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Tavari T, Meamardoost S, Sepehry N, Akbarzadeh P, Nazari M, Hashemi NN, Nazari M. Effects of 3D electrodes arrangement in a novel AC electroosmotic micropump: Numerical modeling and experimental validation. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:450-461. [PMID: 36448415 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
To date, a comprehensive systematic optimization framework, capable of accurately predicting an efficient electrode geometry, is not available. Here, different geometries, including 3D step electrodes, have been designed in order to fabricate AC electroosmosis micropumps. It is essential to optimize both geometrical parameters of electrode, such as width and height of steps on each base electrode and their location in one pair, the size of each base electrode (symmetric or asymmetric), the gap of electrode pairs, and nongeometrical parameters such as fluid flow in a channel and electrical characteristics (e.g., frequency and voltage). The governing equations comprising of electric domain and fluid domain have been coupled using finite element method. The developed model was employed to investigate the effect of electrode geometric parameters on electroosmotic slip velocity and its subsequent effect on pressure and flow rate. Numerical simulation indicates that the optimal performance can be achieved using a design with varying step height and displacement, at a given voltage (2.5 V) and frequency (1 kHz). Finally, in order to validate the numerical simulation, the optimal microchip was fabricated using a combination of photolithography, electroplating, and a polydimethylsiloxane microchannel. Our results indicate that our micropump is capable of generating a pressure, velocity, and flow rate of 74.2 Pa, 1.76 mm/s, and 14.8 µl/min, respectively. This result reveals that our proposed geometry outperforms the state-of-the-art micropumps previously reported in the literature by improving the fluid velocity by 32%, with 80% less electrodes per unit length, and whereas the channel length is ∼80% shorter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tannaz Tavari
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Saber Meamardoost
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Naserodin Sepehry
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Pooria Akbarzadeh
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Mostafa Nazari
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Nicole N Hashemi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Mohsen Nazari
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
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2
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Chai Z, Childress A, Busnaina AA. Directed Assembly of Nanomaterials for Making Nanoscale Devices and Structures: Mechanisms and Applications. ACS NANO 2022; 16:17641-17686. [PMID: 36269234 PMCID: PMC9706815 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanofabrication has been utilized to manufacture one-, two-, and three-dimensional functional nanostructures for applications such as electronics, sensors, and photonic devices. Although conventional silicon-based nanofabrication (top-down approach) has developed into a technique with extremely high precision and integration density, nanofabrication based on directed assembly (bottom-up approach) is attracting more interest recently owing to its low cost and the advantages of additive manufacturing. Directed assembly is a process that utilizes external fields to directly interact with nanoelements (nanoparticles, 2D nanomaterials, nanotubes, nanowires, etc.) and drive the nanoelements to site-selectively assemble in patterned areas on substrates to form functional structures. Directed assembly processes can be divided into four different categories depending on the external fields: electric field-directed assembly, fluidic flow-directed assembly, magnetic field-directed assembly, and optical field-directed assembly. In this review, we summarize recent progress utilizing these four processes and address how these directed assembly processes harness the external fields, the underlying mechanism of how the external fields interact with the nanoelements, and the advantages and drawbacks of utilizing each method. Finally, we discuss applications made using directed assembly and provide a perspective on the future developments and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Chai
- State
Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
- NSF
Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for High-Rate Nanomanufacturing
(CHN), Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Anthony Childress
- NSF
Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for High-Rate Nanomanufacturing
(CHN), Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Ahmed A. Busnaina
- NSF
Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for High-Rate Nanomanufacturing
(CHN), Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
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3
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Leveraging spreadsheet analysis tool for electrically actuated start-up flow of non-Newtonian fluid in small-scale systems. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20059. [PMID: 36414649 PMCID: PMC9681873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we demonstrate the solution methodology of start-up electrokinetic flow of non-Newtonian fluids in a microfluidic channel having square cross-section using Spreadsheet analysis tool. In order to incorporate the rheology of the non-Newtonian fluids, we take into consideration the Ostwald-de Waele power law model. By making a comprehensive discussion on the implementation details of the discretized form of the transport equations in Spreadsheet analysis tool, and establishing the analytical solution for a special case of the start-up flow, we compare the results both during initial transience as well as in case of steady-state scenario. Also, to substantiate the efficacy of the proposed spreadsheet analysis in addressing the detailed flow physics of rheological fluids, we verify the results for several cases with the corresponding numerical results. It is found that the solution obtained from the Spreadsheet analysis is in good agreement with the numerical results—a finding supporting spreadsheet analysis's suitability for capturing the fine details of microscale flows. We strongly believe that our analysis study will open up a new research scope in simulating microscale transport process of non-Newtonian fluids in the framework of cost-effective and non-time consuming manner.
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Silva RKS, Rauf S, Dong M, Chen L, Bagci H, Salama KN. 3D Concentric Electrodes-Based Alternating Current Electrohydrodynamics: Design, Simulation, Fabrication, and Potential Applications for Bioassays. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:215. [PMID: 35448276 PMCID: PMC9028247 DOI: 10.3390/bios12040215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional concentric asymmetric microelectrodes play a crucial role in developing sensitive and specific biological assays using fluid micromixing generated by alternating current electrohydrodynamics (ac-EHD). This paper reports the design, simulation, fabrication, and characterization of fluid motion generated by 3D concentric microelectrodes for the first time. Electric field simulations are used to compare electric field distribution at the electrodes and to analyze its effects on microfluidic micromixing in 2D and 3D electrodes. Three-dimensional devices show higher electric field peak values, resulting in better fluid micromixing than 2D devices. As a proof of concept, we design a simple biological assay comprising specific attachment of streptavidin beads onto the biotin-modified electrodes (2D and 3D), which shows ~40% higher efficiency of capturing specific beads in the case of 3D ac-EHD device compared to the 2D device. Our results show a significant contribution toward developing 3D ac-EHD devices that can be used to create more efficient biological assays in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaela K. S. Silva
- Sensors Laboratory, Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Centre (AMPMC), Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (R.K.S.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Sakandar Rauf
- Sensors Laboratory, Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Centre (AMPMC), Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (R.K.S.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Ming Dong
- Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Program, Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Science and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (M.D.); (L.C.); (H.B.)
| | - Liang Chen
- Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Program, Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Science and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (M.D.); (L.C.); (H.B.)
| | - Hakan Bagci
- Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Program, Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Science and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (M.D.); (L.C.); (H.B.)
| | - Khaled N. Salama
- Sensors Laboratory, Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Centre (AMPMC), Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (R.K.S.S.); (S.R.)
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5
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Wang J, Wuethrich A, Lobb RJ, Antaw F, Sina AAI, Lane RE, Zhou Q, Zieschank C, Bell C, Bonazzi VF, Aoude LG, Everitt S, Yeo B, Barbour AP, Möller A, Trau M. Characterizing the Heterogeneity of Small Extracellular Vesicle Populations in Multiple Cancer Types via an Ultrasensitive Chip. ACS Sens 2021; 6:3182-3194. [PMID: 34264628 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Identifying small extracellular vesicle (sEV) subpopulations based on their different molecular signatures could potentially reveal the functional roles in physiology and pathology. However, it is a challenge to achieve this aim due to the nano-sized dimensions of sEVs, low quantities of biological cargo each sEV carries, and our incomplete knowledge of identifying features capable of separating heterogeneous sEV subpopulations. Here, a sensitive, multiplexed, and nano-mixing-enhanced sEV subpopulation characterization platform (ESCP) is proposed to precisely determine the sEV phenotypic heterogeneity and understand the role of sEV heterogeneity in cancer progression and metastasis. The ESCP utilizes spatially patterned anti-tetraspanin-functionalized micro-arrays for sEV subpopulation sorting and nanobarcode-based surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for multiplexed read-outs. An ESCP has been used for investigating sEV phenotypic heterogeneity in terms of canonical sEV tetraspanin molecules and cancer-associated protein biomarkers in both cancer cell line models and cancer patient samples. Our data explicitly demonstrate the selective enrichment of tetraspanins and cancer-associated protein biomarkers, in particular sEV subpopulations. Therefore, it is believed that the ESCP could enable the evaluation and broader application of sEV subpopulations as potential diagnostic disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Alain Wuethrich
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Richard J. Lobb
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Fiach Antaw
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Abu Ali Ibn Sina
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Rebecca E. Lane
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Quan Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Chloe Zieschank
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Caroline Bell
- School of Cancer Medicine, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Vanessa F. Bonazzi
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Lauren G. Aoude
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Sarah Everitt
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Belinda Yeo
- School of Cancer Medicine, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
- Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Andrew P. Barbour
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
- Queensland Melanoma Project, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Andreas Möller
- Tumour Microenvironment Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Matt Trau
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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6
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Mondal PK, Roy M. Spreadsheet analysis of the field-driven start-up flow in a microfluidic channel. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:2465-2473. [PMID: 33856072 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We discuss, in this article, the solution method of the unsteady electroosmotic flow of Newtonian fluid in a square microfluidic channel cross-section in the framework of spreadsheet analysis. We demonstrate the implementation of the finite difference scheme, which is used for the discretization of the transport equations governing the flow dynamics of the present problem, in the spreadsheet tool. Also, we have shown the implementation details of different boundary conditions, which are typically used for the underlying electrohydrodynamics in a microfluidic channel, in the spreadsheet analysis tool. We show that the results obtained from the spreadsheet analysis match accurately with the numerical solutions for both the electrostatic potential distribution and the flow velocity. Our results of this analysis justify the credibility of the spreadsheet tool for capturing the intricate details of the electrically actuated microflows during the initial transiences, that is, for the start-up flows and the phenomenon due to the electrical double layer effect, quite effectively. The inferences of this analysis will open up a new research paradigm of microfluidics and microscale transport processes by providing the potential applicability of the spreadsheet tools to obtain the flow physics of our interest in a very intuitive and less expensive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranab Kumar Mondal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Microfluidics and Microscale Transport Processes Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
| | - Manideep Roy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, India
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7
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Echouchene F, Al-shahrani T, Belmabrouk H. Simulation of the Slip Velocity Effect in an AC Electrothermal Micropump. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11090825. [PMID: 32878031 PMCID: PMC7569861 DOI: 10.3390/mi11090825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The principal aim of this study was to analyze the effect of slip velocity at the microchannel wall on an alternating current electrothermal (ACET) flow micropump fitted with several pairs of electrodes. Using the finite element method (FEM), the coupled momentum, energy, and Poisson equations with and without slip boundary conditions have been solved to compute the velocity, temperature, and electrical field in the microchannel. The effects of the frequency and the voltage, and the electrical and thermal conductivities, respectively, of the electrolyte solution and the substrate material, have been minutely analyzed in the presence and absence of slip velocity. The slip velocity was simulated along the microchannel walls at different values of slip length. The results revealed that the slip velocity at the wall channel has a significant impact on the flow field. The existence of slip velocity at the wall increases the shear stress and therefore enhances the pumping efficiency. It was observed that higher average pumping velocity was achieved for larger slip length. When a glass substrate was used, the effect of the presence of the slip velocity was more manifest. This study shows also that the effect of slip velocity on the flow field is very important and must be taken into consideration in an ACET micropump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraj Echouchene
- Electronic and Microelectronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia;
| | - Thamraa Al-shahrani
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hafedh Belmabrouk
- Electronic and Microelectronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia;
- Department of Physics, College of Science at Zulfi, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
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8
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Precise capture and dynamic relocation of nanoparticulate biomolecules through dielectrophoretic enhancement by vertical nanogap architectures. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2804. [PMID: 32499540 PMCID: PMC7272609 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16630-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Toward the development of surface-sensitive analytical techniques for biosensors and diagnostic biochip assays, a local integration of low-concentration target materials into the sensing region of interest is essential to improve the sensitivity and reliability of the devices. As a result, the dynamic process of sorting and accurate positioning the nanoparticulate biomolecules within pre-defined micro/nanostructures is critical, however, it remains a huge hurdle for the realization of practical surface-sensitive biosensors and biochips. A scalable, massive, and non-destructive trapping methodology based on dielectrophoretic forces is highly demanded for assembling nanoparticles and biosensing tools. Herein, we propose a vertical nanogap architecture with an electrode-insulator-electrode stack structure, facilitating the generation of strong dielectrophoretic forces at low voltages, to precisely capture and spatiotemporally manipulate nanoparticles and molecular assemblies, including lipid vesicles and amyloid-beta protofibrils/oligomers. Our vertical nanogap platform, allowing low-voltage nanoparticle captures on optical metasurface designs, provides new opportunities for constructing advanced surface-sensitive optoelectronic sensors. Label-free trapping of nanoparticles via dielectophoretic forces is traditionally done with electrodes in a horizontal gap layout. Here, the authors present a vertical nanogap architecture, which allows for precise capture and spatiotemporal manipulation of nanoparticles and molecular assemblies.
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9
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Modarres P, Tabrizian M. Phase-controlled field-effect micromixing using AC electroosmosis. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:60. [PMID: 34567671 PMCID: PMC8433414 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-0166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The exploration and application of electrokinetic techniques in micro total analysis systems have become ubiquitous in recent years, and scientists are expanding the use of such techniques in areas where comparable active or passive methods are not as successful. In this work, for the first time, we utilize the concept of AC electroosmosis to design a phase-controlled field-effect micromixer that benefits from a three-finger sinusoidally shaped electrodes. Analogous to field-effect transistor devices, the principle of operation for the proposed micromixer is governed by the source-gate and source-drain voltage potentials that are modulated by introducing a phase lag between the driving electrodes. At an optimized flow rate and biasing scheme, we demonstrate that the source, gate, and drain voltage phase relations can be configured such that the micromixer switches from an unmixed state (phase shift of 0°) to a mixed state (phase shift of 180°). High mixing efficiencies beyond 90% was achieved at a volumetric flow rate of 4 µL/min corresponding to ~13.9 mm/s at optimized voltage excitation conditions. Finally, we employed the proposed micromixer for the synthesis of nanoscale lipid-based drug delivery vesicles through the process of electrohydrodynamic-mediated nanoprecipitation. The phase-controlled electrohydrodynamic mixing utilized for the nanoprecipitation technique proved that nanoparticles of improved monodispersity and concentration can be produced when mixing efficiency is enhanced by tuning the phase shifts between electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paresa Modarres
- Biomedical Engineering Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Maryam Tabrizian
- Biomedical Engineering Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 2001 McGill College Ave, Montreal, QC Canada
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10
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Farzanehnia A, Taheri A. Optimization and parametric study of AC electroosmotic micropumping by response surface method. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-1605-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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11
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Wuethrich A, Rajkumar AR, Shanmugasundaram KB, Reza KK, Dey S, Howard CB, Sina AAI, Trau M. Single droplet detection of immune checkpoints on a multiplexed electrohydrodynamic biosensor. Analyst 2019; 144:6914-6921. [PMID: 31657376 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01450k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring soluble immune checkpoints in circulating fluids has the potential for minimally-invasive diagnostics and personalised therapy in precision medicine. Yet, the sensitive detection of multiple immune checkpoints from small volumes of liquid biopsy samples is challenging. In this study, we develop a multiplexed immune checkpoint biosensor (MICB) for parallel detection of soluble immune checkpoints PD-1, PD-L1, and LAG-3. MICB integrates a microfluidic sandwich immunoassay using engineered single chain variable fragments and alternating current electrohydrodynamic in situ nanofluidic mixing for promoting biosensor-target interaction and reducing non-specific non-target binding. MICB provides advantages of simultaneous analysis of up to 28 samples in <2 h, requires as little as a single sample drop (i.e., 20 μL) per target immune checkpoint, and applies high-affinity yeast cell-derived single chain variable fragments as a cost-effective alternative to monoclonal antibodies. We investigate the assay performance of MICB and demonstrate its capability for accurate immune checkpoint detection in simulated patient serum samples at clinically-relevant levels. MICB provides a dynamic range of 5 to 200 pg mL-1 for PD-1 and PD-L1, and 50 to 1000 pg mL-1 for LAG-3 with a coefficient of variation <13.8%. Sensitive immune checkpoint detection was achieved with limits of detection values of 5 pg mL-1 for PD-1, 5 pg mL-1 for PD-L1, and 50 pg mL-1 for LAG-3. The multiplexing capability, sensitivity, and relative assay simplicity of MICB make it capable of serving as a bioanalytical tool for immune checkpoint therapy monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Wuethrich
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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12
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Salari A, Navi M, Lijnse T, Dalton C. AC Electrothermal Effect in Microfluidics: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E762. [PMID: 31717932 PMCID: PMC6915365 DOI: 10.3390/mi10110762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The electrothermal effect has been investigated extensively in microfluidics since the 1990s and has been suggested as a promising technique for fluid manipulations in lab-on-a-chip devices. The purpose of this article is to provide a timely overview of the previous works conducted in the AC electrothermal field to provide a comprehensive reference for researchers new to this field. First, electrokinetic phenomena are briefly introduced to show where the electrothermal effect stands, comparatively, versus other mechanisms. Then, recent advances in the electrothermal field are reviewed from different aspects and categorized to provide a better insight into the current state of the literature. Results and achievements of different studies are compared, and recommendations are made to help researchers weigh their options and decide on proper configuration and parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alinaghi Salari
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada;
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Maryam Navi
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada;
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Thomas Lijnse
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
| | - Colin Dalton
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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13
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Goel M, Singh A, Bhola A, Gupta S. Size-Tunable Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles Using Competitive AC Electrokinetics. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:8015-8024. [PMID: 30879298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Alternating current (AC) electrokinetics is a facile way of patterning colloidal particles into advanced structures. We demonstrate the combined use of AC dielectrophoresis (AC-DEP) and AC electrohydrodynamics (AC-EHD) in a microwell electrode geometry for size-tunable assembly of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) into one-dimensional microwires and two-dimensional films. The AC-DEP force scales with both particle size and field frequency, whereas the AC-EHD force depends only on the field frequency. So, a critical particle diameter ( dc) exists, below which the EHD phenomenon becomes more important and beyond which the DEP force is dominating. We performed theoretical and experimental studies to determine " dc" and how it gets affected by operating parameters like field frequency, voltage, particle number, electrolyte concentration, electrode size, and geometry. Our results show that the morphologies of the colloidal structures transition from films to microwires as the NP diameters vary from nanometers (< dc) to microns (> dc), and no assembly takes place at intermediate sizes (∼ dc). While the film formation is governed purely by surface EHD flows, microwire synthesis is a result of EHD-assisted DEP phenomenon. Also, a minimum particle number, a low salt concentration, and an optimum frequency range is required to initiate assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenal Goel
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD) , New Delhi 110016 , India
| | - Akshay Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD) , New Delhi 110016 , India
| | - Ashwin Bhola
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD) , New Delhi 110016 , India
| | - Shalini Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD) , New Delhi 110016 , India
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Shin JH, Kim K, Woo H, Kang IS, Kang HW, Choi W, Lim G. One-directional flow of ionic solutions along fine electrodes under an alternating current electric field. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:180657. [PMID: 30891253 PMCID: PMC6408404 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Electric fields are widely used for controlling liquids in various research fields. To control a liquid, an alternating current (AC) electric field can offer unique advantages over a direct current (DC) electric field, such as fast and programmable flows and reduced side effects, namely the generation of gas bubbles. Here, we demonstrate one-directional flow along carbon nanotube nanowires under an AC electric field, with no additional equipment or frequency matching. This phenomenon has the following characteristics: First, the flow rates of the transported liquid were changed by altering the frequency showing Gaussian behaviour. Second, a particular frequency generated maximum liquid flow. Third, flow rates with an AC electric field (approximately nanolitre per minute) were much faster than those of a DC electric field (approximately picolitre per minute). Fourth, the flow rates could be controlled by changing the applied voltage, frequency, ion concentration of the solution and offset voltage. Our finding of microfluidic control using an AC electric field could provide a new method for controlling liquids in various research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwal Shin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungnam University, 7 Kyungnamdaehak-ro, Masanhappo-gu, Changwon, Gyeongsangnam-do 51767, South Korea
| | - Kanghyun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San31, Hyoja-dong, Pohang, Gyeongsangbuk-do 790-784, South Korea
| | - Hyeonsu Woo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San31, Hyoja-dong, Pohang, Gyeongsangbuk-do 790-784, South Korea
| | - In Seok Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San31, Hyoja-dong, Pohang, Gyeongsangbuk-do 790-784, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Wook Kang
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50, UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - WooSeok Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, 50 Daehak-Ro, Chungju, Chungcheongbuk-do 380-702, South Korea
| | - Geunbae Lim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San31, Hyoja-dong, Pohang, Gyeongsangbuk-do 790-784, South Korea
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15
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Luo T, Fan L, Zhu R, Sun D. Microfluidic Single-Cell Manipulation and Analysis: Methods and Applications. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E104. [PMID: 30717128 PMCID: PMC6412357 DOI: 10.3390/mi10020104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In a forest of a hundred thousand trees, no two leaves are alike. Similarly, no two cells in a genetically identical group are the same. This heterogeneity at the single-cell level has been recognized to be vital for the correct interpretation of diagnostic and therapeutic results of diseases, but has been masked for a long time by studying average responses from a population. To comprehensively understand cell heterogeneity, diverse manipulation and comprehensive analysis of cells at the single-cell level are demanded. However, using traditional biological tools, such as petri-dishes and well-plates, is technically challengeable for manipulating and analyzing single-cells with small size and low concentration of target biomolecules. With the development of microfluidics, which is a technology of manipulating and controlling fluids in the range of micro- to pico-liters in networks of channels with dimensions from tens to hundreds of microns, single-cell study has been blooming for almost two decades. Comparing to conventional petri-dish or well-plate experiments, microfluidic single-cell analysis offers advantages of higher throughput, smaller sample volume, automatic sample processing, and lower contamination risk, etc., which made microfluidics an ideal technology for conducting statically meaningful single-cell research. In this review, we will summarize the advances of microfluidics for single-cell manipulation and analysis from the aspects of methods and applications. First, various methods, such as hydrodynamic and electrical approaches, for microfluidic single-cell manipulation will be summarized. Second, single-cell analysis ranging from cellular to genetic level by using microfluidic technology is summarized. Last, we will also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various microfluidic methods for single-cell manipulation, and then outlook the trend of microfluidic single-cell analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Lei Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Rong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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16
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Huang L, He W, Wang W. A cell electro-rotation micro-device using polarized cells as electrodes. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:784-791. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument; Department of Precision Instrument; Tsinghua University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Weihua He
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument; Department of Precision Instrument; Tsinghua University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument; Department of Precision Instrument; Tsinghua University; Beijing P. R. China
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17
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Gao X, Li Y. Biofluid pumping and mixing by an AC electrothermal micropump embedded with a spiral microelectrode pair in a cylindrical microchannel. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:3156-3170. [PMID: 30194859 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we numerically investigated a multifunctional AC electrothermal (ACET) micropump embedded with an asymmetric spiral microelectrode pair in a cylindrical microchannel for simultaneous pumping and mixing in high-conductivity fluids, which makes the pump useful for biofluid applications. When an AC signal was applied to the asymmetric spiral electrode pair, the vortices induced on the electrode surfaces with centerlines along the corresponding spiral electrode length exhibit a spiral distribution, and the net flow in the cylindrical microchannel is generated by the ACET effect. The vorticity field distribution can explain the mechanism of simultaneous pumping and mixing. Because the vorticity field is inclined against the microchannel direction, vortices on top of the spiral electrodes can affect the ACET flow in the following two aspects at the same time: one is pumping the flow in the microchannel direction, and the other is mixing the samples by stirring the flow. We also determined that the geometric ratios of the electrode width to the gap or slant angle of the spiral electrodes can feasibly be used to control the relative strength of the pumping and mixing capabilities, and we achieved an optimal design that gives both desirable pumping and mixing efficiencies. This study shows that the spiral ACET micropump design can rapidly drive the high-conductivity fluids and efficiently mix samples simultaneously. The numerical simulation of the spiral ACET micropump is of significant importance for practical, chemical and biological applications, and feasible fabrication techiniques should be experimentally investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Gao
- School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Yuxiao Li
- School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P. R. China
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18
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Huang L, Zhao P, Wang W. 3D cell electrorotation and imaging for measuring multiple cellular biophysical properties. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:2359-2368. [PMID: 29946598 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00407b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
3D rotation is one of many fundamental manipulations to cells and imperative in a wide range of applications in single cell analysis involving biology, chemistry, physics and medicine. In this article, we report a dielectrophoresis-based, on-chip manipulation method that can load and rotate a single cell for 3D cell imaging and multiple biophysical property measurements. To achieve this, we trapped a single cell in constriction and subsequently released it to a rotation chamber formed by four sidewall electrodes and one transparent bottom electrode. In the rotation chamber, rotating electric fields were generated by applying appropriate AC signals to the electrodes for driving the single cell to rotate in 3D under control. The rotation spectrum for in-plane rotation was used to extract the cellular dielectric properties based on a spherical single-shell model, and the stacked images of out-of-plane cell rotation were used to reconstruct the 3D cell morphology to determine its geometric parameters. We have tested the capabilities of our method by rotating four representative mammalian cells including HeLa, C3H10, B lymphocyte, and HepaRG. Using our device, we quantified the area-specific membrane capacitance and cytoplasm conductivity for the four cells, and revealed the subtle difference of geometric parameters (i.e., surface area, volume, and roughness) by 3D cell imaging of cancer cells and normal leukocytes. Combining microfluidics, dielectrophoresis, and microscopic imaging techniques, our electrorotation-on-chip (EOC) technique is a versatile method for manipulating single cells under investigation and measuring their multiple biophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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19
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Wuethrich A, Sina AAI, Ahmed M, Lin TY, Carrascosa LG, Trau M. Interfacial nano-mixing in a miniaturised platform enables signal enhancement and in situ detection of cancer biomarkers. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:10884-10890. [PMID: 29565425 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr09496e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial biosensing performs the detection of biomolecules at the bare-metal interface for disease diagnosis by comparing how biological species derived from patients and healthy individuals interact with bare metal surfaces. This technique retrieves clinicopathological information without complex surface functionalisation which is a major limitation of conventional techniques. However, it is still challenging to detect subtle molecular changes by interfacial biosensing, and the detection often requires prolonged sensing times due to the slow diffusion process of the biomolecules towards the sensor surface. Herein, we report on a novel strategy for interfacial biosensing which involves in situ electrochemical detection under the action of an electric field-induced nanoscopic flow at nanometre distance to the sensing surface. This nanomixing significantly increases target adsorption, reduces sensing time, and enables the detection of small molecular changes with enhanced sensitivity. Using a multiplex electrochemical microdevice that enables nanomixing and in situ label-free electrochemical detection, we demonstrate the detection of multiple cancer biomarkers on the same device. We present data for the detection of aberrant phosphorylation in the EGFR protein and hypermethylation in the EN1 gene region. Our method significantly shortens the assay period (from 40 min and 20 min to 3 minutes for protein and DNA, respectively), increases the sensitivity by up to two orders of magnitude, and improves detection specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Wuethrich
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Abu Ali Ibn Sina
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Mostak Ahmed
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Ting-Yun Lin
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Laura G Carrascosa
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Matt Trau
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia. and School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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20
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21
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Hossan MR, Dutta D, Islam N, Dutta P. Review: Electric field driven pumping in microfluidic device. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:702-731. [PMID: 29130508 PMCID: PMC5832652 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pumping of fluids with precise control is one of the key components in a microfluidic device. The electric field has been used as one of the most popular and efficient nonmechanical pumping mechanism to transport fluids in microchannels from the very early stage of microfluidic technology development. This review presents fundamental physics and theories of the different microscale phenomena that arise due to the application of an electric field in fluids, which can be applied for pumping of fluids in microdevices. Specific mechanisms considered in this report are electroosmosis, AC electroosmosis, AC electrothermal, induced charge electroosmosis, traveling wave dielectrophoresis, and liquid dielectrophoresis. Each phenomenon is discussed systematically with theoretical rigor and role of relevant key parameters are identified for pumping in microdevices. We specifically discussed the electric field driven body force term for each phenomenon using generalized Maxwell stress tensor as well as simplified effective dipole moment based method. Both experimental and theoretical works by several researchers are highlighted in this article for each electric field driven pumping mechanism. The detailed understanding of these phenomena and relevant key parameters are critical for better utilization, modulation, and selection of appropriate phenomenon for efficient pumping in a specific microfluidic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R. Hossan
- Department of Engineering and Physics, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK 73034, USA
| | - Diganta Dutta
- Department of Physics, University of Nebraska, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - Nazmul Islam
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, TX, USA
| | - Prashanta Dutta
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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22
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Zhao W, Liu X, Yang F, Wang K, Bai J, Qiao R, Wang G. Study of Oscillating Electroosmotic Flows with High Temporal and Spatial Resolution. Anal Chem 2018; 90:1652-1659. [PMID: 29256244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Near-wall velocity of oscillating electroosmotic flow (OEOF) driven by an AC electric field has been investigated using a laser-induced fluorescence photobleaching anemometer (LIFPA). For the first time, an up to 3 kHz velocity response of OEOF has been successfully measured experimentally, even though the oscillating velocity is as low as 600 nm/s. It is found that the oscillating velocity decays with the forcing frequency ff as ff-0.66. In the investigated range of electric field intensity (EA), below 1 kHz, the linear relation between oscillating velocity and EA is also observed. Because the oscillating velocity at high frequency is very small, the contribution of noise to velocity measurement is significant, and it is discussed in this manuscript. The investigation reveals the instantaneous response of OEOF to the temporal change of electric fields, which exists in almost all AC electrokinetic flows. Furthermore, the experimental observations are important for designing OEOF-based micro/nanofluidics systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Institute of Photonics and Photon-technology, International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Photoelectric Technology and Functional Materials and Application, Northwest University , 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China.,Department of Mechanical Engineering & Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaige Wang
- Institute of Photonics and Photon-technology, International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Photoelectric Technology and Functional Materials and Application, Northwest University , 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Jintao Bai
- Institute of Photonics and Photon-technology, International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Photoelectric Technology and Functional Materials and Application, Northwest University , 229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Qiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Guiren Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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23
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Sugioka H, Nakano N. High-speed broadband elastic actuator in water using induced-charge electro-osmosis with a skew structure. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:013105. [PMID: 29448448 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.013105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An artificial cilium using ac electro-osmosis (ACEO) is attractive because of its large potentiality for innovative microfluidic applications. However, the ACEO cilium has not been probed experimentally and has a shortcoming that the working frequency range is very narrow. Thus, we here propose an ACEO elastic actuator having a skew structure that broadens a working frequency range and experimentally demonstrate that the elastic actuator in water can be driven with a high-speed (∼10 Hz) and a wide frequency range (∼0.1 to ∼10 kHz). Moreover, we propose a simple self-consistent model that explains the broadband characteristic due to the skew structure with other characteristics. By comparing the theoretical results with the experimental results, we find that they agree fairly well. We believe that our ACEO elastic actuator will play an important role in microfluidics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Sugioka
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Naoki Nakano
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
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24
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Ivanoff CS, Wu JJ, Mirzajani H, Cheng C, Yuan Q, Kevorkyan S, Gaydarova R, Tomlekova D. AC electrokinetic drug delivery in dentistry using an interdigitated electrode assembly powered by inductive coupling. Biomed Microdevices 2017; 18:84. [PMID: 27565821 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-016-0111-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AC electrokinetics (ACEK) has been shown to deliver certain drugs into human teeth more effectively than diffusion. However, using electrical wires to power intraoral ACEK devices poses risks to patients. The study demonstrates a novel interdigitated electrode arrays (IDE) assembly powered by inductive coupling to induce ACEK effects at appropriate frequencies to motivate drugs wirelessly. A signal generator produces the modulating signal, which multiplies with the carrier signal to produce the amplitude modulated (AM) signal. The AM signal goes through the inductive link to appear on the secondary coil, then rectified and filtered to dispose of its carrier signal, and the positive half of the modulating signal appears on the load. After characterizing the device, the device is validated under light microscopy by motivating carboxylate-modified microspheres, tetracycline, acetaminophen, benzocaine, lidocaine and carbamide peroxide particles with induced ACEK effects. The assembly is finally tested in a common dental bleaching application. After applying 35 % carbamide peroxide to human teeth topically or with the IDE at 1200 Hz, 5 Vpp for 20 min, spectrophotometric analysis showed that compared to diffusion, the IDE enhanced whitening in specular optic and specular optic excluded modes by 215 % and 194 % respectively. Carbamide peroxide absorbance by the ACEK group was two times greater than diffusion as measured by colorimetric oxidation-reduction and UV-Vis spectroscopy at 550 nm. The device motivates drugs of variable molecular weight and structure wirelessly. Wireless transport of drugs to intraoral targets under ACEK effects may potentially improve the efficacy and safety of drug delivery in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris S Ivanoff
- Department of Bioscience Research, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 875 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA. .,Faculty of Dental Medicine, Sofia Medical University, Blvd. Sveti Georgi Sofiiski №1, 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Jie Jayne Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 1520 Middle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37966, USA
| | - Hadi Mirzajani
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 1520 Middle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37966, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Microelectronics Research Laboratory, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 1520 Middle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37966, USA
| | - Quan Yuan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 1520 Middle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37966, USA
| | - Stepan Kevorkyan
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, Blvd. Hristo Botev №3, 4002, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Radostina Gaydarova
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, Blvd. Hristo Botev №3, 4002, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Desislava Tomlekova
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, Blvd. Hristo Botev №3, 4002, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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25
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García-Sánchez P, Loucaides NG, Ramos A. Pumping of electrolytes by electrical forces induced on the diffusion layer: A weakly nonlinear analysis. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:022802. [PMID: 28297906 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.022802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pumping of electrolytes in microchannels can be achieved with the use of microelectrodes subjected to AC potentials. Experiments have shown an influence of Faradaic currents in the pumping performance, and theoretical studies for asymmetric electrolytes suggest that induced charges in the diffusion layer play an important role. In this work we consider the case of a diffusion layer induced by an array of electrodes subjected to a traveling wave potential and we include Faradaic currents. Previous theoretical studies considered the case of very small applied voltages, which allowed for two major simplifications: (i) Butler-Volmer (B-V) equation was linearized, and (ii) the presence of gradients in ion concentration was neglected. We extend previous results and used the full nonlinear B-V equation. A comparison with the linear limit shows that the flow rate in both cases coincides for voltages around and below ≈0.25 V. For voltages larger than this, the nonlinear equations show that gradients in ion concentration appear and have an important influence, therefore, the predictions deviate from the linear model. We show that the electrical force in the diffusion layer can induce pumping either in the same or the opposite direction of the applied traveling-wave potential and it could be responsible for the reversal of the flow as observed in experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo García-Sánchez
- Depto. Electrónica y Electromagnetismo, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Neophytos G Loucaides
- Depto. Electrónica y Electromagnetismo, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Ramos
- Depto. Electrónica y Electromagnetismo, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
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26
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Ramos A, García-Sánchez P, Morgan H. AC electrokinetics of conducting microparticles: A review. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Sugioka H. Direct simulation of phase delay effects on induced-charge electro-osmosis under large ac electric fields. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:022609. [PMID: 27627362 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.022609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The standard theory of induced-charge electro-osmosis (ICEO) often overpredicts experimental values of ICEO velocities. Using a nonsteady direct multiphysics simulation technique based on the coupled Poisson-Nernst-Planck and Stokes equations for an electrolyte around a conductive cylinder subject to an ac electric field, we find that a phase delay effect concerning an ion response provides a fundamental mechanism for electrokinetic suppression. A surprising aspect of our findings is that the phase delay effect occurs even at much lower frequencies (e.g., 50 Hz) than the generally believed charging frequency of an electric double layer (typically, 1 kHz) and it can decrease the electrokinetic velocities in one to several orders. In addition, we find that the phase delay effect may also cause a change in the electrokinetic flow directions (i.e., flow reversal) depending on the geometrical conditions. We believe that our findings move toward a more complete understanding of complex experimental nonlinear electrokinetic phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Sugioka
- Frontier Research Center, Canon Inc., 30-2, Shimomaruko 3-chome, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 146-8501, Japan and Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
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28
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Gaikwad H, Basu DN, Mondal PK. Electroosmotic transport of immiscible binary system with a layer of non-conducting fluid under interfacial slip: The role applied pressure gradient. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1998-2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harshad Gaikwad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; Assam India
| | - Dipankar Narayan Basu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; Assam India
| | - Pranab Kumar Mondal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; Assam India
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29
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Vafaie RH, Ghavifekr HB, Van Lintel H, Brugger J, Renaud P. Bi-directional ACET micropump for on-chip biological applications. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:719-26. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Hadjiaghaie Vafaie
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, EPFL, STI-LMIS; Lausanne Switzerland
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering; Sahand University of Technology; Tabriz Iran
| | | | - Harald Van Lintel
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, EPFL, STI-LMIS; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Juergen Brugger
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, EPFL, STI-LMIS; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Philippe Renaud
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, EPFL, STI-LMIS; Lausanne Switzerland
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Dey S, Vaidyanathan R, Carrascosa LG, Shiddiky MJA, Trau M. Electric Field Induced Isolation, Release, and Recapture of Tumor Cells. ACS Sens 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.5b00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuvashis Dey
- Centre for Personalised NanoMedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering
and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75) and ‡School of Chemistry and Molecular
Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ramanathan Vaidyanathan
- Centre for Personalised NanoMedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering
and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75) and ‡School of Chemistry and Molecular
Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Laura G. Carrascosa
- Centre for Personalised NanoMedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering
and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75) and ‡School of Chemistry and Molecular
Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Muhammad J. A. Shiddiky
- Centre for Personalised NanoMedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering
and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75) and ‡School of Chemistry and Molecular
Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Matt Trau
- Centre for Personalised NanoMedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering
and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75) and ‡School of Chemistry and Molecular
Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Vaidyanathan R, Dey S, Carrascosa LG, Shiddiky MJA, Trau M. Alternating current electrohydrodynamics in microsystems: Pushing biomolecules and cells around on surfaces. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2015; 9:061501. [PMID: 26674299 PMCID: PMC4676781 DOI: 10.1063/1.4936300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrohydrodynamics (EHD) deals with the fluid motion induced by an electric field. This phenomenon originally developed in physical science, and engineering is currently experiencing a renaissance in microfluidics. Investigations by Taylor on Gilbert's theory proposed in 1600 have evolved to include multiple contributions including the promising effects arising from electric field interactions with cells and particles to influence their behaviour on electrode surfaces. Theoretical modelling of electric fields in microsystems and the ability to determine shear forces have certainly reached an advanced state. The ability to deftly manipulate microscopic fluid flow in bulk fluid and at solid/liquid interfaces has enabled the controlled assembly, coagulation, or removal of microstructures, nanostructures, cells, and molecules on surfaces. Furthermore, the ability of electrohydrodynamics to generate fluid flow using surface shear forces generated within nanometers from the surface and their application in bioassays has led to recent advancements in biomolecule, vesicle and cellular detection across different length scales. With the integration of Alternating Current Electrohydrodynamics (AC-EHD) in cellular and molecular assays proving to be highly fruitful, challenges still remain with respect to understanding the discrepancies between each of the associated ac-induced fluid flow phenomena, extending their utility towards clinical diagnostic development, and utilising them in tandem as a standard tool for disease monitoring. In this regard, this article will review the history of electrohydrodynamics, followed by some of the recent developments in the field including a new dimension of electrohydrodynamics that deals with the utilization of surface shear forces for the manipulation of biological cells or molecules on electrode surfaces. Recent advances and challenges in the use of electrohydrodynamic forces such as dielectrophoresis and ac electrosmosis for the detection of biological analytes are also reviewed. Additionally, the fundamental mechanisms of fluid flow using electrohydrodynamics forces, which are still evolving, are reviewed. Challenges and future directions are discussed from the perspective of both fundamental understanding and potential applications of these nanoscaled shear forces in diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanathan Vaidyanathan
- Centre for Personalised NanoMedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), The University of Queensland , Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Shuvashis Dey
- Centre for Personalised NanoMedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), The University of Queensland , Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Laura G Carrascosa
- Centre for Personalised NanoMedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), The University of Queensland , Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Muhammad J A Shiddiky
- Centre for Personalised NanoMedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), The University of Queensland , Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
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Williams SJ, Green NG. Electrothermal pumping with interdigitated electrodes and resistive heaters. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1681-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J. Williams
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Louisville; Louisville KY USA
| | - Nicolas G. Green
- Department of Electronics and Computer Science; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
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A multiplexed device based on tunable nanoshearing for specific detection of multiple protein biomarkers in serum. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9756. [PMID: 25978807 PMCID: PMC4432869 DOI: 10.1038/srep09756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic flow based multiplexed devices have gained significant promise in detecting biomarkers in complex biological samples. However, to fully exploit their use in bioanalysis, issues such as (i) low sensitivity and (ii) high levels of nonspecific adsorption of non-target species have to be overcome. Herein, we describe a new multiplexed device for the sensitive detection of multiple protein biomarkers in serum by using an alternating current (ac) electrohydrodynamics (ac-EHD) induced surface shear forces based phenomenon referred to as nanoshearing. The tunable nature (via manipulation of ac field) of these nanoshearing forces can alter the capture performance of the device (e.g., improved fluid transport enhances number of sensor-target collisions). This can also selectively displace weakly (nonspecifically) bound molecules from the electrode surface (i.e., fluid shear forces can be tuned to shear away nonspecific species present in biological samples). Using this approach, we achieved sensitive (100 fg mL−1) naked eye detection of multiple protein targets spiked in human serum and a 1000-fold enhancement in comparison to hydrodynamic flow based devices for biomarker detection. We believe that this approach could potentially represent a clinical diagnostic tool that can be integrated into resource-limited settings for sensitive detection of target biomarkers using naked eye.
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Vaidyanathan R, Rauf S, Shiddiky MJ, Trau M. Tuneable surface shear forces to physically displace nonspecific molecules in protein biomarker detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 61:184-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Vaidyanathan R, Naghibosadat M, Rauf S, Korbie D, Carrascosa LG, Shiddiky MJA, Trau M. Detecting exosomes specifically: a multiplexed device based on alternating current electrohydrodynamic induced nanoshearing. Anal Chem 2014; 86:11125-32. [PMID: 25324037 DOI: 10.1021/ac502082b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes show promise as noninvasive biomarkers for cancer, but their effective capture and specific detection is a significant challenge. Herein, we report a multiplexed microfluidic device for highly specific capture and detection of multiple exosome targets using a tunable alternating current electrohydrodynamic (ac-EHD) methodology, referred to as nanoshearing. In our system, electrical body forces generated by ac-EHD act within nanometers of an electrode surface (i.e., within the electrical layer) to generate nanoscaled fluid flow that enhances the specificity of capture and also reduce nonspecific adsorption of weakly bound molecules from the electrode surface. This approach demonstrates the analysis of exosomes derived from cells expressing human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and prostate specific antigen (PSA), and is also capable of specifically isolating exosomes from breast cancer patient samples. The device also exhibited a 3-fold enhancement in detection sensitivity in comparison to hydrodynamic flow based assays (LOD 2760 exosomes/μL for ac-EHD vs LOD 8300 exosomes/μL for hydrodynamic flow; (n = 3)). We propose this approach can potentially have relevance as a simple and rapid quantification tool to analyze exosome targets in biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanathan Vaidyanathan
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland , Corner College and Cooper Roads (Building 75), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Paustian JS, Pascall AJ, Wilson NM, Squires TM. Induced charge electroosmosis micropumps using arrays of Janus micropillars. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:3300-3312. [PMID: 25000878 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00141a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on a microfluidic AC-driven electrokinetic pump that uses Induced Charge Electro-Osmosis (ICEO) to generate on-chip pressures. ICEO flows occur when a bulk electric field polarizes a metal object to induce double layer formation, then drives electroosmotic flow. A microfabricated array of metal-dielectric Janus micropillars breaks the symmetry of ICEO flow, so that an AC electric field applied across the array drives ICEO flow along the length of the pump. When pumping against an external load, a pressure gradient forms along the pump length. The design was analyzed theoretically with the reciprocal theorem. The analysis reveals a maximum pressure and flow rate that depend on the ICEO slip velocity and micropillar geometry. We then fabricate and test the pump, validating our design concept by demonstrating non-local pressure driven flow using local ICEO slip flows. We varied the voltage, frequency, and electrolyte composition, measuring pump pressures of 15-150 Pa. We use the pump to drive flows through a high-resistance microfluidic channel. We conclude by discussing optimization routes suggested by our theoretical analysis to enhance the pump pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel S Paustian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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Park S, Bassat DB, Yossifon G. Individually addressable multi-chamber electroporation platform with dielectrophoresis and alternating-current-electro-osmosis assisted cell positioning. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:024117. [PMID: 24803966 PMCID: PMC4000404 DOI: 10.1063/1.4873439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A multi-functional microfluidic platform was fabricated to demonstrate the feasibility of on-chip electroporation integrated with dielectrophoresis (DEP) and alternating-current-electro-osmosis (ACEO) assisted cell/particle manipulation. A spatial gradient of electroporation parameters was generated within a microchamber array and validated using normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cells and red fluorescent protein-expressing human umbilical vein endothelial cells (RFP-HUVECs) with various fluorescent indicators. The edge of the bottom electrode, coinciding with the microchamber entrance, may act as an on-demand gate, functioning under either positive or negative DEP. In addition, at sufficiently low activation frequencies, ACEO vortices can complement the DEP to contribute to a rapid trapping/alignment of particles. As such, results clearly indicate that the microfluidic platform has the potential to achieve high-throughput screening for electroporation with spatial control and uniformity, assisted by DEP and ACEO manipulation/trapping of particles/cells into individual microchambers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinwook Park
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 32000, Israel
| | - Dana Ben Bassat
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 32000, Israel
| | - Gilad Yossifon
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 32000, Israel
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Vaidyanathan R, Rauf S, Dray E, Shiddiky MJA, Trau M. Alternating Current Electrohydrodynamics Induced Nanoshearing and Fluid Micromixing for Specific Capture of Cancer Cells. Chemistry 2014; 20:3724-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Vaidyanathan R, Shiddiky MJA, Rauf S, Dray E, Tay Z, Trau M. Tunable “Nano-Shearing”: A Physical Mechanism to Displace Nonspecific Cell Adhesion During Rare Cell Detection. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2042-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4032516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramanathan Vaidyanathan
- Australian Institute for
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner
College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Muhammad J. A. Shiddiky
- Australian Institute for
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner
College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Sakandar Rauf
- Australian Institute for
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner
College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Eloïse Dray
- Australian Institute for
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner
College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Zhikai Tay
- Australian Institute for
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner
College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Matt Trau
- Australian Institute for
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Corner
College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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40
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Shiddiky MJA, Vaidyanathan R, Rauf S, Tay Z, Trau M. Molecular nanoshearing: an innovative approach to shear off molecules with AC-induced nanoscopic fluid flow. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3716. [PMID: 24430114 PMCID: PMC3893656 DOI: 10.1038/srep03716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis of disease requires highly specific measurement of molecular biomarkers from femto to pico-molar concentrations in complex biological (e.g., serum, blood, etc.) samples to provide clinically useful information. While reaching this detection limit is challenging in itself, these samples contain numerous other non-target molecules, most of which have a tendency to adhere to solid surfaces via nonspecific interactions. Herein, we present an entirely new methodology to physically displace nonspecifically bound molecules from solid surfaces by utilizing a newly discovered “tuneable force”, induced by an applied alternating electric field, which occurs within few nanometers of an electrode surface. This methodology thus offers a unique ability to shear-off loosely bound molecules from the solid/liquid interface. Via this approach, we achieved a 5-fold reduction in nonspecific adsorption of non-target protein molecules and a 1000-fold enhancement for the specific capture of HER2 protein in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad J A Shiddiky
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ramanathan Vaidyanathan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Sakandar Rauf
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Zhikai Tay
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Matt Trau
- 1] Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Corner College and Cooper Roads (Bldg 75), The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia [2] School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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41
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Rauf S, Shiddiky MJA, Trau M. Electrohydrodynamic removal of non-specific colloidal adsorption at electrode interfaces. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:4813-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc01357c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This communication reports the use of an electrohydrodynamic surface shear force to selectively manipulate colloid–surface interactions. We demonstrate the selection of strongly (specifically) bound biomolecular-functionalized colloidal beads over more weakly (non-specifically) bound beads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakandar Rauf
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN)
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane, Australia
| | - Muhammad J. A. Shiddiky
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN)
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matt Trau
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN)
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- University of Queensland
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Ivanoff CS, Swami NS, Hottel TL, Garcia-Godoy F. Enhanced penetration of fluoride particles into bovine enamel by combining dielectrophoresis with AC electroosmosis. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2945-55. [PMID: 23897721 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride deposition into the pores of enamel is necessary at high concentrations to reduce enamel demineralization and with a high degree of penetration to account for loss by ingestion. Current diffusion and electrochemical methods are inadequate for effectively transporting fluoride greater than 20 μm into enamel. The study explores the coupling of dielectrophoresis (DEP) and AC electroosmosis (ACEO) to selectively concentrate fluoride particles from fluoride gel excipients and enhance their penetration into enamel. By measuring the frequency response of approximately 10-μm-sized sodium fluoride particles in an aqueous gel media, appropriate frequencies for positive DEP, negative DEP, and ACEO are identified. An assembly composed of two cross-planar interdigitated electrode (IDE) arrays with open slots is driven successively by fields at appropriate frequencies to drive fluoride particles through the slots of the IDE and into the enamel pores using a combination of DEP and ACEO methods. Fluoride uptake and penetration of 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride gel into bovine tooth enamel at various depths is measured using wavelength dispersive spectrometry to compare deposition by diffusion, DEP, and DEP plus ACEO. Fluoride levels in all DEP groups were significantly higher than diffusion groups at depths 10 and 20 μm. The highest fluoride concentrations at 10, 20, 50, and 100 μm depths occur under deposition conditions combining DEP with ACEO. Fluoride levels at 50 μm were equivalent to long-term prophylactic exposure. These methods may potentially benefit populations at high risk for development of caries and periodontal disease, including underserved children and disparate groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris S Ivanoff
- Department of Bioscience Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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43
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Wood NR, Wolsiefer AI, Cohn RW, Williams SJ. Dielectrophoretic trapping of nanoparticles with an electrokinetic nanoprobe. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1922-30. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R. Wood
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Louisville; Louisville; KY; USA
| | - Amanda I. Wolsiefer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Louisville; Louisville; KY; USA
| | - Robert W. Cohn
- ElectroOptics Research Institute and Nanotechnology Center; University of Louisville; Louisville; KY; USA
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44
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Wu CC, Yang DJ. A label-free impedimetric DNA sensing chip integrated with AC electroosmotic stirring. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 43:348-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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45
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Numerical study of a novel induced-charge electrokinetic micro-mixer. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 763:28-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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Stubbe M, Gyurova A, Gimsa J. Experimental verification of an equivalent circuit for the characterization of electrothermal micropumps: High pumping velocities induced by the external inductance at driving voltages below 5 V. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:562-74. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Stubbe
- Chair for Biophysics; University of Rostock; Rostock; Germany
| | - Anna Gyurova
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; Sofia; Bulgaria
| | - Jan Gimsa
- Chair for Biophysics; University of Rostock; Rostock; Germany
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47
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Thermally biased AC electrokinetic pumping effect for Lab-on-a-chip based delivery of biofluids. Biomed Microdevices 2012; 15:125-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-012-9694-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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48
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SASAKI N. Recent Applications of AC Electrokinetics in Biomolecular Analysis on Microfluidic Devices. ANAL SCI 2012; 28:3-8. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.28.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki SASAKI
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women’s University
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49
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Siva Kumar Gunda N, Bhattacharjee S, Mitra SK. Study on the use of dielectrophoresis and electrothermal forces to produce on-chip micromixers and microconcentrators. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2012; 6:34118. [PMID: 24015164 PMCID: PMC3448596 DOI: 10.1063/1.4749827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study uses the dielectrophoresis (DEP) and electrothermal (ET) forces to develop on-chip micromixers and microconcentrators. A microchannel with rectangular array of microelectrodes, patterned either on its bottom surface only or on both the top and the bottom surfaces, is considered for the analysis. A mathematical model to compute electrical field, temperature field, the fluid velocity, and the concentration distributions is developed. Both analytical and numerical solutions of standing wave DEP (SWDEP), traveling wave DEP (TWDEP), standing wave ET (SWET), and traveling wave ET (TWET) forces along the length and the height of the channel are compared. The effects of electrode size and their placement in the microsystem on micromixing and microconcentrating performance are studied and compared to velocity and concentration profiles. SWDEP forces can be used to collect the particles at different locations in the microchannel. Under positive and negative DEP effect, the particles are collected at electrode edges and away from the electrodes, respectively, irrespective of the position, size, and number of electrodes. The location of the concentration region can be shifted by changing the electrode position. SWET and TWET forces are used for mixing and producing concentration regions by circulating the fluid at a given location. The effect of forces can be changed with the applied voltage. The TWDEP method is the better method for mixing along the length of the channels among the four options explored in the present work. If two layers of particle suspension are placed side by side in the channel, triangular electrode configuration can be used to mix the suspensions. Triangular and rectangular electrode configurations can efficiently mix two layers of particle suspension placed side-by-side and one-atop-the-other, respectively. Hence, SWDEP forces can be successfully used to create microconcentrators, whereas TWDEP, SWET, and TWET can be used to produce efficient micromixers in a microfluidic chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naga Siva Kumar Gunda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G8, Canada
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50
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Melvin EM, Moore BR, Gilchrist KH, Grego S, Velev OD. On-chip collection of particles and cells by AC electroosmotic pumping and dielectrophoresis using asymmetric microelectrodes. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2011; 5:34113-3411317. [PMID: 22662040 PMCID: PMC3364828 DOI: 10.1063/1.3620419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The recent development of microfluidic "lab on a chip" devices requiring sample sizes <100 μL has given rise to the need to concentrate dilute samples and trap analytes, especially for surface-based detection techniques. We demonstrate a particle collection device capable of concentrating micron-sized particles in a predetermined area by combining AC electroosmosis (ACEO) and dielectrophoresis (DEP). The planar asymmetric electrode pattern uses ACEO pumping to induce equal, quadrilateral flow directed towards a stagnant region in the center of the device. A number of system parameters affecting particle collection efficiency were investigated including electrode and gap width, chamber height, applied potential and frequency, and number of repeating electrode pairs and electrode geometry. The robustness of the on-chip collection design was evaluated against varying electrolyte concentrations, particle types, and particle sizes. These devices are amenable to integration with a variety of detection techniques such as optical evanescent waveguide sensing.
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