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Tobita H, Kiuchi T. Knockout of cryptochrome 1 disrupts circadian rhythm and photoperiodic diapause induction in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 172:104153. [PMID: 38964485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2024.104153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Most insects enter diapause, a state of physiological dormancy crucial for enduring harsh seasons, with photoperiod serving as the primary cue for its induction, ensuring proper seasonal timing of the process. Although the involvement of the circadian clock in the photoperiodic time measurement has been demonstrated through knockdown or knockout of clock genes, the involvement of clock gene cryptochrome 1 (cry1), which functions as a photoreceptor implicated in photoentrainment of the circadian clock across various insect species, remains unclear. In bivoltine strains of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, embryonic diapause is maternally controlled and affected by environmental conditions experienced by mother moths during embryonic and larval stages. Previous research highlighted the role of core clock genes, including period (per), timeless (tim), Clock (Clk) and cycle (cyc), in photoperiodic diapause induction in B. mori. In this study, we focused on the involvement of cry1 gene in B. mori photoperiodism. Phylogenetic analysis and conserved domain identification confirmed the presence of both Drosophila-type cry (cry1) and mammalian-type cry (cry2) genes in the B. mori genome, akin to other lepidopterans. Temporal expression analysis revealed higher cry1 gene expression during the photophase and lower expression during the scotophase, with knockouts of core clock genes (per, tim, Clk and cyc) disrupting this temporal expression pattern. Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing, we established a cry1 knockout strain in p50T, a bivoltine strain exhibiting clear photoperiodism during both embryonic and larval stages. Although the wild-type strain displayed circadian rhythm in eclosion under continuous darkness, the cry1 knockout strain exhibited arrhythmic eclosion, implicating B. mori cry1 in the circadian clock feedback loop governing behavior rhythms. Females of the cry1 knockout strain failed to control photoperiodic diapause induction during both embryonic and larval stages, mirroring the diapause phenotype of the wild-type individuals reared under constant darkness, indicating that B. mori CRY1 contributes to photoperiodic time measurement as a photoreceptor. Furthermore, photoperiodic diapause induction during the larval stage was abolished in a cry1/tim double-knockout strain, suggesting that photic information received by CRY1 is relayed to the circadian clock. Overall, this study represents the first evidence of cry1 involvement in insect photoperiodism, specifically in diapause induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Tobita
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kiuchi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
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Chen W, Wang D, Yu L, Zhong W, Yuan Y, Yang G. Comparative analysis of locomotor behavior and head diurnal transcriptome regulation by PERIOD and CRY2 in the diamondback moth. INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38414323 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Earth's rotation shapes a 24-h cycle, governing circadian rhythms in organisms. In mammals, the core clock genes, CLOCK and BMAL1, are regulated by PERIODs (PERs) and CRYPTOCHROMEs (CRYs), but their roles remain unclear in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. To explore this, we studied P. xylostella, which possesses a simplified circadian system compared to mammals. In P. xylostella, we observed rhythmic expressions of the Pxper and Pxcry2 genes in their heads, with differing phases. In vitro experiments revealed that PxCRY2 repressed monarch butterfly CLK:BMAL1 transcriptional activation, while PxPER and other CRY-like proteins did not. However, PxPER showed an inhibitory effect on PxCLK/PxCYCLE. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we individually and in combination knocked out Pxper and Pxcry2, then conducted gene function studies and circadian transcriptome sequencing. Loss of either Pxper or Pxcry2 eliminated the activity peak after lights-off in light-dark cycles, and Pxcry2 loss reduced overall activity. Pxcry2 was crucial for maintaining endogenous rhythms in constant darkness. Under light-dark conditions, 1 098 genes exhibited rhythmic expression in wild-type P. xylostella heads, with 749 relying on Pxper and Pxcry2 for their rhythms. Most core clock genes lost their rhythmicity in Pxper and Pxcry2 mutants, while Pxcry2 sustained rhythmic expression, albeit with reduced amplitude and altered phase. Additionally, rhythmic genes were linked to biological processes like the spliceosome and Toll signaling pathway, with these rhythms depending on Pxper or Pxcry2 function. In summary, our study unveils differences in circadian rhythm regulation by Pxper and Pxcry2 in P. xylostella. This provides a valuable model for understanding circadian clock regulation in nocturnal animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Danfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pest Control (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lingqi Yu
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenmiao Zhong
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yao Yuan
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pest Control (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Iiams SE, Wan G, Zhang J, Lugena AB, Zhang Y, Hayden AN, Merlin C. Loss of functional cryptochrome 1 reduces robustness of 24-hour behavioral rhythms in monarch butterflies. iScience 2024; 27:108980. [PMID: 38333697 PMCID: PMC10850777 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Light is one of the strongest cues for entrainment of circadian clocks. While some insect species rely only on visual input, others like Drosophila melanogaster use both the visual system and the deep-brain blue-light photoreceptor cryptochrome for entraining circadian rhythms. Here, we used the monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus (dp), which possesses a light-sensitive cryptochrome 1 (dpCry1), to test the conservation of mechanisms of clock entrainment. We showed that loss of functional dpCry1 reduced the amplitude and altered the phase of adult eclosion rhythms, and disrupted brain molecular circadian rhythms. Robust rhythms could be restored by entrainment to temperature cycles, indicating a likely functional core circadian clock in dpCry1 mutants. We also showed that rhythmic flight activity was less robust in dpCry1 mutants, and that visual impairment in dpNinaB1 mutants impacted flight suppression at night. Our data suggest that dpCRY1 is a major photoreceptor for light-entrainment of the monarch circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E. Iiams
- Department of Biology and Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Genetics Interdisciplinary Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Guijun Wan
- Department of Biology and Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiwei Zhang
- Department of Biology and Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Aldrin B. Lugena
- Department of Biology and Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Biology and Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ashley N. Hayden
- Department of Biology and Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Christine Merlin
- Department of Biology and Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Genetics Interdisciplinary Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Liu W, Yu Q, Wang C, Zhu X, Wang L, Zhang K, Li D, Ji J, Luo J, Cui J, Gao X. Silencing the rhythm gene AgCLK-1 reduced feeding of Aphis gossypii. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127777. [PMID: 37907175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The cotton aphid Aphis gossypii Glover is an important cotton pest, and means of controlling this insect is a primary research focus. Although biological rhythm is an important mechanism that regulates numerous insect processes and activities, its role in cotton aphid has not been elucidated. In the present study, four highly-expressed circadian rhythm genes were selected from the cotton aphid genome database and their physicochemical properties and protein structures were analyzed. These genes were in the Takeout, Timeless, and Timeless interacting-related families, and the corresponding proteins contained highly-conserved Swis and TIMELESS domains. Gene expression analysis at multiple developmental stages revealed differing expression patterns between the four genes. AgCLK-1 had the highest relative expression of the four, especially during the nymph period. Silencing AgCLK-1 caused a significant refusal of the cotton aphids to feed at 1, 3, and 5 d of treatment. These results demonstrated that AgCLK-1 played a key role in regulating the feeding behavior of cotton aphid. This new functional understanding provides novel insights into cotton aphid biology and suggests new targeting strategies for agricultural pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijiao Liu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Qiqing Yu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Chuanpeng Wang
- Zoucheng Municipal Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jining 273500, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangzhen Zhu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Li Wang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Kaixin Zhang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Dongyang Li
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Jichao Ji
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Junyu Luo
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Jinjie Cui
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Xueke Gao
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
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Yuan XN, Luo C, Zhao QF, Zhong SY, Hang Q, Dai TM, Pan ZH, Sima YH, Qiu JF, Xu SQ. The clock gene Cryptochrome 1 is involved in the photoresponse of embryonic hatching behavior in Bombyx mori. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 114:e22046. [PMID: 37583246 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The hatching of insect eggs is a classic circadian behavior rhythm controlled by the biological clock. Its function is considered to impose a daily rhythm on the embryo, allowing it to hatch within a permissible time window. However, the molecular pathways through which the clock affects embryonic hatching behavior remain unclear. Here, we utilized a clock gene Cryptochrome1 (Cry1) knockout mutant to dissect the pathways by which the circadian clock affects embryonic hatching rhythm in the silkworm. In the Cry1 mutant, the embryo hatching rhythm was disrupted. Under the constant light or constant dark incubation conditions, mutant embryos lost their hatching rhythm, while wild-type embryos hatch exhibiting free-running rhythm. In the light-dark cycle (LD), the hatching rhythm of CRY1-deficient silkworms could not be entrained by the LD photoperiod during the incubation period. The messenger RNA levels and enzymatic activities of Cht and Hel in the mutant embryos were significantly reduced at circadian time 24 (CT24). Transcriptome analysis revealed significant differences in gene expression at CT24 between the Cry1 knockout mutant and the wild-type, with 2616 differentially expressed genes identified. The enriched Gene Ontology pathway includes enzyme activity, energy availability, and protein translation. Short neuropeptide F signaling was reduced in the CT24 embryonic brain of the mutant, the expression of the neuropeptide PTTH was also reduced and the rhythm was lost, which further affects ecdysteroid signaling. Our results suggested that the silkworm circadian clock affects neuropeptide-hormone signaling as well as physiological functions related to hatching, which may regulate the hatching rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Nan Yuan
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qi-Fan Zhao
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Si-Yin Zhong
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qi Hang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tai-Ming Dai
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Pan
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yang-Hu Sima
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian-Feng Qiu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shi-Qing Xu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Freedman MG, Kronforst MR. Migration genetics take flight: genetic and genomic insights into monarch butterfly migration. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 59:101079. [PMID: 37385346 PMCID: PMC10592233 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Monarch butterflies have emerged as a model system in migration genetics. Despite inherent challenges associated with studying the integrative phenotypes that characterize migration, recent research has highlighted genes and transcriptional networks underlying aspects of the monarch's migratory syndrome. Circadian clock genes and the vitamin A synthesis pathway regulate reproductive diapause initiation, while diapause termination appears to involve calcium and insulin signaling. Comparative approaches have highlighted genes that distinguish migratory and nonmigratory monarch populations, as well as genes associated with natural variation in propensity to initiate diapause. Population genetic techniques demonstrate that seasonal migration can collapse patterns of spatial structure at continental scales, whereas loss of migration can drive differentiation between even nearby populations. Finally, population genetics can be applied to reconstruct the monarch's evolutionary history and search for contemporary demographic changes, which can provide relevant context for understanding recently observed declines in overwintering North American monarch numbers.
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Merlin C. Insect magnetoreception: a Cry for mechanistic insights. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2023; 209:785-792. [PMID: 37184693 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-023-01636-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Migratory animals can detect and use the Earth's magnetic field for orientation and navigation, sometimes over distances spanning thousands of kilometers. How they do so remains, however, one of the greatest mysteries in all sensory biology. Here, the author reviews the progress made to understand the molecular bases of the animal magnetic sense focusing on insect species, the only species in which genetic studies have so far been possible. The central hypothesis in the field posits that magnetically sensitive radical pairs formed by photoexcitation of cryptochrome proteins are key to animal magnetoreception. The author provides an overview of our current state of knowledge for the involvement of insect light-sensitive type I and light-insensitive type II cryptochromes in this enigmatic sense, and highlights some of the unanswered questions to gain a comprehensive understanding of magnetoreception at the organismal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Merlin
- Center for Biological Clock Research and Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA.
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Teng Z, Huo M, Zhou Y, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Lin Y, Zhang Q, Zhang Z, Wan F, Zhou H. Circadian Activity and Clock Genes in Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae: Implications for Field Applications and Circadian Clock Mechanisms of Parasitoid Wasps. INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14050486. [PMID: 37233114 DOI: 10.3390/insects14050486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of circadian rhythms in insect behavior, our understanding of circadian activity and the molecular oscillatory mechanism in parasitoid wasp circadian clocks is limited. In this study, behavioral activities expected to be under the control of the endogenous circadian system were characterized in an ectoparasitoid wasp, Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae. Most adults exhibited emergence between late night and early morning, while mating only occurred during the daytime, with a peak at midday. Oviposition had three peaks in the early morning, late day, or early night and late night. Additionally, we identified eight putative clock genes from P. vindemmiae. The quantitative PCR (qPCR) results indicate that most clock genes showed significant rhythmic expressions. Our comparative analysis of clock genes in P. vindemmiae and 43 other parasitoid wasps revealed that none of the wasps possessed the timeless and cry1 genes commonly found in some other insect species, suggesting that the circadian clock system in parasitoid wasps is distinct from that in other non-Hymenoptera insects such as Drosophila. Thus, this study attempted to build the first hypothetical circadian clock model for a parasitoid wasp, thus generating hypotheses and providing a platform for the future functional characterization of P. vindemmiae clock genes as well as those of other parasitoid wasps. Finally, these findings on P. vindemmiae circadian activity will aid the development of effective field release programs for biological control, which can be tested under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Teng
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Ecological Security, China-Australia Cooperative Research Center for Crop Health and Biological Invasions, College of Plant Health & Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Mengran Huo
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Ecological Security, China-Australia Cooperative Research Center for Crop Health and Biological Invasions, College of Plant Health & Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yanan Zhou
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Ecological Security, China-Australia Cooperative Research Center for Crop Health and Biological Invasions, College of Plant Health & Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yuqi Zhou
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Ecological Security, China-Australia Cooperative Research Center for Crop Health and Biological Invasions, College of Plant Health & Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yunjie Liu
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Ecological Security, China-Australia Cooperative Research Center for Crop Health and Biological Invasions, College of Plant Health & Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Ecological Security, China-Australia Cooperative Research Center for Crop Health and Biological Invasions, College of Plant Health & Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Ecological Security, China-Australia Cooperative Research Center for Crop Health and Biological Invasions, College of Plant Health & Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Zhiqi Zhang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Ecological Security, China-Australia Cooperative Research Center for Crop Health and Biological Invasions, College of Plant Health & Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Fanghao Wan
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Ecological Security, China-Australia Cooperative Research Center for Crop Health and Biological Invasions, College of Plant Health & Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Hongxu Zhou
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, Shandong Province Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Ecological Security, China-Australia Cooperative Research Center for Crop Health and Biological Invasions, College of Plant Health & Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
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Qiu J, Dai T, Luo C, Cui W, Liu K, Li J, Sima Y, Xu S. Circadian clock regulates developmental time through ecdysone and juvenile hormones in Bombyx mori. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 36815346 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock plays an integral role in hormone biosynthesis and secretion. However, how the circadian clock precisely coordinates hormonal homeostasis to maintain normal animal development remains unclear. Here, we show that knocking out the core clock gene Cryptochrome 1 (Cry1) significantly delays the developmental time in Bombyx mori. This study focuses on the ecdysone and juvenile hormone signalling pathways of fifth instar larvae with the longest developmental time delay. We found that the mutant reduced prothoracicotropic hormone synthesis in the brain, and could not produce sufficient ecdysone in the prothoracic gland, resulting in a delayed peak of 20-hydroxyecdysone titre in the hemolymph of fifth instar larvae, prolonging developmental time. Moreover, further investigation revealed that the mutant enhanced juvenile hormone biosynthesis and signalling pathway and that this higher juvenile hormone titre also resulted in prolonged developmental time in fifth instar larvae. Our results provide insights into the molecular mechanisms by which the circadian clock regulates animal development by maintaining hormonal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Qiu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Taiming Dai
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenzhao Cui
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kai Liu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianglan Li
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yanghu Sima
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shiqing Xu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology & Ecology (IABE), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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10
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Jin M, Liu B, Zheng W, Liu C, Liu Z, He Y, Li X, Wu C, Wang P, Liu K, Wu S, Liu H, Chakrabarty S, Yuan H, Wilson K, Wu K, Fan W, Xiao Y. Chromosome-level genome of black cutworm provides novel insights into polyphagy and seasonal migration in insects. BMC Biol 2023; 21:2. [PMID: 36600240 PMCID: PMC9814246 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01504-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon, is a serious global underground pest. Its distinct phenotypic traits, especially its polyphagy and ability to migrate long distances, contribute to its widening distribution and increasing difficulty of control. However, knowledge about these traits is still limited. RESULTS We generated a high-quality chromosome-level assembly of A. ipsilon using PacBio and Hi-C technology with a contig N50 length of ~ 6.7 Mb. Comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses showed that detoxification-associated gene families were highly expanded and induced after insects fed on specific host plants. Knockout of genes that encoded two induced ABC transporters using CRISPR/Cas9 significantly reduced larval growth rate, consistent with their contribution to host adaptation. A comparative transcriptomic analysis between tethered-flight moths and migrating moths showed expression changes in the circadian rhythm gene AiCry2 involved in sensing photoperiod variations and may receipt magnetic fields accompanied by MagR and in genes that regulate the juvenile hormone pathway and energy metabolism, all involved in migration processes. CONCLUSIONS This study provides valuable genomic resources for elucidating the mechanisms involved in moth migration and developing innovative control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Jin
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China ,grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Bo Liu
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weigang Zheng
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China ,grid.464353.30000 0000 9888 756XCollege of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 China
| | - Conghui Liu
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China ,grid.194645.b0000000121742757Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (Special Administrative Region), Hongkong, 999077 China
| | - Zhenxing Liu
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuan He
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China ,grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xiaokang Li
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Chao Wu
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ping Wang
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kaiyu Liu
- grid.411407.70000 0004 1760 2614School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079 China
| | - Shigang Wu
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hangwei Liu
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Swapan Chakrabarty
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haibin Yuan
- grid.464353.30000 0000 9888 756XCollege of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 China
| | - Kenneth Wilson
- grid.9835.70000 0000 8190 6402Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LAI 4YQ UK
| | - Kongming Wu
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Wei Fan
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yutao Xiao
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Technologies (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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11
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Homma S, Murata A, Ikegami M, Kobayashi M, Yamazaki M, Ikeda K, Daimon T, Numata H, Mizoguchi A, Shiomi K. Circadian Clock Genes Regulate Temperature-Dependent Diapause Induction in Silkworm Bombyx mori. Front Physiol 2022; 13:863380. [PMID: 35574475 PMCID: PMC9091332 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.863380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The bivoltine strain of the domestic silkworm, Bombyx mori, exhibits a facultative diapause phenotype that is determined by maternal environmental conditions during embryonic and larval development. Although a recent study implicated a circadian clock gene period (per) in circadian rhythms and photoperiod-induced diapause, the roles of other core feedback loop genes, including timeless (tim), Clock (Clk), cycle (cyc), and cryptochrome2 (cry2), have to be clarified yet. Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate the roles of circadian clock genes in temperature-dependent diapause induction. To achieve this, per, tim, Clk, cyc, and cry2 knockout (KO) mutants were generated, and the percentages of diapause and non-diapause eggs were determined. The results show that per, tim, Clk, cyc, and cry2 regulated temperature-induced diapause by acting upstream of cerebral γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic and diapause hormone signaling pathways. Moreover, the temporal expression of the clock genes in wild-type (wt) silkworms was significantly different from that of thermosensitive transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) KO mutants during embryonic development. Overall, the findings of this study provide target genes for regulating temperature-dependent diapause induction in silkworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Homma
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Japan
| | - Akihisa Murata
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Japan
| | - Masato Ikegami
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Japan
| | - Masakazu Kobayashi
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Japan
| | - Maki Yamazaki
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Japan
| | - Kento Ikeda
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takaaki Daimon
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Akira Mizoguchi
- Division of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, Nisshin, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Shiomi
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Japan
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12
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Shephard AM, Brown NS, Snell‐Rood EC. Anthropogenic Zinc Exposure Increases Mortality and Antioxidant Gene Expression in Monarch Butterflies with Low Access to Dietary Macronutrients. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:1286-1296. [PMID: 35119130 PMCID: PMC9314993 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biologists seek to understand why organisms vary in their abilities to tolerate anthropogenic contaminants, such as heavy metals. However, few studies have considered how tolerance may be affected by condition-moderating factors such as dietary resource availability. For instance, the availability of crucial limiting macronutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorous, can vary across space and time either naturally or due to anthropogenic nutrient inputs (e.g., agricultural fertilizers or vehicle emissions). Organisms developing in more macronutrient-rich environments should be of higher overall condition, displaying a greater ability to tolerate metal contaminants. In monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus), we factorially manipulated dietary macronutrient availability and exposure to zinc, a common metal contaminant in urban habitats that can be toxic but also has nutritional properties. We tested whether (1) the ability to survive zinc exposure depends on dietary macronutrient availability and (2) whether individuals exposed to elevated zinc levels display higher expression of antioxidant genes, given the roles of antioxidants in combatting metal-induced oxidative stress. Exposure to elevated zinc reduced survival only for monarchs developing on a low-macronutrient diet. However, for monarchs developing on a high-macronutrient diet, elevated zinc exposure tended to increase survival. In addition, monarchs exposed to elevated zinc displayed higher expression of antioxidant genes when developing on the low-macronutrient diet but lower expression when developing on the high-macronutrient diet. Altogether, our study shows that organismal survival and oxidative stress responses to anthropogenic zinc contamination depend on the availability of macronutrient resources in the developmental environment. In addition, our results suggest the hypothesis that whether zinc acts as a toxicant or a nutrient may depend on macronutrient supply. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1286-1296. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Shephard
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Noah S. Brown
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Emilie C. Snell‐Rood
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMinnesotaUSA
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13
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Barberà M, Collantes-Alegre JM, Martínez-Torres D. Mapping and quantification of cryptochrome expression in the brain of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 31:159-169. [PMID: 34743397 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aphids are paradigmatic photoperiodic animals often used to study the role of the circadian clock in the seasonal response. Previously, we described some elements of the circadian clock core (genes period and timeless) and output (melatonin, AANATs and PTTH) that could have a role in the regulation of the aphid seasonal response. More recently, we identified two opsins (C-ops and SWO4) as candidate input photoperiodic receptors. In the present report, we focus on the study of cryptochromes (cry) as photoreceptors of the circadian clock and discuss their involvement in the seasonal response. We analyse the expression of cry1 and cry2 genes in a circadian and seasonal context, and map their expression sites in the brain. We observe a robust rhythmic expression of cry2 peaking at dusk in phase with core clock genes period and timeless, while cry1 shows a weaker rhythm. Changes in cry1 and cry2 expression correlate with activation of the seasonal response, suggesting a possible link. Finally, we map the expression of cry1 and cry2 genes to clock neurons in the pars lateralis, a region essential for the photoperiodic response. Our results support a role for cry as elements of the aphid circadian clock and suggest a role in photoreception for cry1 and in clock repression for cry2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Barberà
- Institut de Biologia Integrativa de Sistemes, Parc Científic Universitat de València, Paterna, València, Spain
| | | | - David Martínez-Torres
- Institut de Biologia Integrativa de Sistemes, Parc Científic Universitat de València, Paterna, València, Spain
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14
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Brady D, Saviane A, Cappellozza S, Sandrelli F. The Circadian Clock in Lepidoptera. Front Physiol 2021; 12:776826. [PMID: 34867483 PMCID: PMC8635995 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.776826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With approximately 160,000 identified species of butterflies and moths, Lepidoptera are among the most species-rich and diverse insect orders. Lepidopteran insects have fundamental ecosystem functions as pollinators and valuable food sources for countless animals. Furthermore, Lepidoptera have a significant impact on the economy and global food security because many species in their larval stage are harmful pests of staple food crops. Moreover, domesticated species such as the silkworm Bombyx mori produce silk and silk byproducts that are utilized by the luxury textile, biomedical, and cosmetics sectors. Several Lepidoptera have been fundamental as model organisms for basic biological research, from formal genetics to evolutionary studies. Regarding chronobiology, in the 1970s, Truman's seminal transplantation experiments on different lepidopteran species were the first to show that the circadian clock resides in the brain. With the implementation of molecular genetics, subsequent studies identified key differences in core components of the molecular circadian clock of Lepidoptera compared to the dipteran Drosophila melanogaster, the dominant insect species in chronobiological research. More recently, studies on the butterfly Danaus plexippus have been fundamental in characterizing the interplay between the circadian clock and navigation during the seasonal migration of this species. Moreover, the advent of Next Generation Omic technologies has resulted in the production of many publicly available datasets regarding circadian clocks in pest and beneficial Lepidoptera. This review presents an updated overview of the molecular and anatomical organization of the circadian clock in Lepidoptera. We report different behavioral circadian rhythms currently identified, focusing on the importance of the circadian clock in controlling developmental, mating and migration phenotypes. We then describe the ecological importance of circadian clocks detailing the complex interplay between the feeding behavior of these organisms and plants. Finally, we discuss how the characterization of these features could be useful in both pest control, and in optimizing rearing of beneficial Lepidoptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brady
- Department of Biology, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessio Saviane
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Cappellozza
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA-AA), Padova, Italy
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15
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Ikeda K, Daimon T, Shiomi K, Udaka H, Numata H. Involvement of the Clock Gene Period in the Photoperiodism of the Silkmoth Bombyx mori. Zoolog Sci 2021; 38:523-530. [PMID: 34854284 DOI: 10.2108/zs210081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We established a knockout strain of a clock gene, period (per), by using TALEN in a bivoltine strain (Kosetsu) of Bombyx mori (Insecta, Lepidoptera), and examined the effect of per knockout on the circadian rhythm and photoperiodism. The generated per knockout allele was considered to be null, because a new stop codon was present in the insertion allele. The wild type (Kosetsu) showed clear circadian rhythms in eclosion and hatching, whereas the per knockout strain showed arrhythmic eclosion and hatching under constant darkness. In this strain, moreover, temporal expression changes of clock genes per and timeless were disrupted. The wild type showed a clear long-day response for induction of embryonic diapause: when larvae were reared under long-day and short-day conditions at 25°C, adults produced nondiapause and diapause eggs, respectively. However, the per knockout strain lost the sensitivity to photoperiod and laid nondiapause eggs under both conditions. We conclude that per plays an important role both in circadian rhythms and in photoperiodism of B. mori, indicating the involvement of the circadian clock consisting of per in the photoperiodism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Ikeda
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takaaki Daimon
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Shiomi
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda 386-8567, Japan
| | - Hiroko Udaka
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hideharu Numata
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan,
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16
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Nartey MA, Sun X, Qin S, Hou CX, Li MW. CRISPR/Cas9-based knockout reveals that the clock gene timeless is indispensable for regulating circadian behavioral rhythms in Bombyx mori. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:1414-1425. [PMID: 32830431 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms, which are ubiquitous and adaptive, occur across all species, from microbes to humans, in which they organize and modify behavior and physiology. timeless (tim) is a canonical clock gene. The core composition of the Drosophila melanogaster endogenous circadian clock has been extensively investigated; however, in lepidopteran insects, including Bombyx mori, the mechanism is complicated and little is known regarding the participation of tim in the negative feedback loop responsible for behavioral activities. To arrive at a comprehensive understanding of the role of tim in the B. mori endogenous circadian clock, we exploited the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 gene editing system. We attempted to elucidate the functions of tim in the circadian clock of B. mori using Bmtim mutants. The knockouts affected two circadian behavioral activities: adult emergence and embryo hatching rhythms. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction results confirmed that tim-knockouts induced relative reductions in the expression levels, and thereby the oscillation amplitudes, of Bmper and Bmclk messenger RNAs during both the photophase and scotophase. Additionally, the daily rhythmic expression of Bmdbt was upregulated in the photophase and downregulated in the scotophase in a tim-knockout. Our study reveals that tim is integral to the B. mori circadian clock and may be involved in regulating eclosion and hatching rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Addo Nartey
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sheng Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng-Xiang Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mu-Wang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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17
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Wan G, Hayden AN, Iiams SE, Merlin C. Cryptochrome 1 mediates light-dependent inclination magnetosensing in monarch butterflies. Nat Commun 2021; 12:771. [PMID: 33536422 PMCID: PMC7859408 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21002-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Many animals use the Earth's geomagnetic field for orientation and navigation. Yet, the molecular and cellular underpinnings of the magnetic sense remain largely unknown. A biophysical model proposed that magnetoreception can be achieved through quantum effects of magnetically-sensitive radical pairs formed by the photoexcitation of cryptochrome (CRY) proteins. Studies in Drosophila are the only ones to date to have provided compelling evidence for the ultraviolet (UV)-A/blue light-sensitive type 1 CRY (CRY1) involvement in animal magnetoreception, and surprisingly extended this discovery to the light-insensitive mammalian-like type 2 CRYs (CRY2s) of both monarchs and humans. Here, we show that monarchs respond to a reversal of the inclination of the Earth's magnetic field in an UV-A/blue light and CRY1, but not CRY2, dependent manner. We further demonstrate that both antennae and eyes, which express CRY1, are magnetosensory organs. Our work argues that only light-sensitive CRYs function in animal light-dependent inclination-based magnetic sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guijun Wan
- Department of Biology and Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA. .,Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ashley N Hayden
- Department of Biology and Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Samantha E Iiams
- Department of Biology and Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Genetics Interdisciplinary Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Christine Merlin
- Department of Biology and Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA. .,Genetics Interdisciplinary Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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18
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Collie J, Granela O, Brown EB, Keene AC. Aggression Is Induced by Resource Limitation in the Monarch Caterpillar. iScience 2020; 23:101791. [PMID: 33376972 PMCID: PMC7756136 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Food represents a limiting resource for the growth and developmental progression of many animal species. As a consequence, competition over food, space, or other resources can trigger territoriality and aggressive behavior. In the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus, caterpillars feed predominantly on milkweed, raising the possibility that access to milkweed is critical for growth and survival. Here, we characterize the role of food availability on aggression in monarch caterpillars and find that monarch caterpillars display stereotyped aggressive lunges that increase during development, peaking during the fourth and fifth instar stages. The number of lunges toward a conspecific caterpillar was significantly increased under conditions of low food availability, suggesting resource defense may trigger aggression. These findings establish monarch caterpillars as a model for investigating interactions between resource availability and aggressive behavior under ecologically relevant conditions and set the stage for future investigations into the neuroethology of aggression in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Collie
- Department of Biological Sciences, and the Program in Neurogenetics, Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Odelvys Granela
- Department of Biological Sciences, and the Program in Neurogenetics, Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Elizabeth B. Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, and the Program in Neurogenetics, Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
- Corresponding author
| | - Alex C. Keene
- Department of Biological Sciences, and the Program in Neurogenetics, Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
- Corresponding author
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19
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Zhang M, Eshraghian EA, Jammal OA, Zhang Z, Zhu X. CRISPR technology: The engine that drives cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 133:111007. [PMID: 33227699 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR gene editing technology belongs to the third generation of gene editing technology. Since its discovery, it has attracted the attention of a large number of researchers. Investigators have published a series of academic articles and obtained breakthrough research results through in-depth research. In recent years, this technology has developed rapidly and been widely applied in many fields, especially in medicine. This review focuses on concepts of CRISPR gene editing technology, its application in cancer treatments, its existing limitations, and the new progress in recent years for detailed analysis and sharing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingtao Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, China
| | - Emily A Eshraghian
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Omar Al Jammal
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhibi Zhang
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, China; The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, China; The Key Lab of Zhanjiang for R&D Marine Microbial Resources in the Beibu Gulf Rim, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.
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Merlin C, Iiams SE, Lugena AB. Monarch Butterfly Migration Moving into the Genetic Era. Trends Genet 2020; 36:689-701. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Mansourian S, Fandino RA, Riabinina O. Progress in the use of genetic methods to study insect behavior outside Drosophila. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 36:45-56. [PMID: 31494407 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the span of a decade we have seen a rapid progress in the application of genetic tools and genome editing approaches in 'non-model' insects. It is now possible to target sensory receptor genes and neurons, explore their functional roles and manipulate behavioral responses in these insects. In this review, we focus on the latest examples from Diptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera of how applications of genetic tools advanced our understanding of diverse behavioral phenomena. We further discuss genetic methods that could be applied to study insect behavior in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard A Fandino
- Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.
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22
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Photoperiodic and clock regulation of the vitamin A pathway in the brain mediates seasonal responsiveness in the monarch butterfly. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25214-25221. [PMID: 31767753 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913915116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal adaptation to changes in light:dark regimes (i.e., photoperiod) allows organisms living at temperate latitudes to anticipate environmental changes. In nearly all animals studied so far, the circadian system has been implicated in measurement and response to the photoperiod. In insects, genetic evidence further supports the involvement of several clock genes in photoperiodic responses. Yet, the key molecular pathways linking clock genes or the circadian clock to insect photoperiodic responses remain largely unknown. Here, we show that inactivating the clock in the North American monarch butterfly using loss-of-function mutants for the circadian activators CLOCK and BMAL1 and the circadian repressor CRYPTOCHROME 2 abolishes photoperiodic responses in reproductive output. Transcriptomic approaches in the brain of monarchs raised in long and short photoperiods, summer monarchs, and fall migrants revealed a molecular signature of seasonal-specific rhythmic gene expression that included several genes belonging to the vitamin A pathway. We found that the rhythmic expression of these genes was abolished in clock-deficient mutants, suggesting that the vitamin A pathway operates downstream of the circadian clock. Importantly, we showed that a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated loss-of-function mutation in the gene encoding the pathway's rate-limiting enzyme, ninaB1, abolished photoperiod responsiveness independently of visual function in the compound eye and without affecting circadian rhythms. Together, these results provide genetic evidence that the clock-controlled vitamin A pathway mediates photoperiod responsiveness in an insect. Given previously reported seasonal changes associated with this pathway in the mammalian brain, our findings suggest an evolutionarily conserved function of vitamin A in animal photoperiodism.
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Abstract
Every fall, millions of North American monarch butterflies undergo a stunning long-distance migration to reach their overwintering grounds in Mexico. Migration allows the butterflies to escape freezing temperatures and dying host plants, and reduces infections with a virulent parasite. We discuss the multigenerational migration journey and its evolutionary history, and highlight the navigational mechanisms of migratory monarchs. Monarchs use a bidirectional time-compensated sun compass for orientation, which is based on a time-compensating circadian clock that resides in the antennae, and which has a distinctive molecular mechanism. Migrants can also use a light-dependent inclination magnetic compass for orientation under overcast conditions. Additional environmental features, e.g., atmospheric conditions, geologic barriers, and social interactions, likely augment navigation. The publication of the monarch genome and the development of gene-editing strategies have enabled the dissection of the genetic and neurobiological basis of the migration. The monarch butterfly has emerged as an excellent system to study the ecological, neural, and genetic basis of long-distance animal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Reppert
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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Abstract
CRYPTOCHROMES (CRYs) are structurally related to ultraviolet (UV)/blue-sensitive DNA repair enzymes called photolyases but lack the ability to repair pyrimidine dimers generated by UV exposure. First identified in plants, CRYs have proven to be involved in light detection and various light-dependent processes in a broad range of organisms. In Drosophila, CRY's best understood role is the cell-autonomous synchronization of circadian clocks. However, CRY also contributes to the amplitude of circadian oscillations in a light-independent manner, controls arousal and UV avoidance, influences visual photoreception, and plays a key role in magnetic field detection. Here, we review our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying CRY's various circadian and noncircadian functions in fruit flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Foley
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Patrick Emery
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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Lugena AB, Zhang Y, Menet JS, Merlin C. Genome-wide discovery of the daily transcriptome, DNA regulatory elements and transcription factor occupancy in the monarch butterfly brain. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008265. [PMID: 31335862 PMCID: PMC6677324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eastern North American monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus, is famous for its spectacular seasonal long-distance migration. In recent years, it has also emerged as a novel system to study how animal circadian clocks keep track of time and regulate ecologically relevant daily rhythmic activities and seasonal behavioral outputs. However, unlike in Drosophila and the mouse, little work has been undertaken in the monarch to identify rhythmic genes at the genome-wide level and elucidate the regulation of their diurnal expression. Here, we used RNA-sequencing and Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin (ATAC)-sequencing to profile the diurnal transcriptome, open chromatin regions, and transcription factor (TF) footprints in the brain of wild-type monarchs and of monarchs with impaired clock function, including Cryptochrome 2 (Cry2), Clock (Clk), and Cycle-like loss-of-function mutants. We identified 217 rhythmically expressed genes in the monarch brain; many of them were involved in the regulation of biological processes key to brain function, such as glucose metabolism and neurotransmission. Surprisingly, we found no significant time-of-day and genotype-dependent changes in chromatin accessibility in the brain. Instead, we found the existence of a temporal regulation of TF occupancy within open chromatin regions in the vicinity of rhythmic genes in the brains of wild-type monarchs, which is disrupted in clock deficient mutants. Together, this work identifies for the first time the rhythmic genes and modes of regulation by which diurnal transcription rhythms are regulated in the monarch brain. It also illustrates the power of ATAC-sequencing to profile genome-wide regulatory elements and TF binding in a non-model organism for which TF-specific antibodies are not yet available. With a rich biology that includes a clock-regulated migratory behavior and a circadian clock possessing mammalian clock orthologues, the monarch butterfly is an unconventional system with broad appeal to study circadian and seasonal rhythms. While clockwork mechanisms and rhythmic behavioral outputs have been studied in this species, the rhythmic genes that regulate rhythmic daily and seasonal activities remain largely unknown. Likewise, the mechanisms regulating rhythmic gene expression have not been explored in the monarch. Here, we applied genome-wide sequencing approaches to identify genes with rhythmic diurnal expression in the monarch brain, revealing the coordination of key pathways for brain function. We also identified the monarch brain open chromatin regions and provide evidence that regulation of rhythmic gene expression does not occur through temporal regulation of chromatin opening but rather by the time-of-day dependent binding of transcription factors in cis-regulatory elements. Together, our data extend our knowledge of the molecular rhythmic pathways, which may prove important in understanding the mechanisms underlying the daily and seasonal biology of the migratory monarch butterflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldrin B. Lugena
- Department of Biology and Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Biology and Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jerome S. Menet
- Department of Biology and Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christine Merlin
- Department of Biology and Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ikeda K, Daimon T, Sezutsu H, Udaka H, Numata H. Involvement of the Clock Gene period in the Circadian Rhythm of the Silkmoth Bombyx mori. J Biol Rhythms 2019; 34:283-292. [DOI: 10.1177/0748730419841185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In Lepidoptera, the roles of period ( per) and the negative feedback involving this gene in circadian rhythm are controversial. In the present study, we established a per knockout strain using TALEN in Bombyx mori, and compared eclosion and hatching rhythms between the per-knockout and wild-type strains to examine whether per is actually involved in these rhythms. The generated per knockout allele was considered null, because it encoded an extensively truncated form of PERIOD (198 aa due to a 64-bp deletion in exon 7, in contrast to 1113 aa in the wild-type protein). In this per knockout strain, circadian rhythms in eclosion and hatching were disrupted. Under LD cycles, however, a steep peak existed at 1 h after lights-on in both eclosion and hatching, and was considered to be produced by a masking effect—a direct response to light. In the per-knockout strain, temporal expression changes of per and timeless ( tim) were also lost. The expression levels of tim were continuously high, probably due to the loss of negative feedback by per and tim. In contrast, the expression levels of per were much lower in the per knockout strain than in the wild type at every time point. From these results, we concluded that per is indispensable for circadian rhythms, and we suggest that the negative feedback loop of the circadian rhythm involving per functions for the production of behavioral rhythms in B. mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Ikeda
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takaaki Daimon
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto Japan
| | - Hideki Sezutsu
- National Agriculture Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroko Udaka
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Merlin C, Liedvogel M. The genetics and epigenetics of animal migration and orientation: birds, butterflies and beyond. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:222/Suppl_1/jeb191890. [PMID: 30728238 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.191890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Migration is a complex behavioural adaptation for survival that has evolved across the animal kingdom from invertebrates to mammals. In some taxa, closely related migratory species, or even populations of the same species, exhibit different migratory phenotypes, including timing and orientation of migration. In these species, a significant proportion of the phenotypic variance in migratory traits is genetic. In others, the migratory phenotype and direction is triggered by seasonal changes in the environment, suggesting an epigenetic control of their migration. The genes and epigenetic changes underpinning migratory behaviour remain largely unknown. The revolution in (epi)genomics and functional genomic tools holds great promise to rapidly move the field of migration genetics forward. Here, we review our current understanding of the genetic and epigenetic architecture of migratory traits, focusing on two emerging models: the European blackcap and the North American monarch butterfly. We also outline a vision of how technical advances and integrative approaches could be employed to identify and functionally validate candidate genes and cis-regulatory elements on these and other migratory species across both small and broad phylogenetic scales to significantly advance the field of genetics of animal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Merlin
- Department of Biology and Center for Biological Clock Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Miriam Liedvogel
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Research Group (MPRG) Behavioural Genomics, 24306 Plön, Germany
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Jiang YD, Yuan X, Bai YL, Wang GY, Zhou WW, Zhu ZR. Knockdown of timeless Disrupts the Circadian Behavioral Rhythms in Laodelphax striatellus (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:1216-1225. [PMID: 30059997 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvy095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Most living organisms developed the innate clock system to anticipate daily environmental changes and to enhance their chances of survival. timeless (tim) is a canonical clock gene. It has been extensively studied in Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae) as a key component of the endogenous circadian clock, but its role is largely unknown in some agriculture pests. Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), an important rice pest, exhibits a robust locomotor rhythm. In the present study, we cloned tim gene (ls-tim) from L. striatellus and investigated its function in the regulation of behavioral rhythms. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed a circadian expression pattern of ls-tim under different light conditions with a trough in the photophase and a peak in the late scotophase. After the knockdown of ls-tim via RNA interference (RNAi), the adults showed an earlier onset of locomotor activity under light/dark cycles and became arrhythmic in constant darkness. ls-tim RNAi also abolished the timing of adult emergence that normally occurs in the early photophase. These results suggest that ls-tim is essential for the light-entrained circadian rhythms in L. striatellus and provide more insights into the endogenous clock network underlying the behavioral and physiological rhythms of this insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Dong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Liang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gui-Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Wu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zeng-Rong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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29
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张 慧, 陈 名, 方 涛, 张 甜, 倪 文. [Establishment and verification of a mouse model of Gata4 gene H435Y mutation]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2018; 38:1245-1249. [PMID: 30377126 PMCID: PMC6744054 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.10.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish a mouse model of H435Y mutation of Gata4 gene using CRISPR/Cas9- mediated gene targeting. METHODS The single-stranded guide RNA (sgRNA) specific to the H435Y loci of Gata4 gene was designed based on the sequence of Gata4 gene. After activity assessment, the active sgRNA and Cas9 were in vitro transcribed into RNA and microinjected along with the donor DNA fragment with point mutations into fertilized mouse eggs. The microinjected eggs were transferred into pseudopregnant mice to obtain the F0 generation mice with the target Gata4 gene mutation confirmed by PCR and gene sequencing. Gata4 gene mutations in the offsprings of the F0 generation mice were analyzed. RESULTS Gene sequencing confirmed the successful establishment of mouse models carrying H435Y mutation of Gata4 gene in 4 of the F0 generation mice. The positive F0 generation mice were crossed with wild-type C57BL/6J mice to obtain the F1 generation mice, and PCR confirmed the presence of H435Y mutations of Gata4 gene in 6 of the F1 mice. Then F2 generation mice were obtained by F1 generation matting with each other. PCR showed that H435Y mutation of Gata4 gene in F2 mice was found, indicating the mousemodel of Gata4 gene mutation in H435Y was established and propagated successfully. CONCLUSIONS We successfully established Gata4 gene H435Y mutant mouse models using CRISPR/Cas9 technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- 慧 张
- />安徽医科大学附属省立医院儿科,安徽 合肥 230001Department of Pediatrics, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei 23001, China
| | - 名武 陈
- />安徽医科大学附属省立医院儿科,安徽 合肥 230001Department of Pediatrics, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei 23001, China
| | - 涛 方
- />安徽医科大学附属省立医院儿科,安徽 合肥 230001Department of Pediatrics, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei 23001, China
| | - 甜 张
- />安徽医科大学附属省立医院儿科,安徽 合肥 230001Department of Pediatrics, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei 23001, China
| | - 文泉 倪
- />安徽医科大学附属省立医院儿科,安徽 合肥 230001Department of Pediatrics, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei 23001, China
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30
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Minter M, Pearson A, Lim KS, Wilson K, Chapman JW, Jones CM. The tethered flight technique as a tool for studying life-history strategies associated with migration in insects. ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 43:397-411. [PMID: 30046219 PMCID: PMC6055614 DOI: 10.1111/een.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
1. Every year billions of insects engage in long-distance, seasonal mass migrations which have major consequences for agriculture, ecosystem services and insect-vectored diseases. Tracking this movement in the field is difficult, with mass migrations often occurring at high altitudes and over large spatial scales. 2. As such, tethered flight provides a valuable tool for studying the flight behaviour of insects, giving insights into flight propensity (e.g. distance, duration and velocity) and orientation under controlled laboratory settings. By experimentally manipulating a variety of environmental and physiological traits, numerous studies have used this technology to study the flight behaviour of migratory insects ranging in size from aphids to butterflies. Advances in functional genomics promise to extend this to the identification of genetic factors associated with flight. Tethered flight techniques have been used to study migratory flight characteristics in insects for more than 50 years, but have never been reviewed. 3. This study summarises the key findings of this technology, which has been employed in studies of species from six Orders. By providing detailed descriptions of the tethered flight systems, the present study also aims to further the understanding of how tethered flight studies support field observations, the situations under which the technology is useful and how it might be used in future studies. 4. The aim is to contextualise the available tethered flight studies within the broader knowledge of insect migration and to describe the significant contribution these systems have made to the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Minter
- Department of BiologyUniversity of York, Heslington WayYorkU.K.
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted ResearchHertfordshireU.K.
| | - Aislinn Pearson
- Computational and Analytical Sciences, Rothamsted ResearchHertfordshireU.K.
| | - Ka S. Lim
- Computational and Analytical Sciences, Rothamsted ResearchHertfordshireU.K.
| | - Kenneth Wilson
- Lancaster Environment CentreLancaster UniversityLancasterU.K.
| | - Jason W. Chapman
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterCornwallU.K.
| | - Christopher M. Jones
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted ResearchHertfordshireU.K.
- Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolU.K.
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Banerjee TD, Monteiro A. CRISPR-Cas9 Mediated Genome Editing in Bicyclus anynana Butterflies. Methods Protoc 2018; 1:E16. [PMID: 31164559 PMCID: PMC6526417 DOI: 10.3390/mps1020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas9 is revolutionizing the field of genome editing in non-model organisms. The robustness, ease of use, replicability and affordability of the technology has resulted in its widespread adoption among researchers. The African butterfly Bicyclus anynana is an emerging model lepidopteran species in the field of evo-devo, with a sequenced genome and amenable to germ line transformation. However, efficient genome editing tools to accelerate the pace of functional genetic research in this species have only recently become available with CRISPR-Cas9 technology. Here, we provide a detailed explanation of the CRISPR-Cas9 protocol we follow in the lab. The technique has been successfully implemented to knock-out genes associated with eyespot development and melanin pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirtha Das Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| | - Antónia Monteiro
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
- Yale-NUS College, 10 College Avenue West, Singapore 138609, Singapore.
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32
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Denlinger DL, Hahn DA, Merlin C, Holzapfel CM, Bradshaw WE. Keeping time without a spine: what can the insect clock teach us about seasonal adaptation? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0257. [PMID: 28993500 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal change in daylength (photoperiod) is widely used by insects to regulate temporal patterns of development and behaviour, including the timing of diapause (dormancy) and migration. Flexibility of the photoperiodic response is critical for rapid shifts to new hosts, survival in the face of global climate change and to reproductive isolation. At the same time, the daily circadian clock is also essential for development, diapause and multiple behaviours, including correct flight orientation during long-distance migration. Although studied for decades, how these two critical biological timing mechanisms are integrated is poorly understood, in part because the core circadian clock genes are all transcription factors or regulators that are able to exert multiple effects throughout the genome. In this chapter, we discuss clocks in the wild from the perspective of diverse insect groups across eco-geographic contexts from the Antarctic to the tropical regions of Earth. Application of the expanding tool box of molecular techniques will lead us to distinguish universal from unique mechanisms underlying the evolution of circadian and photoperiodic timing, and their interaction across taxonomic and ecological contexts represented by insects.This article is part of the themed issue 'Wild clocks: integrating chronobiology and ecology to understand timekeeping in free-living animals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Denlinger
- Departments of Entomology and Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Daniel A Hahn
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christine Merlin
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | | | - William E Bradshaw
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
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Jiang YD, Yuan X, Zhou WW, Bai YL, Wang GY, Zhu ZR. Cryptochrome Regulates Circadian Locomotor Rhythms in the Small Brown Planthopper Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén). Front Physiol 2018; 9:149. [PMID: 29541034 PMCID: PMC5835671 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most living organisms have developed internal circadian clocks to anticipate the daily environmental changes. The circadian clocks are composed of several transcriptional-translational feedback loops, in which cryptochromes (CRYs) serve as critical elements. In insects, some CRYs act as photopigments to control circadian photoentrainment, while the others act as transcriptional regulators. We cloned and characterized two cryptochrome genes, the Drosophila-like (lscry1) and vertebrate-like (lscry2) genes, in a rice pest Laodelphax striatellus. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that lscry1 and lscry2 expressed ubiquitously from nymph to adult stages as well as in different tissues. The transcript levels of lscry2 fluctuated in a circadian manner. Constant light led to arrhythmic locomotor activities in L. striatellus. It also inhibited the mRNA oscillation of lscry2 and promoted the transcription of lscry1. Knockdown of lscry1 or lscry2 by RNA interference (RNAi) reduced the rhythmicity of L. striatellus in constant darkness, but not in light dark cycles. These results suggested that lscry1 and lscry2 were putative circadian clock genes of L. striatellus, involved in the regulation of locomotor rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zeng-Rong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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34
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Urnov FD. Genome Editing B.C. (Before CRISPR): Lasting Lessons from the “Old Testament”. CRISPR J 2018; 1:34-46. [DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2018.29007.fyu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fyodor D. Urnov
- Altius Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Seattle, Washington
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35
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Abstract
We report the discovery of a neo-sex chromosome in the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus, and several of its close relatives. Z-linked scaffolds in the D. plexippus genome assembly were identified via sex-specific differences in Illumina sequencing coverage. Additionally, a majority of the D. plexippus genome assembly was assigned to chromosomes based on counts of one-to-one orthologs relative to the butterfly Melitaea cinxia (with replication using two other lepidopteran species), in which genome scaffolds have been mapped to linkage groups. Sequencing coverage-based assessments of Z linkage combined with homology-based chromosomal assignments provided strong evidence for a Z-autosome fusion in the Danaus lineage, involving the autosome homologous to chromosome 21 in M. cinxia. Coverage analysis also identified three notable assembly errors resulting in chimeric Z-autosome scaffolds. Cytogenetic analysis further revealed a large W chromosome that is partially euchromatic, consistent with being a neo-W chromosome. The discovery of a neo-Z and the provisional assignment of chromosome linkage for >90% of D. plexippus genes lays the foundation for novel insights concerning sex chromosome evolution in this female-heterogametic model species for functional and evolutionary genomics.
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Vertebrate-like CRYPTOCHROME 2 from monarch regulates circadian transcription via independent repression of CLOCK and BMAL1 activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E7516-E7525. [PMID: 28831003 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1702014114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian repression of CLOCK-BMAL1 by PERIOD and CRYPTOCHROME (CRY) in mammals lies at the core of the circadian timekeeping mechanism. CRY repression of CLOCK-BMAL1 and regulation of circadian period are proposed to rely primarily on competition for binding with coactivators on an α-helix located within the transactivation domain (TAD) of the BMAL1 C terminus. This model has, however, not been tested in vivo. Here, we applied CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis in the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus), which possesses a vertebrate-like CRY (dpCRY2) and an ortholog of BMAL1, to show that insect CRY2 regulates circadian repression through TAD α-helix-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Monarch mutants lacking the BMAL1 C terminus including the TAD exhibited arrhythmic eclosion behavior. In contrast, mutants lacking the TAD α-helix but retaining the most distal C-terminal residues exhibited robust rhythms during the first day of constant darkness (DD1), albeit with a delayed peak of eclosion. Phase delay in this mutant on DD1 was exacerbated in the presence of a single functional allele of dpCry2, and rhythmicity was abolished in the absence of dpCRY2. Reporter assays in Drosophila S2 cells further revealed that dpCRY2 represses through two distinct mechanisms: a TAD-dependent mechanism that involves the dpBMAL1 TAD α-helix and dpCLK W328 and a TAD-independent mechanism involving dpCLK E333. Together, our results provide evidence for independent mechanisms of vertebrate-like CRY circadian regulation on the BMAL1 C terminus and the CLK PAS-B domain and demonstrate the importance of a BMAL1 TAD-independent mechanism for generating circadian rhythms in vivo.
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Agrawal P, Houl JH, Gunawardhana KL, Liu T, Zhou J, Zoran MJ, Hardin PE. Drosophila CRY Entrains Clocks in Body Tissues to Light and Maintains Passive Membrane Properties in a Non-clock Body Tissue Independent of Light. Curr Biol 2017; 27:2431-2441.e3. [PMID: 28781048 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Circadian (∼24 hr) clocks regulate daily rhythms in physiology, metabolism, and behavior via cell-autonomous transcriptional feedback loops. In Drosophila, the blue-light photoreceptor CRYPTOCHROME (CRY) synchronizes these feedback loops to light:dark cycles by binding to and degrading TIMELESS (TIM) protein. CRY also acts independently of TIM in Drosophila to alter potassium channel conductance in arousal neurons after light exposure, and in many animals CRY acts independently of light to repress rhythmic transcription. CRY expression has been characterized in the Drosophila brain and eyes, but not in peripheral clock and non-clock tissues in the body. To investigate CRY expression and function in body tissues, we generated a GFP-tagged-cry transgene that rescues light-induced behavioral phase resetting in cry03 mutant flies and sensitively reports GFP-CRY expression. In bodies, CRY is detected in clock-containing tissues including Malpighian tubules, where it mediates both light-dependent TIM degradation and clock function. In larval salivary glands, which lack clock function but are amenable to electrophysiological recording, CRY prevents membrane input resistance from falling to low levels in a light-independent manner. The ability of CRY to maintain high input resistance in these non-excitable cells also requires the K+ channel subunits Hyperkinetic, Shaker, and ether-a-go-go. These findings for the first time define CRY expression in Drosophila peripheral tissues and reveal that CRY acts together with K+ channels to maintain passive membrane properties in a non-clock-containing peripheral tissue independent of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Agrawal
- Department of Biology and Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jerry H Houl
- Department of Biology and Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Kushan L Gunawardhana
- Department of Biology and Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Tianxin Liu
- Department of Biology and Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Biology and Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Mark J Zoran
- Department of Biology and Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Paul E Hardin
- Department of Biology and Center for Biological Clocks Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Li XY, Liu GC, Sheng WJ, Dong ZW, Chen L, Zhao RP, Wang W. Genome editing in the butterfly type-species Papilio machaon. INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:708-711. [PMID: 28150375 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Gui-Chun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Wen-Jing Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ruo-Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
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39
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Knowlton MN, Smith CL. Naming CRISPR alleles: endonuclease-mediated mutation nomenclature across species. Mamm Genome 2017; 28:367-376. [PMID: 28589392 PMCID: PMC5569137 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-017-9698-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of CRISPR/Cas and other targeted endonuclease technologies in many species has led to an explosion in the generation of new mutations and alleles. The ability to generate many different mutations from the same target sequence either by homology-directed repair with a donor sequence or non-homologous end joining-induced insertions and deletions necessitates a means for representing these mutations in literature and databases. Standardized nomenclature can be used to generate unambiguous, concise, and specific symbols to represent mutations and alleles. The research communities of a variety of species using CRISPR/Cas and other endonuclease-mediated mutation technologies have developed different approaches to naming and identifying such alleles and mutations. While some organism-specific research communities have developed allele nomenclature that incorporates the method of generation within the official allele or mutant symbol, others use metadata tags that include method of generation or mutagen. Organism-specific research community databases together with organism-specific nomenclature committees are leading the way in providing standardized nomenclature and metadata to facilitate the integration of data from alleles and mutations generated using CRISPR/Cas and other targeted endonucleases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cynthia L Smith
- Mouse Genome Informatics, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, 04609, USA
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40
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Koutroumpa FA, Monsempes C, François MC, de Cian A, Royer C, Concordet JP, Jacquin-Joly E. Heritable genome editing with CRISPR/Cas9 induces anosmia in a crop pest moth. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29620. [PMID: 27403935 PMCID: PMC4940732 DOI: 10.1038/srep29620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lepidoptera suffer critical lack of genetic tools and heritable genome edition has been achieved only in a few model species. Here we demonstrate that the CRISPR/Cas9 system is highly efficient for genome editing in a non-model crop pest Lepidoptera, the noctuid moth Spodoptera littoralis. We knocked-out the olfactory receptor co-receptor Orco gene to investigate its function in Lepidoptera olfaction. We find that 89.6% of the injected individuals carried Orco mutations, 70% of which transmitted them to the next generation. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Orco knockout caused defects in plant odor and sex pheromone olfactory detection in homozygous individuals. Our work genetically defines Orco as an essential OR partner for both host and mate detection in Lepidoptera, and demonstrates that CRISPR/Cas9 is a simple and highly efficient genome editing technique in noctuid pests opening new routes for gene function analysis and the development of novel pest control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anne de Cian
- CNRS UMR 7196, INSERM U1154, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Royer
- INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69621, France.,INRA, UMR203 BF2I, Biologie Fonctionnelle Insecte et Interaction, F-69621, France
| | - Jean-Paul Concordet
- CNRS UMR 7196, INSERM U1154, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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41
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Durán N, Justo GZ, Durán M, Brocchi M, Cordi L, Tasic L, Castro GR, Nakazato G. Advances in Chromobacterium violaceum and properties of violacein-Its main secondary metabolite: A review. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:1030-1045. [PMID: 27288924 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum is important in the production of violacein, like other bacteria, such as Alteromonas, Janthinobacterium, Pseudoalteromonas, Duganella, Collimonas and Escherichia. Violacein is a versatile pigment, where it exhibits several biological activities, and every year, it shows increasing commercially interesting uses, especially for industrial applications in cosmetics, medicines and fabrics. This review on violacein focuses mainly on the last five years of research regarding this target compound and describes production and importance of quorum sensing in C. violaceum, mechanistic aspects of its biosynthesis, monitoring processes, genetic perspectives, pathogenic effects, antiparasitic and antimicrobial activities, immunomodulatory potential and uses, antitumor potential and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Durán
- Institute of Chemistry, Biological Chemistry Laboratory, University of Campinas, CP 6154, CEP 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil; NanoBioss, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; LNNano (CNPEM) Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Giselle Z Justo
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP-Diadema), SP, Brazil
| | - Marcela Durán
- NanoBioss, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Institute of Biology, Urogenital, Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy Laboratory, University of Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Brocchi
- Institute of Biology, Department Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Livia Cordi
- NanoBioss, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Institute of Biology, Department Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ljubica Tasic
- Institute of Chemistry, Biological Chemistry Laboratory, University of Campinas, CP 6154, CEP 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil; NanoBioss, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Guillermo R Castro
- Nanobiomaterials Laboratory, Applied Biotechnology Institute (CINDEFI, UNLP-CONICET CCT La Plata) - School of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gerson Nakazato
- Department of Microbiology, Biology Sciences Center, Londrina State University (UEL), Londrina, Brazil
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42
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Genomic Access to Monarch Migration Using TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Targeted Mutagenesis. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2016; 6:905-15. [PMID: 26837953 PMCID: PMC4825660 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.027029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The eastern North American monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus, is an emerging model system to study the neural, molecular, and genetic basis of animal long-distance migration and animal clockwork mechanisms. While genomic studies have provided new insight into migration-associated and circadian clock genes, the general lack of simple and versatile reverse-genetic methods has limited in vivo functional analysis of candidate genes in this species. Here, we report the establishment of highly efficient and heritable gene mutagenesis methods in the monarch butterfly using transcriptional activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and CRISPR-associated RNA-guided nuclease Cas9 (CRISPR/Cas9). Using two clock gene loci, cryptochrome 2 and clock (clk), as candidates, we show that both TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9 generate high-frequency nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ)-mediated mutations at targeted sites (up to 100%), and that injecting fewer than 100 eggs is sufficient to recover mutant progeny and generate monarch knockout lines in about 3 months. Our study also genetically defines monarch CLK as an essential component of the transcriptional activation complex of the circadian clock. The methods presented should not only greatly accelerate functional analyses of many aspects of monarch biology, but are also anticipated to facilitate the development of these tools in other nontraditional insect species as well as the development of homology-directed knock-ins.
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43
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Groen SC, Whiteman NK. Using Drosophila to study the evolution of herbivory and diet specialization. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 14:66-72. [PMID: 27436649 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Herbivory evolved many times independently across the insect phylogeny, and its evolution is linked with increased rates of diversification. Plants present many barriers to potential herbivores, among them are the so-called secondary chemicals and other molecular defenses such as protease inhibitors that deter herbivores. To understand the mechanisms behind the emergence of herbivory and subsequent species radiations of insects driven largely by diet specialization, it is important to identify the molecular basis associated with these evolutionary transitions. However, most herbivore species lack the genomic information and genetic tools required to identify functionally important genes. The notable exception is the genus Drosophila in which herbivory evolved at least three times independently, and for which abundant genomic data are available. Furthermore, contained within the family Drosophilidae is Drosophila melanogaster, the first genetic model animal. Here, we provide a synthesis of the salient tools that the D. melanogaster system provides to identify functionally important genes required for herbivory and subsequent diet specialization across insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Groen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Noah K Whiteman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States.
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Reid W, O'Brochta DA. Applications of genome editing in insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 13:43-54. [PMID: 27436552 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Insect genome editing was first reported 1991 in Drosophila melanogaster but the technology used was not portable to other species. Not until the recent development of facile, engineered DNA endonuclease systems has gene editing become widely available to insect scientists. Most applications in insects to date have been technical in nature but this is rapidly changing. Functional genomics and genetics-based insect control efforts will be major beneficiaries of the application of contemporary gene editing technologies. Engineered endonucleases like Cas9 make it possible to create powerful and effective gene drive systems that could be used to reduce or even eradicate specific insect populations. 'Best practices' for using Cas9-based editing are beginning to emerge making it easier and more effective to design and use but gene editing technologies still require traditional means of delivery in order to introduce them into somatic and germ cells of insects-microinjection of developing embryos. This constrains the use of these technologies by insect scientists. Insects created using editing technologies challenge existing governmental regulatory structures designed to manage genetically modified organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Reid
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States
| | - David A O'Brochta
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States.
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45
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Delmore KE, Liedvogel M. Investigating Factors that Generate and Maintain Variation in Migratory Orientation: A Primer for Recent and Future Work. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:3. [PMID: 26834592 PMCID: PMC4720750 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The amazing accuracy of migratory orientation performance across the animal kingdom is facilitated by the use of magnetic and celestial compass systems that provide individuals with both directional and positional information. Quantitative genetics analyses in several animal systems suggests that migratory orientation has a strong genetic component. Nevertheless, the exact identity of genes controlling orientation remains largely unknown, making it difficult to obtain an accurate understanding of this fascinating behavior on the molecular level. Here, we provide an overview of molecular genetic techniques employed thus far, highlight the pros and cons of various approaches, generalize results from species-specific studies whenever possible, and evaluate how far the field has come since early quantitative genetics studies. We emphasize the importance of examining different levels of molecular control, and outline how future studies can take advantage of high-resolution tracking and sequencing techniques to characterize the genomic architecture of migratory orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira E Delmore
- Behavioural Genomics Department, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology Plön, Germany
| | - Miriam Liedvogel
- Behavioural Genomics Department, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology Plön, Germany
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46
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The Development and Use of Zinc-Finger Nucleases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3509-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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47
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The Use and Development of TAL Effector Nucleases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3509-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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48
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Abstract
Studies of the migration of the eastern North American monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) have revealed mechanisms behind its navigation. The main orientation mechanism uses a time-compensated sun compass during both the migration south and the remigration north. Daylight cues, such as the sun itself and polarized light, are processed through both eyes and integrated through intricate circuitry in the brain's central complex, the presumed site of the sun compass. Monarch circadian clocks have a distinct molecular mechanism, and those that reside in the antennae provide time compensation. Recent evidence shows that migrants can also use a light-dependent inclination magnetic compass for orientation in the absence of directional daylight cues. The monarch genome has been sequenced, and genetic strategies using nuclease-based technologies have been developed to edit specific genes. The monarch butterfly has emerged as a model system to study the neural, molecular, and genetic basis of long-distance animal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Reppert
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605; ,
| | - Patrick A Guerra
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605; ,
| | - Christine Merlin
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843;
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49
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Korge S, Grudziecki A, Kramer A. Highly Efficient Genome Editing via CRISPR/Cas9 to Create Clock Gene Knockout Cells. J Biol Rhythms 2015; 30:389-95. [PMID: 26243628 DOI: 10.1177/0748730415597519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Targeted genome editing using CRISPR/Cas9 is a relatively new, revolutionary technology allowing for efficient and directed alterations of the genome. It has been widely used for loss-of-function studies in animals and cell lines but has not yet been used to study circadian rhythms. Here, we describe the application of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing for the generation of an F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 3 (Fbxl3) knockout in a human cell line. Genomic alterations at the Fbxl3 locus occurred with very high efficiency (70%-100%) and specificity at both alleles, resulting in insertions and deletions that led to premature stop codons and hence FBXL3 knockout. Fbxl3 knockout cells displayed low amplitude and long period oscillations of Bmal1-luciferase reporter activity as well as increased CRY1 protein stability in line with previously published phenotypes for Fbxl3 knockout in mice. Thus, CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing should be highly valuable for studying circadian rhythms not only in human cells but also in classic model systems as well as nonmodel organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Korge
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Astrid Grudziecki
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim Kramer
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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50
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Outbred genome sequencing and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in butterflies. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8212. [PMID: 26354079 PMCID: PMC4568561 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Butterflies are exceptionally diverse but their potential as an experimental system has been limited by the difficulty of deciphering heterozygous genomes and a lack of genetic manipulation technology. Here we use a hybrid assembly approach to construct high-quality reference genomes for Papilio xuthus (contig and scaffold N50: 492 kb, 3.4 Mb) and Papilio machaon (contig and scaffold N50: 81 kb, 1.15 Mb), highly heterozygous species that differ in host plant affiliations, and adult and larval colour patterns. Integrating comparative genomics and analyses of gene expression yields multiple insights into butterfly evolution, including potential roles of specific genes in recent diversification. To functionally test gene function, we develop an efficient (up to 92.5%) CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing method that yields obvious phenotypes with three genes, Abdominal-B, ebony and frizzled. Our results provide valuable genomic and technological resources for butterflies and unlock their potential as a genetic model system. Butterflies are a promising system to study the genetics and evolution of morphological diversification, yet genomic and technological resources are limited. Here, the authors sequence genomes of two Papilio butterflies and develop a CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing method for these species.
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