1
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Beier NF, Allison H, Efthimion P, Flippo KA, Gao L, Hansen SB, Hill K, Hollinger R, Logantha M, Musthafa Y, Nedbailo R, Senthilkumaran V, Shepherd R, Shlyaptsev VN, Song H, Wang S, Dollar F, Rocca JJ, Hussein AE. Homogeneous, Micron-Scale High-Energy-Density Matter Generated by Relativistic Laser-Solid Interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:135001. [PMID: 36206410 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.135001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Short-pulse, laser-solid interactions provide a unique platform for studying complex high-energy-density matter. We present the first demonstration of solid-density, micron-scale keV plasmas uniformly heated by a high-contrast, 400 nm wavelength laser at intensities up to 2×10^{21} W/cm^{2}. High-resolution spectral analysis of x-ray emission reveals uniform heating up to 3.0 keV over 1 μm depths. Particle-in-cell simulations indicate the production of a uniformly heated keV plasma to depths of 2 μm. The significant bulk heating and presence of highly ionized ions deep within the target are attributed to the few MeV hot electrons that become trapped and undergo refluxing within the target sheath fields. These conditions enabled the differentiation of atomic physics models of ionization potential depression in high-energy-density environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- N F Beier
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
- STROBE, NSF Science and Technology Center, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, USA
| | - H Allison
- STROBE, NSF Science and Technology Center, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, USA
| | - P Efthimion
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08536, USA
| | - K A Flippo
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1163, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - L Gao
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08536, USA
| | - S B Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - K Hill
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08536, USA
| | - R Hollinger
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
| | - M Logantha
- STROBE, NSF Science and Technology Center, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, USA
| | - Y Musthafa
- STROBE, NSF Science and Technology Center, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, USA
| | - R Nedbailo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
| | - V Senthilkumaran
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - R Shepherd
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - V N Shlyaptsev
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
| | - H Song
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
| | - S Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
| | - F Dollar
- STROBE, NSF Science and Technology Center, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, USA
| | - J J Rocca
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
- Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
| | - A E Hussein
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
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2
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Kawahito D, Bailly-Grandvaux M, Dozières M, McGuffey C, Forestier-Colleoni P, Peebles J, Honrubia JJ, Khiar B, Hansen S, Tzeferacos P, Wei MS, Krauland CM, Gourdain P, Davies JR, Matsuo K, Fujioka S, Campbell EM, Santos JJ, Batani D, Bhutwala K, Zhang S, Beg FN. Fast electron transport dynamics and energy deposition in magnetized, imploded cylindrical plasma. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2021; 379:20200052. [PMID: 33280559 PMCID: PMC7741014 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Inertial confinement fusion approaches involve the creation of high-energy-density states through compression. High gain scenarios may be enabled by the beneficial heating from fast electrons produced with an intense laser and by energy containment with a high-strength magnetic field. Here, we report experimental measurements from a configuration integrating a magnetized, imploded cylindrical plasma and intense laser-driven electrons as well as multi-stage simulations that show fast electrons transport pathways at different times during the implosion and quantify their energy deposition contribution. The experiment consisted of a CH foam cylinder, inside an external coaxial magnetic field of 5 T, that was imploded using 36 OMEGA laser beams. Two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic modelling predicts the CH density reaches [Formula: see text], the temperature reaches 920 eV and the external B-field is amplified at maximum compression to 580 T. At pre-determined times during the compression, the intense OMEGA EP laser irradiated one end of the cylinder to accelerate relativistic electrons into the dense imploded plasma providing additional heating. The relativistic electron beam generation was simulated using a 2D particle-in-cell (PIC) code. Finally, three-dimensional hybrid-PIC simulations calculated the electron propagation and energy deposition inside the target and revealed the roles the compressed and self-generated B-fields play in transport. During a time window before the maximum compression time, the self-generated B-field on the compression front confines the injected electrons inside the target, increasing the temperature through Joule heating. For a stronger B-field seed of 20 T, the electrons are predicted to be guided into the compressed target and provide additional collisional heating. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Prospects for high gain inertial fusion energy (part 2)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Kawahito
- Center for Energy Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0417, USA
| | - M. Bailly-Grandvaux
- Center for Energy Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0417, USA
| | - M. Dozières
- Center for Energy Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0417, USA
| | - C. McGuffey
- Center for Energy Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0417, USA
| | - P. Forestier-Colleoni
- Center for Energy Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0417, USA
| | - J. Peebles
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - J. J. Honrubia
- E.T.S.I. Industriales, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - B. Khiar
- Office National d’Etudes et de Recherches Aérospatiales (ONERA), Palaiseau 91123, France
| | - S. Hansen
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - P. Tzeferacos
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - M. S. Wei
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
- General Atomics, San Diego, CA 92186, USA
| | | | - P. Gourdain
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
- Extreme State Physics Laboratory, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - J. R. Davies
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - K. Matsuo
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - S. Fujioka
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - E. M. Campbell
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - J. J. Santos
- Université de Bordeaux-CNRS-CEA, CELIA UMR, 5107 33400 Talence, France
| | - D. Batani
- Université de Bordeaux-CNRS-CEA, CELIA UMR, 5107 33400 Talence, France
| | - K. Bhutwala
- Center for Energy Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0417, USA
| | - S. Zhang
- Center for Energy Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0417, USA
| | - F. N. Beg
- Center for Energy Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0417, USA
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3
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Malko S, Vaisseau X, Perez F, Batani D, Curcio A, Ehret M, Honrubia J, Jakubowska K, Morace A, Santos JJ, Volpe L. Enhanced relativistic-electron beam collimation using two consecutive laser pulses. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14061. [PMID: 31575932 PMCID: PMC6773764 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50401-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The double laser pulse approach to relativistic electron beam (REB) collimation in solid targets has been investigated at the LULI-ELFIE facility. In this scheme two collinear laser pulses are focused onto a solid target with a given intensity ratio and time delay to generate REBs. The magnetic field generated by the first laser-driven REB is used to guide the REB generated by a second delayed laser pulse. We show how electron beam collimation can be controlled by properly adjusting the ratio of focus size and the delay time between the two pulses. We found that the maximum of electron beam collimation is clearly dependent on the laser focal spot size ratio and related to the magnetic field dynamics. Cu-Kα and CTR imaging diagnostics were implemented to evaluate the collimation effects on the respectively low energy (≤100 keV) and high energy (≥MeV) components of the REB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Malko
- Centro de Laseres Pulsados (CLPU), Parque Cientifico, E-37185, Villamayor, Salamanca, Spain. .,University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Xavier Vaisseau
- Centro de Laseres Pulsados (CLPU), Parque Cientifico, E-37185, Villamayor, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Frederic Perez
- Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, CEA, UMR 7605, F-91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Dimitri Batani
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33405, Talence, France
| | | | - Michael Ehret
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33405, Talence, France.,Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstrasse 9, 64289, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Javier Honrubia
- ETSI Aeronáuticos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Katarzyna Jakubowska
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery 23, 01-497, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alessio Morace
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - João Jorge Santos
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - Luca Volpe
- Centro de Laseres Pulsados (CLPU), Parque Cientifico, E-37185, Villamayor, Salamanca, Spain.,Laser-Plasma Chair at the University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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4
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Sawada H, Sentoku Y, Yabuuchi T, Zastrau U, Förster E, Beg FN, Chen H, Kemp AJ, McLean HS, Patel PK, Ping Y. Monochromatic 2D Kα Emission Images Revealing Short-Pulse Laser Isochoric Heating Mechanism. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:155002. [PMID: 31050520 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.155002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The rapid heating of a thin titanium foil by a high intensity, subpicosecond laser is studied by using a 2D narrow-band x-ray imaging and x-ray spectroscopy. A novel monochromatic imaging diagnostic tuned to 4.51 keV Ti Kα was used to successfully visualize a significantly ionized area (⟨Z⟩>17±1) of the solid density plasma to be within a ∼35 μm diameter spot in the transverse direction and 2 μm in depth. The measurements and a 2D collisional particle-in-cell simulation reveal that, in the fast isochoric heating of solid foil by an intense laser light, such a high ionization state in solid titanium is achieved by thermal diffusion from the hot preplasma in a few picoseconds after the pulse ends. The shift of Kα and formation of a missing Kα cannot be explained with the present atomic physics model. The measured Kα image is reproduced only when a phenomenological model for the Kα shift with a threshold ionization of ⟨Z⟩=17 is included. This work reveals how the ionization state and electron temperature of the isochorically heated nonequilibrium plasma are independently increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sawada
- University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557-0220, USA
| | - Y Sentoku
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - T Yabuuchi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - U Zastrau
- European XFEL, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - E Förster
- IOQ, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute at Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - F N Beg
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0417, USA
| | - H Chen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550-9234, USA
| | - A J Kemp
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550-9234, USA
| | - H S McLean
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550-9234, USA
| | - P K Patel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550-9234, USA
| | - Y Ping
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550-9234, USA
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5
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Bailly-Grandvaux M, Santos JJ, Bellei C, Forestier-Colleoni P, Fujioka S, Giuffrida L, Honrubia JJ, Batani D, Bouillaud R, Chevrot M, Cross JE, Crowston R, Dorard S, Dubois JL, Ehret M, Gregori G, Hulin S, Kojima S, Loyez E, Marquès JR, Morace A, Nicolaï P, Roth M, Sakata S, Schaumann G, Serres F, Servel J, Tikhonchuk VT, Woolsey N, Zhang Z. Guiding of relativistic electron beams in dense matter by laser-driven magnetostatic fields. Nat Commun 2018; 9:102. [PMID: 29317653 PMCID: PMC5760627 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02641-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Intense lasers interacting with dense targets accelerate relativistic electron beams, which transport part of the laser energy into the target depth. However, the overall laser-to-target energy coupling efficiency is impaired by the large divergence of the electron beam, intrinsic to the laser-plasma interaction. Here we demonstrate that an efficient guiding of MeV electrons with about 30 MA current in solid matter is obtained by imposing a laser-driven longitudinal magnetostatic field of 600 T. In the magnetized conditions the transported energy density and the peak background electron temperature at the 60-μm-thick target's rear surface rise by about a factor of five, as unfolded from benchmarked simulations. Such an improvement of energy-density flux through dense matter paves the ground for advances in laser-driven intense sources of energetic particles and radiation, driving matter to extreme temperatures, reaching states relevant for planetary or stellar science as yet inaccessible at the laboratory scale and achieving high-gain laser-driven thermonuclear fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bailly-Grandvaux
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - J J Santos
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33405, Talence, France.
| | - C Bellei
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - P Forestier-Colleoni
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - S Fujioka
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - L Giuffrida
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - J J Honrubia
- ETSI Aeronáutica y del Espacio, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Plaza del Cardenal Cisneros 3, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - D Batani
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - R Bouillaud
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - M Chevrot
- LULI, UMR 7605, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, UPMC: Sorbonne Universités, F-91128, Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - J E Cross
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - R Crowston
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - S Dorard
- LULI, UMR 7605, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, UPMC: Sorbonne Universités, F-91128, Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - J-L Dubois
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - M Ehret
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33405, Talence, France
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstrasse 9, 64289, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - G Gregori
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - S Hulin
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - S Kojima
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - E Loyez
- LULI, UMR 7605, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, UPMC: Sorbonne Universités, F-91128, Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - J-R Marquès
- LULI, UMR 7605, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, UPMC: Sorbonne Universités, F-91128, Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - A Morace
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ph Nicolaï
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - M Roth
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstrasse 9, 64289, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - S Sakata
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - G Schaumann
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstrasse 9, 64289, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - F Serres
- LULI, UMR 7605, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, UPMC: Sorbonne Universités, F-91128, Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - J Servel
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - V T Tikhonchuk
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - N Woolsey
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Z Zhang
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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6
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Experimental evidence for short-pulse laser heating of solid-density target to high bulk temperatures. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12144. [PMID: 28939883 PMCID: PMC5610192 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heating efficiently solid-density, or even compressed, matter has been a long-sought goal in order to allow investigation of the properties of such state of matter of interest for various domains, e.g. astrophysics. High-power lasers, pinches, and more recently Free-Electron-Lasers (FELs) have been used in this respect. Here we show that by using the high-power, high-contrast “PEARL” laser (Institute of Applied Physics-Russian Academy of Science, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia) delivering 7.5 J in a 60 fs laser pulse, such coupling can be efficiently obtained, resulting in heating of a slab of solid-density Al of 0.8 µm thickness at a temperature of 300 eV, and with minimal density gradients. The characterization of the target heating is achieved combining X-ray spectrometry and measurement of the protons accelerated from the Al slab. The measured heating conditions are consistent with a three-temperatures model that simulates resistive and collisional heating of the bulk induced by the hot electrons. Such effective laser energy deposition is achieved owing to the intrinsic high contrast of the laser which results from the Optical Parametric Chirped Pulse Amplification technology it is based on, allowing to attain high target temperatures in a very compact manner, e.g. in comparison with large-scale FEL facilities.
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7
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Bang W, Albright BJ, Bradley PA, Vold EL, Boettger JC, Fernández JC. Linear dependence of surface expansion speed on initial plasma temperature in warm dense matter. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29441. [PMID: 27405664 PMCID: PMC4942619 DOI: 10.1038/srep29441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in laser-driven quasi-monoenergetic ion beams enabled the production of uniformly heated warm dense matter. Matter heated rapidly with this technique is under extreme temperatures and pressures, and promptly expands outward. While the expansion speed of an ideal plasma is known to have a square-root dependence on temperature, computer simulations presented here show a linear dependence of expansion speed on initial plasma temperature in the warm dense matter regime. The expansion of uniformly heated 1–100 eV solid density gold foils was modeled with the RAGE radiation-hydrodynamics code, and the average surface expansion speed was found to increase linearly with temperature. The origin of this linear dependence is explained by comparing predictions from the SESAME equation-of-state tables with those from the ideal gas equation-of-state. These simulations offer useful insight into the expansion of warm dense matter and motivate the application of optical shadowgraphy for temperature measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bang
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - B J Albright
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - P A Bradley
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - E L Vold
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J C Boettger
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J C Fernández
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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8
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Bang W, Albright BJ, Bradley PA, Vold EL, Boettger JC, Fernández JC. Uniform heating of materials into the warm dense matter regime with laser-driven quasimonoenergetic ion beams. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:063101. [PMID: 26764832 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.063101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In a recent experiment at the Trident laser facility, a laser-driven beam of quasimonoenergetic aluminum ions was used to heat solid gold and diamond foils isochorically to 5.5 and 1.7 eV, respectively. Here theoretical calculations are presented that suggest the gold and diamond were heated uniformly by these laser-driven ion beams. According to calculations and SESAME equation-of-state tables, laser-driven aluminum ion beams achievable at Trident, with a finite energy spread of ΔE/E∼20%, are expected to heat the targets more uniformly than a beam of 140-MeV aluminum ions with zero energy spread. The robustness of the expected heating uniformity relative to the changes in the incident ion energy spectra is evaluated, and expected plasma temperatures of various target materials achievable with the current experimental platform are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bang
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - B J Albright
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - P A Bradley
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - E L Vold
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J C Boettger
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J C Fernández
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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9
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Higginson DP, Link A, Sawada H, Wilks SC, Bartal T, Chawla S, Chen CD, Flippo KA, Jarrott LC, Key MH, McLean HS, Patel PK, Pérez F, Wei MS, Beg FN. High-contrast laser acceleration of relativistic electrons in solid cone-wire targets. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:063112. [PMID: 26764843 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.063112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The consequences of small scale-length precursor plasmas on high-intensity laser-driven relativistic electrons are studied via experiments and simulations. Longer scale-length plasmas are shown to dramatically increase the efficiency of electron acceleration, yet, if too long, they reduce the coupling of these electrons into the solid target. Evidence for the existence of an optimal plasma scale-length is presented and estimated to be from 1 to 5μm. Experiments on the Trident laser (I=5×10(19)W/cm(2)) diagnosed via Kα emission from Cu wires attached to Au cones are quantitively reproduced using 2D particle-in-cell simulations that capture the full temporal and spatial scale of the nonlinear laser interaction and electron transport. The simulations indicate that 32%±8%(6.5%±2%) of the laser energy is coupled into electrons of all energies (1-3 MeV) reaching the inner cone tip and that, with an optimized scale-length, this could increase to 35% (9%).
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Higginson
- University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94440, USA
| | - A Link
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94440, USA
| | - H Sawada
- University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - S C Wilks
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94440, USA
| | - T Bartal
- University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94440, USA
| | - S Chawla
- University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94440, USA
| | - C D Chen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94440, USA
| | - K A Flippo
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - L C Jarrott
- University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94440, USA
| | - M H Key
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94440, USA
| | - H S McLean
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94440, USA
| | - P K Patel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94440, USA
| | - F Pérez
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94440, USA
- Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses, UMR 7605 CNRS-CEA-École Polytechnique-Université Paris VI, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - M S Wei
- University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- General Atomics, San Diego, California 92186, USA
| | - F N Beg
- University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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10
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Arnault P, Clérouin J, Robert G, Ticknor C, Kress JD, Collins LA. Thomas-Fermi Z-scaling laws and coupling stabilization for plasmas. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2013; 88:063106. [PMID: 24483576 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.88.063106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Extending the well-known Thomas-Fermi Z-scaling laws to the Coulomb coupling parameter, we investigate the stabilization of the ionic coupling in isochoric heating [Clérouin et al., Phys. Rev. E 87, 061101 (2013)]. This stabilization is restricted to a domain in atomic number Z, temperature, and density, including strong limitations on high couplings, that can only be obtained for high-Z elements. Contact is made with recent isochoric heating experiments. The consequences for corresponding states with respect to ionic coupling are also quantified via orbital free molecular dynamics simulations. This opens avenues for future isochoric heating experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christopher Ticknor
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Joel D Kress
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Lee A Collins
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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11
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Ceccotti T, Floquet V, Sgattoni A, Bigongiari A, Klimo O, Raynaud M, Riconda C, Heron A, Baffigi F, Labate L, Gizzi LA, Vassura L, Fuchs J, Passoni M, Květon M, Novotny F, Possolt M, Prokůpek J, Proška J, Pšikal J, Štolcová L, Velyhan A, Bougeard M, D'Oliveira P, Tcherbakoff O, Réau F, Martin P, Macchi A. Evidence of resonant surface-wave excitation in the relativistic regime through measurements of proton acceleration from grating targets. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:185001. [PMID: 24237527 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.185001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of laser pulses with thin grating targets, having a periodic groove at the irradiated surface, is experimentally investigated. Ultrahigh contrast (~10(12)) pulses allow us to demonstrate an enhanced laser-target coupling for the first time in the relativistic regime of ultrahigh intensity >10(19) W/cm(2). A maximum increase by a factor of 2.5 of the cutoff energy of protons produced by target normal sheath acceleration is observed with respect to plane targets, around the incidence angle expected for the resonant excitation of surface waves. A significant enhancement is also observed for small angles of incidence, out of resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ceccotti
- CEA/IRAMIS/SPAM, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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12
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Jochmann A, Irman A, Bussmann M, Couperus JP, Cowan TE, Debus AD, Kuntzsch M, Ledingham KWD, Lehnert U, Sauerbrey R, Schlenvoigt HP, Seipt D, Stöhlker T, Thorn DB, Trotsenko S, Wagner A, Schramm U. High resolution energy-angle correlation measurement of hard x rays from laser-Thomson backscattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:114803. [PMID: 24074095 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.114803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Thomson backscattering of intense laser pulses from relativistic electrons not only allows for the generation of bright x-ray pulses but also for the investigation of the complex particle dynamics at the interaction point. For this purpose a complete spectral characterization of a Thomson source powered by a compact linear electron accelerator is performed with unprecedented angular and energy resolution. A rigorous statistical analysis comparing experimental data to 3D simulations enables, e.g., the extraction of the angular distribution of electrons with 1.5% accuracy and, in total, provides predictive capability for the future high brightness hard x-ray source PHOENIX (photon electron collider for narrow bandwidth intense x rays) and potential gamma-ray sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jochmann
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany and Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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13
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Scott RHH, Clark EL, Pérez F, Streeter MJV, Davies JR, Schlenvoigt HP, Santos JJ, Hulin S, Lancaster KL, Baton SD, Rose SJ, Norreys PA. Measuring fast electron spectra and laser absorption in relativistic laser-solid interactions using differential bremsstrahlung photon detectors. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:083505. [PMID: 24007063 DOI: 10.1063/1.4816332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A photon detector suitable for the measurement of bremsstrahlung spectra generated in relativistically intense laser-solid interactions is described. The Monte Carlo techniques used to extract the fast electron spectrum and laser energy absorbed into forward-going fast electrons are detailed. A relativistically intense laser-solid experiment using frequency doubled laser light is used to demonstrate the effective operation of the detector. The experimental data were interpreted using the 3-spatial-dimension Monte Carlo code MCNPX [D. Pelowitz, MCNPX User's Manual Version 2.6.0, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 2008], and the fast electron temperature found to be 125 keV.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H H Scott
- Central Laser Facility, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
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14
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Clérouin J, Robert G, Arnault P, Kress JD, Collins LA. Behavior of the coupling parameter under isochoric heating in a high-Z plasma. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2013; 87:061101. [PMID: 23848620 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.87.061101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The ion-ion coupling parameter Γ is estimated for tungsten along the ρ=40 g/cm(3) isochore corresponding to twice the normal density with temperatures ranging from 10 eV to 5 keV. Using a variety of approaches from a spherical Thomas-Fermi ion to a full three-dimensional orbital-free method, we show that along an isochore the effective ionic coupling parameter is almost constant over a wide range of temperatures (in our case Γ~/=20) due to the competition between rising temperatures and increased ionization. This Γ-plateau effect depends on the chosen density and is well delineated at normal density but almost disappears at five times the normal density. This effect could be used to obtain well-defined and predictable experimental conditions.
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15
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Nilson PM, Solodov AA, Myatt JF, Theobald W, Jaanimagi PA, Gao L, Stoeckl C, Craxton RS, Delettrez JA, Yaakobi B, Zuegel JD, Kruschwitz BE, Dorrer C, Kelly JH, Akli KU, Patel PK, Mackinnon AJ, Betti R, Sangster TC, Meyerhofer DD. Scaling hot-electron generation to high-power, kilojoule-class laser-solid interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:235001. [PMID: 21231472 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.235001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Thin-foil targets were irradiated with high-power (1 ≤ P(L) ≤ 210 TW), 10-ps pulses focused to intensities of I>10(18) W/cm(2) and studied with K-photon spectroscopy. Comparing the energy emitted in K photons to target-heating calculations shows a laser-energy-coupling efficiency to hot electrons of η(L-e) = 20 ± 10%. Time-resolved x-ray emission measurements suggest that laser energy is coupled to hot electrons over the entire duration of the incident laser drive. Comparison of the K-photon emission data to previous data at similar laser intensities shows that η(L-e) is independent of laser-pulse duration from 1 ≤ τ(p) ≤ 10 ps.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Nilson
- Fusion Science Center for Extreme States of Matter and Fast Ignition Physics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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16
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Buffechoux S, Psikal J, Nakatsutsumi M, Romagnani L, Andreev A, Zeil K, Amin M, Antici P, Burris-Mog T, Compant-La-Fontaine A, d'Humières E, Fourmaux S, Gaillard S, Gobet F, Hannachi F, Kraft S, Mancic A, Plaisir C, Sarri G, Tarisien M, Toncian T, Schramm U, Tampo M, Audebert P, Willi O, Cowan TE, Pépin H, Tikhonchuk V, Borghesi M, Fuchs J. Hot electrons transverse refluxing in ultraintense laser-solid interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:015005. [PMID: 20867457 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.015005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We have analyzed the coupling of ultraintense lasers (at ∼2×10{19} W/cm{2}) with solid foils of limited transverse extent (∼10 s of μm) by monitoring the electrons and ions emitted from the target. We observe that reducing the target surface area allows electrons at the target surface to be reflected from the target edges during or shortly after the laser pulse. This transverse refluxing can maintain a hotter, denser and more homogeneous electron sheath around the target for a longer time. Consequently, when transverse refluxing takes places within the acceleration time of associated ions, we observe increased maximum proton energies (up to threefold), increased laser-to-ion conversion efficiency (up to a factor 30), and reduced divergence which bodes well for a number of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Buffechoux
- LULI, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, CEA, UPMC, route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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