1
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Takahashi M, Sakamoto A, Morikawa H. Atmospheric nitrogen dioxide suppresses the activity of phytochrome interacting factor 4 to suppress hypocotyl elongation. PLANTA 2024; 260:42. [PMID: 38958765 PMCID: PMC11222245 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04468-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Ambient concentrations of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) inhibit the binding of PIF4 to promoter regions of auxin pathway genes to suppress hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis. Ambient concentrations (10-50 ppb) of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) positively regulate plant growth to the extent that organ size and shoot biomass can nearly double in various species, including Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis). However, the precise molecular mechanism underlying NO2-mediated processes in plants, and the involvement of specific molecules in these processes, remain unknown. We measured hypocotyl elongation and the transcript levels of PIF4, encoding a bHLH transcription factor, and its target genes in wild-type (WT) and various pif mutants grown in the presence or absence of 50 ppb NO2. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were performed to quantify binding of PIF4 to the promoter regions of its target genes. NO2 suppressed hypocotyl elongation in WT plants, but not in the pifq or pif4 mutants. NO2 suppressed the expression of target genes of PIF4, but did not affect the transcript level of the PIF4 gene itself or the level of PIF4 protein. NO2 inhibited the binding of PIF4 to the promoter regions of two of its target genes, SAUR46 and SAUR67. In conclusion, NO2 inhibits the binding of PIF4 to the promoter regions of genes involved in the auxin pathway to suppress hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis. Consequently, PIF4 emerges as a pivotal participant in this regulatory process. This study has further clarified the intricate regulatory mechanisms governing plant responses to environmental pollutants, thereby advancing our understanding of how plants adapt to changing atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Takahashi
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Morikawa
- School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
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2
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Krahmer J, Fankhauser C. Environmental Control of Hypocotyl Elongation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 75:489-519. [PMID: 38012051 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-062923-023852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The hypocotyl is the embryonic stem connecting the primary root to the cotyledons. Hypocotyl length varies tremendously depending on the conditions. This developmental plasticity and the simplicity of the organ explain its success as a model for growth regulation. Light and temperature are prominent growth-controlling cues, using shared signaling elements. Mechanisms controlling hypocotyl elongation in etiolated seedlings reaching the light differ from those in photoautotrophic seedlings. However, many common growth regulators intervene in both situations. Multiple photoreceptors including phytochromes, which also respond to temperature, control the activity of several transcription factors, thereby eliciting rapid transcriptional reprogramming. Hypocotyl growth often depends on sensing in green tissues and interorgan communication comprising auxin. Hypocotyl auxin, in conjunction with other hormones, determines epidermal cell elongation. Plants facing cues with opposite effects on growth control hypocotyl elongation through intricate mechanisms. We discuss the status of the field and end by highlighting open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Krahmer
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland;
- Current affiliation: Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark;
| | - Christian Fankhauser
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland;
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3
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Saura-Sánchez M, Gomez-Ocampo G, Pereyra ME, Barraza CE, Rossi AH, Córdoba JP, Botto JF. B-Box transcription factor BBX28 requires CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS1 to induce shade-avoidance response in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:2443-2455. [PMID: 38620015 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Shade avoidance syndrome is an important adaptive strategy. Under shade, major transcriptional rearrangements underlie the reallocation of resources to elongate vegetative structures and redefine the plant architecture to compete for photosynthesis. BBX28 is a B-box transcription factor involved in seedling de-etiolation and flowering in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), but its function in shade-avoidance response is completely unknown. Here, we studied the function of BBX28 using two mutant and two transgenic lines of Arabidopsis exposed to white light and simulated shade conditions. We found that BBX28 promotes hypocotyl growth under shade through the phytochrome system by perceiving the reduction of red photons but not the reduction of photosynthetically active radiation or blue photons. We demonstrated that hypocotyl growth under shade is sustained by the protein accumulation of BBX28 in the nuclei in a CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS1 (COP1)-dependent manner at the end of the photoperiod. BBX28 up-regulates the expression of transcription factor- and auxin-related genes, thereby promoting hypocotyl growth under prolonged shade. Overall, our results suggest the role of BBX28 in COP1 signaling to sustain the shade-avoidance response and extend the well-known participation of other members of BBX transcription factors for fine-tuning plant growth under shade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Saura-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (FEVA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Gomez-Ocampo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (FEVA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matías Ezequiel Pereyra
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (FEVA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Avenida Patricias Argentinas 435, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla Eliana Barraza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (FEVA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés H Rossi
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Avenida Patricias Argentinas 435, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan P Córdoba
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Avenida Patricias Argentinas 435, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier Francisco Botto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (FEVA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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4
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Liu J, Wang X, Wu H, Zhu Y, Ahmad I, Dong G, Zhou G, Wu Y. Association between Reactive Oxygen Species, Transcription Factors, and Candidate Genes in Drought-Resistant Sorghum. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6464. [PMID: 38928168 PMCID: PMC11203540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Drought stress is one of the most severe natural disasters in terms of its frequency, length, impact intensity, and associated losses, making it a significant threat to agricultural productivity. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), a C4 plant, shows a wide range of morphological, physiological, and biochemical adaptations in response to drought stress, paving the way for it to endure harsh environments. In arid environments, sorghum exhibits enhanced water uptake and reduced dissipation through its morphological activity, allowing it to withstand drought stress. Sorghum exhibits physiological and biochemical resistance to drought, primarily by adjusting its osmotic potential, scavenging reactive oxygen species, and changing the activities of its antioxidant enzymes. In addition, certain sorghum genes exhibit downregulation capabilities in response to drought stress. Therefore, in the current review, we explore drought tolerance in sorghum, encompassing its morphological characteristics and physiological mechanisms and the identification and selection of its functional genes. The use of modern biotechnological and molecular biological approaches to improving sorghum resistance is critical for selecting and breeding drought-tolerant sorghum varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Liu
- Joint International Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China; (J.L.); (X.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (I.A.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China;
| | - Xin Wang
- Joint International Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China; (J.L.); (X.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (I.A.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China;
| | - Hao Wu
- Joint International Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China; (J.L.); (X.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (I.A.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China;
| | - Yiming Zhu
- Joint International Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China; (J.L.); (X.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (I.A.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China;
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- Joint International Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China; (J.L.); (X.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (I.A.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China;
| | - Guichun Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China;
| | - Guisheng Zhou
- Joint International Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China; (J.L.); (X.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (I.A.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China;
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Joint International Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China; (J.L.); (X.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (I.A.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China;
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5
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Ye KY, Li JW, Wang FM, Gao JY, Liu CX, Gong HJ, Qi BB, Liu PP, Jiang QS, Tang JM, Mo QH. Genome-wide analysis and expression profiling of the HD-ZIP gene family in kiwifruit. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:354. [PMID: 38594645 PMCID: PMC11003167 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) gene family plays a pivotal role in plant development and stress responses. Nevertheless, a comprehensive characterization of the HD-Zip gene family in kiwifruit has been lacking. In this study, we have systematically identified 70 HD-Zip genes in the Actinidia chinensis (Ac) genome and 55 in the Actinidia eriantha (Ae) genome. These genes have been categorized into four subfamilies (HD-Zip I, II, III, and IV) through rigorous phylogenetic analysis. Analysis of synteny patterns and selection pressures has provided insights into how whole-genome duplication (WGD) or segmental may have contributed to the divergence in gene numbers between these two kiwifruit species, with duplicated gene pairs undergoing purifying selection. Furthermore, our study has unveiled tissue-specific expression patterns among kiwifruit HD-Zip genes, with some genes identified as key regulators of kiwifruit responses to bacterial canker disease and postharvest processes. These findings not only offer valuable insights into the evolutionary and functional characteristics of kiwifruit HD-Zips but also shed light on their potential roles in plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Yu Ye
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Functional Phytochemicals Research and Utilization, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Jie-Wei Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Functional Phytochemicals Research and Utilization, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Fa-Ming Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Functional Phytochemicals Research and Utilization, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Jian-You Gao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Functional Phytochemicals Research and Utilization, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Cui-Xia Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Functional Phytochemicals Research and Utilization, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Hong-Juan Gong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Functional Phytochemicals Research and Utilization, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Bei-Bei Qi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Functional Phytochemicals Research and Utilization, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Ping-Ping Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Functional Phytochemicals Research and Utilization, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Qiao-Sheng Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Functional Phytochemicals Research and Utilization, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Jian-Min Tang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Functional Phytochemicals Research and Utilization, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guilin, 541006, China.
| | - Quan-Hui Mo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Functional Phytochemicals Research and Utilization, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guilin, 541006, China.
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6
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Han R, Ma L, Terzaghi W, Guo Y, Li J. Molecular mechanisms underlying coordinated responses of plants to shade and environmental stresses. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:1893-1913. [PMID: 38289877 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) is triggered by a low ratio of red (R) to far-red (FR) light (R/FR ratio), which is caused by neighbor detection and/or canopy shade. In order to compete for the limited light, plants elongate hypocotyls and petioles by deactivating phytochrome B (phyB), a major R light photoreceptor, thus releasing its inhibition of the growth-promoting transcription factors PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORs. Under natural conditions, plants must cope with abiotic stresses such as drought, soil salinity, and extreme temperatures, and biotic stresses such as pathogens and pests. Plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to simultaneously deal with multiple environmental stresses. In this review, we will summarize recent major advances in our understanding of how plants coordinately respond to shade and environmental stresses, and will also discuss the important questions for future research. A deep understanding of how plants synergistically respond to shade together with abiotic and biotic stresses will facilitate the design and breeding of new crop varieties with enhanced tolerance to high-density planting and environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - William Terzaghi
- Department of Biology, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, 18766, USA
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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7
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Nguyen NH, Sng BJR, Chin HJ, Choi IKY, Yeo HC, Jang IC. HISTONE DEACETYLASE 9 promotes hypocotyl-specific auxin response under shade. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:804-822. [PMID: 37522556 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Vegetative shade causes an array of morphological changes in plants called shade avoidance syndrome, which includes hypocotyl and petiole elongation, leaf hyponasty, reduced leaf growth, early flowering and rapid senescence. Here, we show that loss-of-function mutations in HISTONE DEACETYLASE 9 (HDA9) attenuated the shade-induced hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis. However, the hda9 cotyledons and petioles under shade were not significantly different from those in wild-type, suggesting a specific function of HDA9 in hypocotyl elongation in response to shade. HDA9 expression levels were stable under shade and its protein was ubiquitously detected in cotyledon, hypocotyl and root. Organ-specific transcriptome analysis unraveled that shade induced a set of auxin-responsive genes, such as SMALL AUXIN UPREGULATED RNAs (SAURs) and AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACIDs (AUX/IAAs) and their induction was impaired in hda9-1 hypocotyls. In addition, HDA9 binding to loci of SAUR15/65, IAA5/6/19 and ACS4 was increased under shade. The genetic and organ-specific gene expression analyses further revealed that HDA9 may cooperate with PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 4/7 in the regulation of shade-induced hypocotyl elongation. Furthermore, HDA9 and PIF7 proteins were found to interact together and thus it is suggested that PIF7 may recruit HDA9 to regulate the shade/auxin responsive genes in response to shade. Overall, our study unravels that HDA9 can work as one component of a hypocotyl-specific transcriptional regulatory machinery that activates the auxin response at the hypocotyl leading to the elongation of this organ under shade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Hoai Nguyen
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Benny Jian Rong Sng
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Hui Jun Chin
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Ian Kin Yuen Choi
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Hock Chuan Yeo
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - In-Cheol Jang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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8
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Sun R, Okabe M, Miyazaki S, Ishida T, Mashiguchi K, Inoue K, Yoshitake Y, Yamaoka S, Nishihama R, Kawaide H, Nakajima M, Yamaguchi S, Kohchi T. Biosynthesis of gibberellin-related compounds modulates far-red light responses in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:4111-4132. [PMID: 37597168 PMCID: PMC10615216 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Gibberellins (GAs) are key phytohormones that regulate growth, development, and environmental responses in angiosperms. From an evolutionary perspective, all major steps of GA biosynthesis are conserved among vascular plants, while GA biosynthesis intermediates such as ent-kaurenoic acid (KA) are also produced by bryophytes. Here, we show that in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, KA and GA12 are synthesized by evolutionarily conserved enzymes, which are required for developmental responses to far-red light (FR). Under FR-enriched conditions, mutants of various biosynthesis enzymes consistently exhibited altered thallus growth allometry, delayed initiation of gametogenesis, and abnormal morphology of gamete-bearing structures (gametangiophores). By chemical treatments and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses, we confirmed that these phenotypes were caused by the deficiency of some GA-related compounds derived from KA, but not bioactive GAs from vascular plants. Transcriptome analysis showed that FR enrichment induced the up-regulation of genes related to stress responses and secondary metabolism in M. polymorpha, which was largely dependent on the biosynthesis of GA-related compounds. Due to the lack of canonical GA receptors in bryophytes, we hypothesize that GA-related compounds are commonly synthesized in land plants but were co-opted independently to regulate responses to light quality change in different plant lineages during the past 450 million years of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502,Japan
| | - Maiko Okabe
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502,Japan
| | - Sho Miyazaki
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, 183-8509,Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ishida
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011,Japan
| | | | - Keisuke Inoue
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502,Japan
| | | | - Shohei Yamaoka
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502,Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502,Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510,Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawaide
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509,Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakajima
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657,Japan
| | | | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502,Japan
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9
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Han R, Ma L, Lv Y, Qi L, Peng J, Li H, Zhou Y, Song P, Duan J, Li J, Li Z, Terzaghi W, Guo Y, Li J. SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE2 stabilizes phytochrome-interacting factors PIF4 and PIF5 to promote Arabidopsis shade avoidance. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:2972-2996. [PMID: 37119311 PMCID: PMC10396385 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Sun-loving plants trigger the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) to compete against their neighbors for sunlight. Phytochromes are plant red (R) and far-red (FR) light photoreceptors that play a major role in perceiving the shading signals and triggering SAS. Shade induces a reduction in the level of active phytochrome B (phyB), thus increasing the abundance of PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORS (PIFs), a group of growth-promoting transcription factors. However, whether other factors are involved in modulating PIF activity in the shade remains largely obscure. Here, we show that SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE2 (SOS2), a protein kinase essential for salt tolerance, positively regulates SAS in Arabidopsis thaliana. SOS2 directly phosphorylates PIF4 and PIF5 at a serine residue close to their conserved motif for binding to active phyB. This phosphorylation thus decreases their interaction with phyB and posttranslationally promotes PIF4 and PIF5 protein accumulation. Notably, the role of SOS2 in regulating PIF4 and PIF5 protein abundance and SAS is more prominent under salt stress. Moreover, phyA and phyB physically interact with SOS2 and promote SOS2 kinase activity in the light. Collectively, our study uncovers an unexpected role of salt-activated SOS2 in promoting SAS by modulating the phyB-PIF module, providing insight into the coordinated response of plants to salt stress and shade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lijuan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yangyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Pengyu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - William Terzaghi
- Department of Biology, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, USA
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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10
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Gómez-Ocampo G, Cascales J, Medina-Fraga AL, Ploschuk EL, Mantese AI, Crocco CD, Matsusaka D, Sánchez DH, Botto JF. Transcriptomic and physiological shade avoidance responses in potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13991. [PMID: 37616016 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Plants detect competitors in shaded environments by perceiving a reduction in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and the reduction between the red and far-red light (R:FR) ratio and blue photons. These light signals are detected by phytochromes and cryptochromes, which trigger shade avoidance responses such as shoot and petiole elongation and lead to increased susceptibility to pathogen attack. We studied morphological, anatomical, and photosynthesis differences in potato plants (Solanum tuberosum var. Spunta) exposed to sunlight or simulated shade in a greenhouse. We found that simulated shade strongly induced stem and internode elongation with a higher production of free auxin in stems and a lower production of tubers. The mesophyll thickness of the upper leaves of plants grown in simulated shade was lower, but the epidermis was wider compared with the leaves of plants cultivated in sunlight. In addition, the photosynthesis rate was lower in the upper leaves exposed to nonsaturated irradiances and higher in the basal leaves at saturated irradiances compared with control plants. RNA-seq analysis showed that 146 and 155 genes were up- and downregulated by shade, respectively. By quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, we confirmed that FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), WRKY-like, and PAR1b were induced, while FLAVONOL 4-SULFOTRANSFERASE was repressed under shade. In shaded plants, leaves and tubers were more susceptible to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea attack. Overall, our work demonstrates configurational changes between growth and defense decisions in potato plants cultivated in simulated shade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Gómez-Ocampo
- IFEVA (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jimena Cascales
- IFEVA (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana L Medina-Fraga
- IFEVA (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Edmundo L Ploschuk
- Cátedra de Cultivos Industriales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anita I Mantese
- Cátedra de Botánica General, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos D Crocco
- IFEVA (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Matsusaka
- IFEVA (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego H Sánchez
- IFEVA (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier F Botto
- IFEVA (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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11
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Saura-Sánchez M, Chiriotto TS, Cascales J, Gómez-Ocampo G, Hernández-García J, Li Z, Pruneda-Paz JL, Blázquez MA, Botto JF. BBX24 Interacts with JAZ3 to Promote Growth by Reducing DELLA Activity in Shade Avoidance. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:474-485. [PMID: 36715091 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) is a strategy of major adaptive significance and typically includes elongation of the stem and petiole, leaf hyponasty, reduced branching and phototropic orientation of the plant shoot toward canopy gaps. Both cryptochrome 1 and phytochrome B (phyB) are the major photoreceptors that sense the reduction in the blue light fluence rate and the low red:far-red ratio, respectively, and both light signals are associated with plant density and the resource reallocation when SAS responses are triggered. The B-box (BBX)-containing zinc finger transcription factor BBX24 has been implicated in the SAS as a regulator of DELLA activity, but this interaction does not explain all the observed BBX24-dependent regulation in shade light. Here, through a combination of transcriptional meta-analysis and large-scale identification of BBX24-interacting transcription factors, we found that JAZ3, a jasmonic acid signaling component, is a direct target of BBX24. Furthermore, we demonstrated that joint loss of BBX24 and JAZ3 function causes insensitivity to DELLA accumulation, and the defective shade-induced elongation in this mutant is rescued by loss of DELLA or phyB function. Therefore, we propose that JAZ3 is part of the regulatory network that controls the plant growth in response to shade, through a mechanism in which BBX24 and JAZ3 jointly regulate DELLA activity. Our results provide new insights into the participation of BBX24 and JA signaling in the hypocotyl shade avoidance response in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Saura-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Av. San Martín 4453, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Tai Sabrina Chiriotto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Av. San Martín 4453, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Jimena Cascales
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Av. San Martín 4453, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Gómez-Ocampo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Av. San Martín 4453, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Jorge Hernández-García
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, C/Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Zheng Li
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0348, USA
| | - José Luis Pruneda-Paz
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0348, USA
| | - Miguel Angel Blázquez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, C/Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Javier Francisco Botto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Av. San Martín 4453, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1417DSE, Argentina
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12
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Takagi H, Hempton AK, Imaizumi T. Photoperiodic flowering in Arabidopsis: Multilayered regulatory mechanisms of CONSTANS and the florigen FLOWERING LOCUS T. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100552. [PMID: 36681863 PMCID: PMC10203454 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The timing of flowering affects the success of sexual reproduction. This developmental event also determines crop yield, biomass, and longevity. Therefore, this mechanism has been targeted for improvement along with crop domestication. The underlying mechanisms of flowering are highly conserved in angiosperms. Central to these mechanisms is how environmental and endogenous conditions control transcriptional regulation of the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) gene, which initiates floral development under long-day conditions in Arabidopsis. Since the identification of FT as florigen, efforts have been made to understand the regulatory mechanisms of FT expression. Although many transcriptional regulators have been shown to directly influence FT, the question of how they coordinately control the spatiotemporal expression patterns of FT still requires further investigation. Among FT regulators, CONSTANS (CO) is the primary one whose protein stability is tightly controlled by phosphorylation and ubiquitination/proteasome-mediated mechanisms. In addition, various CO interaction partners, some of them previously identified as FT transcriptional regulators, positively or negatively modulate CO protein activity. The FT promoter possesses several transcriptional regulatory "blocks," highly conserved regions among Brassicaceae plants. Different transcription factors bind to specific blocks and affect FT expression, often causing topological changes in FT chromatin structure, such as the formation of DNA loops. We discuss the current understanding of the regulation of FT expression mainly in Arabidopsis and propose future directions related to this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takagi
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA; Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Andrew K Hempton
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA
| | - Takato Imaizumi
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, USA; Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
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13
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Zhu T, Yang C, Xie Y, Huang S, Li L. Shade‐induced
lncRNA
PUAR
promotes shade response by repressing
PHYA
expression. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56105. [PMID: 36970931 PMCID: PMC10157314 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202256105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) commonly occurs in plants experiencing vegetative shade, triggering a series of morphological and physiological changes for the plants to reach more light. A number of positive regulators, such as PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING 7 (PIF7), and negative regulators, such as PHYTOCHROMES, are known to ensure appropriate SAS. Here, we identify 211 shade-regulated long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in Arabidopsis. We further characterize PUAR (PHYA UTR Antisense RNA), a lncRNA produced from the intron of the 5' UTR of the PHYTOCHROME A (PHYA) locus. PUAR is induced by shade and promotes shade-induced hypocotyl elongation. PUAR physically associates with PIF7 and represses the shade-mediated induction of PHYA by blocking the binding of PIF7 to the 5' UTR of PHYA. Our findings highlight a role for lncRNAs in SAS and provide insight into the mechanism of PUAR in regulating PHYA gene expression and SAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongdan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plants Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plants Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plants Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sha Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plants Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plants Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Casal JJ, Fankhauser C. Shade avoidance in the context of climate change. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:1475-1491. [PMID: 36617439 PMCID: PMC10022646 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
When exposed to changes in the light environment caused by neighboring vegetation, shade-avoiding plants modify their growth and/or developmental patterns to access more sunlight. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), neighbor cues reduce the activity of the photosensory receptors phytochrome B (phyB) and cryptochrome 1, releasing photoreceptor repression imposed on PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs) and leading to transcriptional reprogramming. The phyB-PIF hub is at the core of all shade-avoidance responses, whilst other photosensory receptors and transcription factors contribute in a context-specific manner. CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 is a master regulator of this hub, indirectly stabilizing PIFs and targeting negative regulators of shade avoidance for degradation. Warm temperatures reduce the activity of phyB, which operates as a temperature sensor and further increases the activities of PIF4 and PIF7 by independent temperature sensing mechanisms. The signaling network controlling shade avoidance is not buffered against climate change; rather, it integrates information about shade, temperature, salinity, drought, and likely flooding. We, therefore, predict that climate change will exacerbate shade-induced growth responses in some regions of the planet while limiting the growth potential in others.
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15
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Sng BJR, Van Vu K, Choi IKY, Chin HJ, Jang IC. LONG HYPOCOTYL IN FAR-RED 1 mediates a trade-off between growth and defense under shade in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023:erad088. [PMID: 36882154 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to vegetative shade with developmental and physiological changes that is collectively known as shade avoidance syndrome (SAS). Although LONG HYPOCOTYL IN FAR-RED 1 (HFR1) is known to be a negative regulator of SAS by forming heterodimers with other basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors to inhibit them, its function in genome-wide transcriptional regulation is not fully elucidated. Here, we performed RNA-sequencing analyses of hfr1-5 and HFR1 overexpression line (HFR1(ΔN)-OE) to comprehensively identify HFR1-regulated genes at different time points of shade treatment. We found that HFR1 mediates the trade-off between shade-induced growth and shade-repressed defense, by regulating the expression of relevant genes in shade. Genes involved in promoting growth, such as for auxin biosynthesis, transport, signaling and response were induced by shade but suppressed by HFR1 at both short and long durations of shade. Likewise, most ethylene-related genes were shade-induced and HFR1-repressed. On the other hand, shade suppressed defense-related genes while HFR1 induced their expression, especially under long duration of shade treatment. We demonstrated that HFR1 confers increased resistance to bacterial infection under shade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benny Jian Rong Sng
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Kien Van Vu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Ian Kin Yuen Choi
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Hui Jun Chin
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - In-Cheol Jang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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16
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Wang Y, Fan J, Wu X, Guan L, Li C, Gu T, Li Y, Ding J. Genome-Wide Characterization and Expression Profiling of HD-Zip Genes in ABA-Mediated Processes in Fragaria vesca. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3367. [PMID: 36501406 PMCID: PMC9737017 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Members of homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) transcription factors can play their roles by modulating abscisic acid (ABA) signaling in Arabidopsis. So far, our knowledge of the functions of HD-Zips in woodland strawberries (Fragaria vesca), a model plant for studying ABA-mediated fruit ripening, is limited. Here, we identified a total of 31 HD-Zip genes (FveHDZ1-31) in F. vesca, and classified them into four subfamilies (I to IV). Promoter analyses show that the ABA-responsive element, ABRE, is prevalent in the promoters of subfamily I and II FveHDZs. RT-qPCR results demonstrate that 10 of the 14 investigated FveHDZs were consistently >1.5-fold up-regulated or down-regulated in expression in response to exogenous ABA, dehydration, and ABA-induced senescence in leaves. Five of the six consistently up-regulated genes are from subfamily I and II. Thereinto, FveHDZ4, and 20 also exhibited significantly enhanced expression along with increased ABA content during fruit ripening. In yeast one-hybrid assays, FveHDZ4 proteins could bind the promoter of an ABA signaling gene FvePP2C6. Collectively, our results strongly support that the FveHDZs, particularly those from subfamilies I and II, are involved in the ABA-mediated processes in F. vesca, providing a basis for further functional characterization of the HD-Zips in strawberry and other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Junmiao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ling Guan
- Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Chun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tingting Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Jing Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210023, China
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17
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Sun G, Yang L, Zhan W, Chen S, Song M, Wang L, Jiang L, Guo L, Wang K, Ye X, Gou M, Zheng X, Yang J, Yan Z. HFR1, a bHLH Transcriptional Regulator from Arabidopsis thaliana, Improves Grain Yield, Shade and Osmotic Stress Tolerances in Common Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231912057. [PMID: 36233359 PMCID: PMC9569703 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231912057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Common wheat, Triticum aestivum, is the most widely grown staple crop worldwide. To catch up with the increasing global population and cope with the changing climate, it is valuable to breed wheat cultivars that are tolerant to abiotic or shade stresses for density farming. Arabidopsis LONG HYPOCOTYL IN FAR-RED 1 (AtHFR1), a photomorphogenesis-promoting factor, is involved in multiple light-related signaling pathways and inhibits seedling etiolation and shade avoidance. We report that overexpression of AtHFR1 in wheat inhibits etiolation phenotypes under various light and shade conditions, leading to shortened plant height and increased spike number relative to non-transgenic plants in the field. Ectopic expression of AtHFR1 in wheat increases the transcript levels of TaCAB and TaCHS as observed previously in Arabidopsis, indicating that the AtHFR1 transgene can activate the light signal transduction pathway in wheat. AtHFR1 transgenic seedlings significantly exhibit tolerance to osmotic stress during seed germination compared to non-transgenic wheat. The AtHFR1 transgene represses transcription of TaFT1, TaCO1, and TaCO2, delaying development of the shoot apex and heading in wheat. Furthermore, the AtHFR1 transgene in wheat inhibits transcript levels of PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 3-LIKEs (TaPIL13, TaPIL15-1B, and TaPIL15-1D), downregulating the target gene STAYGREEN (TaSGR), and thus delaying dark-induced leaf senescence. In the field, grain yields of three AtHFR1 transgenic lines were 18.2–48.1% higher than those of non-transgenic wheat. In summary, genetic modification of light signaling pathways using a photomorphogenesis-promoting factor has positive effects on grain yield due to changes in plant architecture and resource allocation and enhances tolerances to osmotic stress and shade avoidance response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Sun
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Luhao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Weimin Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Shizhan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Meifang Song
- Institute of Radiation Technology, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100875, China
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Liangliang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xingguo Ye
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mingyue Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Jianping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zehong Yan
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (Z.Y.)
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18
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Morgan BL, Donohue K. Parental
DNA
methylation influences plasticity of early offspring traits, but offspring
DNA
methylation influences trait plasticity throughout life. Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Britany L. Morgan
- University Program in Ecology Duke University Durham North Carolina USA
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic Biology University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - Kathleen Donohue
- University Program in Ecology Duke University Durham North Carolina USA
- Biology Department Duke University Durham North Carolina USA
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19
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Yang J, Song J, Jeong BR. Low-Intensity Blue Light Supplemented during Photoperiod in Controlled Environment Induces Flowering and Antioxidant Production in Kalanchoe. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050811. [PMID: 35624675 PMCID: PMC9137757 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kalanchoe (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana) is a qualitative short-day plant with a high aesthetic value. When the night length is less than a specified cultivar-dependent critical value, however, it does not develop flowers. This study investigated the effects of low-intensity supplementary or night interrupting (NI) blue (B) light on the plant performance and flower induction in kalanchoe ‘Rudak’. During the photoperiod in a closed-type plant factory with day/night temperatures of 23 °C/18 °C, white (W) LEDs were utilized to produce a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 300 μmol m−2 s−1, and B LEDs were used to give supplementary/NI light at a PPFD of 10 μmol m−2 s−1. The control plants were exposed to a 10-h short day (SD, positive control) or a 13-h long day (LD, negative control) treatment without any B light. The B light was used for 4 h either (1) to supplement the W LEDs at the end of the SD (SD + 4B) and LD (LD + 4B), or (2) to provide night interruption (NI) in the SD (SD + NI-4B) and LD (LD + NI-4B). The LD + 4B and LD + NI-4B significantly enhanced plant growth and development, followed by the SD + 4B and SD + NI-4B treatments. In addition, the photosynthesis, physiological parameters, and activity of antioxidant systems were improved in those treatments. Except in the LD and LD + NI-4B, all plants flowered. It is noteworthy that kalanchoe ‘Rudak’ flowered in the LD + 4B treatment and induced the greatest number of flowers, followed by SD + NI-4B and SD + 4B. Plants grown in the LD + 4B treatment had the highest expression levels of certain monitored genes related to flowering. The results indicate that a 4-h supplementation of B light during the photoperiod in both the SD and LD treatments increased flower bud formation, promoted flowering, and enhanced plant performance. Kalanchoe ‘Rudak’ flowered especially well in the LD + 4B, presenting a possibility of practically inducing flowering in long-day seasons with B light application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Yang
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (J.Y.); (J.S.)
| | - Jinnan Song
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (J.Y.); (J.S.)
| | - Byoung Ryong Jeong
- Department of Horticulture, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (J.Y.); (J.S.)
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-1913
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20
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Preciado J, Begcy K, Liu T. The Arabidopsis HDZIP class II transcription factor ABA INSENSITIVE TO GROWTH 1 functions in leaf development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1978-1991. [PMID: 34849741 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Leaf laminar growth and adaxial-abaxial boundary formation are fundamental outcomes of plant development. Boundary and laminar growth coordinate the further patterning and growth of the leaf, directing the differentiation of cell types within the top and bottom domains and promoting initiation of lateral organs along their adaxial or abaxial axis. Leaf adaxial-abaxial polarity specification and laminar outgrowth are regulated by two transcription factors, REVOLUTA (REV) and KANADI (KAN). ABA INSENSITIVE TO GROWTH 1 (ABIG1) encodes a HOMEODOMAIN-LEUCINE ZIPPER (HD-ZIP) class II transcription factor and is a direct target of the adaxial-abaxial regulators REV and KAN. To investigate the role of ABIG1 in leaf development and in the establishment of polarity, we examined the phenotypes of both gain-of-function and loss-of-function mutants. Through genetic interaction analysis with REV and KAN mutants, we determined that ABIG1 plays a role in leaf laminar growth as well as in adaxial-abaxial polarity establishment. Genetic and physical interaction assays showed that ABIG1 interacts with the transcriptional TOPLESS corepressor. This study provides new evidence that ABIG1, another HD-ZIP II, facilitates growth through the corepressor TOPLESS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Preciado
- University of Florida, Horticultural Sciences Department, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Kevin Begcy
- University of Florida, Environmental Horticulture Department, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Tie Liu
- University of Florida, Horticultural Sciences Department, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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21
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Huang S, Yang C, Li L. Unraveling the Dynamic Integration of Auxin, Brassinosteroid and Gibberellin in Early Shade-Induced Hypocotyl Elongation. PHENOMICS (CHAM, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 2:119-129. [PMID: 36939748 PMCID: PMC9590496 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-022-00044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
For shade-intolerant plants, a reduction in the red/far-red (R:FR) light ratio signals the close proximity of competitors and triggers shade-avoidance syndrome (SAS). Auxin, brassinosteroid, gibberellin and some transcriptional regulators have been reported to regulate shade-induced hypocotyl elongation. However, little is understood regarding the coordination of these multiple regulatory pathways. Here, combining time-lapse growth rates and transcriptomic data, we demonstrate that auxin and brassinosteroid affect two phases of shade-induced rapid growth, whereas gibberellin mainly contributes to the second rapid growth phase. PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 7 (PIF7) acts earlier than other PIFs. PIF4 and PIF5 modulate the second rapid growth phase. LONG HYPOCOTYL IN FAR-RED 1 (HFR1) and PIF3-LIKE 1 (PIL1) modulate two rapid growth phases. Our results reveal that hormonal and transcriptional regulatory programs act together to coordinate dynamic hypocotyl changes in an immediate response to a shade signal and provide a novel understanding of growth kinetics in a changing environment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43657-022-00044-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Huang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuanwei Yang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Li
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 People’s Republic of China
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22
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Romero-Montepaone S, Sellaro R, Esteban Hernando C, Costigliolo-Rojas C, Bianchimano L, Ploschuk EL, Yanovsky MJ, Casal JJ. Functional convergence of growth responses to shade and warmth in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1890-1905. [PMID: 33909310 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Shade and warmth promote the growth of the stem, but the degree of mechanistic convergence and functional association between these responses is not clear. We analysed the quantitative impact of mutations and natural genetic variation on the hypocotyl growth responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to shade and warmth, the relationship between the abundance of PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4) and growth stimulation by shade or warmth, the effects of both cues on the transcriptome and the consequences of warm temperature on carbon balance. Growth responses to shade and warmth showed strong genetic linkage and similar dependence on PIF4 levels. Temperature increased growth and phototropism even within a range where damage by extreme high temperatures is unlikely to occur in nature. Both cues enhanced the expression of growth-related genes and reduced the expression of photosynthetic genes. However, only warmth enhanced the expression of genes involved in responses to heat. Warm temperatures substantially increased the amount of light required to compensate for the daily carbon dioxide balance. We propose that the main ecological function of hypocotyl growth responses to warmth is to increase the access of shaded photosynthetic organs to light, which implies functional convergence with shade avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Romero-Montepaone
- Facultad de Agronomía, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Romina Sellaro
- Facultad de Agronomía, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Carlos Esteban Hernando
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, C1405 BWE, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Costigliolo-Rojas
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, C1405 BWE, Argentina
| | - Luciana Bianchimano
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, C1405 BWE, Argentina
| | - Edmundo L Ploschuk
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Cultivos Industriales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Marcelo J Yanovsky
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, C1405 BWE, Argentina
| | - Jorge J Casal
- Facultad de Agronomía, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, C1405 BWE, Argentina
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Sharif R, Raza A, Chen P, Li Y, El-Ballat EM, Rauf A, Hano C, El-Esawi MA. HD-ZIP Gene Family: Potential Roles in Improving Plant Growth and Regulating Stress-Responsive Mechanisms in Plants. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081256. [PMID: 34440430 PMCID: PMC8394574 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploring the molecular foundation of the gene-regulatory systems underlying agronomic parameters or/and plant responses to both abiotic and biotic stresses is crucial for crop improvement. Thus, transcription factors, which alone or in combination directly regulated the targeted gene expression levels, are appropriate players for enlightening agronomic parameters through genetic engineering. In this regard, homeodomain leucine zipper (HD-ZIP) genes family concerned with enlightening plant growth and tolerance to environmental stresses are considered key players for crop improvement. This gene family containing HD and LZ domain belongs to the homeobox superfamily. It is further classified into four subfamilies, namely HD-ZIP I, HD-ZIP II, HD-ZIP III, and HD-ZIP IV. The first HD domain-containing gene was discovered in maize cells almost three decades ago. Since then, with advanced technologies, these genes were functionally characterized for their distinct roles in overall plant growth and development under adverse environmental conditions. This review summarized the different functions of HD-ZIP genes in plant growth and physiological-related activities from germination to fruit development. Additionally, the HD-ZIP genes also respond to various abiotic and biotic environmental stimuli by regulating defense response of plants. This review, therefore, highlighted the various significant aspects of this important gene family based on the recent findings. The practical application of HD-ZIP biomolecules in developing bioengineered plants will not only mitigate the negative effects of environmental stresses but also increase the overall production of crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Sharif
- Department of Horticulture, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ali Raza
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular and Cell Biology, Oil Crops Research Institute, Center of Legume Crop Genetics and Systems Biology, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science (CAAS), Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China;
| | - Yuhong Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (M.A.E.-E.)
| | - Enas M. El-Ballat
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar 23430, Pakistan;
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRAE USC1328, Université d’Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France;
| | - Mohamed A. El-Esawi
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (M.A.E.-E.)
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24
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PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORs trigger environmentally responsive chromatin dynamics in plants. Nat Genet 2021; 53:955-961. [PMID: 34140685 PMCID: PMC9169284 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00882-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The interplay between light receptors and PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs) serves as a regulatory hub that perceives and integrates environmental cues into transcriptional networks of plants1,2. Although occupancy of the histone variant H2A.Z and acetylation of histone H3 have emerged as regulators of environmentally responsive gene networks, how these epigenomic features interface with PIF activity is poorly understood3-7. By taking advantage of rapid and reversible light-mediated manipulation of PIF7 subnuclear localization and phosphorylation, we simultaneously assayed the DNA-binding properties of PIF7, as well as its impact on chromatin dynamics genome wide. We found that PIFs act rapidly to reshape the H2A.Z and H3K9ac epigenetic landscape in response to a change in light quality. Furthermore, we discovered that PIFs achieve H2A.Z removal through direct interaction with EIN6 ENHANCER (EEN), the Arabidopsis thaliana homolog of the chromatin remodeling complex subunit INO80 Subunit 6 (Ies6). Thus, we describe a PIF-INO80 regulatory module that is an intermediate step for allowing plants to change their growth trajectory in response to environmental changes.
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25
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Proteomics of Homeobox7 Enhanced Salt Tolerance in Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126390. [PMID: 34203768 PMCID: PMC8232686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum (common ice plant) is a halophyte species that has adapted to extreme conditions. In this study, we cloned a McHB7 transcription factor gene from the ice plant. The expression of McHB7 was significantly induced by 500 mM NaCl and it reached the peak under salt treatment for 7 days. The McHB7 protein was targeted to the nucleus. McHB7-overexpressing in ice plant leaves through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation led to 25 times more McHB7 transcripts than the non-transformed wild type (WT). After 500 mM NaCl treatment for 7 days, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) and water content of the transgenic plants were higher than the WT, while malondialdehyde (MDA) was decreased in the transgenic plants. A total of 1082 and 1072 proteins were profiled by proteomics under control and salt treatment, respectively, with 22 and 11 proteins uniquely identified under control and salt stress, respectively. Among the 11 proteins, 7 were increased and 4 were decreased after salt treatment. Most of the proteins whose expression increased in the McHB7 overexpression (OE) ice plants under high salinity were involved in transport regulation, catalytic activities, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and response to stimulus. The results demonstrate that the McHB7 transcription factor plays a positive role in improving plant salt tolerance.
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26
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Romanowski A, Furniss JJ, Hussain E, Halliday KJ. Phytochrome regulates cellular response plasticity and the basic molecular machinery of leaf development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:1220-1239. [PMID: 33693822 PMCID: PMC8195529 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants are plastic organisms that optimize growth in response to a changing environment. This adaptive capability is regulated by external cues, including light, which provides vital information about the habitat. Phytochrome photoreceptors detect far-red light, indicative of nearby vegetation, and elicit the adaptive shade-avoidance syndrome (SAS), which is critical for plant survival. Plants exhibiting SAS are typically more elongated, with distinctive, small, narrow leaf blades. By applying SAS-inducing end-of-day far-red (EoD FR) treatments at different times during Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaf 3 development, we have shown that SAS restricts leaf blade size through two distinct cellular strategies. Early SAS induction limits cell division, while later exposure limits cell expansion. This flexible strategy enables phytochromes to maintain control of leaf size through the proliferative and expansion phases of leaf growth. mRNAseq time course data, accessible through a community resource, coupled to a bioinformatics pipeline, identified pathways that underlie these dramatic changes in leaf growth. Phytochrome regulates a suite of major development pathways that control cell division, expansion, and cell fate. Further, phytochromes control cell proliferation through synchronous regulation of the cell cycle, DNA replication, DNA repair, and cytokinesis, and play an important role in sustaining ribosome biogenesis and translation throughout leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Romanowski
- Halliday Lab, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences (IMPS), King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Comparative Genomics of Plant Development, Fundación Instituto Leloir (FIL), Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Buenos Aires (IIBBA) – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - James J Furniss
- Halliday Lab, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences (IMPS), King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ejaz Hussain
- Halliday Lab, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences (IMPS), King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen J Halliday
- Halliday Lab, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences (IMPS), King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Author for communication:
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27
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Yang C, Huang S, Zeng Y, Liu C, Ma Q, Pruneda-Paz J, Kay SA, Li L. Two bHLH transcription factors, bHLH48 and bHLH60, associate with phytochrome interacting factor 7 to regulate hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109054. [PMID: 33951433 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 7 (PIF7) is a central regulator that promotes stem growth by activating growth-related gene expression during shade-avoidance responses. Studying the co-factors of PIF7 can facilitate understanding of the mechanism of PIFs and light signal transduction. Here, we describe the identification of two bHLH transcription factors, bHLH48 and bHLH60 (bHLH48/bHLH60), as essential partners for PIF7-dependent modulation of hypocotyl elongation and function downstream of phytochrome B. These two bHLH factors display DNA binding activity and interact with PIF7. Genetic analysis indicated that bHLH48/bHLH60 and PIF7 are interdependent in promoting hypocotyl elongation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) analysis identified the substantially overlapping downstream targets of bHLH60 and PIF7. Biochemical analysis revealed that bHLH48/bHLH60 enhance the DNA binding ability of PIF7. These results provide evidence that bHLH48/bHLH60 act as positive partners of PIF7 for mutual benefit in the regulation of hypocotyl elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinyi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Jose Pruneda-Paz
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Steve A Kay
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90098, USA
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Lyu X, Cheng Q, Qin C, Li Y, Xu X, Ji R, Mu R, Li H, Zhao T, Liu J, Zhou Y, Li H, Yang G, Chen Q, Liu B. GmCRY1s modulate gibberellin metabolism to regulate soybean shade avoidance in response to reduced blue light. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:298-314. [PMID: 33249237 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Soybean is an important legume crop that displays the classic shade avoidance syndrome (SAS), including exaggerated stem elongation, which leads to lodging and yield reduction under density farming conditions. Here, we compared the effects of two shade signals, low red light to far-red light ratio (R:FR) and low blue light (LBL), on soybean status and revealed that LBL predominantly induces excessive stem elongation. We used CRISPR-Cas9-engineered Gmcry mutants to investigate the functions of seven cryptochromes (GmCRYs) in soybean and found that the four GmCRY1s overlap in mediating LBL-induced SAS. Light-activated GmCRY1s increase the abundance of the bZIP transcription factors STF1 and STF2, which directly upregulate the expression of genes encoding GA2 oxidases to deactivate GA1 and repress stem elongation. Notably, GmCRY1b overexpression lines displayed multiple agronomic advantages over the wild-type control under both dense planting and intercropping conditions. Our study demonstrates the integration of GmCRY1-mediated signals with the GA metabolic pathway in the regulation of LBL-induced SAS in soybean. It also provides a promising option for breeding lodging-resistant, high-yield soybean cultivars in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangguang Lyu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qican Cheng
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chao Qin
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yinghui Li
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xinying Xu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ronghuan Ji
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ruolan Mu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Li
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhao
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yonggang Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Guodong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, P.R China
| | - Qingshan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry, College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P.R China
| | - Bin Liu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China.
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29
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Yu KMJ, McKinley B, Rooney WL, Mullet JE. High planting density induces the expression of GA3-oxidase in leaves and GA mediated stem elongation in bioenergy sorghum. Sci Rep 2021; 11:46. [PMID: 33420129 PMCID: PMC7794234 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79975-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The stems of bioenergy sorghum hybrids at harvest are > 4 m long, contain > 40 internodes and account for ~ 80% of harvested biomass. In this study, bioenergy sorghum hybrids were grown at four planting densities (~ 20,000 to 132,000 plants/ha) under field conditions for 60 days to investigate the impact shading has on stem growth and biomass accumulation. Increased planting density induced a > 2-fold increase in sorghum internode length and a ~ 22% decrease in stem diameter, a typical shade avoidance response. Shade-induced internode elongation was due to an increase in cell length and number of cells spanning the length of internodes. SbGA3ox2 (Sobic.003G045900), a gene encoding the last step in GA biosynthesis, was expressed ~ 20-fold higher in leaf collar tissue of developing phytomers in plants grown at high vs. low density. Application of GA3 to bioenergy sorghum increased plant height, stem internode length, cell length and the number of cells spanning internodes. Prior research showed that sorghum plants lacking phytochrome B, a key photoreceptor involved in shade signaling, accumulated more GA1 and displayed shade avoidance phenotypes. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that increasing planting density induces expression of GA3-oxidase in leaf collar tissue, increasing synthesis of GA that stimulates internode elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Man Jasmine Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2128, USA
| | - Brian McKinley
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2128, USA
| | - William L Rooney
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2128, USA
| | - John E Mullet
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2128, USA.
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30
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Paulišić S, Qin W, Arora Verasztó H, Then C, Alary B, Nogue F, Tsiantis M, Hothorn M, Martínez‐García JF. Adjustment of the PIF7-HFR1 transcriptional module activity controls plant shade adaptation. EMBO J 2021; 40:e104273. [PMID: 33264441 PMCID: PMC7780144 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019104273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Shade caused by the proximity of neighboring vegetation triggers a set of acclimation responses to either avoid or tolerate shade. Comparative analyses between the shade-avoider Arabidopsis thaliana and the shade-tolerant Cardamine hirsuta revealed a role for the atypical basic-helix-loop-helix LONG HYPOCOTYL IN FR 1 (HFR1) in maintaining the shade tolerance in C. hirsuta, inhibiting hypocotyl elongation in shade and constraining expression profile of shade-induced genes. We showed that C. hirsuta HFR1 protein is more stable than its A. thaliana counterpart, likely due to its lower binding affinity to CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1), contributing to enhance its biological activity. The enhanced HFR1 total activity is accompanied by an attenuated PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR (PIF) activity in C. hirsuta. As a result, the PIF-HFR1 module is differently balanced, causing a reduced PIF activity and attenuating other PIF-mediated responses such as warm temperature-induced hypocotyl elongation (thermomorphogenesis) and dark-induced senescence. By this mechanism and that of the already-known of phytochrome A photoreceptor, plants might ensure to properly adapt and thrive in habitats with disparate light amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandi Paulišić
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Campus UABBarcelonaSpain
| | - Wenting Qin
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Campus UABBarcelonaSpain
| | - Harshul Arora Verasztó
- Structural Plant Biology LaboratorySection of BiologyDepartment of Botany and Plant BiologyUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Christiane Then
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Campus UABBarcelonaSpain
- Present address:
Department for Epidemiology and Pathogen DiagnosticsJulius Kühn‐InstitutFederal Research Institute for Cultivated PlantsBraunschweigGermany
| | - Benjamin Alary
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Campus UABBarcelonaSpain
| | - Fabien Nogue
- Institut Jean‐Pierre BourginINRA, AgroParisTech, CNRSUniversité Paris‐SaclayVersaillesFrance
| | - Miltos Tsiantis
- Department of Comparative Development and GeneticsMax Planck Institute from Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
| | - Michael Hothorn
- Structural Plant Biology LaboratorySection of BiologyDepartment of Botany and Plant BiologyUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Jaime F Martínez‐García
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG)CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Campus UABBarcelonaSpain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)BarcelonaSpain
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology (IBMCP)CSIC‐UPVValènciaSpain
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Crocco CD. Setting Up an Arabidopsis LED Culture Module that Simulates Plant Neighbor Proximity. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2297:1-6. [PMID: 33656664 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1370-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Competition for light between neighboring plants has important consequences for plant fitness and crop productivity. Studies on the molecular mechanisms of plant responses to neighbor proximity have been largely based on the model species Arabidopsis thaliana grown under controlled light environments. These controlled conditions commonly use fluorescent tubes for the main light source for photosynthesis and filtered light form incandescent bulbs to adjust the ratio of red (R) to far-red (FR) radiation. However, both of these types of bulbs are being discontinued and replaced by more efficient sources based on light emitting diodes (LEDs). For that reason, there is a need to evaluate alternative light sources, which can phenocopy the physiological and molecular results obtained with traditional lighting systems. Here we evaluate a custom-made LED culture module that can be used to effectively evaluate shade-avoidance responses, yielding results that, in Arabidopsis, are comparable to those obtained using traditional lighting systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos D Crocco
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Buti S, Pantazopoulou CK, van Gelderen K, Hoogers V, Reinen E, Pierik R. A Gas-and-Brake Mechanism of bHLH Proteins Modulates Shade Avoidance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:2137-2153. [PMID: 33051265 PMCID: PMC7723099 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants detect proximity of competitors through reduction in the ratio between red and far-red light that triggers the shade avoidance syndrome, inducing responses such as accelerated shoot elongation and early flowering. Shade avoidance is regulated by PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORs, a group of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors. Another (b)HLH protein, KIDARI (KDR), which is non-DNA-binding, was identified in de-etiolation studies and proposed to interact with LONG HYPOCOTYL IN FAR-RED1 (HFR1), a (b)HLH protein that inhibits shade avoidance. Here, we established roles of KDR in regulating shade avoidance in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and investigated how KDR regulates the shade avoidance network. We showed that KDR is a positive regulator of shade avoidance and interacts with several negative growth regulators. We identified KDR interactors using a combination of yeast two-hybrid screening and dedicated confirmations with bimolecular fluorescence complementation. We demonstrated that KDR is translocated primarily to the nucleus when coexpressed with these interactors. A genetic approach confirmed that several of these interactions play a functional role in shade avoidance; however, we propose that KDR does not interact with HFR1 to regulate shade avoidance. Based on these observations, we propose that shade avoidance is regulated by a three-layered gas-and-brake mechanism of bHLH protein interactions, adding a layer of complexity to what was previously known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Buti
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Kruytgebouw, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Chrysoula K Pantazopoulou
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Kruytgebouw, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kasper van Gelderen
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Kruytgebouw, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Valérie Hoogers
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Kruytgebouw, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Emilie Reinen
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Kruytgebouw, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Kruytgebouw, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Song B, Zhao H, Dong K, Wang M, Wu S, Li S, Wang Y, Chen P, Jiang L, Tao Y. Phytochrome A inhibits shade avoidance responses under strong shade through repressing the brassinosteroid pathway in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:1520-1534. [PMID: 33037720 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In dense canopy, a reduction in red to far-red (R/FR) light ratio triggers shade avoidance responses (SARs) in Arabidopsis thaliana, a shade avoiding plant. Two red/far-red (R/FR) light photoreceptors, PHYB and PHYA, were reported to be key negative regulators of the SARs. PHYB represses the SARs under normal light conditions; however, the role of PHYA in the SARs remains elusive. We set up two shade conditions: Shade and strong Shade (s-Shade) with different R/FR ratios (0.7 and 0.1), which allowed us to observe phenotypes dominated by PHYB- and PHYA-mediated pathway, respectively. By comparing the hypocotyl growth under these two conditions with time, we found PHYA was predominantly activated in the s-Shade after prolonged shade treatment. We further showed that under s-Shade, PHYA inhibits hypocotyl elongation partially through repressing the brassinosteroid (BR) pathway. COP1 and PIF4,5 act downstream of PHYA. After prolonged shade treatment, the nuclear localization of COP1 was reduced, while the PIF4 protein level was much lower in the s-Shade than that in Shade. Both changes occurred in a PHYA-dependent manner. We propose that under deep canopy, the R/FR ratio is extremely low, which promotes the nuclear accumulation of PHYA. Activated PHYA reduces COP1 nuclear speckle, which may lead to changes of downstream targets, such as PIF4,5 and HY5. Together, these proteins regulate the BR pathway through modulating BES1/BZR1 and the expression of BR biosynthesis and BR target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Song
- Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Hongli Zhao
- Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Kangmei Dong
- Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Meiling Wang
- Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Shujuan Wu
- Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Si Li
- Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Peirui Chen
- Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Liangrong Jiang
- Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
| | - Yi Tao
- Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361102, China
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Zhang X, Liu L, Wang H, Gu Z, Liu Y, Wang M, Wang M, Xu Y, Shi Q, Li G, Tong J, Xiao L, Wang ZY, Mysore KS, Wen J, Zhou C. MtPIN1 and MtPIN3 Play Dual Roles in Regulation of Shade Avoidance Response under Different Environments in Medicago truncatula. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228742. [PMID: 33228084 PMCID: PMC7699406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Polar auxin transport mediated by PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins is critical for plant growth and development. As an environmental cue, shade stimulates hypocotyls, petiole, and stem elongation by inducing auxin synthesis and asymmetric distributions, which is modulated by PIN3,4,7 in Arabidopsis. Here, we characterize the MtPIN1 and MtPIN3, which are the orthologs of PIN3,4,7, in model legume species Medicago truncatula. Under the low Red:Far-Red (R:FR) ratio light, the expression of MtPIN1 and MtPIN3 is induced, and shadeavoidance response is disrupted in mtpin1 mtpin3 double mutant, indicating that MtPIN1 and MtPIN3 have a conserved function in shade response. Surprisingly, under the normal growth condition, mtpin1 mtpin3 displayed the constitutive shade avoidance responses, such as the elongated petiole, smaller leaf, and increased auxin and chlorophyll content. Therefore, MtPIN1 and MtPIN3 play dual roles in regulation of shadeavoidance response under different environments. Furthermore, these data suggest that PIN3,4,7 and its orthologs have evolved conserved and specific functions among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Lu Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Hongfeng Wang
- School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Zhiqun Gu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yafei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Minmin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Min Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yiteng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Qingbiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Q.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Q.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Jianhua Tong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.T.); (L.X.)
| | - Langtao Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.T.); (L.X.)
| | - Zeng-Yu Wang
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
| | | | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA; (K.S.M.); (J.W.)
| | - Chuanen Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
- Correspondence:
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Jia Y, Kong X, Hu K, Cao M, Liu J, Ma C, Guo S, Yuan X, Zhao S, Robert HS, Li C, Tian H, Ding Z. PIFs coordinate shade avoidance by inhibiting auxin repressor ARF18 and metabolic regulator QQS. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:609-621. [PMID: 32521046 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) arises in densely growing plants that compete for light. In Arabidopsis thaliana, phytochrome interacting factor (PIF) proteins link the perception of shade to stem elongation via auxin production. Here, we report that PIFs inhibit the shade-induced expression of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 18 (ARF18), and ARF18 represses auxin signaling. Therefore, PIF-mediated inhibition of ARF18 enhances auxin-dependent hypocotyl elongation in simulated shade. Furthermore, we show that both PIFs and ARF18 directly repress qua-quine starch (QQS), which controls the allocation of carbon and nitrogen. Shade-repressed QQS attenuates the conversion of starch to protein and thus reduced leaf area. Our results suggest that PIF-dependent gene regulation coordinates multiple SAS responses, including altered stem growth via ARF18, as well as altered leaf growth and metabolism via QQS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuebin Jia
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Xiangpei Kong
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Kongqin Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Mengqiang Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Changle Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Siyi Guo
- The key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Xianzheng Yuan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Shan Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Hélène S Robert
- Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, CEITEC MU - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, 004205, Czech Republic
| | - Cuiling Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Huiyu Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Zhaojun Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
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Buti S, Hayes S, Pierik R. The bHLH network underlying plant shade-avoidance. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 169:312-324. [PMID: 32053251 PMCID: PMC7383782 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Shade is a potential threat to many plant species. When shade-intolerant plants detect neighbours, they elongate their stems and leaves in an effort to maximise their light capture. This developmental programme, known as 'shade-avoidance' is tightly controlled by specialised photoreceptors and a suite of transcriptional regulators. The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors are particularly important for shade-induced elongation. In recent years, it has become apparent that many members of this family heterodimerise and that together they form a complex regulatory network. This review summarises recent work into the structure of the bHLH network and how it regulates elongation growth. In addition to this, we highlight how photoreceptors modulate the function of the network via direct interaction with transcription factors. It is hoped that the information integrated in this review will provide a useful theoretical framework for future studies on the molecular basis of shade-avoidance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Buti
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrecht3584 CHThe Netherlands
| | - Scott Hayes
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSICMadrid28049Spain
| | - Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrecht3584 CHThe Netherlands
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Kebrom TH, McKinley BA, Mullet JE. Shade signals alter the expression of circadian clock genes in newly-formed bioenergy sorghum internodes. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00235. [PMID: 32607464 PMCID: PMC7315773 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Stem internodes of bioenergy sorghum inbred R.07020 are longer at high plant density (shade) than at low plant density (control). Initially, the youngest newly-formed subapical stem internodes of shade-treated and control plants are comparable in length. However, full-length internodes of shade-treated plants are three times longer than the internodes of the control plants. To identify the early molecular events associated with internode elongation in response to shade, we analyzed the transcriptome of the newly-formed internodes of shade-treated and control plants sampled between 4 and 6 hr after the start of the light period (14 hr light/10 hr dark). Sorghum genes homologous to the Arabidopsis shade marker genes ATHB2 and PIL1 were not differentially expressed. The results indicate that shade signals promote internode elongation indirectly because sorghum internodes are not illuminated and grow while enclosed with leaf sheaths. Sorghum genes homologous to the Arabidopsis morning-phased circadian clock genes LHY, RVE, and LNK were downregulated and evening-phased genes such as TOC1, PRR5, and GI were upregulated in young internodes in response to shade. We hypothesize that a change in the function or patterns of expression of the circadian clock genes is the earliest molecular event associated with internode elongation in response to shade in bioenergy sorghum. Increased expression of CycD1, which promotes cell division, and decreased expression of cell wall-loosening and MBF1-like genes, which promote cell expansion, suggest that shade signals promote internode elongation in bioenergy sorghum in part through increasing cell number by delaying transition from cell division to cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfamichael H. Kebrom
- Cooperative Agricultural Research CenterCollege of Agriculture and Human SciencesPrairie View A&M UniversityPrairie ViewTXUSA
- Center for Computational Systems BiologyCollege of EngineeringPrairie View A&M UniversityPrairie ViewTXUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Brian A. McKinley
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - John E. Mullet
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
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Tavridou E, Schmid-Siegert E, Fankhauser C, Ulm R. UVR8-mediated inhibition of shade avoidance involves HFR1 stabilization in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008797. [PMID: 32392219 PMCID: PMC7241853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sun-loving plants perceive the proximity of potential light-competing neighboring plants as a reduction in the red:far-red ratio (R:FR), which elicits a suite of responses called the "shade avoidance syndrome" (SAS). Changes in R:FR are primarily perceived by phytochrome B (phyB), whereas UV-B perceived by UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 (UVR8) elicits opposing responses to provide a counterbalance to SAS, including reduced shade-induced hypocotyl and petiole elongation. Here we show at the genome-wide level that UVR8 broadly suppresses shade-induced gene expression. A subset of this gene regulation is dependent on the UVR8-stabilized atypical bHLH transcription regulator LONG HYPOCOTYL IN FAR-RED 1 (HFR1), which functions in part redundantly with PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 3-LIKE 1 (PIL1). In parallel, UVR8 signaling decreases protein levels of the key positive regulators of SAS, namely the bHLH transcription factors PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4) and PIF5, in a COP1-dependent but HFR1-independent manner. We propose that UV-B antagonizes SAS via two mechanisms: degradation of PIF4 and PIF5, and HFR1- and PIL1-mediated inhibition of PIF4 and PIF5 function. This work highlights the importance of typical and atypical bHLH transcription regulators for the integration of light signals from different photoreceptors and provides further mechanistic insight into the crosstalk of UVR8 signaling and SAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Tavridou
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Section of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, CH, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emanuel Schmid-Siegert
- SIB-Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, CH, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Fankhauser
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roman Ulm
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Section of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Geneva, CH, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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40
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Hu W, Figueroa‐Balderas R, Chi‐Ham C, Lagarias JC. Regulation of monocot and dicot plant development with constitutively active alleles of phytochrome B. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00210. [PMID: 32346668 PMCID: PMC7184922 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The constitutively active missense allele of Arabidopsis phytochrome B, AtPHYBY276H or AtYHB, encodes a polypeptide that adopts a light-insensitive, physiologically active conformation capable of sustaining photomorphogenesis in darkness. Here, we show that the orthologous OsYHB allele of rice phytochrome B (OsPHYBY283H ) also encodes a dominant "constitutively active" photoreceptor through comparative phenotypic analyses of AtYHB and OsYHB transgenic lines of four eudicot species, Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), Nicotiana sylvestris and Solanum lycopersicum cv. MicroTom (tomato), and of two monocot species, Oryza sativa ssp. japonica and Brachypodium distachyon. Reciprocal transformation experiments show that the gain-of-function constitutive photomorphogenic (cop) phenotypes by YHB expression are stronger in host plants within the same class than across classes. Our studies also reveal additional YHB-dependent traits in adult plants, which include extreme shade tolerance, both early and late flowering behaviors, delayed leaf senescence, reduced tillering, and even viviparous seed germination. However, the strength of these gain-of-function phenotypes depends on the specific combination of YHB allele and species/cultivar transformed. Flowering and tillering of OsYHB- and OsPHYB-expressing lines of rice Nipponbare and Kitaake cultivars were compared, also revealing differences in YHB/PHYB allele versus genotype interaction on the phenotypic behavior of the two rice cultivars. In view of recent evidence that the regulatory activity of AtYHB is not only light insensitive but also temperature insensitive, selective YHB expression is expected to yield improved agronomic performance of both dicot and monocot crop plant species not possible with wild-type PHYB alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
| | - Rosa Figueroa‐Balderas
- Public Intellectual Property Resource for Agriculture (PIPRA)University of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
- Department of Viticulture and EnologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
| | - Cecilia Chi‐Ham
- Public Intellectual Property Resource for Agriculture (PIPRA)University of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
| | - J. Clark Lagarias
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
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Menon C, Klose C, Hiltbrunner A. Arabidopsis FHY1 and FHY1-LIKE Are Not Required for Phytochrome A Signal Transduction in the Nucleus. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100007. [PMID: 33404546 PMCID: PMC7748001 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2019.100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Photoreceptors of the phytochrome family control a multitude of responses in plants. Phytochrome A (phyA) is essential for far-red light perception, which is important for germination and seedling establishment in strong canopy shade. Translocation of phyA from the cytosol into nucleus is a key step in far-red light signaling and requires FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 1 (FHY1) and FHY1-LIKE (FHL). FHY1/FHL bind to phyA downstream signaling components. Therefore, it has been suggested that FHY1/FHL also have a function in assembling phyA transcription factor complexes in the nucleus. Yet, in this study, we show that constitutively nuclear-localized phyA is active in the absence of FHY1 and FHL. Furthermore, an artificial FHY1, consisting of an SV40 NLS, a phyA binding site, and a YFP tag as spacer between them, complements the fhy1-3 fhl-1 double mutant. These findings show that FHY1 and FHL are not required for phyA downstream signaling in the nucleus. However, we found that lines expressing phyA-NLS-YFP are hypersensitive to red and far-red light and that slightly increased levels of constitutively nuclear-localized phyA result in photomorphogenic development in the dark. Thus, restricting phyA to the cytosol and inducing nuclear transport in light by interaction with FHY1/FHL might be important to suppress photomorphogenesis in the dark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Menon
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Klose
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Hiltbrunner
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Corresponding author
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Xie Y, Zhou Q, Zhao Y, Li Q, Liu Y, Ma M, Wang B, Shen R, Zheng Z, Wang H. FHY3 and FAR1 Integrate Light Signals with the miR156-SPL Module-Mediated Aging Pathway to Regulate Arabidopsis Flowering. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:483-498. [PMID: 32017999 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In response to competition for light from their neighbors, shade-intolerant plants flower precociously to ensure reproductive success and survival. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this key developmental switch are not well understood. Here, we show that a pair of Arabidopsis transcription factors essential for phytochrome A signaling, FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL3 (FHY3) and FAR-RED IMPAIRED RESPONSE1 (FAR1), regulate flowering time by integrating environmental light signals with the miR156-SPL module-mediated aging pathway. We found that FHY3 and FAR1 directly interact with three flowering-promoting SQUAMOSA-PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) transcription factors, SPL3, SPL4, and SPL5, and inhibit their binding to the promoters of several key flowering regulatory genes, including FRUITFUL (FUL), LEAFY (LFY), APETALA1 (AP1), and MIR172C, thus downregulating their transcript levels and delaying flowering. Under simulated shade conditions, levels of SPL3/4/5 proteins increase, whereas levels of FHY3 and FAR1 proteins decline, thus releasing SPL3/4/5 from FHY3/FAR1 inhibition to allow activation of FUL, LFY, AP1, and MIR172C and, consequently, early flowering. Taken together, these results unravel a novel mechanism whereby plants regulate flowering time by integrating environmental cues (such as light conditions) and an internal developmental program (the miR156-SPL module-mediated aging pathway).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Xie
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yongping Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Quanquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mengdi Ma
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Baobao Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Rongxin Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhigang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Ueda H, Ito T, Inoue R, Masuda Y, Nagashima Y, Kozuka T, Kusaba M. Genetic Interaction Among Phytochrome, Ethylene and Abscisic Acid Signaling During Dark-Induced Senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:564. [PMID: 32508856 PMCID: PMC7253671 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is induced by various internal and external stimuli. Dark-induced senescence has been extensively investigated, but the detailed mechanism underlying it is not well understood. The red light/far-red light receptor phytochrome B and its downstream transcription factors, PYHTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs) 4 and 5, are known to play an important role in dark-induced senescence. Furthermore, the senescence-inducing phytohormones, ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA) are reported to be involved in dark-induced senescence. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between ethylene, ABA and PIFs in dark-induced leaf senescence. A triple mutant of the core ABA signaling components; SNF1-related protein kinases 2D (SRK2D), SRK2E, and SRK2I, displayed an ABA insensitive phenotype in ABA-induced senescence, whilst the ethylene insensitive mutant ein2 demonstrated low sensitivity to ABA, suggesting that ethylene signaling is involved in ABA-induced senescence. However, the pif4 pif5 mutant did not display low sensitivity to ABA, suggesting that PIF4 and PIF5 act upstream of ABA signaling. Although PIF4 and PIF5 reportedly regulate ethylene production, the triple mutant ein2 pif4 pif5 showed a stronger delayed senescence phenotype than ein2 or pif4 pif5, suggesting that EIN2 and PIF4/PIF5 partially regulate leaf senescence independently of each other. While direct target genes for PIF4 and PIF5, such as LONG HYPOCOTYL IN FAR-RED1 (HFR1) and PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 3-LIKE 1 (PIL1), showed transient upregulation under dark conditions (as is seen in the shade avoidance response), expression of STAY GREEN1 (SGR1), ORESARA1 (ORE1) and other direct target genes of PIF5, continued to increase during dark incubation. It is possible that transcription factors other than PIF4 and PIF5 are involved in the upregulation of SGR1 and ORE1 at a later stage of dark-induced senescence. Possible candidates are senescence-induced senescence regulators (SIRs), which include the NAC transcription factors ORE1 and AtNAP. In fact, ORE1 is known to bind to the SGR1 promoter and promotes its expression. It is therefore inferred that the phytochrome-PIF pathway regulates initial activation of senescence and subsequently, induced SIRs reinforce leaf senescence during dark-induced senescence.
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Yang H, Yang Z, Mao Z, Li Y, Hu D, Li X, Shi G, Huang F, Liu B, Kong F, Yu D. Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Analysis of Soybean Curled-Cotyledons Mutant and Functional Evaluation of a Homeodomain-Leucine Zipper (HD-Zip) I Gene GmHDZ20. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:593999. [PMID: 33505408 PMCID: PMC7830220 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.593999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation is a major, conserved epigenetic modification that influences many biological processes. Cotyledons are specialized tissues that provide nutrition for seedlings at the early developmental stage. To investigate the patterns of genomic DNA methylation of germinated cotyledons in soybean (Glycine max) and its effect on cotyledon development, we performed a genome-wide comparative analysis of DNA methylation between the soybean curled-cotyledons (cco) mutant, which has abnormal cotyledons, and its corresponding wild type (WT) by whole-genome bisulfite sequencing. The cco mutant was methylated at more sites but at a slightly lower level overall than the WT on the whole-genome level. A total of 46 CG-, 92 CHG-, and 9723 CHH- (H = A, C, or T) differentially methylated genes (DMGs) were identified in cotyledons. Notably, hypomethylated CHH-DMGs were enriched in the gene ontology term "sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity." We selected a DMG encoding a homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) I subgroup transcription factor (GmHDZ20) for further functional characterization. GmHDZ20 localized to the nucleus and was highly expressed in leaf and cotyledon tissues. Constitutive expression of GmHDZ20 in Arabidopsis thaliana led to serrated rosette leaves, shorter siliques, and reduced seed number per silique. A yeast two-hybrid assay revealed that GmHDZ20 physically interacted with three proteins associated with multiple aspects of plant growth. Collectively, our results provide a comprehensive study of soybean DNA methylation in normal and aberrant cotyledons, which will be useful for the identification of specific DMGs that participate in cotyledon development, and also provide a foundation for future in-depth functional study of GmHDZ20 in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Yang,
| | - Zhongyi Yang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhuozhuo Mao
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yali Li
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dezhou Hu
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Li
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guixia Shi
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fang Huang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baohui Liu
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Deyue Yu
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Deyue Yu,
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45
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Li W, Liu SW, Ma JJ, Liu HM, Han FX, Li Y, Niu SH. Gibberellin Signaling Is Required for Far-Red Light-Induced Shoot Elongation in Pinus tabuliformis Seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:658-668. [PMID: 31659126 PMCID: PMC6945873 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Gibberellin (GA) is known to play an important role in low red/far-red (R:FR) light ratio-mediated hypocotyl and petiole elongation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). However, the regulatory relationship between low R:FR and GAs remains unclear, especially in gymnosperms. To increase our understanding of the molecular basis of low R:FR-mediated shoot elongation in pines and to determine whether there is an association between low R:FR and GAs action, we explored the morphological and transcriptomic changes triggered by low R:FR, GAs, and paclobutrazol (PAC), a GAs biosynthesis inhibitor, in Pinus tabuliformis seedlings. Transcriptome profiles revealed that low R:FR conditions and GAs have a common set of transcriptional targets in P. tabuliformis We provide evidence that the effect of low R:FR on shoot elongation in P. tabuliformis is at least partially modulated by GAs accumulation, which can be largely attenuated by PAC. GAs are also involved in the cross talk between different phytohormones in the low R:FR response. A GA biosynthesis gene, encoding ent-kaurenoic acid oxidase (KAO), was strongly stimulated by low R:FR without being affected by GAs feedback regulation or the photoperiod. We show that GA signaling is required for low R:FR-induced shoot elongation in P tabuliformis seedlings, and that there are different regulatory targets for low R:FR-mediated GA biosynthesis between conifers and angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Forest Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang-Wei Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Forest Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Jing Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Forest Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Mei Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Forest Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang-Xu Han
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Forest Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Forest Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Hui Niu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Forest Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
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46
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Wang X, Gao X, Liu Y, Fan S, Ma Q. Progress of Research on the Regulatory Pathway of the Plant Shade-Avoidance Syndrome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:439. [PMID: 32351535 PMCID: PMC7174782 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
When subject to vegetational shading, shade-avoiding plants detect neighbors by perceiving reduced light quantity and altered light quality. The former includes decreases in the ratio of red to far-red wavelengths (low R:FR) and low blue light ratio (LBL) predominantly detected by phytochromes and cryptochromes, respectively. By integrating multiple signals, plants generate a suite of responses, such as elongation of a variety of organs, accelerated flowering, and reduced branching, which are collectively termed the shade-avoidance syndrome (SAS). To trigger the SAS, interactions between photoreceptors and phytochrome-interacting factors are the general switch for activation of downstream signaling pathways. A number of transcription factor families and phytohormones, especially auxin, gibberellins, ethylene, and brassinosteroids, are involved in the SAS processes. In this review, shade signals, the major photoreceptors involved, and the phenotypic characteristics of the shade-intolerant plant Arabidopsis thaliana are described in detail. In addition, integration of the signaling mechanisms that link photoreceptors with multiple hormone signaling pathways is presented and future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Xinqiang Gao
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Yuling Liu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Shuli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, China
- Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, China
- *Correspondence: Shuli Fan, ; Qifeng Ma,
| | - Qifeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, China
- Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, China
- *Correspondence: Shuli Fan, ; Qifeng Ma,
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47
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Zhang R, Yang C, Jiang Y, Li L. A PIF7-CONSTANS-Centered Molecular Regulatory Network Underlying Shade-Accelerated Flowering. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:1587-1597. [PMID: 31568831 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To compete with their neighbors for light and escape shaded environments, sun-loving plants have developed the shade-avoidance syndrome (SAS), a set of responses including alteration of plant architecture and initiation of early flowering and seed set. Previous studies on SAS mainly focused on dissecting molecular basis of hypocotyl elongation in seedlings under shade light; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying shade-accelerated flowering in adult plants remain unknown. In this study, we found that CONSTANS (CO) and PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 7 (PIF7) have an additive effect on shade-induced flowering, but that LONG HYPOCOTYL IN FAR-RED1 (HFR1) represses early flowering by binding to CO and PIF7 and preventing the binding of CO to the promoter of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and the binding of PIF7 to the promoter of pri-MIR156E/F. Under shade, de-phosphorylated PIF7 and accumulated CO, balanced by HFR1, upregulate the expression of FT, TSF, SOC1, and SPLs to accelerate flowering. Moreover, we found that the function of PIF7 in flowering time is independent of phyA. Collectively, these regulatory interactions establish a crucial link between the light signal and genetic network that regulates flowering transition under shade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Yupei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China.
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48
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Galvāo VC, Fiorucci AS, Trevisan M, Franco-Zorilla JM, Goyal A, Schmid-Siegert E, Solano R, Fankhauser C. PIF transcription factors link a neighbor threat cue to accelerated reproduction in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4005. [PMID: 31488833 PMCID: PMC6728355 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11882-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in light quality indicative of competition for this essential resource influence plant growth and developmental transitions; however, little is known about neighbor proximity-induced acceleration of reproduction. Phytochrome B (phyB) senses light cues from plant competitors, ultimately leading to the expression of the floral inducers FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and TWIN SISTER of FT (TSF). Here we show that PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORs 4, 5 and 7 (PIF4, PIF5 and PIF7) mediate neighbor proximity-induced flowering, with PIF7 playing a prominent role. These transcriptional regulators act directly downstream of phyB to promote expression of FT and TSF. Neighbor proximity enhances PIF accumulation towards the end of the day, coinciding with enhanced floral inducer expression. We present evidence supporting direct PIF-regulated TSF expression. The relevance of our findings is illustrated by the prior identification of FT, TSF and PIF4 as loci underlying flowering time regulation in natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Costa Galvāo
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Sophie Fiorucci
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martine Trevisan
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - José Manuel Franco-Zorilla
- Genomics Unit and Plant Molecular Biology Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, Darwin 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anupama Goyal
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Syngene International Ltd, Bangalore, 560 099, India
| | - Emanuel Schmid-Siegert
- SIB Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Solano
- Genomics Unit and Plant Molecular Biology Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia (CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, Darwin 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Fankhauser
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Liu Y, Wei H, Ma M, Li Q, Kong D, Sun J, Ma X, Wang B, Chen C, Xie Y, Wang H. Arabidopsis FHY3 and FAR1 Regulate the Balance between Growth and Defense Responses under Shade Conditions. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:2089-2106. [PMID: 31311834 PMCID: PMC6751128 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Increasing crop yield per unit of area can be achieved by increasing planting density. However, high-density planting could trigger shade avoidance responses, which cause exaggerated growth and increased susceptibility to various diseases. Previous studies have shown that the rapid elongation of plants under shade (i.e., reduced red to far-red ratios) is regulated by phytochromes and various phytohormones. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms governing the interaction among these signaling pathways are not well understood. Here, we report that loss-of-function mutants of FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL3 (FHY3) and FAR-RED-IMPAIRED RESPONSE1 (FAR1), which encode two homologous transcription factors essential for phytochrome signaling, exhibit an exaggerated shade avoidance phenotype. We show that FHY3 and FAR1 repress plant growth through directly activating the expression of two atypical basic helix-loop-helix transcriptional cofactors, PHYTOCHROME RAPIDLY REGULATED1 (PAR1) and PAR2, and that this process is antagonized by a group of JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN proteins, key repressors of the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway, through physical interactions. Furthermore, we show that FHY3 interacts with MYC2, a key transcriptional regulator of JA responses, coordinately regulating JA-responsive defense gene expression. Our results unveil a previously unrecognized mechanism whereby plants balance their growth and defense responses through convergence of the phytochrome signaling pathway and JA signaling pathway under shade conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongbin Wei
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mengdi Ma
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Quanquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Dexin Kong
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Juan Sun
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Baobao Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Cuixia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yurong Xie
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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50
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Zhang X, Jiang X, He Y, Li L, Xu P, Sun Z, Li J, Xu J, Xia T, Hong G. AtHB2, a class II HD-ZIP protein, negatively regulates the expression of CsANS, which encodes a key enzyme in Camellia sinensis catechin biosynthesis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 166:936-945. [PMID: 30357845 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis) is an important cash crop that is beneficial to human health because of its remarkable content of catechins. The biosynthesis of catechins follows the flavonoid pathway, which is highly branched. Among the enzymes involved in catechin biosynthesis, ANTHOCYANIDIN SYNTHASE (CsANS) functions at a branch point and play a critical role. Our previous work has showed that the gene encoding CsANS is regulated by light signals; however, the molecular mechanism behind remains unclear. Here, we cloned a full-length CsANS promoter and found that it contained a cis-element recognized by Arabidopsis thaliana HOMEOBOX2 (AtHB2). AtHB2 constitutes one of the class II HOMEODOMAIN-LEUCINE ZIPPER (HD-ZIP) proteins, which accumulate in the dark and mediate the shade avoidance response in most angiosperms. To analyze the transcription of CsANS in vivo, β-glucuronidase and luciferase reporter genes driven by the obtained promoter were introduced into A. thaliana and Nicotiana attenuata, respectively. In both expression systems there were indications that the A. thaliana PRODUCTION OF ANTHOCYANIN PIGMENT1 (AtPAP1), a MYB transcription factor of flavonoid biosynthesis, increased the activity of the CsANS promoter, while AtHB2 could significantly undermine the effect of AtPAP1. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays showed that AtHB2 interacted with the A. thaliana TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA 1 (AtTTG1). A yeast three-hybrid assay further suggested that AtHB2 represses the expression of CsANS and regulates its response to light signals through competitive interactions with AtTTG1. These results show that HD-ZIP II proteins participate in light regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaolan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yuqing He
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Linying Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zongtao Sun
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Junmin Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Jiming Xu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Gaojie Hong
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
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