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Latagliata EC, Orsini C, Cabib S, Biagioni F, Fornai F, Puglisi-Allegra S. Prefrontal Dopamine in Flexible Adaptation to Environmental Changes: A Game for Two Players. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3189. [PMID: 38137410 PMCID: PMC10740496 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficits in cognitive flexibility have been characterized in affective, anxiety, and neurodegenerative disorders. This paper reviews data, mainly from studies on animal models, that support the existence of a cortical-striatal brain circuit modulated by dopamine (DA), playing a major role in cognitive/behavioral flexibility. Moreover, we reviewed clinical findings supporting misfunctioning of this circuit in Parkinson's disease that could be responsible for some important non-motoric symptoms. The reviewed findings point to a role of catecholaminergic transmission in the medial prefrontal cortex (mpFC) in modulating DA's availability in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), as well as a role of NAc DA in modulating the motivational value of natural and conditioned stimuli. The review section is accompanied by a preliminary experiment aimed at testing weather the extinction of a simple Pavlovian association fosters increased DA transmission in the mpFC and inhibition of DA transmission in the NAc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Orsini
- I.R.C.C.S. Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy; (C.O.); (S.C.)
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Cabib
- I.R.C.C.S. Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy; (C.O.); (S.C.)
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Biagioni
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.B.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesco Fornai
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.B.); (F.F.)
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies on Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Faucher P, Huguet C, Mons N, Micheau J. Acute pre-learning stress selectively impairs hippocampus-dependent fear memory consolidation: Behavioral and molecular evidence. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2022; 188:107585. [PMID: 35021061 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite compelling evidence that stress or stress-related hormones influence fear memory consolidation processes, the understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of stress is still fragmentary. The release of corticosterone in response to pre-learning stress exposure has been demonstrated to modulate positively or negatively memory encoding and/or consolidation according to many variables such as stress intensity, the emotional valence of the learned material or the interval between stressful episode and learning experience. Here, we report that contextual but not cued fear memory consolidation was selectively impaired in male mice exposed to a 50 min-period of restraint stress just before the unpaired fear conditioning session. In addition to behavioral impairment, acute stress down-regulated activated/phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) in dorsal hippocampal area CA1 in mice sacrificed 60 min and 9 h after unpaired conditioning. In lateral amygdala, although acute stress by itself increased the level of pERK1/2 it nevertheless blocked the peak of pERK1/2 that was normally observed 15 min after unpaired conditioning. To examine whether stress-induced corticosterone overflow was responsible of these detrimental effects, the corticosterone synthesis inhibitor, metyrapone, was administered 30 min before stress exposure. Metyrapone abrogated the stress-induced contextual fear memory deficits but did not alleviate the effects of stress on pERK1/2 and its downstream target phosphorylated CREB (pCREB) in hippocampus CA1 and lateral amygdala. Collectively, our observations suggest that consolidation of hippocampus-dependent memory and the associated signaling pathway are particularly sensitive to stress. However, behavioral normalization by preventive metyrapone treatment was not accompanied by renormalization of the canonical signaling pathway. A new avenue would be to consider surrogate mechanisms involving proper metyrapone influence on both nongenomic and genomic actions of glucocorticoid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Faucher
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Célia Huguet
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicole Mons
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jacques Micheau
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
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Oyovwi MO, Ben-Azu B, Edesiri TP, Victor E, Rotu RA, Ozegbe QEB, Nwangwa EK, Atuadu V, Adebayo OG. Kolaviron abates busulfan-induced episodic memory deficit and testicular dysfunction in rats: The implications for neuroendopathobiological changes during chemotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112022. [PMID: 34411912 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Busulfan is a popular antileukemia chemotherapeutic alkylating agent widely known to induce variety of serious adverse effects including chemobrain-related cognitive impairments and dysfunction in male reproductive system. Whether kolaviron, a neuro- and repro-active compound obtained from Garcinia kola, with neuroprotective and reproductive-promoting activities, mitigates busulfan-induced cognitive and male reproductive impairments remain unknown. Hence, we investigated the reversal effects of kolaviron on busulfan-induced episodic memory deficit and testicular dysfunction, and its underlying mechanisms in male rats. In the treatment-protocol, rats in groups 1 and 2 received saline (10 mL/kg/p.o./day) and DMSO (10 mL/kg/p.o./day) respectively, group 3 was given kolaviron (200 mg/kg/p.o./day), group 4 received busulfan (50 mg/kg/p.o./day) and group 5 was pretreated with busulfan (50 mg/kg/p.o./day) consecutively for 56 days prior to kolaviron treatment (200 mg/kg/p.o./day) from days 29-56. Episodic memory deficit was assessed using passive avoidance task (PAT). Following euthanization, blood samples, epididymal sperm, testes and brain were harvested and hormonal and neurochemical contents and their metabolizing enzymes were assayed. Kolaviron reversed busulfan-induced episodic cognitive deficit in the PAT. The reduced serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline concentrations, elevated glutamate levels, acetylcholinesterase, monoamine oxidase-A and B activities were normalized by kolaviron. Kolaviron also reversed the busulfan-induced decreased testicular/body weights and spermatogenesis. Kolaviron abated busulfan-induced changes in androgenic hormones (testosterone, FSH, LH), dehydrogenase enzymes (3ß-HSD and 17ß-HSD), altered sperm-chromatin, sperm-membrane integrity and sperm-acrosomal reaction and capacitation impairments. Our findings suggest that kolaviron could mitigate busulfan-induced episodic memory deficit and dysfunction in male reproductive system via neurochemical modulations and increase testicular androgenic hormones/enzymes in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mega O Oyovwi
- Department of Hunan Physiology, Achievers University, Owo, Ondo, Nigeria; Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta, Nigeria
| | - Benneth Ben-Azu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta, Nigeria.
| | - Tesi P Edesiri
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Delta State Polytechnic, Ogwash-Uku, Delta, Nigeria
| | - Emojevwe Victor
- Department of Physiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
| | - Rume A Rotu
- Department of Physiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Queen E B Ozegbe
- Department of Hunan Physiology, Achievers University, Owo, Ondo, Nigeria
| | - Eze K Nwangwa
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta, Nigeria
| | - Vivian Atuadu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Enugu State University of Science and Technology (ESUT), Enugu, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Olusegun G Adebayo
- Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
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Cavalcante KM, Bispo JM, Souza MF, Medeiros KA, Lins LC, Santos ER, Melo JE, Gois AM, Meurer YS, Leal PC, Marchioro M, Santos JR. Short-term but not long-term exposure to an enriched environment facilitates the extinction of aversive memory. Behav Brain Res 2020; 393:112806. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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NTRK2 methylation is related to reduced PTSD risk in two African cohorts of trauma survivors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:21667-21672. [PMID: 32817534 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008415117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive pharmacologic, genetic, and epigenetic research has linked the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) to memory processes, and to risk and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In the present study we investigated the epigenetic pattern of 12 genes involved in the regulation of GR signaling in two African populations of heavily traumatized individuals: Survivors of the rebel war in northern Uganda (n = 463) and survivors of the Rwandan genocide (n = 350). The strongest link between regional methylation and PTSD risk and symptoms was observed for NTRK2, which encodes the transmembrane receptor tropomyosin-related kinase B, binds the brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and has been shown to play an important role in memory formation. NTRK2 methylation was not related to trauma load, suggesting that methylation differences preexisted the trauma. Because NTRK2 methylation differences were predominantly associated with memory-related PTSD symptoms, and because they seem to precede traumatic events, we next investigated the relationship between NTRK2 methylation and memory in a sample of nontraumatized individuals (n = 568). We found that NTRK2 methylation was negatively associated with recognition memory performance. Furthermore, fMRI analyses revealed NTRK2 methylation-dependent differences in brain network activity related to recognition memory. The present study demonstrates that NTRK2 is epigenetically linked to memory functions in nontraumatized subjects and to PTSD risk and symptoms in traumatized populations.
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Post-Encoding Amygdala-Visuosensory Coupling Is Associated with Negative Memory Bias in Healthy Young Adults. J Neurosci 2019; 39:3130-3143. [PMID: 30760626 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2834-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The amygdala is well documented as the critical nexus of emotionally enhanced memory, yet its role in the creation of negative memory biases, better memory for negative compared with positive stimuli, has not been clarified. Although prior work suggests valence-specific effects at the moment of "online" encoding and retrieval, with enhanced visuosensory processes supporting negative memories in particular, here we tested the novel hypothesis that the amygdala engages with distant cortical regions after encoding in a manner that predicts inter-individual differences in negative memory biases in humans. Twenty-nine young adults (males and females) were scanned while they incidentally encoded negative, neutral, and positive scenes, each preceded by a line-drawing sketch of the scene. Twenty-four hours later, participants were scanned during an Old/New recognition memory task with only the line-drawings presented as retrieval cues. We replicated and extended our prior work, showing that enhanced online visuosensory recapitulation supports negative memory. Critically, resting-state scans flanked the encoding task, allowing us to show for the first time that individual differences in "off-line" increases in amygdala resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) immediately following encoding relate to negative and positive memory bias at test. Specifically, post-encoding increases in amygdala RSFC with visuosensory and frontal regions were associated with the degree of negative and positive memory bias, respectively. These findings provide new evidence that valence-specific negative memory biases can be linked to the way that sensory processes are integrated into amygdala-centered emotional memory networks.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Decades of research has placed the amygdala at the center of the emotional memory network. Despite the clinical importance of disproportionate memory for negative compared with positive events, it is not known whether post-encoding increases in amygdala-cortical coupling, possibly reflective of early consolidation processes, bear any influence on the degree or direction of such emotional memory biases. We demonstrate that, across participants, increases in post-encoding amygdala coupling with visuosensory and frontal regions are associated with more pronounced negative and positive memory biases, respectively. These findings provide the first evidence linking post-encoding amygdala modulation to the degree of negative or positive memory bias, emphasizing the need for valence-based accounts of the amygdala's role in emotional memory.
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Schomaker J, Meeter M. Short- and long-lasting consequences of novelty, deviance and surprise on brain and cognition. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 55:268-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Denkova E, Dolcos S, Dolcos F. Neural correlates of 'distracting' from emotion during autobiographical recollection. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 10:219-30. [PMID: 24603021 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsu039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Remembering emotional autobiographical memories (AMs) is important for emotional well-being, and investigation of the role of emotion regulation (ER) during AM recollection has relevance for understanding mental health issues. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the brain mechanisms underlying ER and AM, less is known about the role of ER during AM recollection. The present study investigated how focusing away (or 'distracting') from the emotional content during AM recollection influences the subjective re-experiencing of emotions and the associated neural correlates, by manipulating the retrieval focus of participants who remembered emotional AMs while fMRI data were recorded. First, focusing away from emotion led to decreased self-reported emotional responses, along with increased engagement of ER-related regions (ventro-medial prefrontal cortex, vmPFC), and reduced activity in emotion-related regions (amygdala, AMY). Second, increased vmPFC activity was linked to reduced emotional ratings, during the non-emotional focus. Third, mediation analysis identified vmPFC as a functional hub integrating affective signals from AMY and mediating their impact on the subjective re-experiencing of emotion, according to the current retrieval focus. Collectively, these findings shed light on the neural mechanisms underlying the ability to effectively switch attentional focus away from emotions during AM recollections and have direct relevance for understanding, preventing and treating affective disorders, characterised by reduced ability to regulate emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Denkova
- Alberta Cognitive Neuroscience Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Psychology Department, Neuroscience Program, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Sanda Dolcos
- Alberta Cognitive Neuroscience Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Psychology Department, Neuroscience Program, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Florin Dolcos
- Alberta Cognitive Neuroscience Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Psychology Department, Neuroscience Program, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA Alberta Cognitive Neuroscience Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Psychology Department, Neuroscience Program, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA Alberta Cognitive Neuroscience Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Psychology Department, Neuroscience Program, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
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10
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Jacinto LR, Reis JS, Dias NS, Cerqueira JJ, Correia JH, Sousa N. Stress affects theta activity in limbic networks and impairs novelty-induced exploration and familiarization. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:127. [PMID: 24137113 PMCID: PMC3797543 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to a novel environment triggers the response of several brain areas that regulate emotional behaviors. Here, we studied theta oscillations within the hippocampus (HPC)-amygdala (AMY)-medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) network in exploration of a novel environment and subsequent familiarization through repeated exposures to that same environment; in addition, we assessed how concomitant stress exposure could disrupt this activity and impair both behavioral processes. Local field potentials (LFP) were simultaneously recorded from dorsal and ventral hippocampus (dHPC and vHPC, respectively), basolateral amygdala (BLA) and mPFC in freely behaving rats while they were exposed to a novel environment, then repeatedly re-exposed over the course of 3 weeks to that same environment and, finally, on re-exposure to a novel unfamiliar environment. A longitudinal analysis of theta activity within this circuit revealed a reduction of vHPC and BLA theta power and vHPC-BLA theta coherence through familiarization which was correlated with a return to normal exploratory behavior in control rats. In contrast, a persistent over-activation of the same brain regions was observed in stressed rats that displayed impairments in novel exploration and familiarization processes. Importantly, we show that stress also affected intra-hippocampal synchrony and heightened the coherence between vHPC and BLA. In summary, we demonstrate that modulatory theta activity in the aforementioned circuit, namely in the vHPC and BLA, is correlated with the expression of anxiety in novelty-induced exploration and familiarization in both normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Jacinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães, Portugal ; Department of Industrial Electronics, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém Braga, Portugal
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Evolution of consciousness: phylogeny, ontogeny, and emergence from general anesthesia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110 Suppl 2:10357-64. [PMID: 23754370 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1301188110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Are animals conscious? If so, when did consciousness evolve? We address these long-standing and essential questions using a modern neuroscientific approach that draws on diverse fields such as consciousness studies, evolutionary neurobiology, animal psychology, and anesthesiology. We propose that the stepwise emergence from general anesthesia can serve as a reproducible model to study the evolution of consciousness across various species and use current data from anesthesiology to shed light on the phylogeny of consciousness. Ultimately, we conclude that the neurobiological structure of the vertebrate central nervous system is evolutionarily ancient and highly conserved across species and that the basic neurophysiologic mechanisms supporting consciousness in humans are found at the earliest points of vertebrate brain evolution. Thus, in agreement with Darwin's insight and the recent "Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness in Non-Human Animals," a review of modern scientific data suggests that the differences between species in terms of the ability to experience the world is one of degree and not kind.
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Khajehpour L, Fathinia K, Moazedi AA, Kesmati M. Вeta1-Adrenoreceptors of the CA1 Area Mediate Morphine-Modified State-Dependent Memory in Rats. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-013-9350-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dirnberger G, Hesselmann G, Roiser JP, Preminger S, Jahanshahi M, Paz R. Give it time: Neural evidence for distorted time perception and enhanced memory encoding in emotional situations. Neuroimage 2012; 63:591-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Puglisi-Allegra S, Ventura R. Prefrontal/accumbal catecholamine system processes high motivational salience. Front Behav Neurosci 2012; 6:31. [PMID: 22754514 PMCID: PMC3384081 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2012.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivational salience regulates the strength of goal seeking, the amount of risk taken, and the energy invested from mild to extreme. Highly motivational experiences promote highly persistent memories. Although this phenomenon is adaptive in normal conditions, experiences with extremely high levels of motivational salience can promote development of memories that can be re-experienced intrusively for long time resulting in maladaptive outcomes. Neural mechanisms mediating motivational salience attribution are, therefore, very important for individual and species survival and for well-being. However, these neural mechanisms could be implicated in attribution of abnormal motivational salience to different stimuli leading to maladaptive compulsive seeking or avoidance. We have offered the first evidence that prefrontal cortical norepinephrine (NE) transmission is a necessary condition for motivational salience attribution to highly salient stimuli, through modulation of dopamine (DA) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a brain area involved in all motivated behaviors. Moreover, we have shown that prefrontal-accumbal catecholamine (CA) system determines approach or avoidance responses to both reward- and aversion-related stimuli only when the salience of the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is high enough to induce sustained CA activation, thus affirming that this system processes motivational salience attribution selectively to highly salient events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Puglisi-Allegra
- Dipartimento di Psicologia and Centro "Daniel Bovet", "Sapienza" University of Rome Rome, Italy
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Koganemaru S, Domen K, Fukuyama H, Mima T. Negative emotion can enhance human motor cortical plasticity. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 35:1637-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Our memories are not all created equally strong: Some experiences are well remembered while others are remembered poorly, if at all. Research on memory modulation investigates the neurobiological processes and systems that contribute to such differences in the strength of our memories. Extensive evidence from both animal and human research indicates that emotionally significant experiences activate hormonal and brain systems that regulate the consolidation of newly acquired memories. These effects are integrated through noradrenergic activation of the basolateral amygdala that regulates memory consolidation via interactions with many other brain regions involved in consolidating memories of recent experiences. Modulatory systems not only influence neurobiological processes underlying the consolidation of new information, but also affect other mnemonic processes, including memory extinction, memory recall, and working memory. In contrast to their enhancing effects on consolidation, adrenal stress hormones impair memory retrieval and working memory. Such effects, as with memory consolidation, require noradrenergic activation of the basolateral amygdala and interactions with other brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benno Roozendaal
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Ghiasvand M, Rezayof A, Ahmadi S, Zarrindast MR. β1-noradrenergic system of the central amygdala is involved in state-dependent memory induced by a cannabinoid agonist, WIN55,212-2, in rat. Behav Brain Res 2011; 225:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hays SL, McPherson RJ, Juul SE, Wallace G, Schindler AG, Chavkin C, Gleason CA. Long-term effects of neonatal stress on adult conditioned place preference (CPP) and hippocampal neurogenesis. Behav Brain Res 2011; 227:7-11. [PMID: 22061798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Critically ill preterm infants are often exposed to stressors that may affect neurodevelopment and behavior. We reported that exposure of neonatal mice to stressors or morphine produced impairment of adult morphine-rewarded conditioned place preference (CPP) and altered hippocampal gene expression. We now further this line of inquiry by examining both short- and long-term effects of neonatal stress and morphine treatment. Neonatal C57BL/6 mice were treated twice daily from postnatal day (P) 5 to P9 using different combinations of factors. Subsets received saline or morphine injections (2mg/kgs.c.) or were exposed to our neonatal stress protocol (maternal separation 8h/d × 5d+gavage feedings ± hypoxia/hyperoxia). Short-term measures examined on P9 were neuronal fluorojade B and bromodeoxyuridine staining, along with urine corticosterone concentrations. Long-term measures examined in adult mice (>P60) included CPP learning to cocaine reward (± the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonist U50,488 injection), and adult hippocampal neurogenesis (PCNA immunolabeling). Neonatal stress (but not morphine) decreased the cocaine-CPP response and this effect was reversed by KOR stimulation. Both neonatal stress or morphine treatment increased hippocampal neurogenesis in adult mice. We conclude that reduced learning and increased hippocampal neurogenesis are both indicators that neonatal stress desensitized mice and reduced their arousal and stress responsiveness during adult CPP testing. Reconciled with other findings, these data collectively support the stress inoculation hypothesis whereby early life stressors prepare animals to tolerate future stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Hays
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
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Azizbeigi R, Ahmadi S, Babapour V, Rezayof A, Zarrindast MR. Nicotine restores morphine-induced memory deficit through the D1 and D2 dopamine receptor mechanisms in the nucleus accumbens. J Psychopharmacol 2011; 25:1126-33. [PMID: 21616978 DOI: 10.1177/0269881111405354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Involvement of the dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) with interaction between morphine and nicotine on inhibitory avoidance (IA) memory was investigated. A step-through type of inhibitory avoidance tasks was used to assess memory in male Wistar rats. The results showed that subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of morphine (7.5 mg/kg) after training decreased retrieval of IA memory in the animals when tested 24 h later. Pre-test administration of the same dose of morphine significantly reversed the deficiency in retrieval. The results also showed that pre-test administration of nicotine (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg, s.c.) by itself mimicked the effect of pre-test morphine, and lower doses of nicotine (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) also improved the effect of a low dose of morphine (2.5 mg/kg) on retrieval of IA memory. Pre-test intra-NAc administration of the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist, SCH 23390 (0.001 and 0.01 µg/rat), and the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, sulpiride (0.5 and 1 µg/rat) caused no significant effects on IA memory by themselves, but both prevented reinstatement of the retrieval of IA memory by the effective dose of nicotine (0.4 mg/kg). It can be concluded that the dopaminergic mechanism(s) in the NAc is a crosslink for the effect of morphine and nicotine on reinstatement of retrieval of IA memory impaired by post-training administration of morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Azizbeigi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Functional brain imaging in 14 patients with dissociative amnesia reveals right inferolateral prefrontal hypometabolism. Psychiatry Res 2009; 174:32-9. [PMID: 19783409 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Dissociative amnesia is a condition usually characterized by severely impaired retrograde memory functioning in the absence of structural brain damage. Recent case studies nevertheless found functional brain changes in patients suffering from autobiographical-episodic memory loss in the cause of dissociative amnesia. Functional changes were demonstrated in both resting state and memory retrieval conditions. In addition, some but not all cases also showed other neuropsychological impairments beyond retrograde memory deficits. However, there is no group study available that examined potential functional brain abnormalities and accompanying neuropsychological deteriorations in larger samples of patients with dissociative retrograde amnesia. We report functional imaging and neuropsychological data acquired in 14 patients with dissociative amnesia following stressful or traumatic events. All patients suffered from autobiographical memory loss. In addition, approximately half of the patients had deficits in anterograde memory and executive functioning. Accompanying functional brain changes were measured by [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). Regional glucose utilization of the patients was compared with that of 19 healthy subjects, matched for age and gender. We found significantly decreased glucose utilization in the right inferolateral prefrontal cortex in the patients. Hypometabolism in this brain region, known to be involved in retrieval of autobiographical memories and self-referential processing, may be a functional brain correlate of dissociative amnesia.
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21
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Düzel E, Bunzeck N, Guitart-Masip M, Düzel S. NOvelty-related motivation of anticipation and exploration by dopamine (NOMAD): implications for healthy aging. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009; 34:660-9. [PMID: 19715723 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies in humans and animals show that dopaminergic neuromodulation originating from the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA) of the midbrain enhances hippocampal synaptic plasticity for novel events and has a motivationally energizing effect on actions through striatal mechanisms. In this review, we discuss how these mechanisms of dopaminergic neuromodulation connect to the behavioural and functional consequences that age-related structural degeneration of the SN/VTA exerts on declarative memory. We propose a framework called 'NOvelty-related Motivation of Anticipation and exploration by Dopamine' (NOMAD) which captures existing links between novelty, dopamine, long-term memory, plasticity, energization and their relation to aging. We propose that maximizing the use of this mechanism by maintaining mobility and exploration of novel environments could be a potential mechanism to slow age-related decline of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emrah Düzel
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK.
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22
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Starzyk J, He H. Spatio–Temporal Memories for Machine Learning: A Long-Term Memory Organization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 20:768-80. [DOI: 10.1109/tnn.2009.2012854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Fenker DB, Frey JU, Schuetze H, Heipertz D, Heinze HJ, Duzel E. Novel scenes improve recollection and recall of words. J Cogn Neurosci 2008; 20:1250-65. [PMID: 18284351 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2008.20086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Exploring a novel environment can facilitate subsequent hippocampal long-term potentiation in animals. We report a related behavioral enhancement in humans. In two separate experiments, recollection and free recall, both measures of hippocampus-dependent memory formation, were enhanced for words studied after a 5-min exposure to unrelated novel as opposed to familiar images depicting indoor and outdoor scenes. With functional magnetic resonance imaging, the enhancement was predicted by specific activity patterns observed during novelty exposure in parahippocampal and dorsal prefrontal cortices, regions which are known to be linked to attentional orienting to novel stimuli and perceptual processing of scenes. Novelty was also associated with activation of the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area of the midbrain and the hippocampus, but these activations did not correlate with contextual memory enhancement. These findings indicate remarkable parallels between contextual memory enhancement in humans and existing evidence regarding contextually enhanced hippocampal plasticity in animals. They provide specific behavioral clues to enhancing hippocampus-dependent memory in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela B Fenker
- Department of Neurology II, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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24
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Archer T, Kostrzewa RM, Beninger RJ, Palomo T. Cognitive symptoms facilitatory for diagnoses in neuropsychiatric disorders: Executive functions and locus of control. Neurotox Res 2008; 14:205-25. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03033811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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25
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The molecular cascades of long-term potentiation underlie memory consolidation of one-trial avoidance in the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus, but not in the basolateral amygdala or the neocortex. Neurotox Res 2008; 14:273-94. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03033816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Mello PB, Benetti F, Cammarota M, Izquierdo I. Effects of acute and chronic physical exercise and stress on different types of memory in rats. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2008; 80:301-9. [DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652008000200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we study the effect of acute and chronic physical exercise in a treadmill and of daily stress (because forced exercise involves a degree of stress) during 2 or 8 weeks on different types of memory in male Wistar rats. The memory tests employed were: habituation in an open field, object recognition and spatial learning in the Morris water maze. Daily foot-shock stress enhanced habituation learning after 2 but not after 8 weeks; it hindered both short- (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) of the recognition task at 2 weeks but only STM after 8 weeks and had no effect on spatial learning after either 2 or 8 weeks. Acute but not chronic exercise also enhanced habituation in the open field and hindered STM and LTM in the recognition task. Chronic exercise enhanced one important measure of spatial learning (latency to escape) but not others. Our findings indicate that some care must be taken when interpreting effects of forced exercise on brain parameters since at least part of them may be due to the stress inherent to the training procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pâmela Billig Mello
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Fernando Benetti
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | | | - Iván Izquierdo
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
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27
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beta1- and beta2-adrenoceptor induced synaptic facilitation in rat basolateral amygdala. Brain Res 2008; 1209:65-73. [PMID: 18396264 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.02.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The expression and characteristics of beta-adrenoceptor subtypes (beta1 and beta2) and their agonist actions on synaptic transmission in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) of the rat were examined using in situ hybridization, quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot analysis and field potential recording. In situ hybridization data revealed an intense distribution of beta1-and beta2-adrenoceptor mRNA in the BLA. Real-time PCR analysis of rat amygdala revealed significant transcriptional expression levels of both beta-adrenoceptors, with beta2-adrenoceptors outnumbering beta1-adrenoceptors in a ratio of 2.9 to 1. Bath application of the selective beta1-adrenoceptor agonist xamoterol hemifumarate (10 microM) facilitated the excitatory field synaptic potential evoked in the BLA by stimulation of the external capsule by 186.5+/-10.7% of control amplitude. In the presence of the selective beta1-adrenoceptor antagonist betaxolol hydrochloride (30 microM), the facilitating effects of field excitatory synaptic potential induced by the agonist were reduced to 126.1+/-2.3 % of control amplitude in the BLA. Bath application of the selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonist salmeterol (15 microM) facilitated the excitatory field synaptic potential evoked in the BLA by stimulation of the external capsule by 167.3+/-9.7 % of control amplitude. In the presence of the selective beta2-adrenoceptor antagonist ICI 118,551 HCl (30 microM), the facilitating effects of field excitatory synaptic potential induced by the agonist were reduced to 121.1+/-4.1 % of control amplitude in the BLA. These data suggest that beta-adrenoceptor mediated synaptic facilitation in the amygdala is mediated by both beta1 and beta2-adrenoceptor activation.
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Olofsson JK, Nordin S, Sequeira H, Polich J. Affective picture processing: an integrative review of ERP findings. Biol Psychol 2008; 77:247-65. [PMID: 18164800 PMCID: PMC2443061 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1059] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The review summarizes and integrates findings from 40 years of event-related potential (ERP) studies using pictures that differ in valence (unpleasant-to-pleasant) and arousal (low-to-high) and that are used to elicit emotional processing. Affective stimulus factors primarily modulate ERP component amplitude, with little change in peak latency observed. Arousal effects are consistently obtained, and generally occur at longer latencies. Valence effects are inconsistently reported at several latency ranges, including very early components. Some affective ERP modulations vary with recording methodology, stimulus factors, as well as task-relevance and emotional state. Affective ERPs have been linked theoretically to attention orientation for unpleasant pictures at earlier components (<300 ms). Enhanced stimulus processing has been associated with memory encoding for arousing pictures of assumed intrinsic motivational relevance, with task-induced differences contributing to emotional reactivity at later components (>300 ms). Theoretical issues, stimulus factors, task demands, and individual differences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven Nordin
- Department of Psychology, Umeå Unversity, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Henrique Sequeira
- Université de Lille I & Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, CNRS, Hôpital Salengro, Service EFV, CHRU, 59037 Lille cedex, France
| | - John Polich
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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29
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Tramullas M, Martínez-Cué C, Hurlé MA. Facilitation of avoidance behaviour in mice chronically treated with heroin or methadone. Behav Brain Res 2008; 189:332-40. [PMID: 18336928 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the repercussion of chronic treatment with large amounts of opioids on cognitive performance is a matter of concern, the effects of opioid drugs on passive avoidance learning have been scarcely studied. Here, we analyzed the effects of prolonged administration of heroin and methadone, as well as the impact of suffering repeated episodes of withdrawal on fear-motivated learning using the passive avoidance test. Mice received chronic treatment (39 days) with methadone (10 mg/kg/24 h), associated or not with repeated withdrawal episodes, or with heroin (5 mg/kg/12 h). Our results show that, regardless of the type of treatment received, all mice displayed similar basal thermal nociceptive thresholds during 25 days of treatment. In the hot plate test, both methadone and heroin induced antinociception 30 min after drug administration. The analgesic effect was absent when measured 4 h after heroin and 12 h after methadone. Pain behavioural responses elicited by growing intensities of electric shock, applied on day 28th of treatment, were similar in all groups of mice. Our results indicate that chronic opioid treatment had promnesic effects on passive avoidance behaviour in mice, unrelated to changes in the nociceptive state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Tramullas
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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30
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Olofsson JK, Nordin S, Sequeira H, Polich J. Affective picture processing: an integrative review of ERP findings. Biol Psychol 2008. [PMID: 18164800 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.11.006.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The review summarizes and integrates findings from 40 years of event-related potential (ERP) studies using pictures that differ in valence (unpleasant-to-pleasant) and arousal (low-to-high) and that are used to elicit emotional processing. Affective stimulus factors primarily modulate ERP component amplitude, with little change in peak latency observed. Arousal effects are consistently obtained, and generally occur at longer latencies. Valence effects are inconsistently reported at several latency ranges, including very early components. Some affective ERP modulations vary with recording methodology, stimulus factors, as well as task-relevance and emotional state. Affective ERPs have been linked theoretically to attention orientation for unpleasant pictures at earlier components (<300 ms). Enhanced stimulus processing has been associated with memory encoding for arousing pictures of assumed intrinsic motivational relevance, with task-induced differences contributing to emotional reactivity at later components (>300 ms). Theoretical issues, stimulus factors, task demands, and individual differences are discussed.
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31
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Ahmadi S, Zarrindast MR, Nouri M, Haeri-Rohani A, Rezayof A. N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptors in the ventral tegmental area are involved in retrieval of inhibitory avoidance memory by nicotine. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2007; 88:352-8. [PMID: 17707662 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2007] [Revised: 06/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of opiate, cholinergic, glutamatergic and (possibly) dopaminergic inputs in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) influencing a learned behavior is certainly a topic of great interest. In the present study, the effect of intra-VTA administration of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agents on nicotine's effect in morphine state-dependent learning was investigated. An inhibitory avoidance (IA) task was used for memory assessment in male Wistar rats. Subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of morphine (5 and 7.5mg/kg) immediately after training decreased IA response on the test day, which was reinstated by pre-test administration of the same doses of the opioid; this is known as state-dependency. Moreover, pre-test administration of nicotine (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mg/kg, s.c.) also reversed the decrease in IA response because of post-training morphine (5mg/kg). Here, we also show that when infused into the VTA before testing, NMDA (0.01 and 0.1 microg/rat) reverse the post-training morphine effect on memory. In addition, the sub-effective doses of NMDA (0.0001 and 0.001 microg/rat) in combination with a low dose of nicotine (0.1mg/kg) which had no effects by themselves, synergistically improved retrieval of IA memory on the test day. In contrast, pre-test administration of a competitive NMDA receptor antagonist D-AP5 (0.5, 1 and 2 microg/rat) which had no effect alone prevented the nicotine reversal of morphine effect on memory. Our data indicate that NMDA receptors in the VTA are involved in the reversing effect of nicotine on morphine induced state-dependency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamseddin Ahmadi
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, University College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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32
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Zarrindast MR, Shendy MM, Ahmadi S. Nitric oxide modulates state dependency induced by lithium in an inhibitory avoidance task in mice. Behav Pharmacol 2007; 18:289-95. [PMID: 17551321 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e3281f520b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of L-arginine, a nitric oxide (NO) precursor and L-NAME, an inhibitor of NO synthase, on retrieval of state-dependent memory induced by LiCl (lithium) was investigated. A one-trial step-down inhibitory avoidance task was used for memory assessment in adult male NMRI mice. Intraperitoneal administration of lithium (10 mg/kg), immediately after training, impaired memory on the test day. Pretest administration of different doses of lithium (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) reversed the impairment of memory caused by posttraining lithium (10 mg/kg). In addition, pretest administration of L-arginine (0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 microg/mouse, i.c.v.) or L-NAME (0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 microg/mouse, i.c.v.) also reversed amnesia induced by posttraining lithium. Furthermore, pretest coadministration with lithium of a dose of L-arginine (0.0001 microg/mouse, i.c.v.) or L-NAME (0.0001 microg/mouse, i.c.v.) that had no effects when administered alone, increased the effect of lithium on retrieval of inhibitory avoidance memory. The results suggest that NO may have a modulatory role on state-dependent retrieval of inhibitory avoidance memory induced by lithium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Department of Pharmacology and Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences/University of Tehran, Iran.
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33
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Billings LM, Green KN, McGaugh JL, LaFerla FM. Learning decreases A beta*56 and tau pathology and ameliorates behavioral decline in 3xTg-AD mice. J Neurosci 2007; 27:751-61. [PMID: 17251414 PMCID: PMC6672918 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4800-06.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), such as the 3xTg-AD mice, are instrumental for elucidating genetic, pharmacologic, environmental, and behavioral factors that affect the cognitive phenotype. Here we present the novel findings that longitudinal water-maze spatial training produces a significant, albeit transient, improvement in subsequent learning performance and reduces amyloid beta (Abeta) and tau neuropathology. The 3xTg-AD mice were trained and tested at 3 month intervals from 2 to 18 months. Separate groups of naive mice were also tested at each age. The improvement in performance seen at 6 and 12 months is dependent on spatial training, because animals that were similarly handled and exposed to swimming without a learning contingency failed to show improved performance. Training before the development of overt neuropathology is required for full expression of the training effect because we found it delays Abeta redistribution to extracellular plaques and reduces Abeta oligomers associated with cognitive decline. In addition, learning leads to decreased glycogen synthase kinase-3beta activity, which likely underlies the reduced tau pathology. The previous training effects on both maze performance and neuropathology are attenuated at 15 and 18 months. These findings indicate that, in young and middle-aged 3xTg-AD mice, repeated spatial training can significantly delay the development of neuropathology and decline in spatial memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Billings
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory and
- Institute for Brain Aging and Dementia, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-4545
| | - Kim N. Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory and
- Institute for Brain Aging and Dementia, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-4545
| | - James L. McGaugh
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory and
| | - Frank M. LaFerla
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory and
- Institute for Brain Aging and Dementia, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-4545
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Rossato JI, Zinn CG, Furini C, Bevilaqua LRM, Medina JH, Cammarota M, Izquierdo I. A link between the hippocampal and the striatal memory systems of the brain. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2007; 78:515-23. [PMID: 16936940 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652006000300011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 02/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two major memory systems have been recognized over the years (Squire 1987): the declarative memory system, which is under the control of the hippocampus and related temporal lobe structures, and the procedural or habit memory system, which is under the control of the striatum and its connections. Most if not all learning tasks studied in animals, however, involve either the performance or the suppression of movement; this, if learned well, may be viewed as having become a habit. It is agreed that memory rules change from their first association to those that take place when the task is mastered. Does this change of rules involve a switch from one memory system to another? Here we will comment on: 1) reversal learning in the Morris water maze (MWM), in which the declarative or spatial component of a task is changed but the procedural component (to swim to safety) persists and needs to be re-linked with a different set of spatial cues; and 2) a series of observations on an inhibitory avoidance task that indicate that the brain systems involved change with further learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine I Rossato
- Centro de Memória, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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35
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Tsoory MM, Vouimba RM, Akirav I, Kavushansky A, Avital A, Richter-Levin G. Amygdala modulation of memory-related processes in the hippocampus: potential relevance to PTSD. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2007; 167:35-51. [PMID: 18037005 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(07)67003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A key assumption in the study of stress-induced cognitive and neurobiological modifications is that alterations in hippocampal functioning after stress are due to an excessive activity exerted by the amygdala on the hippocampus. Research so far focused on stress-induced impairment of hippocampal plasticity and memory but an exposure to stress may simultaneously also result in strong emotional memories. In fact, under normal conditions emotionally charged events are better remembered compared with neutral ones. Results indicate that under these conditions there is an increase in activity within the amygdala that may lead to memory of a different quality. Studying the way emotionality activates the amygdala and the functional impact of this activation we found that the amygdala modulates memory-related processes in other brain areas, such as the hippocampus. However, this modulation is complex, involving both enhancing and suppressing effects, depending on the way the amygdala is activated and the hippocampal subregion examined. The current review summarizes our findings and attempts to put them in context with the impact of an exposure to a traumatic experience, in which there is a mixture of a strong memory of some aspects of the experience but impaired memory of other aspects of that experience. Toward that end, we have recently developed an animal model for the induction of predisposition to stress-related disorders, focusing on the consequences of exposure to stressors during juvenility on the ability to cope with stress in adulthood. Exposing juvenile-stressed rats to an additional stressful challenge in adulthood revealed their impairment to cope with stress and resulted in significant elevation of the amygdala. Interestingly, and similar to our electrophysiological findings, differential effects were observed between the impact of the emotional challenge on CA1 and dentate gyrus subregions of the hippocampus. Taken together, the results indicate that long-term alterations within the amygdala contribute to stress-related mnemonic symptoms and suggest that elucidating further these intra-amygdala alterations and their effects on modulating other brain regions is likely to be beneficial for the development of novel approaches to treat stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Tsoory
- Department of Psychology and the Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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36
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Ahmadi S, Zarrindast MR, Haeri-Rohani A, Rezayof A, Nouri M. Nicotine improves morphine-induced impairment of memory: Possible involvement ofN-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the nucleus accumbens. Dev Neurobiol 2007; 67:1118-27. [PMID: 17565710 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The possible involvement of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in nicotine's effect on impairment of memory by morphine was investigated. A passive avoidance task was used for memory assessment in male Wistar rats. Subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of morphine (5 and 10 mg/kg) after training impaired memory performance in the animals when tested 24 h later. Pretest administration of the same doses of morphine reversed impairment of memory because of post-training administration of the opioid. Moreover, administration of nicotine (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg, s.c.) before the test prevented impairment of memory by morphine (5 mg/kg) given after training. Impairment of memory performance in the animals because of post-training administration of morphine (5 mg/kg) was also prevented by pretest administration of a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801 (0.75 and 1 microg/rat). Interestingly, an ineffective dose of MK-801 (0.5 microg/rat) in combination with low doses (0.075 and 0.1 mg/kg) of nicotine, which had no effects alone, synergistically improved memory performance impaired by morphine given after training. On the other hand, pretest administration of NMDA (0.1 and 0.5 microg/rat), which had no effect alone, in combination with an effective dose (0.4 mg/kg, s.c.) of nicotine prevented the improving effect of nicotine on memory impaired by pretreatment morphine. The results suggest a possible role for NMDA receptors of the NAc in the improving effect of nicotine on the morphine-induced amnesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamseddin Ahmadi
- Department of Animal biology, School of Biology, University College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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37
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Izquierdo I, Bevilaqua LRM, Rossato JI, Bonini JS, Medina JH, Cammarota M. Different molecular cascades in different sites of the brain control memory consolidation. Trends Neurosci 2006; 29:496-505. [PMID: 16872686 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2006.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Revised: 06/01/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To understand cognition, it is important to understand how a learned response becomes a long-lasting memory. This process of memory consolidation has been modeled extensively using one-trial avoidance learning, in which animals (or humans) establish a conditioned response by learning to avoid danger in just one trial. This relies on molecular events in the CA1 region of the hippocampus that resemble those involved in CA1 long-term potentiation (LTP), and it also requires equivalent events to occur with different timings in the basolateral amygdala and the entorhinal, parietal and cingulate cortex. Many of these steps are modulated by monoaminergic pathways related to the perception of and reaction to emotion, which at least partly explains why strong and resistant consolidation is typical of emotion-laden memories. Thus memory consolidation involves a complex network of brain systems and serial and parallel molecular events, even for a task as deceptively simple as one-trial avoidance. We propose that these molecular events might also be involved in many other memory types in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Izquierdo
- Centro de Memoria, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital Sao Lucas, Av. Ipiranga 6690, 2 Andar, (90610-000) Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.
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Izquierdo I, Bevilaqua LRM, Rossato JI, Bonini JS, Da Silva WC, Medina JH, Cammarota M. The connection between the hippocampal and the striatal memory systems of the brain: A review of recent findings. Neurotox Res 2006; 10:113-21. [PMID: 17062373 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Two major memory systems have been recognized over the years (Squire, in Memory and Brain, 1987): the declarative memory system, which is under the control of the hippocampus and related temporal lobe structures, and the procedural or habit memory system, which is under the control of the striatum and its connections (Mishkin et al., in Neurobiology of Learning by G Lynch et al., 1984; Knowlton et al., Science 273:1399, 1996). Most if not all learning tasks studied in animals, however, involve either the performance or the suppression of movement. Animals acquire connections between environmental or discrete sensory cues (conditioned stimuli, CSs) and emotionally or otherwise significant stimuli (unconditioned stimuli, USs). As a result, they learn to perform or to inhibit the performance of certain motor responses to the CS which, when learned well, become what can only be called habits (Mishkin et al., 1984): to regularly walk or swim to a place or away from a place, or to inhibit one or several forms of movement. These responses can be viewed as conditioned responses (CRs) and may sometimes be very complex. This is of course also seen in humans: people learn how to play on a keyboard in response to a mental or written script and perform the piano or write a text; with practice, the performance improves and eventually reaches a high criterion and becomes a habit, performed almost if not completely without awareness. Commuting to school in a big city in the shortest possible time and eschewing the dangers is a complex learning that children acquire to the point of near-perfection. It is agreed that the rules that connect the perception of the CS and the expression of the CR change from their first association to those that take place when the task is mastered. Does this change of rules involve a switch from one memory system to another? Are different brain systems used the first time one plays a sonata or goes to school as compared with the 100th time? Here we will comment on: 1) reversal learning in the Morris water maze (MWM), in which the declarative or spatial component of a task is changed but the procedural component (to swim) persists and needs to be re-linked with a different set of spatial cues; and 2) a series of observations on an inhibitory avoidance task that indicate that the brain systems involved change with further learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Izquierdo
- Centro de Memoria, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Andar (90610-000) Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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Kavushansky A, Richter-Levin G. Effects of stress and corticosterone on activity and plasticity in the amygdala. J Neurosci Res 2006; 84:1580-7. [PMID: 16998919 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The basolateral amygdala (BLA) has been repeatedly shown to mediate the effects of stress on memory-related processes. However, the way in which stress influences BLA itself has not been fully explored. We studied the effects of stress and corticosterone (CORT) on activity and plasticity in the BLA in the rat, using the electrophysiological procedure of long-term potentiation (LTP) induction in vivo. Rats were exposed to an acute elevated-platform stress or administered vehicle or 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, or 25 mg/kg of CORT systemically, after which they were anesthetized and prepared for field potential recording in the BLA, in response to stimulation of the entorhinal cortex. The elevated platform stress enhanced baseline responses in BLA and plasma CORT but inhibited amygdalar LTP. Systemic injections of CORT enhanced baseline responses in BLA in a dose-dependent manner but did not influence amygdalar LTP. Posttetanic potentiation (PTP) was similarly reduced in CORT- and vehicle-injected groups, possibly because of an additional stress from the injection, thus implying that PTP and LTP in the amygdala differentially react to stress. These results suggest that the increase in amygdalar baseline activity following the exposure to stress may be mediated by the concomitant increase in plasma CORT. However, the suppression of amygdalar LTP is not a result of elevated levels of CORT, suggesting that activity and plasticity in the amygdala might be mediated by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kavushansky
- Department of Psychology and Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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