortical pathogenesis in TSC and therefore as potential novel targets in the treatment of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany K Terry
- Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Raehee Park
- Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Seo-Hee Cho
- Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Peter B Crino
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Seonhee Kim
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: 215-926-9360; Fax: 215-926-9325;
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22
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Su YC, Hung TH, Wang TF, Lee YH, Wang TW, Yu JY. YAP maintains the production of intermediate progenitor cells and upper-layer projection neurons in the mouse cerebral cortex. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:846-863. [PMID: 34931379 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Hippo pathway is conserved through evolution and plays critical roles in development, tissue homeostasis and tumorigenesis. Yes-associated protein (YAP) is a transcriptional coactivator downstream of the Hippo pathway. Previous studies have demonstrated that activation of YAP promotes proliferation in the developing brain. Whether YAP is required for the production of neural progenitor cells or neurons in vivo remains unclear. RESULTS We demonstrated that SATB homeobox 2 (SATB2)-positive projection neurons (PNs) in upper layers, but not T-box brain transcription factor 1-positive and Coup-TF interacting protein 2-positive PNs in deep layers, were decreased in the neonatal cerebral cortex of Yap conditional knockout (cKO) mice driven by Nestin-Cre. Cell proliferation was reduced in the developing cerebral cortex of Yap-cKO. SATB2-positive PNs are largely generated from intermediate progenitor cells (IPCs), which are derived from radial glial cells (RGCs) during cortical development. Among these progenitor cells, IPCs but not RGCs were decreased in Yap-cKO. We further demonstrated that cell cycle re-entry was reduced in progenitor cells of Yap-cKO, suggesting that fewer IPCs were generated in Yap-cKO. CONCLUSION YAP is required for the production of IPCs and upper-layer SATB2-positive PNs during development of the cerebral cortex in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ching Su
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Heng Hung
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Fang Wang
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsuan Lee
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Wei Wang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jenn-Yah Yu
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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23
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Özaslan A, Kayhan G, İşeri E, Ergün MA, Güney E, Perçin FE. Identification of copy number variants in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: a study from Turkey. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:7371-7378. [PMID: 34637094 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06745-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Copy number variants (CNVs) play a key role in the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Therefore, recent guidelines recommend chromosomal microarrays (CMAs) as first-tier genetic tests. This study's first aim was to determine the clinical usefulness of CMAs in children diagnosed with ASD in a Turkish population. The second aim was to describe the CNVs and clinical phenotypes of children with ASD. METHODS AND RESULTS This was a single-center retrospective cross-sectional study. Data were obtained from the medical records of children with ASD followed at Gazi University Hospital, (Ankara, Turkey). The sample consisted of 47 ASD cases (mean age: 60.34 ± 25.60 months; 82.9% boys). The diagnostic yield of the CMAs was 8.5%. Four pathogenic CNVs were identified: 9p24.3p24.2 deletion, 15q11-q13 duplication, 16p11.2 deletion, and 22q13.3 deletion. Also, four variants were found at 2q36.3, 10p11.21, 15q11.2, and Xp11.22, which were classified as variants of uncertain significance (VUS). CONCLUSIONS The TRAP12 and PARD3 genes in CNVs classified as VUS may be worth investigating for autism. The initial identification of both clinical and biological markers can facilitate monitoring, early intervention, or prevention and advance our understanding of the neurobiology underlying ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Özaslan
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Emniyet Mahallesi, Bandırma Caddesi No. 6/1, Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Gülsüm Kayhan
- Medical Genetics Department, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elvan İşeri
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Emniyet Mahallesi, Bandırma Caddesi No. 6/1, Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ali Ergün
- Medical Genetics Department, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esra Güney
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Emniyet Mahallesi, Bandırma Caddesi No. 6/1, Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ferda Emriye Perçin
- Medical Genetics Department, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
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24
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Engel-Pizcueta C, Pujades C. Interplay Between Notch and YAP/TAZ Pathways in the Regulation of Cell Fate During Embryo Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:711531. [PMID: 34490262 PMCID: PMC8417249 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.711531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells in growing tissues receive both biochemical and physical cues from their microenvironment. Growing evidence has shown that mechanical signals are fundamental regulators of cell behavior. However, how physical properties of the microenvironment are transduced into critical cell behaviors, such as proliferation, progenitor maintenance, or differentiation during development, is still poorly understood. The transcriptional co-activators YAP/TAZ shuttle between the cytoplasm and the nucleus in response to multiple inputs and have emerged as important regulators of tissue growth and regeneration. YAP/TAZ sense and transduce physical cues, such as those from the extracellular matrix or the actomyosin cytoskeleton, to regulate gene expression, thus allowing them to function as gatekeepers of progenitor behavior in several developmental contexts. The Notch pathway is a key signaling pathway that controls binary cell fate decisions through cell-cell communication in a context-dependent manner. Recent reports now suggest that the crosstalk between these two pathways is critical for maintaining the balance between progenitor maintenance and cell differentiation in different tissues. How this crosstalk integrates with morphogenesis and changes in tissue architecture during development is still an open question. Here, we discuss how progenitor cell proliferation, specification, and differentiation are coordinated with morphogenesis to construct a functional organ. We will pay special attention to the interplay between YAP/TAZ and Notch signaling pathways in determining cell fate decisions and discuss whether this represents a general mechanism of regulating cell fate during development. We will focus on research carried out in vertebrate embryos that demonstrate the important roles of mechanical cues in stem cell biology and discuss future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Engel-Pizcueta
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Pujades
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Sterling N, Duncan AR, Park R, Koolen DA, Shi J, Cho SH, Benke PJ, Grant PE, Genetti CA, VanNoy GE, Juusola J, McWalter K, Parboosingh JS, Lamont RE, Bernier FP, Smith C, Harris DJ, Stegmann APA, Innes AM, Kim S, Agrawal PB. De novo variants in MPP5 cause global developmental delay and behavioral changes. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:3388-3401. [PMID: 33073849 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane Protein Palmitoylated 5 (MPP5) is a highly conserved apical complex protein essential for cell polarity, fate and survival. Defects in cell polarity are associated with neurologic disorders including autism and microcephaly. MPP5 is essential for neurogenesis in animal models, but human variants leading to neurologic impairment have not been described. We identified three patients with heterozygous MPP5 de novo variants (DNV) and global developmental delay (GDD) and compared their phenotypes and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to ascertain how MPP5 DNV leads to GDD. All three patients with MPP5 DNV experienced GDD with language delay/regression and behavioral changes. MRI ranged from normal to decreased gyral folding and microcephaly. The effects of MPP5 depletion on the developing brain were assessed by creating a heterozygous conditional knock out (het CKO) murine model with central nervous system (CNS)-specific Nestin-Cre drivers. In the het CKO model, Mpp5 depletion led to microcephaly, decreased cerebellar volume and cortical thickness. Het CKO mice had decreased ependymal cells and Mpp5 at the apical surface of cortical ventricular zone compared with wild type. Het CKO mice also failed to maintain progenitor pools essential for neurogenesis. The proportion of cortical cells undergoing apoptotic cell death increased, suggesting that cell death reduces progenitor population and neuron number. Het CKO mice also showed behavioral changes, similar to our patients. To our knowledge, this is the first report to show that variants in MPP5 are associated with GDD, behavioral abnormalities and language regression/delay. Murine modeling shows that neurogenesis is likely altered in these individuals, with cell death and skewed cellular composition playing significant roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle Sterling
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine. Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Anna R Duncan
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Raehee Park
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine. Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - David A Koolen
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jiahai Shi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Seo-Hee Cho
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine. Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Paul J Benke
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital, Hollywood, FL 33021, USA
| | - Patricia E Grant
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Casie A Genetti
- Division of Genetics & Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Grace E VanNoy
- Division of Genetics & Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jane Juusola
- Clinical Genomics Program, GeneDx, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
| | - Kirsty McWalter
- Clinical Genomics Program, GeneDx, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
| | - Jillian S Parboosingh
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1A4, Canada
| | - Ryan E Lamont
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1A4, Canada
| | - Francois P Bernier
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1A4, Canada
| | - Christopher Smith
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1A4, Canada
| | - David J Harris
- Division of Genetics & Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexander P A Stegmann
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A Micheil Innes
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1A4, Canada
| | - Seonhee Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine. Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Pankaj B Agrawal
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Division of Genetics & Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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26
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Lavado A, Gangwar R, Paré J, Wan S, Fan Y, Cao X. YAP/TAZ maintain the proliferative capacity and structural organization of radial glial cells during brain development. Dev Biol 2021; 480:39-49. [PMID: 34419458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway regulates the development and homeostasis of many tissues and in many species. It controls the activity of two paralogous transcriptional coactivators, YAP and TAZ (YAP/TAZ). Although previous studies have established that aberrant YAP/TAZ activation is detrimental to mammalian brain development, whether and how endogenous levels of YAP/TAZ activity regulate brain development remain unclear. Here, we show that during mammalian cortical development, YAP/TAZ are specifically expressed in apical neural progenitor cells known as radial glial cells (RGCs). The subcellular localization of YAP/TAZ undergoes dynamic changes as corticogenesis proceeds. YAP/TAZ are required for maintaining the proliferative potential and structural organization of RGCs, and their ablation during cortical development reduces the numbers of cortical projection neurons and causes the loss of ependymal cells, resulting in hydrocephaly. Transcriptomic analysis using sorted RGCs reveals gene expression changes in YAP/TAZ-depleted cells that correlate with mutant phenotypes. Thus, our study has uncovered essential functions of YAP/TAZ during mammalian brain development and revealed the transcriptional mechanism of their action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Lavado
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Ruchika Gangwar
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Joshua Paré
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Shibiao Wan
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yiping Fan
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Xinwei Cao
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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27
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Zhao X, Garcia JQ, Tong K, Chen X, Yang B, Li Q, Dai Z, Shi X, Seiple IB, Huang B, Guo S. Polarized endosome dynamics engage cytoplasmic Par-3 that recruits dynein during asymmetric cell division. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg1244. [PMID: 34117063 PMCID: PMC8195473 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg1244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the developing embryos, the cortical polarity regulator Par-3 is critical for establishing Notch signaling asymmetry between daughter cells during asymmetric cell division (ACD). How cortically localized Par-3 establishes asymmetric Notch activity in the nucleus is not understood. Here, using in vivo time-lapse imaging of mitotic radial glia progenitors in the developing zebrafish forebrain, we uncover that during horizontal ACD along the anteroposterior embryonic axis, endosomes containing the Notch ligand DeltaD (Dld) move toward the cleavage plane and preferentially segregate into the posterior (subsequently basal) Notchhi daughter. This asymmetric segregation requires the activity of Par-3 and dynein motor complex. Using label retention expansion microscopy, we further detect Par-3 in the cytosol colocalizing the dynein light intermediate chain 1 (Dlic1) onto Dld endosomes. Par-3, Dlic1, and Dld are associated in protein complexes in vivo. Our data reveal an unanticipated mechanism by which cytoplasmic Par-3 directly polarizes Notch signaling components during ACD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhao
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jason Q Garcia
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kai Tong
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingye Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Zhipeng Dai
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ian B Seiple
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Su Guo
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Programs in Human Genetics and Biological Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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28
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Ferent J, Zaidi D, Francis F. Extracellular Control of Radial Glia Proliferation and Scaffolding During Cortical Development and Pathology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:578341. [PMID: 33178693 PMCID: PMC7596222 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.578341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
During the development of the cortex, newly generated neurons migrate long-distances in the expanding tissue to reach their final positions. Pyramidal neurons are produced from dorsal progenitors, e.g., radial glia (RGs) in the ventricular zone, and then migrate along RG processes basally toward the cortex. These neurons are hence dependent upon RG extensions to support their migration from apical to basal regions. Several studies have investigated how intracellular determinants are required for RG polarity and subsequent formation and maintenance of their processes. Fewer studies have identified the influence of the extracellular environment on this architecture. This review will focus on extracellular factors which influence RG morphology and pyramidal neuronal migration during normal development and their perturbations in pathology. During cortical development, RGs are present in different strategic positions: apical RGs (aRGs) have their cell bodies located in the ventricular zone with an apical process contacting the ventricle, while they also have a basal process extending radially to reach the pial surface of the cortex. This particular conformation allows aRGs to be exposed to long range and short range signaling cues, whereas basal RGs (bRGs, also known as outer RGs, oRGs) have their cell bodies located throughout the cortical wall, limiting their access to ventricular factors. Long range signals impacting aRGs include secreted molecules present in the embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (e.g., Neuregulin, EGF, FGF, Wnt, BMP). Secreted molecules also contribute to the extracellular matrix (fibronectin, laminin, reelin). Classical short range factors include cell to cell signaling, adhesion molecules and mechano-transduction mechanisms (e.g., TAG1, Notch, cadherins, mechanical tension). Changes in one or several of these components influencing the RG extracellular environment can disrupt the development or maintenance of RG architecture on which neuronal migration relies, leading to a range of cortical malformations. First, we will detail the known long range signaling cues impacting RG. Then, we will review how short range cell contacts are also important to instruct the RG framework. Understanding how RG processes are structured by their environment to maintain and support radial migration is a critical part of the investigation of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Ferent
- Inserm, U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, IFM, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer á Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Donia Zaidi
- Inserm, U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, IFM, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer á Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Fiona Francis
- Inserm, U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, IFM, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer á Moulin, Paris, France
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29
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Unique and Specific m 6A RNA Methylation in Mouse Embryonic and Postnatal Cerebral Cortices. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11101139. [PMID: 32992647 PMCID: PMC7650744 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-mediated epitranscriptomic regulation is critical for various physiological processes. Genetic studies demonstrate that proper m6A-methylation is required for mouse brain development and function. Revealing landscapes of m6A-methylation in the cerebral cortex at different developmental stages will help to understand the biological meaning of epitranscriptomic regulation. Here, we depict the temporal-specific m6A-methylation status in mouse embryonic and postnatal cortices using methylated RNA immunoprecipitation (MeRIP) sequencing. We identified unique m6A binding motifs in stage-specific RNAs and found that more RNA transcripts are temporally methylated in embryonic cortices than in postnatal ones. Moreover, we found that cortical transcription factors and genes associated with neurological disorders are broadly as well specifically methylated at m6A sites. Our study highlights the importance of epitranscriptomic regulation in the developing cortex and provides a fundamental reference for future mechanistic examinations of m6A methylation-mediated gene expression regulation in normal brain development and neurological disorders.
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30
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Kandilya D, Shyamasundar S, Singh DK, Banik A, Hande MP, Stünkel W, Chong YS, Dheen ST. High glucose alters the DNA methylation pattern of neurodevelopment associated genes in human neural progenitor cells in vitro. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15676. [PMID: 32973238 PMCID: PMC7518427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72485-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal diabetes alters the global epigenetic mechanisms and expression of genes involved in neural tube development in mouse embryos. Since DNA methylation is a critical epigenetic mechanism that regulates gene functions, gene-specific DNA methylation alterations were estimated in human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) exposed to high glucose (HG) in the present study. The DNA methylation pattern of genes involved in several signalling pathways including axon guidance (SLIT1-ROBO2 pathway), and Hippo pathway (YAP and TAZ) was altered in hNPCs exposed to HG. The expression levels of SLIT1-ROBO2 pathways genes (including its effectors, SRGAP1 and CDC42) which mediates diverse cellular processes such as proliferation, neurogenesis and axon guidance, and Hippo pathway genes (YAP and TAZ) which regulates proliferation, stemness, differentiation and organ size were downregulated in hNPCs exposed to HG. A recent report suggests a possible cross-talk between SLIT1-ROBO2 and TAZ via CDC42, a mediator of actin dynamics. Consistent with this, SLIT1 knockdown downregulated the expression of its effectors and TAZ in hNPCs, suggesting that HG perturbs the cross-talk between SLIT1-ROBO2 and TAZ in hNPCs. Overall, this study demonstrates that HG epigenetically alters the SLIT1-ROBO2 and Hippo signalling pathways in hNPCs, forming the basis for neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring of diabetic pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Kandilya
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, MD10, Level 4, Singapore, 117594, Singapore
| | - Sukanya Shyamasundar
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, MD10, Level 4, Singapore, 117594, Singapore
| | - Dhiraj Kumar Singh
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, MD10, Level 4, Singapore, 117594, Singapore
| | - Avijit Banik
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, MD10, Level 4, Singapore, 117594, Singapore
| | - Manoor Prakash Hande
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Walter Stünkel
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yap Seng Chong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - S Thameem Dheen
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, MD10, Level 4, Singapore, 117594, Singapore.
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31
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Uzquiano A, Cifuentes-Diaz C, Jabali A, Romero DM, Houllier A, Dingli F, Maillard C, Boland A, Deleuze JF, Loew D, Mancini GMS, Bahi-Buisson N, Ladewig J, Francis F. Mutations in the Heterotopia Gene Eml1/EML1 Severely Disrupt the Formation of Primary Cilia. Cell Rep 2020; 28:1596-1611.e10. [PMID: 31390572 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apical radial glia (aRGs) are predominant progenitors during corticogenesis. Perturbing their function leads to cortical malformations, including subcortical heterotopia (SH), characterized by the presence of neurons below the cortex. EML1/Eml1 mutations lead to SH in patients, as well as to heterotopic cortex (HeCo) mutant mice. In HeCo mice, some aRGs are abnormally positioned away from the ventricular zone (VZ). Thus, unraveling EML1/Eml1 function will clarify mechanisms maintaining aRGs in the VZ. We pinpoint an unknown EML1/Eml1 function in primary cilium formation. In HeCo aRGs, cilia are shorter, less numerous, and often found aberrantly oriented within vesicles. Patient fibroblasts and human cortical progenitors show similar defects. EML1 interacts with RPGRIP1L, a ciliary protein, and RPGRIP1L mutations were revealed in a heterotopia patient. We also identify Golgi apparatus abnormalities in EML1/Eml1 mutant cells, potentially upstream of the cilia phenotype. We thus reveal primary cilia mechanisms impacting aRG dynamics in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Uzquiano
- INSERM U 1270, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, 75005 Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Carmen Cifuentes-Diaz
- INSERM U 1270, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, 75005 Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Ammar Jabali
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; HITBR Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research gGmbH, Mannheim, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Delfina M Romero
- INSERM U 1270, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, 75005 Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Anne Houllier
- INSERM U 1270, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, 75005 Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Florent Dingli
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre de Recherche, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, Paris, France
| | - Camille Maillard
- Laboratory of Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, INSERM UMR1163 Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Anne Boland
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Damarys Loew
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre de Recherche, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, Paris, France
| | - Grazia M S Mancini
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nadia Bahi-Buisson
- Laboratory of Genetics and Development of the Cerebral Cortex, INSERM UMR1163 Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Pediatric Neurology APHP-Necker Enfants Malades University Hospital, Paris, France; Centre de Référence, Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, APHP-Necker Enfants Malades University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Julia Ladewig
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; HITBR Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research gGmbH, Mannheim, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fiona Francis
- INSERM U 1270, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, 75005 Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France.
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32
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Najas S, Pijuan I, Esteve-Codina A, Usieto S, Martinez JD, Zwijsen A, Arbonés ML, Martí E, Le Dréau G. A SMAD1/5-YAP signalling module drives radial glia self-amplification and growth of the developing cerebral cortex. Development 2020; 147:dev.187005. [PMID: 32541003 DOI: 10.1242/dev.187005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The growth and evolutionary expansion of the cerebral cortex are defined by the spatial-temporal production of neurons, which itself depends on the decision of radial glial cells (RGCs) to self-amplify or to switch to neurogenic divisions. The mechanisms regulating these RGC fate decisions are still incompletely understood. Here, we describe a novel and evolutionarily conserved role of the canonical BMP transcription factors SMAD1/5 in controlling neurogenesis and growth during corticogenesis. Reducing the expression of both SMAD1 and SMAD5 in neural progenitors at early mouse cortical development caused microcephaly and an increased production of early-born cortical neurons at the expense of late-born ones, which correlated with the premature differentiation and depletion of the pool of cortical progenitors. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments performed during early cortical neurogenesis in the chick revealed that SMAD1/5 activity supports self-amplifying RGC divisions and restrains the neurogenic ones. Furthermore, we demonstrate that SMAD1/5 stimulate RGC self-amplification through the positive post-transcriptional regulation of the Hippo signalling effector YAP. We anticipate this SMAD1/5-YAP signalling module to be fundamental in controlling growth and evolution of the amniote cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Najas
- Department of Developmental Biology, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/ Baldiri Reixac 10-15, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Pijuan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/ Baldiri Reixac 10-15, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Usieto
- Department of Developmental Biology, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/ Baldiri Reixac 10-15, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan D Martinez
- Department of Developmental Biology, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/ Baldiri Reixac 10-15, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - An Zwijsen
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Maria L Arbonés
- Department of Developmental Biology, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/ Baldiri Reixac 10-15, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa Martí
- Department of Developmental Biology, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/ Baldiri Reixac 10-15, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gwenvael Le Dréau
- Department of Developmental Biology, Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/ Baldiri Reixac 10-15, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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33
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Lin YN, Lee YS, Li SK, Tang TK. Loss of CPAP in developing mouse brain and its functional implication for human primary microcephaly. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs243592. [PMID: 32501282 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.243592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary microcephaly (MCPH) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by small brain size with mental retardation. CPAP (also known as CENPJ), a known microcephaly-associated gene, plays a key role in centriole biogenesis. Here, we generated a previously unreported conditional knockout allele in the mouse Cpap gene. Our results showed that conditional Cpap deletion in the central nervous system preferentially induces formation of monopolar spindles in radial glia progenitors (RGPs) at around embryonic day 14.5 and causes robust apoptosis that severely disrupts embryonic brains. Interestingly, microcephalic brains with reduced apoptosis are detected in conditional Cpap gene-deleted mice that lose only one allele of p53 (also known as Trp53), while simultaneous removal of p53 and Cpap rescues RGP death. Furthermore, Cpap deletion leads to cilia loss, RGP mislocalization, junctional integrity disruption, massive heterotopia and severe cerebellar hypoplasia. Together, these findings indicate that complete CPAP loss leads to severe and complex phenotypes in developing mouse brain, and provide new insights into the causes of MCPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Nan Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Ying-Shan Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Shu-Kuei Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Tang K Tang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
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34
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Jossin Y. Molecular mechanisms of cell polarity in a range of model systems and in migrating neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 106:103503. [PMID: 32485296 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is defined as the asymmetric distribution of cellular components along an axis. Most cells, from the simplest single-cell organisms to highly specialized mammalian cells, are polarized and use similar mechanisms to generate and maintain polarity. Cell polarity is important for cells to migrate, form tissues, and coordinate activities. During development of the mammalian cerebral cortex, cell polarity is essential for neurogenesis and for the migration of newborn but as-yet undifferentiated neurons. These oriented migrations include both the radial migration of excitatory projection neurons and the tangential migration of inhibitory interneurons. In this review, I will first describe the development of the cerebral cortex, as revealed at the cellular level. I will then define the core molecular mechanisms - the Par/Crb/Scrib polarity complexes, small GTPases, the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons, and phosphoinositides/PI3K signaling - that are required for asymmetric cell division, apico-basal and front-rear polarity in model systems, including C elegans zygote, Drosophila embryos and cultured mammalian cells. As I go through each core mechanism I will explain what is known about its importance in radial and tangential migration in the developing mammalian cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Jossin
- Laboratory of Mammalian Development & Cell Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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35
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Tead transcription factors differentially regulate cortical development. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4625. [PMID: 32170161 PMCID: PMC7070074 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61490-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) generate neurons of the cerebral cortex with distinct morphologies and functions. How specific neuron production, differentiation and migration are orchestrated is unclear. Hippo signaling regulates gene expression through Tead transcription factors (TFs). We show that Hippo transcriptional coactivators Yap1/Taz and the Teads have distinct functions during cortical development. Yap1/Taz promote NSC maintenance and Satb2+ neuron production at the expense of Tbr1+ neuron generation. However, Teads have moderate effects on NSC maintenance and do not affect Satb2+ neuron differentiation. Conversely, whereas Tead2 blocks Tbr1+ neuron formation, Tead1 and Tead3 promote this early fate. In addition, we found that Hippo effectors regulate neuronal migration to the cortical plate (CP) in a reciprocal fashion, that ApoE, Dab2 and Cyr61 are Tead targets, and these contribute to neuronal fate determination and migration. Our results indicate that multifaceted Hippo signaling is pivotal in different aspects of cortical development.
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36
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Houssin NS, Martin JB, Coppola V, Yoon SO, Plageman TF. Formation and contraction of multicellular actomyosin cables facilitate lens placode invagination. Dev Biol 2020; 462:36-49. [PMID: 32113830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic morphogenesis relies on the intrinsic ability of cells, often through remodeling the cytoskeleton, to shape epithelial tissues during development. Epithelial invagination is an example of morphogenesis that depends on this remodeling but the cellular mechanisms driving arrangement of cytoskeletal elements needed for tissue deformation remain incompletely characterized. To elucidate these mechanisms, live fluorescent microscopy and immunohistochemistry on fixed specimens were performed on chick and mouse lens placodes. This analysis revealed the formation of peripherally localized, circumferentially orientated and aligned junctions enriched in F-actin and MyoIIB. Once formed, the aligned junctions contract in a Rho-kinase and non-muscle myosin dependent manner. Further molecular characterization of these junctions revealed a Rho-kinase dependent accumulation of Arhgef11, a RhoA-specific guanine exchange factor known to regulate the formation of actomyosin cables and junctional contraction. In contrast, the localization of the Par-complex protein Par3, was reduced in these circumferentially orientated junctions. In an effort to determine if Par3 plays a negative role in MyoIIB accumulation, Par3-deficient mouse embryos were analyzed which not only revealed an increase in bicellular junctional accumulation of MyoIIB, but also a reduction of Arhgef11. Together, these results highlight the importance of the formation of the multicellular actomyosin cables that appear essential to the initiation of epithelial invagination and implicate the potential role of Arhgef11 and Par3 in their contraction and formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica B Martin
- College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vincenzo Coppola
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sung Ok Yoon
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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37
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Pocaterra A, Romani P, Dupont S. YAP/TAZ functions and their regulation at a glance. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/2/jcs230425. [PMID: 31996398 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.230425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
YAP and TAZ proteins are transcriptional coactivators encoded by paralogous genes, which shuttle between the cytoplasm and the nucleus in response to multiple inputs, including the Hippo pathway. In the nucleus, they pair with DNA-binding factors of the TEAD family to regulate gene expression. Nuclear YAP/TAZ promote cell proliferation, organ overgrowth, survival to stress and dedifferentiation of post-mitotic cells into their respective tissue progenitors. YAP/TAZ are required for growth of embryonic tissues, wound healing and organ regeneration, where they are activated by cell-intrinsic and extrinsic cues. Surprisingly, this activity is dispensable in many adult self-renewing tissues, where YAP/TAZ are constantly kept in check. YAP/TAZ lay at the center of a complex regulatory network including cell-autonomous factors but also cell- and tissue-level structural features such as the mechanical properties of the cell microenvironment, the establishment of cell-cell junctions and of basolateral tissue polarity. Enhanced levels and activity of YAP/TAZ are observed in many cancers, where they sustain tumor growth, drug resistance and malignancy. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we review the biological functions of YAP/TAZ and their regulatory mechanisms, and highlight their position at the center of a complex signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Pocaterra
- University of Padova, Department of Molecular Medicine, via Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Patrizia Romani
- University of Padova, Department of Molecular Medicine, via Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Sirio Dupont
- University of Padova, Department of Molecular Medicine, via Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
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38
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Gao R, Pratt CP, Yoon S, Martin-de-Saavedra MD, Forrest MP, Penzes P. CNTNAP2 is targeted to endosomes by the polarity protein PAR3. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:1074-1086. [PMID: 31730244 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A decade of genetic studies has established contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CNTNAP2) as a prominent susceptibility gene associated with multiple neurodevelopmental disorders. The development and characterization of Cntnap2 knockout models in multiple species have bolstered this claim by establishing clear connections with certain endophenotypes. Despite these remarkable in vivo findings, CNTNAP2's molecular functions are relatively unexplored, highlighting the need to identify novel protein partners. Here, we characterized an interaction between CNTNAP2 and partitioning-defective 3 (PAR3)-a polarity molecule isolated in a yeast two-hybrid screen with CNTNAP2's C-terminus. We provide evidence that the two proteins interact via PDZ domain-mediated binding, that CNTNAP2+ /PAR3+ complexes are largely associated with clathrin-coated endocytic vesicles in heterologous cells and that PAR3 causes an enlargement of CNTNAP2 puncta size. Live imaging and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) reveals that PAR3 limits the mobility of CNTNAP2. Finally, overexpression of PAR3 but not a PAR3 mutant lacking all PDZ domains (PAR3∆PDZall) can cluster endogenous CNTNAP2 in primary neurons. Collectively, we conclude that PAR3 regulates CNTNAP2 spatial localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoqi Gao
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher P Pratt
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sehyoun Yoon
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Marc P Forrest
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peter Penzes
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Northwestern University, Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Chicago, IL, USA
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39
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Hughes LJ, Park R, Lee MJ, Terry BK, Lee DJ, Kim H, Cho SH, Kim S. Yap/Taz are required for establishing the cerebellar radial glia scaffold and proper foliation. Dev Biol 2019; 457:150-162. [PMID: 31586559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Yap/Taz are well-established downstream effectors of the Hippo pathway, known to regulate organ size by directing proliferation and apoptosis. Although the functions of Yap/Taz have been extensively studied, little is known about their role in brain development. Here, through genetic ablation, we show that Yap/Taz are required for cerebellar morphogenesis. Yap/Taz deletion in neural progenitors causes defects in secondary fissure formation, leading to abnormal folia development. Although they seemed very likely to serve an important function in the development of cerebellar granule cell precursors, Yap/Taz are dispensable for their proliferation. Furthermore, Yap/Taz loss does not rescue the medulloblastoma phenotype caused by constitutively active Smoothened. Importantly, Yap/Taz are highly expressed in radial glia and play a crucial role in establishing the radial scaffold and cellular polarity of neural progenitors during embryogenesis. We found that Yap/Taz are necessary to establish and maintain junctional integrity of cerebellar neuroepithelium as prominent junction proteins are not maintained at the apical junction in the absence of Yap/Taz. Our study identifies a novel function of Yap/Taz in cerebellar foliation and finds that they are required to establish the radial glia scaffold and junctional stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda J Hughes
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA; Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Raehee Park
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Min Jung Lee
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Bethany K Terry
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA; Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - David J Lee
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Hansol Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Seo-Hee Cho
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Seonhee Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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40
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Liu Y, Gu HY, Zhu J, Niu YM, Zhang C, Guo GL. Identification of Hub Genes and Key Pathways Associated With Bipolar Disorder Based on Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1081. [PMID: 31481902 PMCID: PMC6710482 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a complex mental disorder with high mortality and disability rates worldwide; however, research on its pathogenesis and diagnostic methods remains limited. This study aimed to elucidate potential candidate hub genes and key pathways related to BD in a pre-frontal cortex sample. Raw gene expression profile files of GSE53987, including 36 samples, were obtained from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database. After data pre-processing, 10,094 genes were selected for weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). After dividing highly related genes into 19 modules, we found that the pink, midnight blue, and brown modules were highly correlated with BD. Functional annotation and pathway enrichment analysis for modules, which indicated some key pathways, were conducted based on the Enrichr database. One of the most remarkable significant pathways is the Hippo signaling pathway and its positive transcriptional regulation. Finally, 30 hub genes were identified in three modules. Hub genes with a high degree of connectivity in the PPI network are significantly enriched in positive regulation of transcription. In addition, the hub genes were validated based on another dataset (GSE12649). Taken together, the identification of these 30 hub genes and enrichment pathways might have important clinical implications for BD treatment and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Hui-Yun Gu
- Department of Orthopedic, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Trade Union, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yu-Ming Niu
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Guang-Ling Guo
- Center of Women’s Health Sciences, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
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41
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Yang Z, Joyner AL. YAP1 is involved in replenishment of granule cell precursors following injury to the neonatal cerebellum. Dev Biol 2019; 455:458-472. [PMID: 31376393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum undergoes major rapid growth during the third trimester and early neonatal stage in humans, making it vulnerable to injuries in pre-term babies. Experiments in mice have revealed a remarkable ability of the neonatal cerebellum to recover from injuries around birth. In particular, recovery following irradiation-induced ablation of granule cell precursors (GCPs) involves adaptive reprogramming of Nestin-expressing glial progenitors (NEPs). Sonic hedgehog signaling is required for the initial step in NEP reprogramming; however, the full spectrum of developmental signaling pathways that promote NEP-driven regeneration is not known. Since the growth regulatory Hippo pathway has been implicated in the repair of several tissue types, we tested whether Hippo signaling is involved in regeneration of the cerebellum. Using mouse models, we found that the Hippo pathway transcriptional co-activator YAP1 (Yes-associated protein 1) but not TAZ (transcriptional coactivator with PDZ binding motif, or WWTR1) is required in NEPs for full recovery of cerebellar growth following irradiation one day after birth. Although Yap1 plays only a minor role during normal development in differentiation of NEPs or GCPs, the size of the cerebellum, and in particular the internal granule cell layer produced by GCPs, is significantly reduced in Yap1 mutants after irradiation, and the organization of Purkinje cells and Bergmann glial fibers is disrupted. The initial proliferative response of Yap1 mutant NEPs to irradiation is normal and the cells migrate to the GCP niche, but subsequently there is increased cell death of GCPs and altered migration of granule cells, possibly due to defects in Bergmann glia. Moreover, loss of Taz along with Yap1 in NEPs does not abrogate regeneration or alter development of the cerebellum. Our study provides new insights into the molecular signaling underlying postnatal cerebellar development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Yang
- Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, 10065, United States; Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, 10065, United States
| | - Alexandra L Joyner
- Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, 10065, United States; Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, 10065, United States.
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42
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Abdi K, Kuo CT. Laminating the mammalian cortex during development: cell polarity protein function and Hippo signaling. Genes Dev 2019; 32:740-741. [PMID: 29921662 PMCID: PMC6049518 DOI: 10.1101/gad.316711.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This Outlook from Abdi and Kuo discusses the study by Liu et al. in this issue of Genes & Development, where they show evidence that an evolutionarily conserved cellular polarity gene, Pard3, controls the balance of radial glial proliferation and differentiation through interaction with the Hippo signal transduction pathway. During mammalian brain development, radial glial progenitors balance between proliferation and differentiation to generate the laminated cortical layers in a temporally precise fashion. Defects in the individual steps going into this complex organogenesis can result in cortical malformations and human nervous system disorders. In this issue of Genes & Development, Liu and colleagues (pp. 763–780) present experimental evidence that an evolutionarily conserved cellular polarity gene, Pard3 (partitioning-defective 3), controls the balance of radial glial proliferation and differentiation through interaction with the Hippo signal transduction pathway. Conditional deletion of Pard3 in the developing rodent cortex resulted in striking subcortical band heterotopia, reminiscent of a severe form of human cortical malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadar Abdi
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Chay T Kuo
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.,Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.,Brumley Neonatal/Perinatal Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.,Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Collins SC, Uzquiano A, Selloum M, Wendling O, Gaborit M, Osipenko M, Birling MC, Yalcin B, Francis F. The neuroanatomy of Eml1 knockout mice, a model of subcortical heterotopia. J Anat 2019; 235:637-650. [PMID: 31173351 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is a highly organized structure responsible for advanced cognitive functions. Its development relies on a series of steps including neural progenitor cell proliferation, neuronal migration, axonal outgrowth and brain wiring. Disruption of these steps leads to cortical malformations, often associated with intellectual disability and epilepsy. We have generated a new resource to shed further light on subcortical heterotopia, a malformation characterized by abnormal neuronal position. We describe here the generation and characterization of a knockout (KO) mouse model for Eml1, a microtubule-associated protein showing mutations in human ribbon-like subcortical heterotopia. As previously reported for a spontaneous mouse mutant showing a mutation in Eml1, we observe severe cortical heterotopia in the KO. We also observe abnormal progenitor cells in early corticogenesis, likely to be the origin of the defects. EML1 KO mice on the C57BL/6N genetic background also appear to present a wider phenotype than the original mouse mutant, showing additional brain anomalies, such as corpus callosum abnormalities. We compare the anatomy of male and female mice and also study heterozygote animals. This new resource will help unravel roles for Eml1 in brain development and tissue architecture, as well as the mechanisms leading to severe subcortical heterotopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan C Collins
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Ana Uzquiano
- INSERM UMR S-1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UMR S-1270, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Mohammed Selloum
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Olivia Wendling
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Marion Gaborit
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Maria Osipenko
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Marie-Christine Birling
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Binnaz Yalcin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Fiona Francis
- INSERM UMR S-1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UMR S-1270, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
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Hakanen J, Ruiz-Reig N, Tissir F. Linking Cell Polarity to Cortical Development and Malformations. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:244. [PMID: 31213986 PMCID: PMC6558068 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity refers to the asymmetric distribution of signaling molecules, cellular organelles, and cytoskeleton in a cell. Neural progenitors and neurons are highly polarized cells in which the cell membrane and cytoplasmic components are compartmentalized into distinct functional domains in response to internal and external cues that coordinate polarity and behavior during development and disease. In neural progenitor cells, polarity has a prominent impact on cell shape and coordinate several processes such as adhesion, division, and fate determination. Polarity also accompanies a neuron from the beginning until the end of its life. It is essential for development and later functionality of neuronal circuitries. During development, polarity governs transitions between multipolar and bipolar during migration of postmitotic neurons, and directs the specification and directional growth of axons. Once reaching final positions in cortical layers, neurons form dendrites which become compartmentalized to ensure proper establishment of neuronal connections and signaling. Changes in neuronal polarity induce signaling cascades that regulate cytoskeletal changes, as well as mRNA, protein, and vesicle trafficking, required for synapses to form and function. Hence, defects in establishing and maintaining cell polarity are associated with several neural disorders such as microcephaly, lissencephaly, schizophrenia, autism, and epilepsy. In this review we summarize the role of polarity genes in cortical development and emphasize the relationship between polarity dysfunctions and cortical malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Hakanen
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nuria Ruiz-Reig
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fadel Tissir
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
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Pirozzi F, Nelson B, Mirzaa G. From microcephaly to megalencephaly: determinants of brain size. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019. [PMID: 30936767 PMCID: PMC6436952 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2018.20.4/gmirzaa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Expansion of the human brain, and specifically the neocortex, is among the most remarkable evolutionary processes that correlates with cognitive, emotional, and social abilities. Cortical expansion is determined through a tightly orchestrated process of neural stem cell proliferation, migration, and ongoing organization, synaptogenesis, and apoptosis. Perturbations of each of these intricate steps can lead to abnormalities of brain size in humans, whether small (microcephaly) or large (megalencephaly). Abnormalities of brain growth can be clinically isolated or occur as part of complex syndromes associated with other neurodevelopmental problems (eg, epilepsy, autism, intellectual disability), brain malformations, and body growth abnormalities. Thorough review of the genetic literature reveals that human microcephaly and megalencephaly are caused by mutations of a rapidly growing number of genes linked within critical cellular pathways that impact early brain development, with important pathomechanistic links to cancer, body growth, and epilepsy. Given the rapid rate of causal gene identification for microcephaly and megalencephaly understanding the roles and interplay of these important signaling pathways is crucial to further unravel the mechanisms underlying brain growth disorders and, more fundamentally, normal brain growth and development in humans. In this review, we will (a) overview the definitions of microcephaly and megalencephaly, highlighting their classifications in clinical practice; (b) overview the most common genes and pathways underlying microcephaly and megalencephaly based on the fundamental cellular processes that are perturbed during cortical development; and (c) outline general clinical molecular diagnostic workflows for children and adults presenting with microcephaly and megalencephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Pirozzi
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Branden Nelson
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ghayda Mirzaa
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA; Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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