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Abbas Z, Wang D, Lu L, Li Y, Pu C, Chen X, Xu P, Liang S, Kong L, Tang B. Computational Study of Drop-on-Demand Coaxial Electrohydrodynamic Jet and Printing Microdroplets. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:812. [PMCID: PMC10142017 DOI: 10.3390/mi14040812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Currently, coaxial electrohydrodynamic jet (CE-Jet) printing is used as a promising technique for the alternative fabrication of drop-on-demand micro- and nanoscale structures without using a template. Therefore, this paper presents numerical simulation of the DoD CE-Jet process based on a phase field model. Titanium lead zirconate (PZT) and silicone oil were used to verify the numerical simulation and the experiments. The optimized working parameters (i.e., inner liquid flow velocity 150 m/s, pulse voltage 8.0 kV, external fluid velocity 250 m/s, print height 16 cm) were used to control the stability of the CE-Jet, avoiding the bulging effect during experimental study. Consequently, different sized microdroplets with a minimum diameter of ~5.5 µm were directly printed after the removal of the outer solution. The model is considered the easiest to implement and is powerful for the application of flexible printed electronics in advanced manufacturing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeshan Abbas
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (Z.A.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (C.P.); (X.C.); (P.X.)
| | - Dazhi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (Z.A.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (C.P.); (X.C.); (P.X.)
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo 315000, China; (S.L.); (L.K.)
- State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Precision Manufacturing, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Liangkun Lu
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (Z.A.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (C.P.); (X.C.); (P.X.)
| | - Yikang Li
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (Z.A.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (C.P.); (X.C.); (P.X.)
| | - Changchang Pu
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (Z.A.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (C.P.); (X.C.); (P.X.)
| | - Xiangji Chen
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (Z.A.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (C.P.); (X.C.); (P.X.)
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (Z.A.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (C.P.); (X.C.); (P.X.)
| | - Shiwen Liang
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo 315000, China; (S.L.); (L.K.)
| | - Lingjie Kong
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo 315000, China; (S.L.); (L.K.)
| | - Bin Tang
- Institute of Electronic Engineering, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China;
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2
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Singh AK, Choubey A, Srivastava RK, Bahga SS. Physics of moderately stretched electrified jets in electrohydrodynamic jet printing. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:045103. [PMID: 37198839 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.045103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing involves the deposition of a liquid jet issuing from a needle stretched under the effect of a strong electric field between the needle and a collector plate. Unlike the geometrically independent classical cone-jet observed at low flow rates and high applied electric fields, at a relatively high flow rate and moderate electric field, EHD jets are moderately stretched. Jetting characteristics of such moderately stretched EHD jets differ from the typical cone-jet due to the nonlocalized cone-to-jet transition. Hence, we describe the physics of the moderately stretched EHD jet applicable to the EHD jet printing process through numerical solutions of a quasi-one-dimensional model of the EHD jet and experiments. Through comparison with experimental measurements, we show that our simulations correctly predict the jet shape for varying flow rates and applied potential difference. We present the physical mechanism of inertia-dominated slender EHD jets based on the dominant driving and resisting forces and relevant dimensionless numbers. We show that the slender EHD jet stretches and accelerates primarily due to the balance of driving tangential electric shear and resisting inertia forces in the developed jet region, whereas in the vicinity of the needle, driving charge repulsion and resisting surface tension forces govern the cone shape. The findings of this study can help in operational understanding and better control of the EHD jet printing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek K Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Anupam Choubey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Rajiv K Srivastava
- Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Supreet Singh Bahga
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
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3
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Huang B, Xie H, Li Z. Microfluidic Methods for Generation of Submicron Droplets: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:638. [PMID: 36985045 PMCID: PMC10056697 DOI: 10.3390/mi14030638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Submicron droplets are ubiquitous in nature and widely applied in fields such as biomedical diagnosis and therapy, oil recovery and energy conversion, among others. The submicron droplets are kinetically stable, their submicron size endows them with good mobility in highly constricted pathways, and the high surface-to-volume ratio allows effective loading of chemical components at the interface and good heat transfer performance. Conventional generation technology of submicron droplets in bulk involves high energy input, or relies on chemical energy released from the system. Microfluidic methods are widely used to generate highly monodispersed micron-sized or bigger droplets, while downsizing to the order of 100 nm was thought to be challenging because of sophisticated nanofabrication. In this review, we summarize the microfluidic methods that are promising for the generation of submicron droplets, with an emphasize on the device fabrication, operational condition, and resultant droplet size. Microfluidics offer a relatively energy-efficient and versatile tool for the generation of highly monodisperse submicron droplets.
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4
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Zupan B, Peña-Murillo GE, Zahoor R, Gregorc J, Šarler B, Knoška J, Gañán-Calvo AM, Chapman HN, Bajt S. An experimental study of liquid micro-jets produced with a gas dynamic virtual nozzle under the influence of an electric field. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1006733. [PMID: 36743214 PMCID: PMC9892056 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1006733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The results of an experimental study of micro-jets produced with a gas dynamic virtual nozzle (GDVN) under the influence of an electric field are provided and discussed for the first time. The experimental study is performed with a 50% volume mixture of water and ethanol, and nitrogen focusing gas. The liquid sample and gas Reynolds numbers range from 0.09-5.4 and 0-190, respectively. The external electrode was positioned 400-500 μm downstream of the nozzle tip and an effect of electric potential between the electrode and the sample liquid from 0-7 kV was investigated. The jetting parametric space is examined as a function of operating gas and liquid flow rates, outlet chamber pressure, and an external electric field. The experimentally observed jet diameter, length and velocity ranged from 1-25 μm, 50-500 μm and 0.5-10 m/s, respectively. The jetting shape snapshots were processed automatically using purposely developed computer vision software. The velocity of the jet was calculated from the measured jet diameter and the sample flow rate. It is found that micro-jets accelerate in the direction of the applied electric field in the downstream direction at a constant acceleration as opposed to the standard GDVNs. New jetting modes were observed, where either the focusing gas or the electric forces dominate, encouraging further theoretical and numerical studies towards optimized system design. The study shows the potential to unlock a new generation of low background sample delivery for serial diffraction measurements of weakly scattering objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor Zupan
- Laboratory for Fluid Dynamics and Thermodynamics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Rizwan Zahoor
- Laboratory for Fluid Dynamics and Thermodynamics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jurij Gregorc
- Laboratory for Fluid Dynamics and Thermodynamics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Božidar Šarler
- Laboratory for Fluid Dynamics and Thermodynamics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia,Laboratory for Simulation of Materials and Processes, Institute of Metals and Technology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Juraj Knoška
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alfonso M. Gañán-Calvo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Aeroespacial y Mecánica de Fluidos, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain,Laboratory of Engineering for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Henry N. Chapman
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany,Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Saša Bajt
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany,The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany,*Correspondence: Saša Bajt,
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5
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Wang J, Dong T, Cheng Y, Yan WC. Machine Learning Assisted Spraying Pattern Recognition for Electrohydrodynamic Atomization System. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer for Low Grade Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Tao Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yongpan Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow and Heat Transfer for Low Grade Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wei-Cheng Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
- Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
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6
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The Effect of Surface Wettability on Viscoelastic Droplet Dynamics under Electric Fields. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13040580. [PMID: 35457884 PMCID: PMC9029302 DOI: 10.3390/mi13040580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of surface wettability and viscoelasticity on the dynamics of liquid droplets under an electric field are studied experimentally. A needle-plate electrode system is used as the power source to polarize a dielectric plate by the corona discharge emitted at the needle electrode, creating a new type of steerable electric field realized. The dynamics of droplets between the dielectric plate and a conductive substrate include three different phenomena: equilibrium to a stationary shape on substrates with higher wettability, deformation to form a bridge between the top acrylic plate and take-off on the substrates with lower wettability. Viscoelastic droplets differ from water in the liquid bridge and takeoff phenomena in that thin liquid filaments appear in viscoelastic droplets, not observed for Newtonian droplets. The equilibrated droplet exhibits more pronounced heights for Newtonian droplets compared to viscoelastic droplets, with a decrease in height with the increase in the concentration of the elastic constituent in the aqueous solution. In the take-off phenomenon, the time required for the droplet to contact the upper plate decreases with the concentration of the elastic constituent increases. It is also found that the critical voltage required for the take-off phenomenon to occur decreases as the elasticity increases.
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7
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Vakili M, Bielecki J, Knoška J, Otte F, Han H, Kloos M, Schubert R, Delmas E, Mills G, de Wijn R, Letrun R, Dold S, Bean R, Round A, Kim Y, Lima FA, Dörner K, Valerio J, Heymann M, Mancuso AP, Schulz J. 3D printed devices and infrastructure for liquid sample delivery at the European XFEL. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:331-346. [PMID: 35254295 PMCID: PMC8900844 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521013370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Sample Environment and Characterization (SEC) group of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (EuXFEL) develops sample delivery systems for the various scientific instruments, including systems for the injection of liquid samples that enable serial femtosecond X-ray crystallography (SFX) and single-particle imaging (SPI) experiments, among others. For rapid prototyping of various device types and materials, sub-micrometre precision 3D printers are used to address the specific experimental conditions of SFX and SPI by providing a large number of devices with reliable performance. This work presents the current pool of 3D printed liquid sample delivery devices, based on the two-photon polymerization (2PP) technique. These devices encompass gas dynamic virtual nozzles (GDVNs), mixing-GDVNs, high-viscosity extruders (HVEs) and electrospray conical capillary tips (CCTs) with highly reproducible geometric features that are suitable for time-resolved SFX and SPI experiments at XFEL facilities. Liquid sample injection setups and infrastructure on the Single Particles, Clusters, and Biomolecules and Serial Femtosecond Crystallography (SPB/SFX) instrument are described, this being the instrument which is designated for biological structure determination at the EuXFEL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juraj Knoška
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Otte
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Huijong Han
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Marco Kloos
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Elisa Delmas
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Grant Mills
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Romain Letrun
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Simon Dold
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Richard Bean
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Adam Round
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Yoonhee Kim
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | | | - Joana Valerio
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Michael Heymann
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems (IBBS), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Adrian P. Mancuso
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
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8
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The Natural Breakup Length of a Steady Capillary Jet: Application to Serial Femtosecond Crystallography. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11080990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One of the most successful ways to introduce samples in Serial Femtosecond Crystallography has been the use of microscopic capillary liquid jets produced by gas flow focusing, whose length-to-diameter ratio and velocity are essential to fulfill the requirements of the high pulse rates of current XFELs. In this work, we demonstrate the validity of a classical scaling law with two universal constants to calculate that length as a function of the liquid properties and operating conditions. These constants are determined by fitting the scaling law to a large set of experimental and numerical measurements, including previously published data. Both the experimental and numerical jet lengths conform remarkably well to the proposed scaling law. We show that, while a capillary jet is a globally unstable system to linear perturbations above a critical length, its actual and shorter long-term average intact length is determined by the nonlinear perturbations coming from the jet breakup itself. Therefore, this length is determined solely by the properties of the liquid, the average velocity of the liquid and the flow rate expelled. This confirms the very early observations from Smith and Moss 1917, Proc R Soc Lond A Math Phys Eng, 93, 373, to McCarthy and Molloy 1974, Chem Eng J, 7, 1, among others, while it contrasts with the classical conception of temporal stability that attributes the natural breakup length to the jet birth conditions in the ejector or small interactions with the environment.
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9
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Alternative Geometric Arrangements of the Nozzle Outlet Orifice for Liquid Micro-Jet Focusing in Gas Dynamic Virtual Nozzles. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14061572. [PMID: 33807027 PMCID: PMC8005030 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Liquid micro-jets are crucial for sample delivery of protein crystals and other macromolecular samples in serial femtosecond crystallography. When combined with MHz repetition rate sources, such as the European X-ray free-electron laser (EuXFEL) facility, it is important that the diffraction patterns are collected before the samples are damaged. This requires extremely thin and very fast jets. In this paper we first explore numerically the influence of different nozzle orifice designs on jet parameters and finally compare our simulations with the experimental data obtained for one particular design. A gas dynamic virtual nozzle (GDVN) model, based on a mixture formulation of Newtonian, compressible, two-phase flow, is numerically solved with the finite volume method and volume of fluid approach to deal with the moving boundary between the gas and liquid phases. The goal is to maximize the jet velocity and its length while minimizing the jet thickness. The design studies incorporate differently shaped nozzle orifices, including an elongated orifice with a constant diameter and an orifice with a diverging angle. These are extensions of the nozzle geometry we investigated in our previous studies. Based on these simulations it is concluded that the extension of the constant diameter channel makes a negligible contribution to the jet’s length and its velocity. A change in the angle of the nozzle outlet orifice, however, has a significant effect on jet parameters. We find these kinds of simulation extremely useful for testing and optimizing novel nozzle designs.
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10
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Wang Z, Tian Y, Zhang C, Wang Y, Deng W. Massively Multiplexed Electrohydrodynamic Tip Streaming from a Thin Disc. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:064502. [PMID: 33635712 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.064502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report an experimental study on the multiple tip streaming enabled by an externally wetted thin disc in electric fields. The electrohydrodynamic stress acting on the liquid-air interface triggers an interfacial instability that develops into multiple radial liquid ligaments at the rim of the disc. The scaling law suggests that the wave number is inversely proportional to the square of the peak electric field at the rim, which is determined by the combined thickness of the disc and the attached liquid layer. The thin disc edge effectively intensifies the electric field, which in turn leads to spacing between ligaments as short as 30 μm for ethanol, generating over 1000 cone jets for a 1 cm diam thin disc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wang
- Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), 1088 Xueyuan Ave., Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Y Tian
- Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), 1088 Xueyuan Ave., Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - C Zhang
- Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), 1088 Xueyuan Ave., Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, No. 1120, Lianhua Road, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - W Deng
- Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), 1088 Xueyuan Ave., Shenzhen 518055, China
- Center for Complex Flows and Soft Matter Research, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), 1088 Xueyuan Ave., Shenzhen 518055, China
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11
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Pezo ML, Pezo L, Dragojlović D, Čolović R, Čolović D, Vidosavljević S, Hadnađev M, Đuragić O. Experimental and computational study of the two-fluid nozzle spreading characteristics. Chem Eng Res Des 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2020.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Wang C, Hashimoto T, Wang Y, Lai HY, Kuo CH. Formation of Dissipative Structures in the Straight Segment of Electrospinning Jets. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | - Yu Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsin-Yi Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Hsien Kuo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC
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13
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Castillo-Orozco E, Kar A, Kumar R. Non-dimensional groups for electrospray modes of highly conductive and viscous nanoparticle suspensions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4405. [PMID: 32157135 PMCID: PMC7064495 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61323-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple modes of atomization in electrosprays are affected by viscosity, surface tension and electrical conductivity of the semiconductor nanosuspensions. While the effect of gravity is dominant in the dripping mode, the electric field degenerates the electrospray mechanism into a microdripping mode that can potentially allow the deposition of semiconductor nanodots on a substrate. Drop size and frequency of droplet formation are obtained as functions of non-dimensional parameters, which agree well with experimental data. The analysis shows that it is possible to produce the desired size and frequency of ejection of monodisperse droplets by manipulating the electrode voltage for any nanosuspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Castillo-Orozco
- Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad en Ingenieria Mecanica y Ciencias de la Produccion, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km. 30.5 Via Perimetral, Guayaquil, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Ecuador
| | - Aravinda Kar
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, Florida, 32816, USA
| | - Ranganathan Kumar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, Florida, 32816, USA.
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14
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Brocca P, Saponaro A, Introini B, Rondelli V, Pannuzzo M, Raciti D, Corti M, Raudino A. Protein Adsorption at the Air-Water Interface by a Charge Sensing Interferometric Technique. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:16087-16100. [PMID: 31693380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein uptake at the interface of a millimeter-sized air bubble in water is investigated by a recently developed differential interferometric technique. The technique allows the study of capillary waves with amplitudes around 10-9 m, excited at the surface of the bubble by an electric field of intensity on the order of 10 V/cm. When one studies the resonant modes of the bubble (radial and shape modes), it is possible to assess variations of interfacial properties and, in particular, of the net surface charge as a function of bulk protein concentration. Sensing the interfacial charge, the technique enables us to follow the absorption process in conditions of low concentrations, not easily assessable by other methods. We focus on bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lysozyme as representatives of typical globular proteins. To provide comprehensive insight into the novelty of the technique, we also investigated the equilibrium adsorption of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) ionic surfactant for bulk concentrations at hundreds of times lower than the Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC). Results unveil how the absorption of charged molecules affects the amplitudes of the bubble resonant modes even before affecting the frequencies in a transition-like fashion. Different adsorption models are proposed and developed. They are validated against the experimental findings by comparing frequency and amplitude data. By measuring the charging rate of the bubble interface, we have followed the absorption kinetics of BSA and lysozyme recognizing a slow, energy barrier limited phenomena with characteristic times in agreement with data in the literature. The evaluation of the surface excess concentration (Γ) of BSA and SDS at equilibrium is obtained by monitoring charge uptake. At the investigated low bulk concentrations, reliable comparisons with literature data from equilibrium surface tension isotherm models are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Brocca
- Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine , University of Milan , Segrate 20090 , Italy
| | - Andrea Saponaro
- Department of Biosciences , University of Milan , Milano 20133 , Italy
| | - Bianca Introini
- Department of Biosciences , University of Milan , Milano 20133 , Italy
| | - Valeria Rondelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine , University of Milan , Segrate 20090 , Italy
| | | | - Domenica Raciti
- Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Catania , Catania 95125 , Italy
| | | | - Antonio Raudino
- Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Catania , Catania 95125 , Italy
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15
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Cruz-Mazo F, Wiedorn MO, Herrada MA, Bajt S, Chapman HN, Gañán-Calvo AM. Aerodynamically stabilized Taylor cone jets. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:031101. [PMID: 31639968 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.031101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a way to stabilize steady micro/nanoliquid jets issuing from Taylor cones together with coflowing gas streams. We study the dripping-jetting transition of this configuration theoretically through a global stability analysis as a function of the governing parameters involved. A balance between the local radial acceleration to the surface tension gradient, the mass conservation, and the energy balance equations enable us to derive two coupled scaling laws that predict both the minimum jet diameter and its maximum velocity. The theoretical prediction provides a single curve that describes not only the numerical computations but also experimental data from the literature for cone jets assisted with gas coflow. Additionally, we performed a set of experiments to verify what parameters influence the jet length. We adopt a very recent model for capillary jet length to our configuration by combining electrohydrodynamic effects with the gas flow through an equivalent liquid pressure. Due to diameters below 1 μm and high speeds attainable in excess of 100 m/s, this concept has the potential to be utilized for structural biology analyses with x-ray free-electron lasers at megahertz repetition rates as well as other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cruz-Mazo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Aerospacial y Mecánica de Fluidos, Universidad de Sevilla, Camino de los Descrubrimientos s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - M O Wiedorn
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M A Herrada
- Departamento de Ingeniería Aerospacial y Mecánica de Fluidos, Universidad de Sevilla, Camino de los Descrubrimientos s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - S Bajt
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - H N Chapman
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A M Gañán-Calvo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Aerospacial y Mecánica de Fluidos, Universidad de Sevilla, Camino de los Descrubrimientos s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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Mühlig K, Gañán-Calvo AM, Andreasson J, Larsson DSD, Hajdu J, Svenda M. Nanometre-sized droplets from a gas dynamic virtual nozzle. J Appl Crystallogr 2019. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576719008318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports on improved techniques to create and characterize nanometre-sized droplets from dilute aqueous solutions by using a gas dynamic virtual nozzle (GDVN). It describes a method to measure the size distribution of uncharged droplets, using an environmental scanning electron microscope, and provides theoretical models for the droplet sizes created. The results show that droplet sizes can be tuned by adjusting the gas and liquid flow rates in the GDVN, and at the lowest liquid flow rates, the size of the water droplets peaks at about 120 nm. This droplet size is similar to droplet sizes produced by electrospray ionization but requires neither electrolytes nor charging of the solution. The results presented here identify a new operational regime for GDVNs and show that predictable droplet sizes, comparable to those obtained by electrospray ionization, can be produced by purely mechanical means in GDVNs.
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17
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Echelmeier A, Sonker M, Ros A. Microfluidic sample delivery for serial crystallography using XFELs. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:6535-6547. [PMID: 31250066 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01977-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) with X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) is an emerging field for structural biology. One of its major impacts lies in the ability to reveal the structure of complex proteins previously inaccessible with synchrotron-based crystallography techniques and allowing time-resolved studies from femtoseconds to seconds. The nature of this serial technique requires new approaches for crystallization, data analysis, and sample delivery. With continued advancements in microfabrication techniques, various developments have been reported in the past decade for innovative and efficient microfluidic sample delivery for crystallography experiments using XFELs. This article summarizes the recent developments in microfluidic sample delivery with liquid injection and fixed-target approaches, which allow exciting new research with XFELs. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Echelmeier
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Box 871604, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604, USA.,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Box 875001, Tempe, AZ, 85287-7401, USA
| | - Mukul Sonker
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Box 871604, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604, USA.,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Box 875001, Tempe, AZ, 85287-7401, USA
| | - Alexandra Ros
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Box 871604, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604, USA. .,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Box 875001, Tempe, AZ, 85287-7401, USA.
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18
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Bielecki J, Hantke MF, Daurer BJ, Reddy HKN, Hasse D, Larsson DSD, Gunn LH, Svenda M, Munke A, Sellberg JA, Flueckiger L, Pietrini A, Nettelblad C, Lundholm I, Carlsson G, Okamoto K, Timneanu N, Westphal D, Kulyk O, Higashiura A, van der Schot G, Loh NTD, Wysong TE, Bostedt C, Gorkhover T, Iwan B, Seibert MM, Osipov T, Walter P, Hart P, Bucher M, Ulmer A, Ray D, Carini G, Ferguson KR, Andersson I, Andreasson J, Hajdu J, Maia FRNC. Electrospray sample injection for single-particle imaging with x-ray lasers. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav8801. [PMID: 31058226 PMCID: PMC6499549 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav8801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of imaging single proteins constitutes an exciting challenge for x-ray lasers. Despite encouraging results on large particles, imaging small particles has proven to be difficult for two reasons: not quite high enough pulse intensity from currently available x-ray lasers and, as we demonstrate here, contamination of the aerosolized molecules by nonvolatile contaminants in the solution. The amount of contamination on the sample depends on the initial droplet size during aerosolization. Here, we show that, with our electrospray injector, we can decrease the size of aerosol droplets and demonstrate virtually contaminant-free sample delivery of organelles, small virions, and proteins. The results presented here, together with the increased performance of next-generation x-ray lasers, constitute an important stepping stone toward the ultimate goal of protein structure determination from imaging at room temperature and high temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Bielecki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Max F. Hantke
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, 12 Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Benedikt J. Daurer
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
- Centre for BioImaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117557, Singapore
| | - Hemanth K. N. Reddy
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dirk Hasse
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel S. D. Larsson
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Laura H. Gunn
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Svenda
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
- Biomedical and X-ray Physics, Department of Applied Physics, AlbaNova University Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Munke
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas A. Sellberg
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
- Biomedical and X-ray Physics, Department of Applied Physics, AlbaNova University Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leonie Flueckiger
- ARC Centre of Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Alberto Pietrini
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carl Nettelblad
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
- Division of Scientific Computing, Department of Information Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Lägerhyddsvägen 2 (Box 337), SE-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ida Lundholm
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Carlsson
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kenta Okamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicusor Timneanu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Westphal
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olena Kulyk
- Institute of Physics, ELI Beamlines, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Slovance 2, CZ-18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Akifumi Higashiura
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Gijs van der Schot
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ne-Te Duane Loh
- Centre for BioImaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117557, Singapore
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Taylor E. Wysong
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Christoph Bostedt
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Tais Gorkhover
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Bianca Iwan
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - M. Marvin Seibert
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Timur Osipov
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Peter Walter
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Philip Hart
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Maximilian Bucher
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Anatoli Ulmer
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dipanwita Ray
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Gabriella Carini
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Ken R. Ferguson
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Inger Andersson
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jakob Andreasson
- Institute of Physics, ELI Beamlines, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Slovance 2, CZ-18221 Prague, Czech Republic
- Condensed Matter Physics, Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Janos Hajdu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute of Physics, ELI Beamlines, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Slovance 2, CZ-18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Filipe R. N. C. Maia
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
- NERSC, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Corresponding author.
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19
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Gao D, Yao D, Leist SK, Fei Y, Zhou J. Mechanisms and modeling of electrohydrodynamic phenomena. Int J Bioprint 2018; 5:166. [PMID: 32782978 PMCID: PMC7415859 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v5i1.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to review the mechanisms of electrohydrodynamic (EHD) phenomenon. From this review, researchers and students can learn principles and development history of EHD. Significant progress has been identified in research and development of EHD high-resolution deposition as a direct additive manufacturing method, and more effort will be driven to this direction soon. An introduction is given about current trend of additive manufacturing and advantages of EHD inkjet printing. Both theoretical models and experiment approaches about the formation of cone, development of cone-jet transition and stability of jet are presented. The formation of a stable cone-jet is the key factor for precision EHD printing which will be discussed. Different scaling laws can be used to predict the diameter of jet and emitted current in different parametrical ranges. The information available in this review builds a bridge between EHD phenomenon and three-dimensional high-resolution inkjet printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajing Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Donggang Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Steven K. Leist
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Yifan Fei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Jack Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA
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20
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Pérez-Rigueiro J, Madurga R, Gañán-Calvo AM, Plaza GR, Elices M, López PA, Daza R, González-Nieto D, Guinea GV. Straining Flow Spinning of Artificial Silk Fibers: A Review. Biomimetics (Basel) 2018; 3:E29. [PMID: 31105251 PMCID: PMC6352662 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics3040029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This work summarizes the main principles and some of the most significant results of straining flow spinning (SFS), a technology developed originally by the authors of this work. The principles on which the technology is based, inspired by the natural spinning system of silkworms and spiders, are presented, as well as some of the main achievements of the technique. Among these achievements, spinning under environmentally friendly conditions, obtaining high-performance fibers, and imparting the fibers with emerging properties such as supercontraction are discussed. Consequently, SFS appears as an efficient process that may represent one of the first realizations of a biomimetic technology with a significant impact at the production level.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pérez-Rigueiro
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rodrigo Madurga
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alfonso M Gañán-Calvo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Aeroespacial y Mecánica de Fluidos, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Gustavo R Plaza
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Manuel Elices
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Patricia A López
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rafael Daza
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Daniel González-Nieto
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Tecnología Fotónica y Bioingeniería, ETSI Telecomunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gustavo V Guinea
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.
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21
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Niu Y, Qi L, Zhang F, Zhao Y. Geometric screening of core/shell hydrogel microcapsules using a tapered microchannel with interdigitated electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 112:162-169. [PMID: 29704784 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Core/shell hydrogel microcapsules attract increasing research attention due to their potentials in tissue engineering, food engineering, and drug delivery. Current approaches for generating core/shell hydrogel microcapsules suffer from large geometric variations. Geometrically defective core/shell microcapsules need to be removed before further use. High-throughput geometric characterization of such core/shell microcapsules is therefore necessary. In this work, a continuous-flow device was developed to measure the geometric properties of microcapsules with a hydrogel shell and an aqueous core. The microcapsules were pumped through a tapered microchannel patterned with an array of interdigitated microelectrodes. The geometric parameters (the shell thickness and the diameter) were derived from the displacement profiles of the microcapsules. The results show that this approach can successfully distinguish all unencapsulated microparticles. The geometric properties of core/shell microcapsules can be determined with high accuracy. The efficacy of this method was demonstrated through a drug releasing experiment where the optimization of the electrospray process based on geometric screening can lead to controlled and extended drug releasing profiles. This method does not require high-speed optical systems, simplifying the system configuration and making it an indeed miniaturized device. The throughput of up to 584 microcapsules per minute was achieved. This study provides a powerful tool for screening core/shell hydrogel microcapsules and is expected to facilitate the applications of these microcapsules in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Niu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Lin Qi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Fen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
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Sohbatzadeh F, Eshghabadi M, Mohsenpour T. Controllable synthesizing DLC nano structures as a super hydrophobic layer on cotton fabric using a low-cost ethanol electrospray-assisted atmospheric plasma jet. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:265603. [PMID: 29648547 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aabdae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The surface modification of cotton samples was carried out using a liquid (ethanol) electrospray-assisted atmospheric pressure plasma jet. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman analysis confirmed the successful deposition of diamond like carbon (DLC) nano structures on the cotton surface. The super hydrophobic state of the samples was probed by contact angle measurements. The water repellency of the layers was tuned by controlling the voltage applied to the electrospray electrode. An investigation of the morphological and chemical structures of the samples by field emission scanning microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and XPS indicated that the physical shape, distribution and amorphization of the DLC structures were successfully adjusted and improved by applying a voltage to the electrospray electrode. Finally wash durability of the best sample was tested for 35 cycles. In this work, the use of a well-developed atmospheric pressure plasma jet for DLC nano structures deposition can enable a promising environmentally friendly and low-cost approach for modifying cotton fabrics for super water-repellent fabric applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sohbatzadeh
- Atomic and Molecular Physics Department, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
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23
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Tian X, Kong T, Zhu P, Kang Z, Lei L, Tang X, Wang L. Engineering embolic microparticles from a periodically-pulsating charged liquid meniscus. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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24
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Heng X, Yeates DB. Generation of High Concentrations of Respirable Solid-Phase Aerosols from Viscous Fluids. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2018; 52:933-952. [PMID: 30718938 PMCID: PMC6358172 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2018.1488078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
High outputs of respirable solid-phase aerosols were generated from viscous solutions or suspensions of low and high molecular weight polyvinylprrolidone (PVP) solutions, 10% (w/v) albumin and, gamma-globulin solutions as well as 10.3% (w/v) surfactant suspensions. A central fluid flow was aerosolized by coaxial converging compressed air. The water was evaporated from the droplets using warm dilution air and infrared radiation. The resulting aerosol particles were concentrated using a virtual impactor. The aerosols were generated at fluid flow rates between 1 and 3 ml/min and delivered at a flow rate of 44 l/min as 2.6 - 3.6 μm MMAD aerosols with geometric standard deviations between 1.5 and 2. Increases in viscosity over the range of 4 to 39 cSt caused a modest increase in MMAD. Increases in aerosol exit orifice diameter was associated with a decrease in aerosol diameter. Increases in compressed air pressure caused a decrease in aerosol diameter. Increases in fluid flow rate resulted modest increases in MMAD together with proportional increases in output mass. Aerosolizing 10% 8 kDa PVP at 3 ml/min resulted in the delivery of 193 mg/min of PVP at 64% efficiency enabling 1.2 g to be collected in 7 min. Aerosolizing 10.3% surfactant suspensions at 3 ml/min resulted in the delivery of up to 163 mg/min with 59% efficiency. The surface tension of the surfactant was not changed by these processes. SEM showed dimpled particles of PVP, albumin and gamma globulin indicating that their aerodynamic diameter was less than their morphometric diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donovan B. Yeates
- Corresponding Author: Dr. Donovan B. Yeates, KAER Biotherapeutics Corporation, 926 S. Andreasen Dr., Suite 105, Escondido, CA 92029, United States, , www.linkedin.com/in/donovan-yeates
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25
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Marra F, De Vivo A, Sarghini F. Virtualization of fluid-dynamics in micro-air assisted extruders for food microfluidic based encapsulation. J FOOD ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2017.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Brosseau Q, Vlahovska PM. Streaming from the Equator of a Drop in an External Electric Field. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:034501. [PMID: 28777632 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.034501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Tip streaming generates micron- and submicron-sized droplets when a thin thread pulled from the pointy end of a drop disintegrates. Here, we report streaming from the equator of a drop placed in a uniform electric field. The instability generates concentric fluid rings encircling the drop, which break up to form an array of microdroplets in the equatorial plane. We show that the streaming results from an interfacial instability at the stagnation line of the electrohydrodynamic flow, which creates a sharp edge. The flow draws from the equator a thin sheet which destabilizes and sheds fluid cylinders. This streaming phenomenon provides a new route for generating monodisperse microemulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Brosseau
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Petia M Vlahovska
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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27
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Park I, Hong WS, Kim SB, Kim SS. Experimental investigations on characteristics of stable water electrospray in air without discharge. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:063110. [PMID: 28709264 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.063110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An experimental study was conducted to resolve previous conflicting results on water electrospray in air at atmospheric pressure. Using a small flow rate relative to that used in previous studies and a small nonmetallic nozzle, we observed stable electrospray of water in air without discharge and distinguished three distinct operating regimes for applied voltage and flow rate. The well-known cone-jet mode was observed and the general scaling law of the generated droplet size in the cone-jet mode was confirmed by direct visualization of the meniscus, jet, and generated droplets. We also observed and analyzed whipping motion in the electrified water jet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inyong Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daehak-ro 291, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Seok Hong
- Department of Eco-machinery System, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, 156 Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Bok Kim
- Department of Eco-machinery System, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, 156 Gajeongbuk-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Soo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daehak-ro 291, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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28
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Madurga R, Gañán-Calvo AM, Plaza GR, Guinea GV, Elices M, Pérez-Rigueiro J. Production of High Performance Bioinspired Silk Fibers by Straining Flow Spinning. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:1127-1133. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Madurga
- Centro
de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento
de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Gustavo R. Plaza
- Centro
de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento
de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gustavo V. Guinea
- Centro
de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento
de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Elices
- Centro
de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento
de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Pérez-Rigueiro
- Centro
de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento
de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
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29
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Zhu P, Wang L. Passive and active droplet generation with microfluidics: a review. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 17:34-75. [PMID: 27841886 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01018k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Precise and effective control of droplet generation is critical for applications of droplet microfluidics ranging from materials synthesis to lab-on-a-chip systems. Methods for droplet generation can be either passive or active, where the former generates droplets without external actuation, and the latter makes use of additional energy input in promoting interfacial instabilities for droplet generation. A unified physical understanding of both passive and active droplet generation is beneficial for effectively developing new techniques meeting various demands arising from applications. Our review of passive approaches focuses on the characteristics and mechanisms of breakup modes of droplet generation occurring in microfluidic cross-flow, co-flow, flow-focusing, and step emulsification configurations. The review of active approaches covers the state-of-the-art techniques employing either external forces from electrical, magnetic and centrifugal fields or methods of modifying intrinsic properties of flows or fluids such as velocity, viscosity, interfacial tension, channel wettability, and fluid density, with a focus on their implementations and actuation mechanisms. Also included in this review is the contrast among different approaches of either passive or active nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingan Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. and HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI), 311300, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liqiu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. and HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI), 311300, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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30
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The onset of electrospray: the universal scaling laws of the first ejection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32357. [PMID: 27581554 PMCID: PMC5007668 DOI: 10.1038/srep32357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The disintegration of liquid drops with low electrical conductivity and subject to an electric field is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. This disintegration takes place through the development of a conical cusp that eventually ejects an ultrathin liquid ligament. A first tiny drop is emitted from the end of this ligament. Due to its exceptionally small size and large electric charge per unit volume, that drop has been the object of relevant recent studies. In this paper, universal scaling laws for the diameter and electric charge of the first issued droplet are proposed and validated both numerically and experimentally. Our analysis shows how charge relaxation is the mechanism that differentiates the onset of electrospray, including the first droplet ejection, from the classical steady cone-jet mode. In this way, our study identifies when and where charge relaxation and electrokinetic phenomena come into play in electrospray, a subject of live controversy in the field.
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31
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Liu Y, Chen D, Zhan Z, Li C, Zheng J, Sun D. Research on Glass Frit Deposition Based on the Electrospray Process. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9040292. [PMID: 28773417 PMCID: PMC5502985 DOI: 10.3390/ma9040292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the electrospray technology is used to easily deposit the glass frit into patterns at a micro-scale level. First, far-field electrospray process was carried out with a mixture of glass frit in the presence of ethanol. A uniform, smooth, and dense glass frit film was obtained, verifying that the electrospray technology was feasible. Then, the distance between the nozzle and the substrate was reduced to 2 mm to carry out near-field electrospray. The experimental process was improved by setting the range of the feed rate of the substrate to match both the concentration and the flow rate of the solution. Spray diameter could be less at the voltage of 2 kV, in which the glass frit film was expected to reach the minimum line width. A uniform glass frit film with a line width within the range of 400–500 μm was prepared when the speed of the substrate was 25 mm/s. It indicates that electrospray is an efficient technique for the patterned deposition of glass frit in wafer-level hermetic encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Liu
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Daner Chen
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Zhan Zhan
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Chenlei Li
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Jianyi Zheng
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Daoheng Sun
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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32
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Three-Dimensional Electro-Sonic Flow Focusing Ionization Microfluidic Chip for Mass Spectrometry. MICROMACHINES 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/mi6121463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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Beyerlein KR, Adriano L, Heymann M, Kirian R, Knoška J, Wilde F, Chapman HN, Bajt S. Ceramic micro-injection molded nozzles for serial femtosecond crystallography sample delivery. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:125104. [PMID: 26724070 DOI: 10.1063/1.4936843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) using X-ray Free-Electron Lasers (XFELs) allows for room temperature protein structure determination without evidence of conventional radiation damage. In this method, a liquid suspension of protein microcrystals can be delivered to the X-ray beam in vacuum as a micro-jet, which replenishes the crystals at a rate that exceeds the current XFEL pulse repetition rate. Gas dynamic virtual nozzles produce the required micrometer-sized streams by the focusing action of a coaxial sheath gas and have been shown to be effective for SFX experiments. Here, we describe the design and characterization of such nozzles assembled from ceramic micro-injection molded outer gas-focusing capillaries. Trends of the emitted jet diameter and jet length as a function of supplied liquid and gas flow rates are measured by a fast imaging system. The observed trends are explained by derived relationships considering choked gas flow and liquid flow conservation. Finally, the performance of these nozzles in a SFX experiment is presented, including an analysis of the observed background.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Beyerlein
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestraβe 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - L Adriano
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestraβe 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Heymann
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestraβe 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - R Kirian
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestraβe 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Knoška
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - F Wilde
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - H N Chapman
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestraβe 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Bajt
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestraβe 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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34
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Mohamed AS, Herrada MA, Gañán-Calvo AM, Montanero JM. Convective-to-absolute instability transition in a viscoelastic capillary jet subject to unrelaxed axial elastic tension. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:023006. [PMID: 26382502 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.023006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The convective-to-absolute instability transition in an Oldroyd-B capillary jet subject to unrelaxed axial stress is examined theoretically. There is a critical Weber number below which the jet is absolutely unstable under axisymmetric perturbations. We analyze the dependence of this critical parameter with respect to the Reynolds and Deborah numbers, as well as the unrelaxed axial stress. For small Deborah numbers, the unrelaxed stress destabilizes the viscoelastic jet, increasing the critical Weber number for which the convective-to-absolute instability transition takes place. If the Deborah number takes higher values, then the transitional Weber number decreases as the unrelaxed stress increases until two solution branches cross each other. The dominant branch for large axial stress leads to a threshold of this quantity above which the viscoelastic jet becomes absolutely unstable independently of the Weber number. The threshold depends on neither the Reynolds nor the Deborah number for sufficiently large values of these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Said Mohamed
- Escuela Superior de Ingenieros, Universidad de Sevilla, Camino de los Descubrimientos s/n, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - M A Herrada
- Escuela Superior de Ingenieros, Universidad de Sevilla, Camino de los Descubrimientos s/n, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - A M Gañán-Calvo
- Escuela Superior de Ingenieros, Universidad de Sevilla, Camino de los Descubrimientos s/n, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - J M Montanero
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Energética y de los Materiales and Instituto de Computación Científica Avanzada (ICCAEx), Universidad de Extremadura, E-06006 Badajoz, Spain
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35
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Preparation, characterization and release kinetics of ethylcellulose nanoparticles encapsulating ethylvanillin as a model functional component. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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36
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Pozniak BP, Cole RB. Perspective on electrospray ionization and its relation to electrochemistry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:369-385. [PMID: 25623197 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-1066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of electrospraying of liquids is presented from the perspective of the electrochemistry involved. Basics of current and liquid flow in the capillary and spray tip are discussed, followed by specifics of charging and discharging of the sprayed liquid surface. Fundamental theories and numerical modeling relating electrospray current to solution and spray parameters are described and then compared with our own experimentally obtained data. The method of mapping potentials and currents inside the electrospray capillary by using an inserted electrically-isolated small wire probe electrode is discussed in detail with illustrations from new and published data. Based on these experimentally obtained results, a new mathematical model is derived. The introduced "nonlinear resistor electrospray capillary model" divides the electrospray capillary into small sections, adds their contributions, and then, by transition to infinitely small section thickness, produces analytical formulas that relate current and potential maps to other properties of the electrospraying liquid: primarily conductivity and current density. The presentation of the model is undertaken from an elementary standpoint, and it offers the possibility to obtain quantitative information regarding operating parameters from typical analytical systems subjected to electrospray. The model stresses simplicity and ease of use; examples applying experimental data are shown and some predictions of the model are also presented. The developed nonlinear resistor electrospray capillary model is intended to provide a new quantitative basis for improving the understanding of electrochemical transformations occurring in the electrospray emitter. A supplemental material section gives full derivation of the model and discusses other consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boguslaw P Pozniak
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Dr., New Orleans, LA, 70148, USA
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37
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Zhu Z, Si T, Xu RX. Microencapsulation of indocyanine green for potential applications in image-guided drug delivery. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:646-9. [PMID: 25450664 PMCID: PMC4332816 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01032a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel process to encapsulate indocyanine green (ICG) in liposomal droplets at high concentration for potential applications in image-guided drug delivery. The microencapsulation process follows two consecutive steps of droplet formation by liquid-driven coaxial flow focusing (LDCFF) and solvent removal by oil phase dewetting. These biocompatible lipid vesicles may have important applications in drug delivery and fluorescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhu
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. Fax: 614-292-7301; Tel: 614-688-3635
| | - Ting Si
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. Fax: 614-292-7301; Tel: 614-688-3635
| | - Ronald X. Xu
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. Fax: 614-292-7301; Tel: 614-688-3635
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38
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Arscott S. SU-8 as a material for lab-on-a-chip-based mass spectrometry. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:3668-3689. [PMID: 25029537 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00617h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This short review focuses on the application of SU-8 for the microchip-based approach to the miniaturization of mass spectrometry. Chip-based mass spectrometry will make the technology commonplace and bring benefits such as lower costs and autonomy. The chip-based miniaturization of mass spectrometry necessitates the use of new materials which are compatible with top-down fabrication involving both planar and non-planar processes. In this context, SU-8 is a very versatile epoxy-based, negative tone resist which is sensitive to ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and electron beam exposure. It has a very wide thickness range, from nanometres to millimetres, enabling the formation of mechanically rigid, very high aspect ratio, vertical, narrow width structures required to form microfluidic slots and channels for laboratory-on-a-chip design. It is also relatively chemically resistant and biologically compatible in terms of the liquid solutions used for mass spectrometry. This review looks at the impact and potential of SU-8 on the different parts of chip-based mass spectrometry - pre-treatment, ionization processes, and ion sorting and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Arscott
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN), CNRS UMR8520, The University of Lille, Cité Scientifique, Avenue Poincaré, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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39
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Trebbin M, Krüger K, DePonte D, Roth SV, Chapman HN, Förster S. Microfluidic liquid jet system with compatibility for atmospheric and high-vacuum conditions. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:1733-45. [PMID: 24671443 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc51363g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We present microfluidic chip based devices that produce liquid jets with micrometer diameters while operating at very low flow rates. The chip production is based on established soft-lithographical techniques employing a three-layer design protocol. This allows the exact, controlled and reproducible design of critical parts such as nozzles and the production of nozzle arrays. The microfluidic chips reproducibly generate liquid jets exiting at perfect right angles with diameters between 20 μm and 2 μm, and under special circumstances, even down to 0.9 μm. Jet diameter, jet length, and the domain of the jetting/dripping instability can be predicted and controlled based on the theory for liquid jets in the plate-orifice configuration described by Gañán-Calvo et al. Additionally, conditions under which the device produces highly reproducible monodisperse droplets at exact and predictable rates can be achieved. The devices operate under atmospheric and under vacuum conditions making them highly relevant for a wide range of applications, for example, for free-electron lasers. Further, the straightforward integration of additional features such as a jet-in-jet is demonstrated. This device design has the potential to integrate more features based on established microfluidic components and may become a standard device for small liquid jet production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Trebbin
- Physical Chemistry 1, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
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40
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Garzon M, Gray LJ, Sethian JA. Numerical simulations of electrostatically driven jets from nonviscous droplets. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 89:033011. [PMID: 24730941 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.033011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of a perfectly conducting and nonviscous fluid, under the action of an electric field (uniform at infinity), is studied numerically. Level set techniques are employed to develop an Eulerian potential flow model that can follow the drop evolution past breakup, while the free surface fluid velocity and the electric field force are obtained via axisymmetric boundary integral calculations. Numerical results are presented for neutral and charged droplets and for free charged droplets. In all cases, the evolution droplet aspect ratio, progeny droplet size, Taylor cone angles, jet shapes, and self-similar scaling exponents are reported. In particular, for free charged water droplets, the bursting frequency and other jetting characteristics have been carefully analyzed. Wherever possible, these results are compared with previously reported experiments and simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Garzon
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Oviedo, Spain
| | - L J Gray
- Bergen Software Services International, Bergen, Norway
| | - J A Sethian
- Department of Mathematics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Mathematics Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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41
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Forbes TP, Sisco E. Chemical imaging of artificial fingerprints by desorption electro-flow focusing ionization mass spectrometry. Analyst 2014; 139:2982-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00172a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Artificial fingerprints, comprised of endogenous material and trace exogenous compounds, were imaged using desorption electro-flow focusing ionization mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Forbes
- National Institute of Standards and Technology
- Materials Measurement Science Division
- Gaithersburg, USA
| | - Edward Sisco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Maryland
- College Park, USA
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42
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Eltayeb M, Stride E, Edirisinghe M. Electrosprayed core-shell polymer-lipid nanoparticles for active component delivery. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:465604. [PMID: 24164775 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/46/465604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A key challenge in the production of multicomponent nanoparticles for healthcare applications is obtaining reproducible monodisperse nanoparticles with the minimum number of preparation steps. This paper focus on the use of electrohydrodynamic (EHD) techniques to produce core-shell polymer-lipid structures with a narrow size distribution in a single step process. These nanoparticles are composed of a hydrophilic core for active component encapsulation and a lipid shell. It was found that core-shell nanoparticles with a tunable size range between 30 and 90 nm and a narrow size distribution could be reproducibly manufactured. The results indicate that the lipid component (stearic acid) stabilizes the nanoparticles against collapse and aggregation and improves entrapment of active components, in this case vanillin, ethylmaltol and maltol. The overall structure of the nanoparticles produced was examined by multiple methods, including transmission electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry, to confirm that they were of core-shell form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megdi Eltayeb
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
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43
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Gañán-Calvo A, Montanero J, Martín-Banderas L, Flores-Mosquera M. Building functional materials for health care and pharmacy from microfluidic principles and Flow Focusing. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1447-69. [PMID: 23954401 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we aim at establishing a relationship between the fundamentals of the microfluidics technologies used in the Pharmacy field, and the achievements accomplished by those technologies. We describe the main methods for manufacturing micrometer drops, bubbles, and capsules, as well as the corresponding underlying physical mechanisms. In this regard, the review is intended to show non-specialist readers the dynamical processes which determine the success of microfluidics techniques. Flow focusing (FF) is a droplet-based method widely used to produce different types of fluid entities on a continuous basis by applying an extensional co-flow. We take this technique as an example to illustrate how microfluidics technologies for drug delivery are progressing from a deep understanding of the physics of fluids involved. Specifically, we describe the limitations of FF, and review novel methods which enhance its stability and robustness. In the last part of this paper, we review some of the accomplishments of microfluidics when it comes to drug manufacturing and delivery. Special attention is paid to the production of the microencapsulated form because this fluidic structure gathers the main functionalities sought for in Pharmacy. We also show how FF has been adapted to satisfy an ample variety of pharmaceutical requirements to date.
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44
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Bogan MJ. X-ray Free Electron Lasers Motivate Bioanalytical Characterization of Protein Nanocrystals: Serial Femtosecond Crystallography. Anal Chem 2013; 85:3464-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303716r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Bogan
- Stanford
PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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Universal scaling laws for the disintegration of electrified drops. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:4905-10. [PMID: 23487744 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1213708110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drops subjected to strong electric fields emit charged jets from their pointed tips. The disintegration of such jets into a spray consisting of charged droplets is common to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, printing and coating processes, and raindrops in thunderclouds. Currently, there exist conflicting theories and measurements on the size and charge of these small electrospray droplets. We use theory and simulation to show that conductivity can be tuned to yield three scaling regimes for droplet radius and charge, a finding missed by previous studies. The amount of charge Q that electrospray droplets carry determines whether they are coulombically stable and charged below the Rayleigh limit of stability (Q(R)) or are unstable and hence prone to further explosions once they are formed. Previous experiments reported droplet charge values ranging from 10% to in excess of (Q(R)). Simulations unequivocally show that electrospray droplets are coulombically stable at the instant they are created and that there exists a universal scaling law for droplet charge, Q = 0.44 (Q(R)).
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Forbes TP, Brewer TM, Gillen G. Desorption electro-flow focusing ionization of explosives and narcotics for ambient pressure mass spectrometry. Analyst 2013; 138:5665-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01164j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Bonvin G, Schappler J, Rudaz S. Capillary electrophoresis–electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry interfaces: Fundamental concepts and technical developments. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1267:17-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Sierra RG, Laksmono H, Kern J, Tran R, Hattne J, Alonso-Mori R, Lassalle-Kaiser B, Glöckner C, Hellmich J, Schafer DW, Echols N, Gildea RJ, Grosse-Kunstleve RW, Sellberg J, McQueen TA, Fry AR, Messerschmidt MM, Miahnahri A, Seibert MM, Hampton CY, Starodub D, Loh ND, Sokaras D, Weng TC, Zwart PH, Glatzel P, Milathianaki D, White WE, Adams PD, Williams GJ, Boutet S, Zouni A, Messinger J, Sauter NK, Bergmann U, Yano J, Yachandra VK, Bogan MJ. Nanoflow electrospinning serial femtosecond crystallography. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2012; 68:1584-7. [PMID: 23090408 PMCID: PMC3478121 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444912038152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An electrospun liquid microjet has been developed that delivers protein microcrystal suspensions at flow rates of 0.14-3.1 µl min(-1) to perform serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) studies with X-ray lasers. Thermolysin microcrystals flowed at 0.17 µl min(-1) and diffracted to beyond 4 Å resolution, producing 14,000 indexable diffraction patterns, or four per second, from 140 µg of protein. Nanoflow electrospinning extends SFX to biological samples that necessitate minimal sample consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond G. Sierra
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Hartawan Laksmono
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jan Kern
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Rosalie Tran
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Johan Hattne
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | | | - Carina Glöckner
- Max-Volmer-Laboratorium für Biophysikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Hellmich
- Max-Volmer-Laboratorium für Biophysikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Donald W. Schafer
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Nathaniel Echols
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Richard J. Gildea
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Jonas Sellberg
- SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Trevor A. McQueen
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94025, USA
| | - Alan R. Fry
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | | | - Alan Miahnahri
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - M. Marvin Seibert
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Christina Y. Hampton
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Dmitri Starodub
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - N. Duane Loh
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | | | - Tsu-Chien Weng
- SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Petrus H. Zwart
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Pieter Glatzel
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | | | - William E. White
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Paul D. Adams
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Garth J. Williams
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Athina Zouni
- Max-Volmer-Laboratorium für Biophysikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Messinger
- Institutionen för Kemi, Kemiskt Biologiskt Centrum, Umeå Universitet, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nicholas K. Sauter
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Uwe Bergmann
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Junko Yano
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Vittal K. Yachandra
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael J. Bogan
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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Latham J, Bower K, Choularton T, Coe H, Connolly P, Cooper G, Craft T, Foster J, Gadian A, Galbraith L, Iacovides H, Johnston D, Launder B, Leslie B, Meyer J, Neukermans A, Ormond B, Parkes B, Rasch P, Rush J, Salter S, Stevenson T, Wang H, Wang Q, Wood R. Marine cloud brightening. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2012; 370:4217-62. [PMID: 22869798 PMCID: PMC3405666 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2012.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The idea behind the marine cloud-brightening (MCB) geoengineering technique is that seeding marine stratocumulus clouds with copious quantities of roughly monodisperse sub-micrometre sea water particles might significantly enhance the cloud droplet number concentration, and thereby the cloud albedo and possibly longevity. This would produce a cooling, which general circulation model (GCM) computations suggest could-subject to satisfactory resolution of technical and scientific problems identified herein-have the capacity to balance global warming up to the carbon dioxide-doubling point. We describe herein an account of our recent research on a number of critical issues associated with MCB. This involves (i) GCM studies, which are our primary tools for evaluating globally the effectiveness of MCB, and assessing its climate impacts on rainfall amounts and distribution, and also polar sea-ice cover and thickness; (ii) high-resolution modelling of the effects of seeding on marine stratocumulus, which are required to understand the complex array of interacting processes involved in cloud brightening; (iii) microphysical modelling sensitivity studies, examining the influence of seeding amount, seed-particle salt-mass, air-mass characteristics, updraught speed and other parameters on cloud-albedo change; (iv) sea water spray-production techniques; (v) computational fluid dynamics studies of possible large-scale periodicities in Flettner rotors; and (vi) the planning of a three-stage limited-area field research experiment, with the primary objectives of technology testing and determining to what extent, if any, cloud albedo might be enhanced by seeding marine stratocumulus clouds on a spatial scale of around 100×100 km. We stress that there would be no justification for deployment of MCB unless it was clearly established that no significant adverse consequences would result. There would also need to be an international agreement firmly in favour of such action.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Latham
- National Centre for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL
| | - Keith Bower
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL
| | - Tom Choularton
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL
| | - Hugh Coe
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL
| | - Paul Connolly
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL
| | - Gary Cooper
- Department of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK
| | - Tim Craft
- MACE, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jack Foster
- Department of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK
| | - Alan Gadian
- NCAS, SEE, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Author for correspondence ()
| | | | | | | | - Brian Launder
- MACE, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Ben Parkes
- NCAS, SEE, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Phillip Rasch
- Climate Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | | | - Stephen Salter
- Department of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK
| | - Tom Stevenson
- Department of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK
| | - Hailong Wang
- Climate Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | | | - Rob Wood
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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Herrada MA, López-Herrera JM, Gañán-Calvo AM, Vega EJ, Montanero JM, Popinet S. Numerical simulation of electrospray in the cone-jet mode. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2012; 86:026305. [PMID: 23005852 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.86.026305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present a robust and computationally efficient numerical scheme for simulating steady electrohydrodynamic atomization processes (electrospray). The main simplification assumed in this scheme is that all the free electrical charges are distributed over the interface. A comparison of the results with those calculated with a volume-of-fluid method showed that the numerical scheme presented here accurately describes the flow pattern within the entire liquid domain. Experiments were performed to partially validate the numerical predictions. The simulations reproduced accurately the experimental shape of the liquid cone jet, providing correct values of the emitted electric current even for configurations very close to the cone-jet stability limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Herrada
- Departamento de Ingeniería Aeroespacial y Mecánica de Fluidos, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain
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