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de Haan LR, van Golen RF, Heger M. Molecular Pathways Governing the Termination of Liver Regeneration. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:500-558. [PMID: 38697856 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.000955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The liver has the unique capacity to regenerate, and up to 70% of the liver can be removed without detrimental consequences to the organism. Liver regeneration is a complex process involving multiple signaling networks and organs. Liver regeneration proceeds through three phases: the initiation phase, the growth phase, and the termination phase. Termination of liver regeneration occurs when the liver reaches a liver-to-body weight that is required for homeostasis, the so-called "hepatostat." The initiation and growth phases have been the subject of many studies. The molecular pathways that govern the termination phase, however, remain to be fully elucidated. This review summarizes the pathways and molecules that signal the cessation of liver regrowth after partial hepatectomy and answers the question, "What factors drive the hepatostat?" SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Unraveling the pathways underlying the cessation of liver regeneration enables the identification of druggable targets that will allow us to gain pharmacological control over liver regeneration. For these purposes, it would be useful to understand why the regenerative capacity of the liver is hampered under certain pathological circumstances so as to artificially modulate the regenerative processes (e.g., by blocking the cessation pathways) to improve clinical outcomes and safeguard the patient's life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne R de Haan
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China (L.R.d.H., M.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, The Netherlands (L.R.d.H.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (R.F.v.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.); and Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.)
| | - Rowan F van Golen
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China (L.R.d.H., M.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, The Netherlands (L.R.d.H.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (R.F.v.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.); and Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.)
| | - Michal Heger
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China (L.R.d.H., M.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, The Netherlands (L.R.d.H.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands (R.F.v.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.); and Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.H.)
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2
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Hu X, Jin X, Cao X, Liu B. The Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome Is a Cellular Ageing Regulator. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315327. [PMID: 36499653 PMCID: PMC9740938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is a complicated cellular component that plays significant roles in regulating the cell cycle process of eukaryotic organisms. The spatiotemporal regulation mechanisms of APC/C in distinct cell cycle transitions are no longer mysterious, and the components of this protein complex are gradually identified and characterized. Given the close relationship between the cell cycle and lifespan, it is urgent to understand the roles of APC/C in lifespan regulation, but this field still seems to have not been systematically summarized. Furthermore, although several reviews have reported the roles of APC/C in cancer, there are still gaps in the summary of its roles in other age-related diseases. In this review, we propose that the APC/C is a novel cellular ageing regulator based on its indispensable role in the regulation of lifespan and its involvement in age-associated diseases. This work provides an extensive review of aspects related to the underlying mechanisms of APC/C in lifespan regulation and how it participates in age-associated diseases. More comprehensive recognition and understanding of the relationship between APC/C and ageing and age-related diseases will increase the development of targeted strategies for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xuejiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xiuling Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (B.L.)
| | - Beidong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (B.L.)
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Laigle V, Dingli F, Amhaz S, Perron T, Chouchène M, Colasse S, Petit I, Poullet P, Loew D, Prunier C, Levy L. Quantitative ubiquitylome analysis reveals specificity of RNF111/Arkadia E3 ubiquitin ligase for its degradative substrates SKI and SKIL/SnoN in TGF-β signaling pathway. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100173. [PMID: 34740826 PMCID: PMC8665411 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RNF111/Arkadia is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that activates the TGF-β pathway by degrading transcriptional repressors SKIL/SnoN and SKI, and truncations of the RING C-terminal domain of RNF111 that abolish its E3 function and subsequently TGF-β signaling are observed in some cancers. In the present study, we sought to perform a comprehensive analysis of RNF111 endogenous substrates upon TGF-β signaling activation using an integrative proteomic approach. In that aim we carried out label free quantitative proteomics after enrichment of ubiquitylated proteins (ubiquitylome) in parental U2OS cell line compared to U2OS CRISPR engineered clones expressing a truncated form of RNF111 devoid of its C-terminal RING domain. We compared two methods of enrichment for ubiquitylated proteins prior to proteomics analysis by mass spectrometry, the diGly remnant peptide immunoprecipitation with a K-ε-GG antibody (diGly) and a novel approach using protein immunoprecipitation with a ubiquitin pan nanobody (pan UB) that recognizes all ubiquitin chains and monoubiquitylation. While we detected SKIL ubiquitylation among 108 potential RNF111 substrates with the diGly method, we found that the pan UB method also constitutes a powerful approach since it enabled detection of 52 potential RNF111 substrates including SKI, SKIL and RNF111. Integrative comparison of the RNF111-dependent proteome and ubiquitylomes enabled identification of SKI and SKIL as the only targets ubiquitylated and degraded by RNF111 E3 ligase function in presence of TGF-β. Our results indicate that lysine 343 localized in the SAND domain of SKIL constitutes a target for RNF111 ubiquitylation and demonstrate that RNF111 E3 ubiquitin ligase function specifically targets SKI and SKIL ubiquitylation and degradation upon TGF-β pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Laigle
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Florent Dingli
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sadek Amhaz
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Tiphaine Perron
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Mouna Chouchène
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Sabrina Colasse
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Petit
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, F-75012, Paris, France
| | | | - Damarys Loew
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Protéomique, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Céline Prunier
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Levy
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, F-75012, Paris, France.
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Xu H, Wu L, Nguyen HH, Mesa KR, Raghavan V, Episkopou V, Littman DR. Arkadia-SKI/SnoN signaling differentially regulates TGF-β-induced iTreg and Th17 cell differentiation. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212614. [PMID: 34473197 PMCID: PMC8421263 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β signaling is fundamental for both Th17 and regulatory T (Treg) cell differentiation. However, these cells differ in requirements for downstream signaling components, such as SMAD effectors. To further characterize mechanisms that distinguish TGF-β signaling requirements for Th17 and Treg cell differentiation, we investigated the role of Arkadia (RNF111), an E3 ubiquitin ligase that mediates TGF-β signaling during development. Inactivation of Arkadia in CD4+ T cells resulted in impaired Treg cell differentiation in vitro and loss of RORγt+FOXP3+ iTreg cells in the intestinal lamina propria, which increased susceptibility to microbiota-induced mucosal inflammation. In contrast, Arkadia was dispensable for Th17 cell responses. Furthermore, genetic ablation of two Arkadia substrates, the transcriptional corepressors SKI and SnoN, rescued Arkadia-deficient iTreg cell differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. These results reveal distinct TGF-β signaling modules governing Th17 and iTreg cell differentiation programs that could be targeted to selectively modulate T cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Lin Wu
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Henry H Nguyen
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Kailin R Mesa
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Varsha Raghavan
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | - Dan R Littman
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY
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Kazemi-Sefat GE, Keramatipour M, Talebi S, Kavousi K, Sajed R, Kazemi-Sefat NA, Mousavizadeh K. The importance of CDC27 in cancer: molecular pathology and clinical aspects. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:160. [PMID: 33750395 PMCID: PMC7941923 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01860-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CDC27 is one of the core components of Anaphase Promoting complex/cyclosome. The main role of this protein is defined at cellular division to control cell cycle transitions. Here we review the molecular aspects that may affect CDC27 regulation from cell cycle and mitosis to cancer pathogenesis and prognosis. Main text It has been suggested that CDC27 may play either like a tumor suppressor gene or oncogene in different neoplasms. Divergent variations in CDC27 DNA sequence and alterations in transcription of CDC27 have been detected in different solid tumors and hematological malignancies. Elevated CDC27 expression level may increase cell proliferation, invasiveness and metastasis in some malignancies. It has been proposed that CDC27 upregulation may increase stemness in cancer stem cells. On the other hand, downregulation of CDC27 may increase the cancer cell survival, decrease radiosensitivity and increase chemoresistancy. In addition, CDC27 downregulation may stimulate efferocytosis and improve tumor microenvironment. Conclusion CDC27 dysregulation, either increased or decreased activity, may aggravate neoplasms. CDC27 may be suggested as a prognostic biomarker in different malignancies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-01860-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnaz Ensieh Kazemi-Sefat
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Hemmat Highway, P.O. Box: 14665-354, Tehran, 14496-14535, Iran
| | - Mohammad Keramatipour
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Talebi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kaveh Kavousi
- Laboratory of Complex Biological Systems and Bioinformatics (CBB), Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Sajed
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Hemmat Highway, P.O. Box: 14665-354, Tehran, 14496-14535, Iran
| | | | - Kazem Mousavizadeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Hemmat Highway, P.O. Box: 14665-354, Tehran, 14496-14535, Iran. .,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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VanGenderen C, Harkness TAA, Arnason TG. The role of Anaphase Promoting Complex activation, inhibition and substrates in cancer development and progression. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:15818-15855. [PMID: 32805721 PMCID: PMC7467358 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC), a multi-subunit ubiquitin ligase, facilitates mitotic and G1 progression, and is now recognized to play a role in maintaining genomic stability. Many APC substrates have been observed overexpressed in multiple cancer types, such as CDC20, the Aurora A and B kinases, and Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1), suggesting APC activity is important for cell health. We performed BioGRID analyses of the APC coactivators CDC20 and CDH1, which revealed that at least 69 proteins serve as APC substrates, with 60 of them identified as playing a role in tumor promotion and 9 involved in tumor suppression. While these substrates and their association with malignancies have been studied in isolation, the possibility exists that generalized APC dysfunction could result in the inappropriate stabilization of multiple APC targets, thereby changing tumor behavior and treatment responsiveness. It is also possible that the APC itself plays a crucial role in tumorigenesis through its regulation of mitotic progression. In this review the connections between APC activity and dysregulation will be discussed with regards to cell cycle dysfunction and chromosome instability in cancer, along with the individual roles that the accumulation of various APC substrates may play in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordell VanGenderen
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Troy Anthony Alan Harkness
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Terra Gayle Arnason
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
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Adwent I, Grabarek BO, Kojs-Mrożkiewicz M, Brus R, Staszkiewicz R, Plewka A, Stasiowski M, Lyssek-Boroń A. The Influence of Adalimumab and Cyclosporine A on the Expression Profile of the Genes Related to TGF β Signaling Pathways in Keratinocyte Cells Treated with Lipopolysaccharide A. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:3821279. [PMID: 32774143 PMCID: PMC7399757 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3821279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis, cyclosporine A (CsA) conventional therapy is used and biological, anti-cytokine treatment using, for example, anti-TNF drug-adalimumab. AIM This study aimed at investigating the effect of CsA and adalimumab on the profile of mRNAs and protein expression associated with transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) pathways in human keratinocyte (HaCaT) culture previously exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). MATERIALS AND METHODS HaCaT culture was exposed to 1 ng/ml LPS for 8 hours+8 μg/ml adalimumab for 2, 8, and 24 hours or 1 ng/ml LPS for 8 hours+100 ng/ml CsA for 2, 8, and 24 hours and compared to the control culture. Sulphorodamine B cytotoxicity assay was performed. The expression profile of mRNA related to TGFβ paths was indicated by microarray and RTqPCR analyses. The ELISA test was used to analyze changes on the proteome level. Statistical analysis consisted of ANOVA analysis and the post hoc Tukey test (p < 0.05). RESULTS The cytotoxicity test showed that LPS, adalimumab, and cyclosporine in the concentration used in this experiment did not have any cytotoxicity effect on HaCaT cells. The largest fold changes (FC) in expression in (∣FC | >4.00) was determined for TGFβ1-3, TGFβRI-III, SKIL, SMURF2, SMAD3, BMP2, BMP6, JAK2, UBE2D1, SKP2, EDN1, and PRKAR2B (p < 0.05). In addition, on the protein level, the direct changes observed at mRNA were the same. CONCLUSION Analysis of the microarray expression profile of genes associated with TGFβ signaling pathways has demonstrated the potential of cyclosporin A and adalimumab to induce changes in their transcriptional activity. The anti-TNF drug seems to affect TGFβ cascades to a greater extent than cyclosporin A. The obtained results suggest that the regularity of taking the drug is important for the efficacy of psoriasis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Adwent
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, University of Technology in Katowice, Poland
- Department of Dermatology, Andrzej Mielecki Memorial Independent Public Clinical Hospital, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Beniamin Oskar Grabarek
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, University of Technology in Katowice, Poland
- 5th Military Clinical Hospital with the SP ZOZ Polyclinic, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Kojs-Mrożkiewicz
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, University of Technology in Katowice, Poland
| | - Ryszard Brus
- Department of Nurse, High School of Strategic Planning, Koscielna 6, 41-303 Dąbrowa Górnicza, Poland
| | - Rafał Staszkiewicz
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, University of Technology in Katowice, Poland
- 5th Military Clinical Hospital with the SP ZOZ Polyclinic, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Plewka
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Opole, Poland
| | - Michał Stasiowski
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, SMDZ in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Anita Lyssek-Boroń
- Department of Ophthalmology with Paediatric Unit, St. Barbara Hospital, Trauma Center, Sosnowiec, Poland
- Department of Ophtamology, Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, University of Technology in Katowice, Poland
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Sun GF, Li HC, Zhan YP, Zhang XF, Pan LY, Chen YF, Xu K, Feng DX. SnoN residue (1-366) attenuates hypertrophic scars through resistance to transforming growth factor-β1-induced degradation. J Transl Med 2019; 99:1861-1873. [PMID: 31409891 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic scars (HSs) are characterized by fibroblast hyperproliferation and excessive matrix deposition. During wound healing, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1/Smad signaling acts as a key regulator. As a transcriptional corepressor of TGF-β1/Smads, SnoN is expressed at low levels in many fibrotic diseases due to TGF-β1/Smad-induced degradation. SnoN residue (1-366; SR) is resistant to TGF-β1-induced degradation. However, the expression and role of SR in HSs are unknown. Here, we inhibited TGF-β1/Smad signaling via overexpression of SR to block fibroblast transdifferentiation, proliferation, and collagen deposition during HS formation. Our results showed that SnoN was downregulated in HS fibroblasts (HSFs) owing to TGF-β1/Smad-induced degradation. Overexpression of SR in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) and HSFs successfully blocked phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3, thereby inhibiting NHDF transdifferentiation and HSF proliferation and reducing type I collagen (ColI) and type III collagen (ColIII) production and secretion. In addition, we applied overexpressed full-length SnoN (SF) and SR to wound granulation tissue in a rabbit model of HSs. SR reduced wound scarring, improved collagen deposition and arrangement of scar tissue, and decreased mRNA and protein expression of ColI, ColIII, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) more effectively than SF in vivo. These results suggest that SR could be a promising therapy for the prevention of HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Fang Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Hong-Chang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yue-Ping Zhan
- Central Laboratory, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xiao-Fen Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Li-Yun Pan
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Ya-Feng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Ke Xu
- Central Laboratory, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Dian-Xu Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, China.
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Kimata Y. APC/C Ubiquitin Ligase: Coupling Cellular Differentiation to G1/G0 Phase in Multicellular Systems. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:591-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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10
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Ewerth D, Kreutmair S, Schmidts A, Ihorst G, Follo M, Wider D, Felthaus J, Schüler J, Duyster J, Illert AL, Engelhardt M, Wäsch R. APC/C Cdh1 regulates the balance between maintenance and differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:369-380. [PMID: 30357422 PMCID: PMC11105657 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2952-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) represent the lifelong source of all blood cells and continuously regenerate the hematopoietic system through differentiation and self-renewal. The process of differentiation is initiated in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, when stem cells leave their quiescent state. During G1, the anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome associated with the coactivator Cdh1 is highly active and marks proteins for proteasomal degradation to regulate cell proliferation. Following Cdh1 knockdown in HSPCs, we analyzed human and mouse hematopoiesis in vitro and in vivo in competitive transplantation assays. We found that Cdh1 is highly expressed in human CD34+ HSPCs and downregulated in differentiated subsets; whereas, loss of Cdh1 restricts myeloid differentiation, supports B cell development and preserves immature short-term HSPCs without affecting proliferation or viability. Our data highlight a role of Cdh1 as a regulator of balancing the maintenance of HSPCs and differentiation into mature blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ewerth
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kreutmair
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Schmidts
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Ihorst
- Clinical Trials Unit, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marie Follo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dagmar Wider
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Felthaus
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Justus Duyster
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Lena Illert
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Monika Engelhardt
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Wäsch
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
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The Transcriptional Regulator SnoN Promotes the Proliferation of Cerebellar Granule Neuron Precursors in the Postnatal Mouse Brain. J Neurosci 2018; 39:44-62. [PMID: 30425119 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0688-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of neuronal precursor cell proliferation is essential for normal brain development, and deregulation of this fundamental developmental event contributes to brain diseases. Typically, neuronal precursor cell proliferation extends over long periods of time during brain development. However, how neuronal precursor proliferation is regulated in a temporally specific manner remains to be elucidated. Here, we report that conditional KO of the transcriptional regulator SnoN in cerebellar granule neuron precursors robustly inhibits the proliferation of these cells and promotes their cell cycle exit at later stages of cerebellar development in the postnatal male and female mouse brain. In laser capture microdissection followed by RNA-Seq, designed to profile gene expression specifically in the external granule layer of the cerebellum, we find that SnoN promotes the expression of cell proliferation genes and concomitantly represses differentiation genes in granule neuron precursors in vivo Remarkably, bioinformatics analyses reveal that SnoN-regulated genes contain binding sites for the transcription factors N-myc and Pax6, which promote the proliferation and differentiation of granule neuron precursors, respectively. Accordingly, we uncover novel physical interactions of SnoN with N-myc and Pax6 in cells. In behavior analyses, conditional KO of SnoN impairs cerebellar-dependent learning in a delayed eye-blink conditioning paradigm, suggesting that SnoN-regulation of granule neuron precursor proliferation bears functional consequences at the organismal level. Our findings define a novel function and mechanism for the major transcriptional regulator SnoN in the control of granule neuron precursor proliferation in the mammalian brain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study reports the discovery that the transcriptional regulator SnoN plays a crucial role in the proliferation of cerebellar granule neuron precursors in the postnatal mouse brain. Conditional KO of SnoN in granule neuron precursors robustly inhibits the proliferation of these cells and promotes their cycle exit specifically at later stages of cerebellar development, with biological consequences of impaired cerebellar-dependent learning. Genomics and bioinformatics analyses reveal that SnoN promotes the expression of cell proliferation genes and concomitantly represses cell differentiation genes in vivo Although SnoN has been implicated in distinct aspects of the development of postmitotic neurons, this study identifies a novel function for SnoN in neuronal precursors in the mammalian brain.
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12
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Tecalco-Cruz AC, Ríos-López DG, Vázquez-Victorio G, Rosales-Alvarez RE, Macías-Silva M. Transcriptional cofactors Ski and SnoN are major regulators of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2018; 3:15. [PMID: 29892481 PMCID: PMC5992185 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-018-0015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family plays major pleiotropic roles by regulating many physiological processes in development and tissue homeostasis. The TGF-β signaling pathway outcome relies on the control of the spatial and temporal expression of >500 genes, which depend on the functions of the Smad protein along with those of diverse modulators of this signaling pathway, such as transcriptional factors and cofactors. Ski (Sloan-Kettering Institute) and SnoN (Ski novel) are Smad-interacting proteins that negatively regulate the TGF-β signaling pathway by disrupting the formation of R-Smad/Smad4 complexes, as well as by inhibiting Smad association with the p300/CBP coactivators. The Ski and SnoN transcriptional cofactors recruit diverse corepressors and histone deacetylases to repress gene transcription. The TGF-β/Smad pathway and coregulators Ski and SnoN clearly regulate each other through several positive and negative feedback mechanisms. Thus, these cross-regulatory processes finely modify the TGF-β signaling outcome as they control the magnitude and duration of the TGF-β signals. As a result, any alteration in these regulatory mechanisms may lead to disease development. Therefore, the design of targeted therapies to exert tight control of the levels of negative modulators of the TGF-β pathway, such as Ski and SnoN, is critical to restore cell homeostasis under the specific pathological conditions in which these cofactors are deregulated, such as fibrosis and cancer. Proteins that repress molecular signaling through the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) pathway offer promising targets for treating cancer and fibrosis. Marina Macías-Silva and colleagues from the National Autonomous University of Mexico in Mexico City review the ways in which a pair of proteins, called Ski and SnoN, interact with downstream mediators of TGF-β to inhibit the effects of this master growth factor. Aberrant levels of Ski and SnoN have been linked to diverse range of diseases involving cell proliferation run amok, and therapies that regulate the expression of these proteins could help normalize TGF-β signaling to healthier physiological levels. For decades, drug companies have tried to target the TGF-β pathway, with limited success. Altering the activity of these repressors instead could provide a roundabout way of remedying pathogenic TGF-β activity in fibrosis and oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles C Tecalco-Cruz
- 1Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico city, 04510 Mexico
| | - Diana G Ríos-López
- 2Instituto de Fisiología Celular at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico city, 04510 Mexico
| | | | - Reyna E Rosales-Alvarez
- 2Instituto de Fisiología Celular at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico city, 04510 Mexico
| | - Marina Macías-Silva
- 2Instituto de Fisiología Celular at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico city, 04510 Mexico
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13
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Suppression of APC/CCdh1 has subtype specific biological effects in acute myeloid leukemia. Oncotarget 2018; 7:48220-48230. [PMID: 27374082 PMCID: PMC5217013 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase and tumor suppressor APC/CCdh1 is crucial for cell cycle progression, development and differentiation in many cell types. However, little is known about the role of Cdh1 in hematopoiesis. Here we analyzed Cdh1 expression and function in malignant hematopoiesis. We found a significant decrease of Cdh1 in primary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts compared to normal CD34+ cells. Thus, according to its important role in connecting cell cycle exit and differentiation, decreased expression of Cdh1 may be a mechanism contributing to the differentiation block in leukemogenesis. Indeed, knockdown (kd) of Cdh1 in HL-60 cell line (AML with maturation, FAB M2) led to less differentiated cells and a delay in PMA-induced differentiation. Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL, FAB M3) is an AML subtype which is highly vulnerable to differentiation therapy with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). Accordingly, we found that APL is resistant to a Cdh1-kd mediated differentiation block. However, further depletion of Cdh1 in APL significantly reduced viability of leukemia cells upon ATRA-induced differentiation. Thus, low Cdh1 expression may be important in AML biology by contributing to the differentiation block and response to therapy depending on differences in the microenvironment and the additional genetic background.
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14
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Yan X, Xiong X, Chen YG. Feedback regulation of TGF-β signaling. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:37-50. [PMID: 29228156 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a multi-functional polypeptide that plays a critical role in regulating a broad range of cellular functions and physiological processes. Signaling is initiated when TGF-β ligands bind to two types of cell membrane receptors with intrinsic Ser/Thr kinase activity and transmitted by the intracellular Smad proteins, which act as transcription factors to regulate gene expression in the nucleus. Although it is relatively simple and straight-forward, this TGF-β/Smad pathway is regulated by various feedback loops at different levels, including the ligand, the receptor, Smads and transcription, and is thus fine-tuned in terms of signaling robustness, duration, specificity, and plasticity. The precise control gives rise to versatile and context-dependent pathophysiological functions. In this review, we firstly give an overview of TGF-β signaling, and then discuss how each step of TGF-β signaling is finely controlled by distinct modes of feedback mechanisms, involving both protein regulators and miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xiangyang Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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15
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Mazza T, Copetti M, Capocefalo D, Fusilli C, Biagini T, Carella M, De Bonis A, Mastrodonato N, Piepoli A, Pazienza V, Maiello E, di Mola FF, di Sebastiano P, Andriulli A, Tavano F. MicroRNA co-expression networks exhibit increased complexity in pancreatic ductal compared to Vater's papilla adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:105320-105339. [PMID: 29285254 PMCID: PMC5739641 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MiRNA expression abnormalities in adenocarcinoma arising from pancreatic ductal system (PDAC) and Vater's papilla (PVAC) could be associated with distinctive pathologic features and clinical cancer behaviours. Our previous miRNA expression profiling data on PDAC (n=9) and PVAC (n=4) were revaluated to define differences/similarities in miRNA expression patterns. Afterwards, in order to uncover target genes and core signalling pathways regulated by specific miRNAs in these two tumour entities, miRNA interaction networks were wired for each tumour entity, and experimentally validated target genes underwent pathways enrichment analysis. One hundred and one miRNAs were altered, mainly over-expressed, in PDAC samples. Twenty-six miRNAs were deregulated in PVAC samples, where more miRNAs were down-expressed in tumours compared to normal tissues. Four miRNAs were significantly altered in both subgroups of patients, while 27 miRNAs were differentially expressed between PDAC and PVAC. Although miRNA interaction networks were more complex and dense in PDAC than in PVAC, pathways enrichment analysis uncovered a functional overlapping between PDAC and PVAC. However, shared signalling events were influenced by different miRNA and/or genes in the two tumour entities. Overall, specific miRNA expression patterns were involved in the regulation of a limited core signalling pathways in the biology landscape of PDAC and PVAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Mazza
- Unit of Bioinformatics, Research Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo 71013, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Capocefalo
- Unit of Bioinformatics, Research Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo 71013, Italy
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Caterina Fusilli
- Unit of Bioinformatics, Research Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo 71013, Italy
| | - Tommaso Biagini
- Unit of Bioinformatics, Research Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo 71013, Italy
| | - Massimo Carella
- Medical Genetics Unit, Research Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo 71013, Italy
| | - Antonio De Bonis
- Department of Surgery, Research Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo 71013, Italy
| | | | - Ada Piepoli
- Division of Gastroenterology and Research Laboratory, San Giovanni Rotondo 71013, Italy
| | - Valerio Pazienza
- Division of Gastroenterology and Research Laboratory, San Giovanni Rotondo 71013, Italy
| | - Evaristo Maiello
- Department of Oncology IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, Research Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo 71013, Italy
| | | | | | - Angelo Andriulli
- Division of Gastroenterology and Research Laboratory, San Giovanni Rotondo 71013, Italy
| | - Francesca Tavano
- Division of Gastroenterology and Research Laboratory, San Giovanni Rotondo 71013, Italy
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16
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Chandhoke AS, Chanda A, Karve K, Deng L, Bonni S. The PIAS3-Smurf2 sumoylation pathway suppresses breast cancer organoid invasiveness. Oncotarget 2017; 8:21001-21014. [PMID: 28423498 PMCID: PMC5400561 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis profoundly reduces the survival of breast cancer patients, but the mechanisms underlying breast cancer invasiveness and metastasis are incompletely understood. Here, we report that the E3 ubiquitin ligase Smurf2 acts in a sumoylation-dependent manner to suppress the invasive behavior of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell-derived organoids. We also find that the SUMO E3 ligase PIAS3 inhibits the invasive growth of breast cancer cell-derived organoids. In mechanistic studies, PIAS3 maintains breast cancer organoids in a non-invasive state via sumoylation of Smurf2. Importantly, the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity is required for sumoylated Smurf2 to suppress the invasive growth of breast cancer-cell derived organoids. Collectively, our findings define a novel role for the PIAS3-Smurf2 sumoylation pathway in the suppression of breast cancer cell invasiveness. These findings lay the foundation for the development of novel biomarkers and targeted therapeutic approaches in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Singh Chandhoke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and The Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Ayan Chanda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and The Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Kunal Karve
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and The Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Lili Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and The Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Shirin Bonni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and The Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada, T2N 4N1
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17
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Kumari N, Jaynes PW, Saei A, Iyengar PV, Richard JLC, Eichhorn PJA. The roles of ubiquitin modifying enzymes in neoplastic disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:456-483. [PMID: 28923280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The initial experiments performed by Rose, Hershko, and Ciechanover describing the identification of a specific degradation signal in short-lived proteins paved the way to the discovery of the ubiquitin mediated regulation of numerous physiological functions required for cellular homeostasis. Since their discovery of ubiquitin and ubiquitin function over 30years ago it has become wholly apparent that ubiquitin and their respective ubiquitin modifying enzymes are key players in tumorigenesis. The human genome encodes approximately 600 putative E3 ligases and 80 deubiquitinating enzymes and in the majority of cases these enzymes exhibit specificity in sustaining either pro-tumorigenic or tumour repressive responses. In this review, we highlight the known oncogenic and tumour suppressive effects of ubiquitin modifying enzymes in cancer relevant pathways with specific focus on PI3K, MAPK, TGFβ, WNT, and YAP pathways. Moreover, we discuss the capacity of targeting DUBs as a novel anticancer therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishi Kumari
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Patrick William Jaynes
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Azad Saei
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
| | | | | | - Pieter Johan Adam Eichhorn
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
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18
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New Functions of APC/C Ubiquitin Ligase in the Nervous System and Its Role in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051057. [PMID: 28505105 PMCID: PMC5454969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) regulates important processes in cells, such as the cell cycle, by targeting a set of substrates for degradation. In the last decade, APC/C has been related to several major functions in the nervous system, including axon guidance, synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, and neuronal survival. Interestingly, some of the identified APC/C substrates have been related to neurodegenerative diseases. There is an accumulation of some degradation targets of APC/C in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brains, which suggests a dysregulation of the protein complex in the disorder. Moreover, recently evidence has been provided for an inactivation of APC/C in AD. It has been shown that oligomers of the AD-related peptide, Aβ, induce degradation of the APC/C activator subunit cdh1, in vitro in neurons in culture and in vivo in the mouse hippocampus. Furthermore, in the AD mouse model APP/PS1, lower cdh1 levels were observed in pyramidal neurons in CA1 when compared to age-matched wildtype mice. In this review, we provide a complete list of APC/C substrates that are involved in the nervous system and we discuss their functions. We also summarize recent studies that show neurobiological effects in cdh1 knockout mouse models. Finally, we discuss the role of APC/C in the pathophysiology of AD.
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19
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Martins T, Meghini F, Florio F, Kimata Y. The APC/C Coordinates Retinal Differentiation with G1 Arrest through the Nek2-Dependent Modulation of Wingless Signaling. Dev Cell 2016; 40:67-80. [PMID: 28041905 PMCID: PMC5225405 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cell cycle is coordinated with differentiation during animal development. Here we report a cell-cycle-independent developmental role for a master cell-cycle regulator, the anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C), in the regulation of cell fate through modulation of Wingless (Wg) signaling. The APC/C controls both cell-cycle progression and postmitotic processes through ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis. Through an RNAi screen in the developing Drosophila eye, we found that partial APC/C inactivation severely inhibits retinal differentiation independently of cell-cycle defects. The differentiation inhibition coincides with hyperactivation of Wg signaling caused by the accumulation of a Wg modulator, Drosophila Nek2 (dNek2). The APC/C degrades dNek2 upon synchronous G1 arrest prior to differentiation, which allows retinal differentiation through local suppression of Wg signaling. We also provide evidence that decapentaplegic signaling may posttranslationally regulate this APC/C function. Thus, the APC/C coordinates cell-fate determination with the cell cycle through the modulation of developmental signaling pathways. APC/C inactivation disrupts retinal differentiation in the Drosophila eye APC/C inactivation causes the ectopic activation of Wg signaling APC/CFzr downregulates a Wg modulator, dNek2, by proteolysis upon G1 arrest Local dNek2 degradation ensures the coordination of retinal differentiation
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Affiliation(s)
- Torcato Martins
- Cell Cycle Development Group, Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK.
| | - Francesco Meghini
- Cell Cycle Development Group, Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Francesca Florio
- Cell Cycle Development Group, Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Yuu Kimata
- Cell Cycle Development Group, Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK.
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20
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Xu P, Lin X, Feng XH. Posttranslational Regulation of Smads. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8:cshperspect.a022087. [PMID: 27908935 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family signaling dictates highly complex programs of gene expression responses, which are extensively regulated at multiple levels and vary depending on the physiological context. The formation, activation, and destruction of two major functional complexes in the TGF-β signaling pathway (i.e., the TGF-β receptor complexes and the Smad complexes that act as central mediators of TGF-β signaling) are direct targets for posttranslational regulation. Dysfunction of these complexes often leads or contributes to pathogenesis in cancer and fibrosis and in cardiovascular, and autoimmune diseases. Here we discuss recent insights into the roles of posttranslational modifications in the functions of the receptor-activated Smads in the common Smad4 and inhibitory Smads, and in the control of the physiological responses to TGF-β. It is now evident that these modifications act as decisive factors in defining the intensity and versatility of TGF-β responsiveness. Thus, the characterization of posttranslational modifications of Smads not only sheds light on how TGF-β controls physiological and pathological processes but may also guide us to manipulate the TGF-β responses for therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinglong Xu
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xia Lin
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Xin-Hua Feng
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.,Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030.,Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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21
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APC/C and retinoblastoma interaction: cross-talk of retinoblastoma protein with the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:BSR20160152. [PMID: 27402801 PMCID: PMC5025812 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin (Ub) ligase anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) and the tumour suppressor retinoblastoma protein (pRB) play key roles in cell cycle regulation. APC/C is a critical regulator of mitosis and G1-phase of the cell cycle whereas pRB keeps a check on proliferation by inhibiting transition to the S-phase. APC/C and pRB interact with each other via the co-activator of APC/C, FZR1, providing an alternative pathway of regulation of G1 to S transition by pRB using a post-translational mechanism. Both pRB and FZR1 have complex roles and are implicated not only in regulation of cell proliferation but also in differentiation, quiescence, apoptosis, maintenance of chromosomal integrity and metabolism. Both are also targeted by transforming viruses. We discuss recent advances in our understanding of the involvement of APC/C and pRB in cell cycle based decisions and how these insights will be useful for development of anti-cancer and anti-viral drugs.
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22
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and related growth factors are secreted pleiotropic factors that play critical roles in embryogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis by regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, death, and migration. The TGF-β family members signal via heteromeric complexes of type I and type II receptors, which activate members of the Smad family of signal transducers. The main attribute of the TGF-β signaling pathway is context-dependence. Depending on the concentration and type of ligand, target tissue, and developmental stage, TGF-β family members transmit distinct signals. Deregulation of TGF-β signaling contributes to developmental defects and human diseases. More than a decade of studies have revealed the framework by which TGF-βs encode a context-dependent signal, which includes various positive and negative modifiers of the principal elements of the signaling pathway, the receptors, and the Smad proteins. In this review, we first introduce some basic components of the TGF-β signaling pathways and their actions, and then discuss posttranslational modifications and modulatory partners that modify the outcome of the signaling and contribute to its context-dependence, including small noncoding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Hata
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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23
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Abstract
In this review, Huang and Bonni discuss the functions and mechanisms of the anaphase-promoting complex in neurogenesis; glial differentiation and migration; neuronal survival, metabolism, and morphogenesis; synapse formation and plasticity; and learning and memory. Control of protein abundance by the ubiquitin–proteasome system is essential for normal brain development and function. Just over a decade ago, the first post-mitotic function of the anaphase-promoting complex, a major cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase, was discovered in the control of axon growth and patterning in the mammalian brain. Since then, a large number of studies have identified additional novel roles for the anaphase-promoting complex in diverse aspects of neuronal connectivity and plasticity in the developing and mature nervous system. In this review, we discuss the functions and mechanisms of the anaphase-promoting complex in neurogenesis, glial differentiation and migration, neuronal survival and metabolism, neuronal morphogenesis, synapse formation and plasticity, and learning and memory. We also provide a perspective on future investigations of the anaphase-promoting complex in neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Azad Bonni
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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24
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Tang H, Su H, Fan D, Ye C, Lei CT, Jiang HJ, Gao P, He FF, Zhang C. MAD2B-mediated SnoN downregulation is implicated in fibroblast activation and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F207-16. [PMID: 27122545 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00600.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
MAD2B, an anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) inhibitor and a small subunit of DNA polymerase ζ, is indispensible for mitotic checkpoint control and DNA repair. Previously, we established that MAD2B is expressed in glomerular and tubulointerstitial compartments and participates in high glucose-induced podocyte injury. However, its role in other renal diseases remains elusive. In the present study, we aim to illustrate the potential role of MAD2B in the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis. By immunofluorescence and Western blotting, we found MAD2B expression is obviously increased in tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF) patients and unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mice. It is widely accepted that resident fibroblasts are the major source of collagen-producing myofibroblasts during TIF. Therefore, we evaluated the level of MAD2B in fibroblasts (NRK-49F) exposed to transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 by immunoblotting and revealed that MAD2B is upregulated in a time-dependent manner. Intriguingly, SnoN, a transcriptional repressor of the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway, is decreased in TGF-β1-treated fibroblasts as well as the kidney cortex from TIF patients and UUO mice. Either in vitro or in vivo, local genetic depletion of MAD2B by lentiviral transfection could preserve SnoN abundance and suppress Smad3 phosphorylation, which finally dampens fibroblast activation, ECM accumulation, and alleviates the severity of TIF. However, the ubiquitin ligase APC/C is not involved in the MAD2B-mediated SnoN decline, although this process is ubiquitination dependent. In conclusion, our observation proposes that besides cell cycle management, MAD2B has a profibrotic role during fibroblast activation and TIF by suppressing SnoN expression. Targeting the MAD2B-SnoN pathway is a promising intervention for TIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Su
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Fan
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Ye
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun-Tao Lei
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua-Jun Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pan Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang-Fang He
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Chandhoke AS, Karve K, Dadakhujaev S, Netherton S, Deng L, Bonni S. The ubiquitin ligase Smurf2 suppresses TGFβ-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in a sumoylation-regulated manner. Cell Death Differ 2015; 23:876-88. [PMID: 26679521 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental cellular process in epithelial tissue development, and can be reactivated in cancer contributing to tumor invasiveness and metastasis. The cytokine transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) is a key inducer of EMT, but the mechanisms that regulate TGFβ-induced EMT remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that knockdown of the ubiquitin ligase Smurf2 promotes the ability of TGFβ to induce EMT in a three-dimensional cell culture model of NMuMG mammary epithelial cells. In other studies, we identify Smurf2 as a target of the small ubiquitin like modifier (SUMO) pathway. We find that the SUMO-E2 conjugating enzyme Ubc9 and the SUMO E3 ligase PIAS3 associate with Smurf2 and promote its sumoylation at the distinct sites of Lysines 26 and 369. The sumoylation of Smurf2 enhances its ability to induce the degradation of the TGFβ receptor and thereby suppresses EMT in NMuMG cells. Collectively, our data reveal that Smurf2 acts in a sumoylation-regulated manner to suppress TGFβ-induced EMT. These findings have significant implications for our understanding of epithelial tissue development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Chandhoke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - K Karve
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - S Dadakhujaev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - S Netherton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - L Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - S Bonni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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26
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Liu C, Zhang H, Zang X, Wang C, Kong Y, Zhang H. The influence of SnoN gene silencing by siRNA on the cell proliferation and apoptosis of human pancreatic cancer cells. Diagn Pathol 2015; 10:30. [PMID: 25907906 PMCID: PMC4407884 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-015-0267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis for pancreatic cancer (PC) is very poor. The SnoN gene may have a role in cell proliferation and apoptosis in human cancer. However, the influence of SnoN on cell proliferation and apoptosis in human PC cells remains unknown. METHODS SnoN expression was assessed in SW1990 PC cell lines using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm the target associations. The effect of SnoN on cell proliferation in vitro was confirmed using Cell Counting Kit-8. Apoptosis was confirmed using flow cytometry. Gene and protein expression were examined using real time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. RESULTS SnoN siRNA significantly inhibited the growth of SW1990 cells by decreasing cell proliferation (P < 0.05) and increasing cell apoptosis (P < 0.05), compared with the blank group and the negative control group. The highest inhibition of cell proliferation appeared at 3 days post-transfection. Cell apoptosis more obvious at 48 h after transfection. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our results reveal that the RNAi-mediated downregulation of SnoN effectively inhibited the proliferation of PC cells. SnoN-siRNA also enhanced SW1990 PC cell apoptosis. These findings indicate that SnoN gene plays an important role in pancreatic cancer development, and might serve as a potential therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer. However, further in vivo studies are needed to clarify the influence of SnoN gene silencing by siRNA on pancreatic cancer therapy. VIRTUAL SLIDES The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/7609324661510147.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengli Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Air Force General Hospital of PLA, 30 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Air Force General Hospital of PLA, 30 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Zang
- Department of Stomatology, Air Force General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China.
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Air Force General Hospital of PLA, 30 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Yalin Kong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Air Force General Hospital of PLA, 30 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Hongyi Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Air Force General Hospital of PLA, 30 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China.
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27
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Moustakas A. The mitotic checkpoint protein kinase BUB1 is an engine in the TGF-β signaling apparatus. Sci Signal 2015; 8:fs1. [PMID: 25587189 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaa4636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway mediates critical events in cell behavior that contribute to development and disease. The mitotic checkpoint guarantees faithful chromosomal segregation during cell division. In the 6 January 2015 issue of Science Signaling, Nyati et al. reported that the mitotic checkpoint kinase BUB1 promotes the activity of TGF-β receptors, which adds new molecular links between these fundamental biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristidis Moustakas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 581 Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75123, Sweden.
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28
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The ability of TRIM3 to induce growth arrest depends on RING-dependent E3 ligase activity. Biochem J 2014; 458:537-45. [PMID: 24393003 DOI: 10.1042/bj20131288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutation of the TRIM (tripartite motif)-NHL family members brat and mei-P26 perturb the differentiation of transit-amplifying progenitor cells resulting in tumour-like phenotypes. The NHL (named after the NCL1, HT2A and LIN41 repeat) domain is essential for their growth suppressive activity, and they can induce cell-cycle exit in a RING-independent manner. TRIM3 is the only bona fide tumour suppressor in the mammalian TRIM-NHL subfamily and similar to the other members of this family, its ability to inhibit cell proliferation depends on the NHL domain. However, whether the RING domain was required for TRIM3-dependent cell-cycle exit had not been investigated. In the present study, we establish that the RING domain is required for TRIM3-induced growth suppression. Furthermore, we show that this domain is necessary to promote ubiquitination of p21 in a reconstituted in vitro system where UbcH5a is the preferred E2. Thus the ability of TRIM3 to suppress growth is associated with its ability to ubiquitinate proteins.
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29
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Zhang J, Zhang X, Xie F, Zhang Z, van Dam H, Zhang L, Zhou F. The regulation of TGF-β/SMAD signaling by protein deubiquitination. Protein Cell 2014; 5:503-17. [PMID: 24756567 PMCID: PMC4085288 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) members are key cytokines that control embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis via transmembrane TGF-β type II (TβR II) and type I (TβRI) and serine/threonine kinases receptors. Aberrant activation of TGF-β signaling leads to diseases, including cancer. In advanced cancer, the TGF-β/SMAD pathway can act as an oncogenic factor driving tumor cell invasion and metastasis, and thus is considered to be a therapeutic target. The activity of TGF-β/SMAD pathway is known to be regulated by ubiquitination at multiple levels. As ubiquitination is reversible, emerging studies have uncovered key roles for ubiquitin-removals on TGF-β signaling components by deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs). In this paper, we summarize the latest findings on the DUBs that control the activity of the TGF-β signaling pathway. The regulatory roles of these DUBs as a driving force for cancer progression as well as their underlying working mechanisms are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands and Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands and Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Feng Xie
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Zhengkui Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Hans van Dam
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands and Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Long Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands and Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands and Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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30
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Li C, Peart N, Xuan Z, Lewis DE, Xia Y, Jin J. PMA induces SnoN proteolysis and CD61 expression through an autocrine mechanism. Cell Signal 2014; 26:1369-78. [PMID: 24637302 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, also called PMA, is a small molecule that activates protein kinase C and functions to differentiate hematologic lineage cells. However, the mechanism of PMA-induced cellular differentiation is not fully understood. We found that PMA triggers global enhancement of protein ubiquitination in K562, a myelogenous leukemia cell line and one of the enhanced-ubiquitination targets is SnoN, an inhibitor of the Smad signaling pathway. Our data indicated that PMA stimulated the production of Activin A, a cytokine of the TGF-β family. Activin A then activated the phosphorylation of both Smad2 and Smad3. In consequence, SnoN is ubiquitinated by the APC(Cdh1) ubiquitin ligase with the help of phosphorylated Smad2. Furthermore, we found that SnoN proteolysis is important for the expression of CD61, a marker of megakaryocyte. These results indicate that protein ubiquitination promotes megakaryopoiesis via degrading SnoN, an inhibitor of CD61 expression, strengths the roles of ubiquitination in cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonghua Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, United States
| | - Natoya Peart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, United States; Program of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Zhenyu Xuan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Dorothy E Lewis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, United States
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, United States; Program of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Jianping Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, United States; Program of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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31
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TGF-β signaling in stem cells and tumorigenesis. Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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32
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Imamura T, Oshima Y, Hikita A. Regulation of TGF-β family signalling by ubiquitination and deubiquitination. J Biochem 2013; 154:481-9. [PMID: 24165200 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvt097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family, including TGF-βs, activin and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), are multifunctional proteins that regulate a wide variety of cellular responses, such as proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis. TGF-β family signalling is mainly mediated by membranous serine/threonine kinase receptors and intracellular Smad proteins. This signalling is tightly regulated by various post-translational modifications including ubiquitination. Several E3 ubiquitin ligases play a crucial role in the recognition and ubiquitin-dependent degradation of TGF-β family receptors, Smad proteins and their interacted proteins to regulate positively and negatively TGF-β family signalling. In contrast, non-degradative ubiquitin modifications also regulate TGF-β family signalling. Recently, in addition to protein ubiquitination, deubiquitination by deubiquitinating enzymes has been reported to control TGF-β family signalling pathways. Interestingly, more recent studies suggest that TGF-β signalling is not only regulated via ubiquitination and/or deubiquitination, but also it relies on ubiquitination for its effect on other pathways. Thus, ubiquitin modifications play key roles in TGF-β family signal transduction and cross-talk between TGF-β family signalling and other signalling pathways. Here, we review the current understandings of the positive and negative regulatory mechanisms by ubiquitin modifications that control TGF-β family signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Imamura
- Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine; Division of Bio-imaging, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University; Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital; and Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
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Do JL, Bonni A, Tuszynski MH. SnoN facilitates axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71906. [PMID: 23936531 PMCID: PMC3732222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult CNS neurons exhibit a reduced capacity for growth compared to developing neurons, due in part to downregulation of growth-associated genes as development is completed. We tested the hypothesis that SnoN, an embryonically regulated transcription factor that specifies growth of the axonal compartment, can enhance growth in injured adult neurons. In vitro, SnoN overexpression in dissociated adult DRG neuronal cultures significantly enhanced neurite outgrowth. Moreover, TGF-β1, a negative regulator of SnoN, inhibited neurite outgrowth, and SnoN over-expression overcame this inhibition. We then examined whether SnoN influenced axonal regeneration in vivo: indeed, expression of a mutant form of SnoN resistant to degradation significantly enhanced axonal regeneration following cervical spinal cord injury, despite peri-lesional upregulation of TGF-β1. Thus, a developmental mechanism that specifies extension of the axonal compartment also promotes axonal regeneration after adult CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun L. Do
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Azad Bonni
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mark H. Tuszynski
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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34
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Hernández-Damián J, Tecalco-Cruz AC, Ríos-López DG, Vázquez-Victorio G, Vázquez-Macías A, Caligaris C, Sosa-Garrocho M, Flores-Pérez B, Romero-Avila M, Macías-Silva M. Downregulation of SnoN oncoprotein induced by antibiotics anisomycin and puromycin positively regulates transforming growth factor-β signals. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:5049-58. [PMID: 23872350 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SnoN and Ski proteins function as Smad transcriptional corepressors and are implicated in the regulation of diverse cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation and transformation. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling causes SnoN and Ski protein degradation via proteasome with the participation of phosphorylated R-Smad proteins. Intriguingly, the antibiotics anisomycin (ANS) and puromycin (PURO) are also able to downregulate Ski and SnoN proteins via proteasome. METHODS We explored the effects of ANS and PURO on SnoN protein downregulation when the activity of TGF-β signaling was inhibited by using different pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches, either by using specific TβRI inhibitors, overexpressing the inhibitory Smad7 protein, or knocking-down TβRI receptor or Smad2 by specific shRNAs. The outcome of SnoN and Ski downregulation induced by ANS or PURO on TGF-β signaling was also studied. RESULTS SnoN protein downregulation induced by ANS and PURO did not involve the induction of R-Smad phosphorylation but it was abrogated after TGF-β signaling inhibition; this effect occurred in a cell type-specific manner and independently of protein synthesis inhibition or any other ribotoxic effect. Intriguingly, antibiotics seem to require components of the TGF-β/Smad pathway to downregulate SnoN. In addition, SnoN protein downregulation induced by antibiotics favored gene transcription induced by TGF-β signaling. CONCLUSIONS ANS and PURO require TGF-β/Smad pathway to induce SnoN and Ski protein downregulation independently of inducing R-Smad2 phosphorylation, which facilitates TGF-β signaling. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Antibiotic analogs lacking ribotoxic effects are useful as pharmacological tools to study TGF-β signaling by controlling Ski and SnoN protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Hernández-Damián
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., 04510 Mexico
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35
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Sengupta S, Jana S, Biswas S, Mandal PK, Bhattacharyya A. Cooperative involvement of NFAT and SnoN mediates transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) induced EMT in metastatic breast cancer (MDA-MB 231) cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 2013; 30:1019-31. [PMID: 23832742 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-013-9600-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a secondary phenomenon concomitantly associated with the tumor progression. The regulatory signals and mechanistic details of EMT are not fully elucidated. Here, we shared a TGF-β mediated mechanism of EMT in breast cancer (MDA-MB 231) cells. Initial exposure of TGF-β for 48 h, enhanced the rate of cell proliferation and associated with EMT of MDA-MB 231 cells. The EMT was characterized by observing the increased N-cadherin, fibronectin, Snail expression and associated with the morphological change with a reduced E-cadherin expression. NFAT, a transcription factor, alters tumor suppressive function of TGF-β towards tumor progression. Up regulation of NFAT, coupled with a foremost translocation of one oncogenic protein SnoN from cytoplasm to nucleus was noticed during this TGF-β mediated EMT. Silencing of NFAT also showed the inhibition of TGF-β mediated EMT characterized by down regulation of N-cadherin and associated with reduced expression of SnoN. In addition, it was also observed that NFAT sequestering the Smad3 prevents the proteasome mediated degradation of SnoN and this SnoN has a role on the regulation of MMP-2, MMP-9 activity. Increased Smad3-SnoN interaction and proteasome mediated degradation of SnoN were detected after silencing of NFAT with a reduced MMP-2, MMP-9 activity. All of these observations provide a fresh mechanism in which by a twofold involvement of NFAT and SnoN plays a crucial role in TGF-β mediated EMT by recruiting the effector molecules N-cadherin and MMP-2, MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Sengupta
- Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India
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36
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Al-Salihi MA, Herhaus L, Sapkota GP. Regulation of the transforming growth factor β pathway by reversible ubiquitylation. Open Biol 2013; 2:120082. [PMID: 22724073 PMCID: PMC3376735 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.120082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signalling pathway plays a central role during embryonic development and in adult tissue homeostasis. It regulates gene transcription through a signalling cascade from cell surface receptors to intracellular SMAD transcription factors and their nuclear cofactors. The extent, duration and potency of signalling in response to TGFβ cytokines are intricately regulated by complex biochemical processes. The corruption of these regulatory processes results in aberrant TGFβ signalling and leads to numerous human diseases, including cancer. Reversible ubiquitylation of pathway components is a key regulatory process that plays a critical role in ensuring a balanced response to TGFβ signals. Many studies have investigated the mechanisms by which various E3 ubiquitin ligases regulate the turnover and activity of TGFβ pathway components by ubiquitylation. Moreover, recent studies have shed new light into their regulation by deubiquitylating enzymes. In this report, we provide an overview of current understanding of the regulation of TGFβ signalling by E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazin A Al-Salihi
- Medical Research Council-Protein Phosphorylation Unit, Sir James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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37
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Pot I, Patel S, Deng L, Chandhoke AS, Zhang C, Bonni A, Bonni S. Identification of a Novel Link between the Protein Kinase NDR1 and TGFβ Signaling in Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67178. [PMID: 23840619 PMCID: PMC3694053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) is a secreted polypeptide that plays essential roles in cellular development and homeostasis. Although mechanisms of TGFβ-induced responses have been characterized, our understanding of TGFβ signaling remains incomplete. Here, we uncover a novel function for the protein kinase NDR1 (nuclear Dbf2-related 1) in TGFβ responses. Using an immunopurification approach, we find that NDR1 associates with SnoN, a key component of TGFβ signaling. Knockdown of NDR1 by RNA interference promotes the ability of TGFβ to induce transcription and cell cycle arrest in NMuMG mammary epithelial cells. Conversely, expression of NDR1 represses TGFβ-induced transcription and inhibits the ability of TGFβ to induce cell cycle arrest in NMuMG cells. Mechanistically, we find that NDR1 acts in a kinase-dependent manner to suppress the ability of TGFβ to induce the phosphorylation and consequent nuclear accumulation of Smad2, which is critical for TGFβ-induced transcription and responses. Strikingly, we also find that TGFβ reciprocally regulates NDR1, whereby TGFβ triggers the degradation of NDR1 protein. Collectively, our findings define a novel and intimate link between the protein kinase NDR1 and TGFβ signaling. NDR1 suppresses TGFβ-induced transcription and cell cycle arrest, and counteracting NDR1's negative regulation, TGFβ signaling induces the downregulation of NDR1 protein. These findings advance our understanding of TGFβ signaling, with important implications in development and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Pot
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shachi Patel
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lili Deng
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amrita Singh Chandhoke
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Azad Bonni
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Shirin Bonni
- Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Briones-Orta MA, Levy L, Madsen CD, Das D, Erker Y, Sahai E, Hill CS. Arkadia regulates tumor metastasis by modulation of the TGF-β pathway. Cancer Res 2013; 73:1800-10. [PMID: 23467611 PMCID: PMC3672972 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
TGF-β can act as a tumor suppressor at early stages of cancer progression and as a tumor promoter at later stages. The E3 ubiquitin ligase Arkadia (RNF111) is a critical component of the TGF-β signaling pathway, being required for a subset of responses, those mediated by Smad3-Smad4 complexes. It acts by mediating ligand-induced degradation of Ski and SnoN (SKIL), which are 2 potent transcriptional repressors. Here, we investigate the role of Arkadia in cancer using model systems to address both potential tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting roles. Stable reexpression of Arkadia in lung carcinoma NCI-H460 cells, which we show contain a hemizygous nonsense mutation in the Arkadia/RNF111 gene, efficiently restored TGF-β-induced Smad3-dependent transcription, and substantially decreased the ability of these cells to grow in soft agar in vitro. However, it had no effect on tumor growth in vivo in mouse models. Moreover, loss of Arkadia in cancer cell lines and human tumors is rare, arguing against a prominent tumor-suppressive role. In contrast, we have uncovered a potent tumor-promoting function for Arkadia. Using 3 different cancer cell lines whose tumorigenic properties are driven by TGF-β signaling, we show that loss of Arkadia function, either by overexpression of dominant negative Arkadia or by siRNA-induced knockdown, substantially inhibited lung colonization in tail vein injection experiments in immunodeficient mice. Our findings indicate that Arkadia is not critical for regulating tumor growth per se, but is required for the early stages of cancer cell colonization at the sites of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Briones-Orta
- Laboratory of Developmental Signalling, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence Levy
- INSERM UMR S 938, Hôpital St-Antoine, 184 rue du Faubourg St-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Chris D. Madsen
- Tumour Cell Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - Debipriya Das
- Laboratory of Developmental Signalling, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - Yigit Erker
- INSERM UMR S 938, Hôpital St-Antoine, 184 rue du Faubourg St-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Erik Sahai
- Tumour Cell Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline S. Hill
- Laboratory of Developmental Signalling, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
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39
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Yamada T, Yang Y, Bonni A. Spatial organization of ubiquitin ligase pathways orchestrates neuronal connectivity. Trends Neurosci 2013; 36:218-26. [PMID: 23332798 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that E3 ubiquitin ligases have essential functions in the establishment of neuronal circuits. Strikingly, a common emerging theme in these studies is that spatial organization of E3 ubiquitin ligases plays a critical role in the control of neuronal morphology and connectivity. E3 ubiquitin ligases localize to the nucleus, centrosome, Golgi apparatus, axon and dendrite cytoskeleton, and synapses in neurons. Localization of ubiquitin ligases within distinct subcellular compartments may facilitate neuronal responses to extrinsic cues and the ubiquitination of local substrates. Here, we review the functions of neuronal E3 ubiquitin ligases at distinct subcellular locales and explore how they regulate neuronal morphology and function in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Yamada
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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40
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Tsuneyoshi N, Tan EK, Sadasivam A, Poobalan Y, Sumi T, Nakatsuji N, Suemori H, Dunn NR. The SMAD2/3 corepressor SNON maintains pluripotency through selective repression of mesendodermal genes in human ES cells. Genes Dev 2013; 26:2471-6. [PMID: 23154981 DOI: 10.1101/gad.201772.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Activin/Nodal signaling via SMAD2/3 maintains human embryonic stem cell (hESC) pluripotency by direct transcriptional regulation of NANOG or, alternatively, induces mesoderm and definitive endoderm (DE) formation. In search of an explanation for these contrasting effects, we focused on SNON (SKIL), a potent SMAD2/3 corepressor that is expressed in hESCs but rapidly down-regulated upon differentiation. We show that SNON predominantly associates with SMAD2 at the promoters of primitive streak (PS) and early DE marker genes. Knockdown of SNON results in premature activation of PS and DE genes and loss of hESC morphology. In contrast, enforced SNON expression inhibits DE formation and diverts hESCs toward an extraembryonic fate. Thus, our findings provide novel mechanistic insight into how a single signaling pathway both regulates pluripotency and directs lineage commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Tsuneyoshi
- Institute of Medical Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), Singapore, Singapore
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41
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The brake within: Mechanisms of intrinsic regulation of axon growth featuring the Cdh1-APC pathway. Transl Neurosci 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s13380-013-0125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractNeurons of the central nervous system (CNS) form a magnificent network destined to control bodily functions and human behavior for a lifetime. During development of the CNS, neurons extend axons that establish connections to other neurons. Axon growth is guided by extrinsic cues and guidance molecules. In addition to environmental signals, intrinsic programs including transcription and the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) have been implicated in axon growth regulation. Over the past few years it has become evident that the E3 ubiquitin ligase Cdh1-APC together with its associated pathway plays a central role in axon growth suppression. By elucidating the intricate interplay of extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms, we can enhance our understanding of why axonal regeneration in the CNS fails and obtain further insight into how to stimulate successful regeneration after injury.
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42
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Kannan M, Lee SJ, Schwedhelm-Domeyer N, Nakazawa T, Stegmüller J. p250GAP is a novel player in the Cdh1-APC/Smurf1 pathway of axon growth regulation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50735. [PMID: 23226367 PMCID: PMC3511349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon growth is an essential process during brain development. The E3 ubiquitin ligase Cdh1-APC has emerged as a critical regulator of intrinsic axon growth control. Here, we identified the RhoGAP p250GAP as a novel interactor of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Cdh1-APC and found that p250GAP promotes axon growth downstream of Cdh1-APC. We also report that p250GAP undergoes non-proteolytic ubiquitination and associates with the Cdh1 substrate Smurf1 to synergistically regulate axon growth. Finally, we found that in vivo knockdown of p250GAP in the developing cerebellar cortex results in impaired migration and axonal growth. Taken together, our data indicate that Cdh1-APC together with the RhoA regulators p250GAP and Smurf1 controls axon growth in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuvanthi Kannan
- Cellullar and Molecular Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Shih-Ju Lee
- Cellullar and Molecular Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicola Schwedhelm-Domeyer
- Cellullar and Molecular Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Takanobu Nakazawa
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Judith Stegmüller
- Cellullar and Molecular Neurobiology, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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43
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Kannan M, Lee SJ, Schwedhelm-Domeyer N, Stegmüller J. The E3 ligase Cdh1-anaphase promoting complex operates upstream of the E3 ligase Smurf1 in the control of axon growth. Development 2012; 139:3600-12. [PMID: 22949615 DOI: 10.1242/dev.081786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Axon growth is an essential event during brain development and is extremely limited due to extrinsic and intrinsic inhibition in the adult brain. The E3 ubiquitin ligase Cdh1-anaphase promoting complex (APC) has emerged as an important intrinsic suppressor of axon growth. In this study, we identify in rodents the E3 ligase Smurf1 as a novel substrate of Cdh1-APC and that Cdh1 targets Smurf1 for degradation in a destruction box-dependent manner. We find that Smurf1 acts downstream of Cdh1-APC in axon growth and that the turnover of RhoA by Smurf1 is important in this process. In addition, we demonstrate that acute knockdown of Smurf1 in vivo in the developing cerebellar cortex results in impaired axonal growth and migration. Finally, we show that a stabilized form of Smurf1 overrides the inhibition of axon growth by myelin. Taken together, we uncovered a Cdh1-APC/Smurf1/RhoA pathway that mediates axonal growth suppression in the developing mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuvanthi Kannan
- MPI of Experimental Medicine, Hermann Rein Strasse 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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44
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Jiang BJ, Zhan XL, Fu CZ, Wang HB, Cheng G, Zan LS. Identification of ANAPC13 gene polymorphisms associated with body measurement traits in Bos taurus. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:2862-70. [PMID: 22782628 DOI: 10.4238/2012.june.15.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Body measurement traits, influenced by genes and environmental factors, play numerous important roles in the value assessment of productivity and economy. There has been some indication that ANAPC13 influences adult height. We used PCR-SSCP and DNA sequencing technology to identify polymorphisms in the ANAPC13 gene. A polymorphism in intron 1 (A > G at base 17) was identified and an additional polymorphic site (C > T at base 42) was also uncovered, which accompanied the previous polymorphism in more than 98% of the subjects. The two novel polymorphisms in exon 1 were assayed and potential associations with body measurement traits were evaluated in 404 individuals. Three genotypes were detected in the study group, named AACC, AGCT and GGTT. Significant differences were observed between genotypes AACC and AGCT for body length, withers height, hip height, hip width, heart girth, pin bone width. However, no associations were found among any genotypes and chest depth. We conclude that polymorphisms and mutations in non-coding regions of the ANAPC13 gene significantly affect body measurement traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
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45
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Tecalco-Cruz AC, Sosa-Garrocho M, Vázquez-Victorio G, Ortiz-García L, Domínguez-Hüttinger E, Macías-Silva M. Transforming growth factor-β/SMAD Target gene SKIL is negatively regulated by the transcriptional cofactor complex SNON-SMAD4. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:26764-76. [PMID: 22674574 PMCID: PMC3411014 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.386599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The human SKI-like (SKIL) gene encodes the SMAD transcriptional corepressor SNON that antagonizes TGF-β signaling. SNON protein levels are tightly regulated by the TGF-β pathway: whereas a short stimulation with TGF-β decreases SNON levels by its degradation via the proteasome, longer TGF-β treatment increases SNON levels by inducing SKIL gene expression. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in the self-regulation of SKIL gene expression by SNON. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the human SKIL gene proximal promoter contains a TGF-β response element (TRE) bearing four groups of SMAD-binding elements that are also conserved in mouse. Two regions of 408 and 648 bp of the human SKIL gene (∼2.4 kb upstream of the ATG initiation codon) containing the core promoter, transcription start site, and the TRE were cloned for functional analysis. Binding of SMAD and SNON proteins to the TRE region of the SKIL gene promoter after TGF-β treatment was demonstrated by ChIP and sequential ChIP assays. Interestingly, the SNON-SMAD4 complex negatively regulated basal SKIL gene expression through binding the promoter and recruiting histone deacetylases. In response to TGF-β signal, SNON is removed from the SKIL gene promoter, and then the activated SMAD complexes bind the promoter to induce SKIL gene expression. Subsequently, the up-regulated SNON protein in complex with SMAD4 represses its own expression as part of the negative feedback loop regulating the TGF-β pathway. Accordingly, when the SNON-SMAD4 complex is absent as in some cancer cells lacking SMAD4 the regulation of some TGF-β target genes is modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles C. Tecalco-Cruz
- From the Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal 04510, México
| | - Marcela Sosa-Garrocho
- From the Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal 04510, México
| | - Genaro Vázquez-Victorio
- From the Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal 04510, México
| | - Layla Ortiz-García
- From the Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal 04510, México
| | - Elisa Domínguez-Hüttinger
- From the Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal 04510, México
| | - Marina Macías-Silva
- From the Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal 04510, México
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46
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Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily of signal transduction molecules plays crucial roles in the regulation of cell behavior. TGFβ regulates gene transcription through Smad proteins and signals via non-Smad pathways. The TGFβ pathway is strictly regulated, and perturbations lead to tumorigenesis. Several pathway components are known to be targeted for proteasomal degradation via ubiquitination by E3 ligases. Smurfs are well known negative regulators of TGFβ, which function as E3 ligases recruited by adaptors such as I-Smads. TGFβ signaling can also be enhanced by E3 ligases, such as Arkadia, that target repressors for degradation. It is becoming clear that E3 ligases often target multiple pathways, thereby acting as mediators of signaling cross-talk. Regulation via ubiquitination involves a complex network of E3 ligases, adaptor proteins, and deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), the last-mentioned acting by removing ubiquitin from its targets. Interestingly, also non-degradative ubiquitin modifications are known to play important roles in TGFβ signaling. Ubiquitin modifications thus play a key role in TGFβ signal transduction, and in this review we provide an overview of known players, focusing on recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam De Boeck
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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47
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Zieba A, Pardali K, Söderberg O, Lindbom L, Nyström E, Moustakas A, Heldin CH, Landegren U. Intercellular variation in signaling through the TGF-β pathway and its relation to cell density and cell cycle phase. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:M111.013482. [PMID: 22442258 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.013482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fundamental open questions in signal transduction remain concerning the sequence and distribution of molecular signaling events among individual cells. In this work, we have characterized the intercellular variability of transforming growth factor β-induced Smad interactions, providing essential information about TGF-β signaling and its dependence on the density of cell populations and the cell cycle phase. By employing the recently developed in situ proximity ligation assay, we investigated the dynamics of interactions and modifications of Smad proteins and their partners under native and physiological conditions. We analyzed the kinetics of assembly of Smad complexes and the influence of cellular environment and relation to mitosis. We report rapid kinetics of formation of Smad complexes, including native Smad2-Smad3-Smad4 trimeric complexes, in a manner influenced by the rate of proteasomal degradation of these proteins, and we found a striking cell to cell variation of signaling complexes. The single-cell analysis of TGF-β signaling in genetically unmodified cells revealed previously unknown aspects of regulation of this pathway, and it provided a basis for analysis of these signaling events to diagnose pathological perturbations in patient samples and to evaluate their susceptibility to drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Zieba
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Se-75185 Sweden
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48
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Moore DL, Goldberg JL. Multiple transcription factor families regulate axon growth and regeneration. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 71:1186-211. [PMID: 21674813 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding axon regenerative failure remains a major goal in neuroscience, and reversing this failure remains a major goal for clinical neurology. Although an inhibitory central nervous system environment clearly plays a role, focus on molecular pathways within neurons has begun to yield fruitful insights. Initial steps forward investigated the receptors and signaling pathways immediately downstream of environmental cues, but recent work has also shed light on transcriptional control mechanisms that regulate intrinsic axon growth ability, presumably through whole cassettes of gene target regulation. Here we will discuss transcription factors that regulate neurite growth in vitro and in vivo, including p53, SnoN, E47, cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT), c-Jun activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), sex determining region Ybox containing gene 11 (Sox11), nuclear factor κ-light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB), and Krüppel-like factors (KLFs). Revealing the similarities and differences among the functions of these transcription factors may further our understanding of the mechanisms of transcriptional regulation in axon growth and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcie L Moore
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and the Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Florida, USA
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49
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Zhu Q, Luo K. SnoN in regulation of embryonic development and tissue morphogenesis. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:1971-6. [PMID: 22710172 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
SnoN (Ski-novel protein) plays an important role in embryonic development, tumorigenesis and aging. Past studies largely focused on its roles in tumorigenesis. Recent studies of its expression patterns and functions in mouse models and mammalian cells have revealed that SnoN interacts with multiple signaling molecules at different cellular levels to modulate the activities of several signaling pathways in a tissue context and developmental stage dependent manner. These studies suggest that SnoN may have broad functions in the embryonic development and tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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50
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Bonni S, Bonni A. SnoN signaling in proliferating cells and postmitotic neurons. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:1977-83. [PMID: 22710173 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptional regulator SnoN plays a fundamental role as a modulator of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)-induced signal transduction and biological responses. In recent years, novel functions of SnoN have been discovered in both TGFβ-dependent and TGFβ-independent settings in proliferating cells and postmitotic neurons. Accumulating evidence suggests that SnoN plays a dual role as a corepressor or coactivator of TGFβ-induced transcription. Accordingly, SnoN exerts oncogenic or tumor-suppressive effects in epithelial tissues. At the cellular level, SnoN antagonizes or mediates the ability of TGFβ to induce cell cycle arrest in a cell-type specific manner. SnoN also exerts key effects on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), with implications in cancer biology. Recent studies have expanded SnoN functions to postmitotic neurons, where SnoN orchestrates key aspects of neuronal development in the mammalian brain, from axon growth and branching to neuronal migration and positioning. In this review, we will highlight our understanding of SnoN biology at the crossroads of cancer biology and neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Bonni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1.
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