1
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Bertram L, Weber PM, Kirrander A. Mapping the photochemistry of cyclopentadiene: from theory to ultrafast X-ray scattering. Faraday Discuss 2023; 244:269-293. [PMID: 37132432 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00176d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The photoinduced ring-conversion reaction when cyclopentadiene (CP) is excited at 5.10 eV is simulated using surface-hopping semiclassical trajectories with XMS(3)-CASPT2(4,4)/cc-pVDZ electronic structure theory. In addition, PBE0/def2-SV(P) is employed for ground state propagation of the trajectories. The dynamics is propagated for 10 ps, mapping both the nonadiabatic short-time dynamics (<300 fs) and the increasingly statistical dynamics on the electronic ground state. The short-time dynamics yields a mixture of hot CP and bicyclo[2.1.0]pentene (BP), with the two products reached via different regions of the same conical intersection seam. On the ground state, we observe slow conversion from BP to CP which is modelled by RRKM theory with a transition state determined using PBE0/def2-TZVP. The CP products are furthermore associated with ground state hydrogen shifts and some H-atom dissociation. Finally, the prospects for detailed experimental mapping using novel ultrafast X-ray scattering experiments are discussed and observables for such experiments are predicted. In particular, we assess the possibility of retrieving electronic states and their populations alongside the structural dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Peter M Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Adam Kirrander
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
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2
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Reif J. Dynamics and Processes on Laser-Irradiated Surfaces. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:379. [PMID: 36770341 PMCID: PMC9920288 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The modification of solid surfaces via the impacts of intense laser pulses and the dynamics of the relevant processes are reviewed. We start with rather weak interactions on dielectric materials, based on non-linear absorption across the bandgap and resulting in low-level local effects like electron and individual ion emission. The role of such locally induced defects in the cumulative effect of incubation, i.e., the increase in efficiency with the increasing number of laser pulses, is addressed. At higher excitation density levels, due to easier laser-material coupling and higher laser fluence, the energy dissipation is considerable, leading to lattice destabilization, surface relaxation, ablation, and surface modification (e.g., laser-induced periodic surface structures). Finally, a short list of possible applications, namely in the field of wettability, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Reif
- Brandenburgische Technische Universität-BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Platz der Deutschen Einheit 1, 03046 Cottbus, Germany
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3
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Jo W, Kee J, Kim K, Landahl EC, Longbons G, Walko DA, Wen H, Lee DR, Lee S. Structural measurement of electron-phonon coupling and electronic thermal transport across a metal-semiconductor interface. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16606. [PMID: 36198711 PMCID: PMC9534889 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20715-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Scattering of energetic charge carriers and their coupling to lattice vibrations (phonons) in dielectric materials and semiconductors are crucial processes that determine the functional limits of optoelectronics, photovoltaics, and photocatalysts. The strength of these energy exchanges is often described by the electron-phonon coupling coefficient, which is difficult to measure due to the microscopic time- and length-scales involved. In the present study, we propose an alternate means to quantify the coupling parameter along with thermal boundary resistance and electron conductivity by performing a high angular-resolution time-resolved X-ray diffraction measurement of propagating lattice deformation following laser excitation of a nanoscale, polycrystalline metal film on a semiconductor substrate. Our data present direct experimental evidence for identifying the ballistic and diffusive transport components occurring at the interface, where only the latter participates in thermal diffusion. This approach provides a robust measurement that can be applied to investigate microscopic energy transport in various solid-state materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonhyuk Jo
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 305-340, South Korea.,Department of Physics, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, South Korea.,European X-ray Free Electron Laser GmbH, Schenefeld, 22869, Germany
| | - Jungyun Kee
- Department of Physics, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, South Korea.,Center for Spintronics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Kooktea Kim
- Department of Physics, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, South Korea
| | - Eric C Landahl
- Department of Physics and Astrophysics, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, 60614, USA
| | - Grace Longbons
- Department of Physics and Astrophysics, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, 60614, USA.,Physics Department, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Donald A Walko
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Haidan Wen
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.,Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Dong Ryeol Lee
- Department of Physics, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, South Korea.
| | - Sooheyong Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 305-340, South Korea. .,Department of Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-340, South Korea.
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4
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Liu WH, Luo JW, Li SS, Wang LW. The seeds and homogeneous nucleation of photoinduced nonthermal melting in semiconductors due to self-amplified local dynamic instability. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn4430. [PMID: 35857455 PMCID: PMC9258811 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn4430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced nonthermal melting in semiconductors has been studied over the past four decades, but the underlying mechanism is still under debate. Here, by using an advanced real-time time-dependent density functional theory simulation, we reveal that the photoexcitation-induced ultrafast nonthermal melting in silicon occurs via homogeneous nucleation with random seeds originating from a self-amplified local dynamic instability. Because of this local dynamic instability, any initial small random thermal displacements of atoms can be amplified by a charge transfer of photoexcited carriers, which, in turn, creates a local self-trapping center for the excited carriers and yields the random nucleation seeds. Because a sufficient amount of photoexcited hot carriers must be cooled down to band edges before participating in the self-amplification of local lattice distortions, the time needed for hot carrier cooling is the response for the longer melting time scales at shorter laser wavelengths. This finding provides fresh insights into photoinduced ultrafast nonthermal melting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun-Wei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Corresponding author. (J.-W.L.); (L.-W.W.)
| | - Shu-Shen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin-Wang Wang
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Corresponding author. (J.-W.L.); (L.-W.W.)
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5
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Ultrafast atomic view of laser-induced melting and breathing motion of metallic liquid clusters with MeV ultrafast electron diffraction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2111949119. [PMID: 35074922 PMCID: PMC8795546 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111949119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intense lasers can be used to drive materials into transient states far from equilibrium. Investigations of such states and processes at the atomic scale are of fundamental significance in understanding a material’s behavior under extreme conditions. Herein, an ultrafast electron diffraction technique is used to track the atomic pathway of the entire melting process of aluminum and reveal a coherent breathing motion of polyhedral clusters in transient liquid aluminum at high temperature and high pressure. The negative expansion behavior of interatomic distances in a superheated liquid state upon heating is observed. These findings provide insight into ultrafast structural transformations and transient atomic dynamics under extreme conditions. Under the irradiation of an ultrafast intense laser, solid materials can be driven into nonequilibrium states undergoing an ultrafast solid–liquid phase transition. Understanding such nonequilibrium states is essential for scientific research and industrial applications because they exist in various processes including laser fusion and laser machining yet challenging in the sense that high resolution and single-shot capability are required for the measurements. Herein, an ultrafast diffraction technique with megaelectron-volt (MeV) electrons is used to resolve the atomic pathway over the entire laser-induced ultrafast melting process, from the initial loss of long-range order and the formation of high-density liquid to the progressive evolution of short-range order and relaxation into the metastable low-density liquid state. High-resolution measurements using electron pulse compression and a time-stamping technique reveal a coherent breathing motion of polyhedral clusters in transient liquid aluminum during the ultrafast melting process, as indicated by the oscillation of the interatomic distance between the center atom and atoms in the nearest-neighbor shell. Furthermore, contraction of interatomic distance was observed in a superheated liquid state with temperatures up to 6,000 K. The results provide an atomic view of melting accompanied with internal pressure relaxation and are critical for understanding the structures and properties of matter under extreme conditions.
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6
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Hartley NJ, Grenzer J, Huang L, Inubushi Y, Kamimura N, Katagiri K, Kodama R, Kon A, Lu W, Makita M, Matsuoka T, Nakajima S, Ozaki N, Pikuz T, Rode AV, Sagae D, Schuster AK, Tono K, Voigt K, Vorberger J, Yabuuchi T, McBride EE, Kraus D. Using Diffuse Scattering to Observe X-Ray-Driven Nonthermal Melting. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:015703. [PMID: 33480771 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.015703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present results from the SPring-8 Angstrom Compact free electron LAser facility, where we used a high intensity (∼10^{20} W/cm^{2}) x-ray pump x-ray probe scheme to observe changes in the ionic structure of silicon induced by x-ray heating of the electrons. By avoiding Laue spots in the scattering signal from a single crystalline sample, we observe a rapid rise in diffuse scattering and a transition to a disordered, liquidlike state with a structure significantly different from liquid silicon. The disordering occurs within 100 fs of irradiation, a timescale that agrees well with first principles simulations, and is faster than that predicted by purely inertial behavior, suggesting that both the phase change and disordered state reached are dominated by Coulomb forces. This method is capable of observing liquid scattering without masking signal from the ambient solid, allowing the liquid structure to be measured throughout and beyond the phase change.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Hartley
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - J Grenzer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - L Huang
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Y Inubushi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - N Kamimura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0087, Japan
| | - K Katagiri
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0087, Japan
| | - R Kodama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0087, Japan
- Photon Pioneers Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0087, Japan
| | - A Kon
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - W Lu
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, D-22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - M Makita
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, D-22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - T Matsuoka
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0087, Japan
| | - S Nakajima
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0087, Japan
| | - N Ozaki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0087, Japan
- Photon Pioneers Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0087, Japan
| | - T Pikuz
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0087, Japan
| | - A V Rode
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - D Sagae
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0087, Japan
| | - A K Schuster
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - K Tono
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - K Voigt
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - J Vorberger
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - T Yabuuchi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - E E McBride
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - D Kraus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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7
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Ki H, Lee Y, Choi EH, Lee S, Ihee H. SVD-aided non-orthogonal decomposition (SANOD) method to exploit prior knowledge of spectral components in the analysis of time-resolved data. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2019; 6:024303. [PMID: 30931347 PMCID: PMC6435371 DOI: 10.1063/1.5085864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of time-resolved data typically involves discriminating noise against the signal and extracting time-independent components and their time-dependent contributions. Singular value decomposition (SVD) serves this purpose well, but the extracted time-independent components are not necessarily the physically meaningful spectra directly representing the actual dynamic or kinetic processes but rather a mathematically orthogonal set necessary for constituting the physically meaningful spectra. Converting the orthogonal components into physically meaningful spectra requires subsequent posterior analyses such as linear combination fitting (LCF) and global fitting (GF), which takes advantage of prior knowledge about the data but requires that all components are known or satisfactory components are guessed. Since in general not all components are known, they have to be guessed and tested via trial and error. In this work, we introduce a method, which is termed SVD-aided Non-Orthogonal Decomposition (SANOD), to circumvent trial and error. The key concept of SANOD is to combine the orthogonal components from SVD with the known prior knowledge to fill in the gap of the unknown signal components and to use them for LCF. We demonstrate the usefulness of SANOD via applications to a variety of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Ki
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | | | | | | | - H. Ihee
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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8
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Enquist H, Jurgilaitis A, Jarnac A, Bengtsson ÅUJ, Burza M, Curbis F, Disch C, Ekström JC, Harb M, Isaksson L, Kotur M, Kroon D, Lindau F, Mansten E, Nygaard J, Persson AIH, Pham VT, Rissi M, Thorin S, Tu CM, Wallén E, Wang X, Werin S, Larsson J. FemtoMAX - an X-ray beamline for structural dynamics at the short-pulse facility of MAX IV. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:570-579. [PMID: 29488939 PMCID: PMC5829682 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577517017660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The FemtoMAX beamline facilitates studies of the structural dynamics of materials. Such studies are of fundamental importance for key scientific problems related to programming materials using light, enabling new storage media and new manufacturing techniques, obtaining sustainable energy by mimicking photosynthesis, and gleaning insights into chemical and biological functional dynamics. The FemtoMAX beamline utilizes the MAX IV linear accelerator as an electron source. The photon bursts have a pulse length of 100 fs, which is on the timescale of molecular vibrations, and have wavelengths matching interatomic distances (Å). The uniqueness of the beamline has called for special beamline components. This paper presents the beamline design including ultrasensitive X-ray beam-position monitors based on thin Ce:YAG screens, efficient harmonic separators and novel timing tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Enquist
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | | | - Amelie Jarnac
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Lund University, PO Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | | | - Matthias Burza
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Francesca Curbis
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | | | - J. Carl Ekström
- Department of Physics, Lund University, PO Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Maher Harb
- Departments of Physics and Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lennart Isaksson
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Marija Kotur
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - David Kroon
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Filip Lindau
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Erik Mansten
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Jesper Nygaard
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | | | - Van Thai Pham
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
- Center for Quantum Electronics, Institute of Physics, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Michael Rissi
- Dectris AG, Taefernweg, Baden-Daettwil 15405, Switzerland
| | - Sara Thorin
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Chien-Ming Tu
- Department of Physics, Lund University, PO Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Erik Wallén
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Xiaocui Wang
- Department of Physics, Lund University, PO Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Sverker Werin
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Larsson
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, PO Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Lund University, PO Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
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9
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Ponseca CS, Chábera P, Uhlig J, Persson P, Sundström V. Ultrafast Electron Dynamics in Solar Energy Conversion. Chem Rev 2017; 117:10940-11024. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlito S. Ponseca
- Division
of Chemical Physics, Chemical Center, and ‡Theoretical Chemistry Division,
Chemical Center, Lund University, Box 124, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
| | - Pavel Chábera
- Division
of Chemical Physics, Chemical Center, and ‡Theoretical Chemistry Division,
Chemical Center, Lund University, Box 124, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
| | - Jens Uhlig
- Division
of Chemical Physics, Chemical Center, and ‡Theoretical Chemistry Division,
Chemical Center, Lund University, Box 124, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
| | - Petter Persson
- Division
of Chemical Physics, Chemical Center, and ‡Theoretical Chemistry Division,
Chemical Center, Lund University, Box 124, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
| | - Villy Sundström
- Division
of Chemical Physics, Chemical Center, and ‡Theoretical Chemistry Division,
Chemical Center, Lund University, Box 124, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
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10
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Visualization of nanocrystal breathing modes at extreme strains. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6577. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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11
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Jurgilaitis A, Enquist H, Harb M, Dick KA, Borg BM, Nüske R, Wernersson LE, Larsson J. Measurements of light absorption efficiency in InSb nanowires. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2014; 1:014502. [PMID: 26913673 PMCID: PMC4711595 DOI: 10.1063/1.4833559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report on measurements of the light absorption efficiency of InSb nanowires. The absorbed 70 fs light pulse generates carriers, which equilibrate with the lattice via electron-phonon coupling. The increase in lattice temperature is manifested as a strain that can be measured with X-ray diffraction. The diffracted X-ray signal from the excited sample was measured using a streak camera. The amount of absorbed light was deduced by comparing X-ray diffraction measurements with simulations. It was found that 3.0(6)% of the radiation incident on the sample was absorbed by the nanowires, which cover 2.5% of the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jurgilaitis
- Department of Physics, Lund University , P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - H Enquist
- MAX IV laboratory, Lund University , P.O. Box 118, Lund, Sweden
| | - M Harb
- Department of Physics, Lund University , P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - B M Borg
- Department of Physics, Lund University , P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - R Nüske
- Department of Physics, Lund University , P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - L-E Wernersson
- Department of Electrical and Information Technology, Lund University , P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - J Larsson
- Department of Physics, Lund University , P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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12
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Nicoul M, Quirin F, Lindenberg A, Barty A, Fritz D, Zhu D, Lemke H, Chollet M, Reis D, Chen J, Ghimire S, Trigo M, Fuchs M, Gaffney K, Larsson J, Becker T, Meyer S, Payer T, Meyer zu Heringdorf F, Horn von Hoegen M, Jerman M, Sokolowski-Tinten K. Ultrafast laser-induced melting and ablation studied by time-resolved diffuse X-ray scattering. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20134104013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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13
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Müller L, Gutt C, Streit-Nierobisch S, Walther M, Schaffert S, Pfau B, Geilhufe J, Büttner F, Flewett S, Günther CM, Eisebitt S, Kobs A, Hille M, Stickler D, Frömter R, Oepen HP, Lüning J, Grübel G. Endstation for ultrafast magnetic scattering experiments at the free-electron laser in Hamburg. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:013906. [PMID: 23387667 DOI: 10.1063/1.4773543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An endstation for pump-probe small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments at the free-electron laser in Hamburg (FLASH) is presented. The endstation houses a solid-state absorber, optical incoupling for pump-probe experiments, time zero measurement, sample chamber, and detection unit. It can be used at all FLASH beamlines in the whole photon energy range offered by FLASH. The capabilities of the setup are demonstrated by showing the results of resonant magnetic SAXS measurements on cobalt-platinum multilayer samples grown on freestanding Si(3)N(4) membranes and pump-laser-induced grid structures in multilayer samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Müller
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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14
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Tomita T, Yamamoto M, Hasegawa N, Terakawa K, Minami Y, Nishikino M, Ishino M, Kaihori T, Ochi Y, Kawachi T, Yamagiwa M, Suemoto T. Experimental verification of femtosecond laser ablation schemes by time-resolved soft x-ray reflective imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:29329-29337. [PMID: 23388759 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.029329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pump and probe reflective imaging using a soft x-ray laser probe was applied to the observation of the early stage of femtosecond laser ablation process on platinum. In strongly excited area, drastic and fast reflectivity drop was observed. In moderately excited area, the decay of the reflectivity is slower than that in the strongly excited area, and the reflectivity reaches its minimum at t = 160 ps. In weakly excited area, laser-induced reflectivity change was not observed. In addition, the point where the reflectivity dip was observed at t = 10 ps and t = 40 ps, coincides with the position of the edge of reflectivity drop at t = 160 ps. These results give the critical information about the femtosecond laser ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Tomita
- Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokushima,Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
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15
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Budzevich MM, Zhakhovsky VV, White CT, Oleynik II. Evolution of shock-induced orientation-dependent metastable states in crystalline aluminum. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:125505. [PMID: 23005960 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.125505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of orientation-dependent metastable states during shock-induced solid-liquid phase transitions in crystalline Al is followed using moving window molecular dynamics simulations. The orientation-dependent transition pathways towards an orientation-independent final state Hugoniot include both "cold melting" followed by recrystallization in [110]- and [111]-oriented shock waves and crystal overheating followed by melting in [100] shock waves. The orientation-dependent dynamics take place within a zone that can extend up to hundreds of nanometers behind the shock front.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikalai M Budzevich
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
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16
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Dorchies F, Lévy A, Goyon C, Combis P, Descamps D, Fourment C, Harmand M, Hulin S, Leguay PM, Petit S, Peyrusse O, Santos JJ. Unraveling the solid-liquid-vapor phase transition dynamics at the atomic level with ultrafast x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:245006. [PMID: 22243009 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.245006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) is a powerful probe of electronic and atomic structures in various media, ranging from molecules to condensed matter. We show how ultrafast time resolution opens new possibilities to investigate highly nonequilibrium states of matter including phase transitions. Based on a tabletop laser-plasma ultrafast x-ray source, we have performed a time-resolved (∼3 ps) XANES experiment that reveals the evolution of an aluminum foil at the atomic level, when undergoing ultrafast laser heating and ablation. X-ray absorption spectra highlight an ultrafast transition from the crystalline solid to the disordered liquid followed by a progressive transition of the delocalized valence electronic structure (metal) down to localized atomic orbitals (nonmetal-vapor), as the average distance between atoms increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dorchies
- Université de Bordeaux-CNRS-CEA, Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications (CELIA), Talence, F-33405, France.
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17
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Armijo J, Barnard JJ. Droplet evolution in expanding flow of warm dense matter. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 83:051507. [PMID: 21728540 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.83.051507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We propose a simple, self-consistent kinetic model for the evolution of a mixture of droplets and vapor expanding adiabatically in vacuum after rapid, almost isochoric heating. We study the evolution of the two-phase fluid at intermediate times between the molecular and the hydrodynamic scales, focusing on out-of-equilibrium and surface effects. We use the van der Waals equation of state as a test bed to implement our model and study the phenomenology of the upcoming second neutralized drift compression experiment (NDCX-II) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) that uses ion beams for target heating. We find an approximate expression for the temperature difference between the droplets and the expanding gas and we check it with numerical calculations. The formula provides a useful criterion to distinguish the thermalized and nonthermalized regimes of expansion. In the thermalized case, the liquid fraction grows in a proportion that we estimate analytically, whereas, in case of too rapid expansion, a strict limit for the evaporation of droplets is derived. The range of experimental situations is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Armijo
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.
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18
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Guérin L, Hébert J, Buron-Le Cointe M, Adachi SI, Koshihara SY, Cailleau H, Collet E. Capturing one-dimensional precursors of a photoinduced transformation in a material. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:246101. [PMID: 21231536 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.246101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Achieving control of photoinduced phase transitions requires understanding how materials work during transformation induced by a laser pulse. Here we investigate the precursors of a photoinduced phase transition in the highly cooperative charge-transfer molecular crystal tetrathiafulvalene-p-chloranil and provide key insights. The photogeneration of one-dimensional nanoscale clusters was detected by time-resolved diffuse x-ray scattering with 50-ps time resolution. Such clustering of structurally relaxed electronic excitations is expected to be a common process in many materials presenting photoinduced transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Guérin
- JST, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
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19
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Beye M, Sorgenfrei F, Schlotter WF, Wurth W, Föhlisch A. The liquid-liquid phase transition in silicon revealed by snapshots of valence electrons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:16772-6. [PMID: 20805512 PMCID: PMC2947918 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1006499107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The basis for the anomalies of water is still mysterious. Quite generally tetrahedrally coordinated systems, also silicon, show similar thermodynamic behavior but lack--like water--a thorough explanation. Proposed models--controversially discussed--explain the anomalies as a remainder of a first-order phase transition between high and low density liquid phases, buried deeply in the "no man's land"--a part of the supercooled liquid region where rapid crystallization prohibits any experimental access. Other explanations doubt the existence of the phase transition and its first-order nature. Here, we provide experimental evidence for the first-order-phase transition in silicon. With ultrashort optical pulses of femtosecond duration we instantaneously heat the electronic system of silicon while the atomic structure as defined by the much heavier nuclear system remains initially unchanged. Only on a picosecond time scale the energy is transferred into the atomic lattice providing the energy to drive the phase transitions. With femtosecond X-ray pulses from FLASH, the free-electron laser at Hamburg, we follow the evolution of the valence electronic structure during this process. As the relevant phases are easily distinguishable in their electronic structure, we track how silicon melts into the low-density-liquid phase while a second phase transition into the high-density-liquid phase only occurs after the latent heat for the first-order phase transition has been transferred to the atomic structure. Proving the existence of the liquid-liquid phase transition in silicon, the hypothesized liquid-liquid scenario for water is strongly supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Beye
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg and Centre for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
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20
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Negres RA, Feit MD, Demos SG. Dynamics of material modifications following laser-breakdown in bulk fused silica. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:10642-10649. [PMID: 20588916 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.010642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report on the material response during the cooling phase in bulk fused silica following localized energy deposition via laser-induced breakdown.We use a time-resolved microscope system to acquire images of the region of energy deposition at delay times covering the entire timeline of events. In addition, this system is configured to perform pump-and-probe damage testing measurements to investigate the evolution of the transient absorption of the modified material. The main features of a damage site are established at approximately 30 ns after the pump pulse, i.e. cracks reach their final size within this time frame. The results reveal that the cracks and melted core exhibit a transient absorption up until about 300 ns and 200 micros delay times, respectively, and suggest that the melted region returns to solid phase at approximately 70 ms delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Negres
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
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21
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Westenhoff S, Nazarenko E, Malmerberg E, Davidsson J, Katona G, Neutze R. Time-resolved structural studies of protein reaction dynamics: a smorgasbord of X-ray approaches. Acta Crystallogr A 2010; 66:207-19. [PMID: 20164644 PMCID: PMC2824530 DOI: 10.1107/s0108767309054361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-resolved structural studies of proteins have undergone several significant developments during the last decade. Recent developments using time-resolved X-ray methods, such as time-resolved Laue diffraction, low-temperature intermediate trapping, time-resolved wide-angle X-ray scattering and time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy, are reviewed. Proteins undergo conformational changes during their biological function. As such, a high-resolution structure of a protein’s resting conformation provides a starting point for elucidating its reaction mechanism, but provides no direct information concerning the protein’s conformational dynamics. Several X-ray methods have been developed to elucidate those conformational changes that occur during a protein’s reaction, including time-resolved Laue diffraction and intermediate trapping studies on three-dimensional protein crystals, and time-resolved wide-angle X-ray scattering and X-ray absorption studies on proteins in the solution phase. This review emphasizes the scope and limitations of these complementary experimental approaches when seeking to understand protein conformational dynamics. These methods are illustrated using a limited set of examples including myoglobin and haemoglobin in complex with carbon monoxide, the simple light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin, and the superoxide scavenger superoxide reductase. In conclusion, likely future developments of these methods at synchrotron X-ray sources and the potential impact of emerging X-ray free-electron laser facilities are speculated upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Westenhoff
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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22
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Johnson SL, Beaud P, Vorobeva E, Milne CJ, Murray ÉD, Fahy S, Ingold G. Non-equilibrium phonon dynamics studied by grazing-incidence femtosecond X-ray crystallography. Acta Crystallogr A 2010; 66:157-67. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767309053859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The timescales for structural changes in a single crystal of bismuth after excitation with an intense near-infrared laser pulse are studied with femtosecond pump-probe X-ray diffraction. Changes in the intensity and reciprocal-lattice vector of several reflections give quantitative information on the structure factor and lattice strain as a function of time, with a resolution of 200 fs. The results indicate that the majority of excess carrier energy that remains near the surface is transferred to vibrational modes on a timescale of about 10 ps, and that the resultant increase in the variance of the atomic positions at these times is consistent with the overall magnitude of lattice strain that develops.
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24
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Nüske R, v Korff Schmising C, Jurgilaitis A, Enquist H, Navirian H, Sondhauss P, Larsson J. Time-resolved x-ray scattering from laser-molten indium antimonide. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:013106. [PMID: 20113080 DOI: 10.1063/1.3290418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a concept to study transient liquids with picosecond time-resolved x-ray scattering in a high-repetition-rate configuration. Femtosecond laser excitation of crystalline indium antimonide (InSb) induces ultrafast melting, which leads to a loss of the long-range order. The remaining local correlations of the liquid result in broad x-ray diffraction rings, which are measured as a function of delay time. After 2 ns the liquid structure factor shows close agreement with that of equilibrated liquid InSb. The measured decay of the liquid scattering intensity corresponds to the resolidification rate of 1 m/s in InSb.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nüske
- Department of Physics, Atomic Physics Division, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
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25
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Zhigilei LV, Lin Z, Ivanov DS, Leveugle E, Duff WH, Thomas D, Sevilla C, Guy SJ. Atomic/Molecular-Level Simulations of Laser–Materials Interactions. LASER-SURFACE INTERACTIONS FOR NEW MATERIALS PRODUCTION 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-03307-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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26
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Basic Physics of Femtosecond Laser Ablation. LASER-SURFACE INTERACTIONS FOR NEW MATERIALS PRODUCTION 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-03307-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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27
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Ernstorfer R, Harb M, Hebeisen CT, Sciaini G, Dartigalongue T, Miller RJD. The formation of warm dense matter: experimental evidence for electronic bond hardening in gold. Science 2009; 323:1033-7. [PMID: 19164708 DOI: 10.1126/science.1162697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Under strong optical excitation conditions, it is possible to create highly nonequilibrium states of matter. The nuclear response is determined by the rate of energy transfer from the excited electrons to the nuclei and the instantaneous effect of change in electron distribution on the interatomic potential energy landscape. We used femtosecond electron diffraction to follow the structural evolution of strongly excited gold under these transient electronic conditions. Generally, materials become softer with excitation. In contrast, the rate of disordering of the gold lattice is found to be retarded at excitation levels up to 2.85 megajoules per kilogram with respect to the degree of lattice heating, which is indicative of increased lattice stability at high effective electronic temperatures, a predicted effect that illustrates the strong correlation between electronic structure and lattice bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Ernstorfer
- Institute for Optical Sciences and Departments of Chemistry and Physics, 80 Saint George Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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