1
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Vázquez-Lozano JE, Liberal I. Review on the Scientific and Technological Breakthroughs in Thermal Emission Engineering. ACS APPLIED OPTICAL MATERIALS 2024; 2:898-927. [PMID: 38962569 PMCID: PMC11217951 DOI: 10.1021/acsaom.4c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The emission of thermal radiation is a physical process of fundamental and technological interest. From different approaches, thermal radiation can be regarded as one of the basic mechanisms of heat transfer, as a fundamental quantum phenomenon of photon production, or as the propagation of electromagnetic waves. However, unlike light emanating from conventional photonic sources, such as lasers or antennas, thermal radiation is characterized for being broadband, omnidirectional, and unpolarized. Due to these features, ultimately tied to its inherently incoherent nature, taming thermal radiation constitutes a challenging issue. Latest advances in the field of nanophotonics have led to a whole set of artificial platforms, ranging from spatially structured materials and, much more recently, to time-modulated media, offering promising avenues for enhancing the control and manipulation of electromagnetic waves, from far- to near-field regimes. Given the ongoing parallelism between the fields of nanophotonics and thermal emission, these recent developments have been harnessed to deal with radiative thermal processes, thereby forming the current basis of thermal emission engineering. In this review, we survey some of the main breakthroughs carried out in this burgeoning research field, from fundamental aspects to theoretical limits, the emergence of effects and phenomena, practical applications, challenges, and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Enrique Vázquez-Lozano
- Department of Electrical,
Electronic and Communications Engineering, Institute of Smart Cities
(ISC), Universidad Pública de Navarra
(UPNA), 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iñigo Liberal
- Department of Electrical,
Electronic and Communications Engineering, Institute of Smart Cities
(ISC), Universidad Pública de Navarra
(UPNA), 31006 Pamplona, Spain
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2
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Braidotti MC, Vinante A, Cromb M, Sandakumar A, Faccio D, Ulbricht H. Amplification of electromagnetic fields by a rotating body. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5453. [PMID: 38937453 PMCID: PMC11211504 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49689-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
In 1971, Zel'dovich predicted the amplification of electromagnetic (EM) waves scattered by a rotating metallic cylinder, gaining mechanical rotational energy from the body. This phenomenon was believed to be unobservable with electromagnetic fields due to technological difficulties in meeting the condition of amplification that is, the cylinder must rotate faster than the frequency of the incoming radiation. Here, we measure the amplification of an electromagnetic field, generated by a toroid LC-circuit, scattered by an aluminium cylinder spinning in the toroid gap. We show that when the Zel'dovich condition is met, the resistance induced by the cylinder becomes negative implying amplification of the incoming EM fields. These results reveal the connection between the concept of induction generators and the physics of this fundamental physics effect and open new prospects towards testing the Zel'dovich mechanism in the quantum regime, as well as related quantum friction effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Braidotti
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Glasgow, UK
| | - A Vinante
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie - CNR and Fondazione Bruno Kessler, I-38123, Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - M Cromb
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK
| | - A Sandakumar
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK
| | - D Faccio
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, EH14 4AS, Edinburgh, UK
| | - H Ulbricht
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK.
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3
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Bayati S, Bagheri Harouni M, Mahdifar A. Magnomechanically induced transparency and tunable slow-fast light via a levitated micromagnet. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:14914-14928. [PMID: 38859155 DOI: 10.1364/oe.515093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we theoretically investigate the magnomechanically induced transparency (MIT) phenomenon and slow-fast light propagation in a microwave cavity-magnomechanical system which includes a levitated ferromagnetic sphere. Magnetic dipole interaction determines the interaction between the photon, magnon, and center of mass motion of the cavity-magnomechanical system. As a result, we find that apart from coupling strength, which has an important role in MIT, the levitated ferromagnetic sphere's position provides us a parameter to manipulate the width of the transparency window. In addition, the control field's frequency has crucial influences on the MIT. Also this hybrid magnonic system allows us to demonstrate MIT in both the strong coupling and intermediate coupling regimes. More interestingly, we demonstrate tunable slow and fast light in this hybrid magnonic system. In other words, we show that the group delay can be adjusted by varying the control field's frequency, the sphere position, and the magnon-photon coupling strength. These parameters have an influence on the transformation from slow to fast light propagation and vice versa. Based on the recent experimental advancements, our results provide the possibility to engineer hybrid magnonic systems with levitated particles for the light propagation, and the quantum measurements and sensing of physical quantities.
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4
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Vázquez-Lozano JE, Liberal I. Incandescent temporal metamaterials. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4606. [PMID: 37528085 PMCID: PMC10394077 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40281-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Regarded as a promising alternative to spatially shaping matter, time-varying media can be seized to control and manipulate wave phenomena, including thermal radiation. Here, based upon the framework of macroscopic quantum electrodynamics, we elaborate a comprehensive quantum theoretical formulation that lies the basis for investigating thermal emission effects in time-modulated media. Our theory unveils unique physical features brought about by time-varying media: nontrivial correlations between fluctuating electromagnetic currents at different frequencies and positions, thermal radiation overcoming the black-body spectrum, and quantum vacuum amplification effects at finite temperature. We illustrate how these features lead to striking phenomena and innovative thermal emitters, specifically, showing that the time-modulation releases strong field fluctuations confined within epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) bodies, and that, in turn, it enables a narrowband (partially coherent) emission spanning the whole range of wavevectors, from near to far-field regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Enrique Vázquez-Lozano
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering, Institute of Smart Cities (ISC), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), 31006, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Iñigo Liberal
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communications Engineering, Institute of Smart Cities (ISC), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), 31006, Pamplona, Spain.
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5
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Zeng K, Pu J, Xu X, Wu Y, Xiao D, Wu X. Gradient torque and its effect on rotational dynamics of optically trapped non-spherical particles in the elliptic Gaussian beam. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:16582-16592. [PMID: 37157734 DOI: 10.1364/oe.488217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Rotational motion of the optically trapped particle is a topic of enduring interest, while the changes of angular velocity in one rotation period remain largely unexplored. Here, we proposed the optical gradient torque in the elliptic Gaussian beam, and the instantaneous angular velocities of alignment and fluctuant rotation of the trapped non-spherical particles are investigated for the first time. The fluctuant rotations of optically trapped particles are observed, and the angular velocity fluctuated twice per rotation period, which can be used to determine the shape of trapped particles. Meanwhile, a compact optical wrench is invented based on the alignment, and its torque is adjustable and is larger than the torque of a linearly polarized wrench with the same power. These results provide a foundation for precisely modelling the rotational dynamics of optically trapped particles, and the presented wrench is expected to be a simple and practical micro-manipulating tool.
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6
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Hu Y, Kingsley-Smith JJ, Nikkhou M, Sabin JA, Rodríguez-Fortuño FJ, Xu X, Millen J. Structured transverse orbital angular momentum probed by a levitated optomechanical sensor. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2638. [PMID: 37149678 PMCID: PMC10164142 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38261-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The momentum carried by structured light fields exhibits a rich array of surprising features. In this work, we generate transverse orbital angular momentum (TOAM) in the interference field of two parallel and counter-propagating linearly-polarised focused beams, synthesising an array of identical handedness vortices carrying intrinsic TOAM. We explore this structured light field using an optomechanical sensor, consisting of an optically levitated silicon nanorod, whose rotation is a probe of the optical angular momentum, which generates an exceptionally large torque. This simple creation and direct observation of TOAM will have applications in studies of fundamental physics, the optical manipulation of matter and quantum optomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Hu
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Jack J Kingsley-Smith
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Maryam Nikkhou
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - James A Sabin
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J Rodríguez-Fortuño
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaohao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710119, China.
| | - James Millen
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom.
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom.
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7
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Deop-Ruano JR, Manjavacas A. Control of the Radiative Heat Transfer in a Pair of Rotating Nanostructures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:133605. [PMID: 37067313 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.133605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The fluctuations of the electromagnetic field are at the origin of the near-field radiative heat transfer between nanostructures, as well as the Casimir forces and torques that they exert on each other. Here, working within the formalism of fluctuational electrodynamics, we investigate the simultaneous transfer of energy and angular momentum in a pair of rotating nanostructures. We demonstrate that, due to the rotation of the nanostructures, the radiative heat transfer between them can be increased, decreased, or even reversed with respect to the transfer that occurs in the absence of rotation, which is solely determined by the difference in the temperature of the nanostructures. This work unravels the unintuitive phenomena arising from the simultaneous transfer of energy and angular momentum in pairs of rotating nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan R Deop-Ruano
- Instituto de Óptica (IO-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Manjavacas
- Instituto de Óptica (IO-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA
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8
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Yu R, Fan S. Manipulating Coherence of Near-Field Thermal Radiation in Time-Modulated Systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:096902. [PMID: 36930900 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.096902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We show that the spatial coherence of thermal radiation can be manipulated in time-modulated photonic systems supporting surface polaritons. We develop a fluctuational electrodynamics formalism for such systems to calculate the cross-spectral density tensor of the emitted thermal electromagnetic fields in the near-field regime. Our calculations indicate that, due to time-modulation, spatial coherence can be transferred between different frequencies, and correlations between different frequency components become possible. All these effects are unique to time-modulated systems. We also show that the decay rate of optical emitters can be controlled in the proximity of such time-modulated structure. Our findings open a promising avenue toward coherence control in thermal radiation, dynamical thermal imaging, manipulating energy transfer among thermal or optical emitters, efficient near-field radiative cooling, and engineering spontaneous emission rates of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renwen Yu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Shanhui Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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9
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Zhu SQ, Zhang Y. Electromagnetic forces in nanoparticles made of multilayer hyperbolic metamaterials. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:305202. [PMID: 35417892 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac66ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically study the electromagnetic forces (optical gradient force, optical torque and vacuum friction) acting on a spherical anisotropic nanoparticle, which can be characterized by multilayer hyperbolic metamaterials (mHMMs). We find three important results about these forces: (i) Firstly, we theoretically demonstrate that the optical gradient force produced on a mHMMs nanoparticle can be flexibly tuned, from pushing the particle to pulling it, just via changing incident angle of illuminating plane light wave. (ii) Secondly, we find the optical torque acting on the mHMMs nanoparticle (its filling factor is around 0.3) can be tuned between positive and negative via changing the incident angle of circularly polarized plane light. Therefore, the rotating mHMMs nanoparticle with designed filling factor can be accelerated or decelerated by the optical torque. (iii) Finally, due to the large fluctuations of dipole polarizability of mHMMs nanoparticle with appropriate filling factor, we propose a new method to obtain the large enhancement of vacuum friction torque by designing the filling factor of the rotating mHMMs nanoparticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Qing Zhu
- School of Materials Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Information and Electronic Engineering (Sussex Artificial Intelligence Institute), Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
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10
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Yu T, Luo R, Wang T, Zhang D, Liu W, Yu T, Liao Q. Enhancement of Casimir Friction between Graphene-Covered Topological Insulator. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1148. [PMID: 35407266 PMCID: PMC9000827 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Casimir friction is theoretically studied between graphene-covered undoped bismuth selenide (Bi2Se3) in detail. In the graphene/Bi2Se3 composite structure, the coupling of the hyperbolic phonon polaritons supported by Bi2Se3 with the surface plasmons supported by graphene can lead to the hybrid surface plasmon-phonon polaritons (SPPPs). Compared with that between undoped Bi2Se3, Casimir friction can be enhanced by more than one order of magnitude due to the contribution of SPPPs. It is found that the chemical potential that can be used to modulate the optical characteristic of SPPPs plays an important role in Casimir friction. In addition, the Casimir friction between doped Bi2Se3 is also studied. The friction coefficient between doped Bi2Se3 can even be larger than that between graphene-covered undoped Bi2Se3 for suitable chemical potential due to the contribution of unusual electron surface states. The results obtained in this work are not only beneficial to the study of Casimir frictions but also extend the research ranges of topological insulators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tongbiao Wang
- Department of Physics, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; (T.Y.); (R.L.); (D.Z.); (W.L.); (T.Y.); (Q.L.)
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11
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Wang TB, Zhou Y, Mu HQ, Shehzad K, Zhang DJ, Liu WX, Yu TB, Liao QH. Enhancement of lateral Casimir force on a rotating particle near hyperbolic metamaterial. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:245001. [PMID: 35235909 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac59e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Enhancement of weak Casimir forces is extremely important for their practical detection and subsequent applications in variety of scientific and technological fields. We study the lateral Casimir forces acting on the rotating particles with small radius of 50 nm as well as that with large radius of 500 nm near the hyperbolic metamaterial made of silicon carbide (SiC) nanowires. It is found that the lateral Casimir force acting on the small particle of 50 nm near hyperbolic metamaterial with appropriate filling fraction can be enhanced nearly four times comparing with that acting on the same particle near SiC bulk in the previous study. Such enhancement is caused by the coupling between the resonance mode excited by nanoparticle and the hyperbolic mode supported by hyperbolic metamaterial. The results obtained in this study provide an efficient method to enhance the interaction of nanoscale objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Biao Wang
- Department of Physics, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Physics, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Qian Mu
- Department of Physics, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Khurram Shehzad
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Jian Zhang
- Department of Physics, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Xing Liu
- Department of Physics, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Bao Yu
- Department of Physics, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Hua Liao
- Department of Physics, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
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12
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Non-Hermitian physics for optical manipulation uncovers inherent instability of large clusters. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6597. [PMID: 34782596 PMCID: PMC8593170 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26732-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Intense light traps and binds small particles, offering unique control to the microscopic world. With incoming illumination and radiative losses, optical forces are inherently nonconservative, thus non-Hermitian. Contrary to conventional systems, the operator governing time evolution is real and asymmetric (i.e., non-Hermitian), which inevitably yield complex eigenvalues when driven beyond the exceptional points, where light pumps in energy that eventually "melts" the light-bound structures. Surprisingly, unstable complex eigenvalues are prevalent for clusters with ~10 or more particles, and in the many-particle limit, their presence is inevitable. As such, optical forces alone fail to bind a large cluster. Our conclusion does not contradict with the observation of large optically-bound cluster in a fluid, where the ambient damping can take away the excess energy and restore the stability. The non-Hermitian theory overturns the understanding of optical trapping and binding, and unveils the critical role played by non-Hermiticity and exceptional points, paving the way for large-scale manipulation.
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13
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Gonzalez-Ballestero C, Aspelmeyer M, Novotny L, Quidant R, Romero-Isart O. Levitodynamics: Levitation and control of microscopic objects in vacuum. Science 2021; 374:eabg3027. [PMID: 34618558 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg3027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gonzalez-Ballestero
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Aspelmeyer
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.,Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - L Novotny
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - R Quidant
- Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Nanophotonic Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - O Romero-Isart
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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14
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van der Laan F, Tebbenjohanns F, Reimann R, Vijayan J, Novotny L, Frimmer M. Sub-Kelvin Feedback Cooling and Heating Dynamics of an Optically Levitated Librator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:123605. [PMID: 34597065 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.123605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rotational optomechanics strives to gain quantum control over mechanical rotors by harnessing the interaction of light and matter. We optically trap a dielectric nanodumbbell in a linearly polarized laser field, where the dumbbell represents a nanomechanical librator. Using measurement-based parametric feedback control in high vacuum, we cool this librator from room temperature to 240 mK and investigate its heating dynamics when released from feedback. We exclude collisions with residual gas molecules as well as classical laser noise as sources of heating. Our findings indicate that we observe the torque fluctuations arising from the zero-point fluctuations of the electromagnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - René Reimann
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Quantum Research Centre, Technology Innovation Institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | | | - Lukas Novotny
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Frimmer
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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15
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Xie S, Sharma A, Romodina M, Joly NY, Russell PSJ. Tumbling and anomalous alignment of optically levitated anisotropic microparticles in chiral hollow-core photonic crystal fiber. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/28/eabf6053. [PMID: 34244140 PMCID: PMC8270490 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf6053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The complex tumbling motion of spinning nonspherical objects is a topic of enduring interest, both in popular culture and in advanced scientific research. Here, we report all-optical control of the spin, precession, and nutation of vaterite microparticles levitated by counterpropagating circularly polarized laser beams guided in chiral hollow-core fiber. The circularly polarized light causes the anisotropic particles to spin about the fiber axis, while, regulated by minimization of free energy, dipole forces tend to align the extraordinary optical axis of positive uniaxial particles into the plane of rotating electric field. The end result is that, accompanied by oscillatory nutation, the optical axis reaches a stable tilt angle with respect to the plane of the electric field. The results reveal new possibilities for manipulating optical alignment through rotational degrees of freedom, with applications in the control of micromotors and microgyroscopes, laser alignment of polyatomic molecules, and study of rotational cell mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangran Xie
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Abhinav Sharma
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Staudtstr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria Romodina
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Y Joly
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Staudtstr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philip St J Russell
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Staudtstr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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16
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Schäfer J, Rudolph H, Hornberger K, Stickler BA. Cooling Nanorotors by Elliptic Coherent Scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:163603. [PMID: 33961470 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.163603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneously cooling the rotational and translational motion of nanoscale dielectrics into the quantum regime is an open task of great importance for sensing applications and quantum superposition tests. Here, we show that the six-dimensional ground state can be reached by coherent-scattering cooling with an elliptically polarized and shaped optical tweezer. We determine the cooling rates and steady-state occupations in a realistic setup and discuss applications for mechanical sensing and fundamental experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Schäfer
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Henning Rudolph
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Hornberger
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin A Stickler
- Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
- QOLS, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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17
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Braidotti MC, Vinante A, Gasbarri G, Faccio D, Ulbricht H. Zel'dovich Amplification in a Superconducting Circuit. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:140801. [PMID: 33064533 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.140801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Zel'dovich proposed that electromagnetic (EM) waves with angular momentum reflected from a rotating metallic, lossy cylinder will be amplified. However, we are still lacking a direct experimental EM-wave verification of this fifty-year-old prediction due to the challenging conditions in which the phenomenon manifests itself: the mechanical rotation frequency of the cylinder must be comparable with the EM oscillation frequency. Here, we propose an experimental approach that solves this issue and is predicted to lead to a measurable Zel'dovich amplification with existing superconducting circuit technology. We design a superconducting circuit with low frequency EM modes that couple through free space to a magnetically levitated and spinning microsphere placed at the center of the circuit. We theoretically estimate the circuit EM mode gain and show that rotation of the microsphere can lead to experimentally observable amplification, thus paving the way for the first EM-field experimental demonstration of Zel'dovich amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Vinante
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United Kingdom
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-CNR and Fondazione Bruno Kessler, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Giulio Gasbarri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Faccio
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Hendrik Ulbricht
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United Kingdom
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18
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Zeng R, Wang C, Zeng X, Li H, Yang S, Li Q, Yang Y. Casimir torque and force in anisotropic saturated ferrite three-layer structure. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:7425-7441. [PMID: 32225971 DOI: 10.1364/oe.386083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Based on the scattering formalism and transfer matrix method, we calculate the Casimir energy in multilayer system containing general anisotropic media and apply the result to the anisotropic saturated ferrite three-layer structure. We investigate the stable equilibrium resulting from repulsive Casimir force in the three-layer anisotropic ferrite structure, focusing on the control of the equilibrium position by means of the external magnetic field, which might provide possibility for Casimir actuation under external manipulation. Furthermore, we propose a Casimir torque switch where the torque acting on the intermediate layer can be switched on and off by tuning the relative orientation between the external magnetic fields applied on the outer ferrite layers. The relation between the feature of torque-off/torque-on state and the weak/strong anisotropy of the ferrite is studied. These findings suggest potential application of Casimir torque in, e.g., cooling the rotation of a thin slab in micromachining process via external magnetic field.
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19
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Abstract
This is a digest of the main achievements in the wide area, called the Dynamical Casimir Effect nowadays, for the past 50 years, with the emphasis on results obtained after 2010.
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20
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Ahn J, Xu Z, Bang J, Ju P, Gao X, Li T. Ultrasensitive torque detection with an optically levitated nanorotor. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 15:89-93. [PMID: 31932762 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0605-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Torque sensors such as the torsion balance enabled the first determination of the gravitational constant by Henri Cavendish1 and the discovery of Coulomb's law. Torque sensors are also widely used in studying small-scale magnetism2,3, the Casimir effect4 and other applications5. Great effort has been made to improve the torque detection sensitivity by nanofabrication and cryogenic cooling. Until now, the most sensitive torque sensor has achieved a remarkable sensitivity of 2.9 × 10-24 N m Hz-1/2 at millikelvin temperatures in a dilution refrigerator6. Here, we show a torque sensor reaching sensitivity of (4.2 ± 1.2) × 10-27 N m Hz-1/2 at room temperature. It is created by an optically levitated nanoparticle in vacuum. Our system does not require complex nanofabrication. Moreover, we drive a nanoparticle to rotate at a record high speed beyond 5 GHz (300 billion r.p.m.). Our calculations show that this system will be able to detect the long sought after vacuum friction7-10 near a surface under realistic conditions. The optically levitated nanorotor will also have applications in studying nanoscale magnetism2,3 and the quantum geometric phase11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghoon Ahn
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Zhujing Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jaehoon Bang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Peng Ju
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Xingyu Gao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tongcang Li
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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21
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Millen J, Monteiro TS, Pettit R, Vamivakas AN. Optomechanics with levitated particles. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2020; 83:026401. [PMID: 31825901 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab6100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Optomechanics is concerned with the use of light to control mechanical objects. As a field, it has been hugely successful in the production of precise and novel sensors, the development of low-dissipation nanomechanical devices, and the manipulation of quantum signals. Micro- and nano-particles levitated in optical fields act as nanoscale oscillators, making them excellent low-dissipation optomechanical objects, with minimal thermal contact to the environment when operating in vacuum. Levitated optomechanics is seen as the most promising route for studying high-mass quantum physics, with the promise of creating macroscopically separated superposition states at masses of 106 amu and above. Optical feedback, both using active monitoring or the passive interaction with an optical cavity, can be used to cool the centre-of-mass of levitated nanoparticles well below 1 mK, paving the way to operation in the quantum regime. In addition, trapped mesoscopic particles are the paradigmatic system for studying nanoscale stochastic processes, and have already demonstrated their utility in state-of-the-art force sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Millen
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
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22
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Intravaia F, Oelschläger M, Reiche D, Dalvit DAR, Busch K. Quantum Rolling Friction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:120401. [PMID: 31633977 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.120401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An atom moving in a vacuum at constant velocity and parallel to a surface experiences a frictional force induced by the dissipative interaction with the quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field. We show that the combination of nonequilibrium dynamics, the anomalous Doppler effect, and spin-momentum locking of light mediates an intriguing interplay between the atom's translational and rotational motion. In turn, this deeply affects the drag force in a way that is reminiscent of classical rolling friction. Our fully non-Markovian and nonequilibrium description reveals counterintuitive features characterizing the atom's velocity-dependent rotational dynamics. These results prompt interesting directions for tuning the interaction and for investigating nonequilibrium dynamics as well as the properties of confined light.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Intravaia
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik, AG Theoretische Optik & Photonik, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - D Reiche
- Max-Born-Institut, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - D A R Dalvit
- Theoretical Division, MS B213, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - K Busch
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik, AG Theoretische Optik & Photonik, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Born-Institut, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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23
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Pan D, Xu H, García de Abajo FJ. Circular Dichroism in Rotating Particles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:066803. [PMID: 31491154 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.066803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Light interaction with rotating nanostructures gives rise to phenemona as varied as optical torques and quantum friction. Surprisingly, the most basic optical response function of nanostructures undergoing rotation has not been clearly addressed so far. Here we reveal that mechanical rotation results in circular dichroism in optically isotropic particles, which show an unexpectedly strong dependence on the particle internal geometry. More precisely, particles with one-dimensionally confined electron motion in the plane perpendicular to the rotation axis, such as nanorings and nanocrosses, exhibit a splitting of 2Ω in the particle optical resonances, while compact particles, such as nanodisks and nanospheres, display weak circular dichroism. We base our findings on a quantum-mechanical description of the polarizability of rotating particles, incorporating the mechanical rotation by populating the particle electronic states according to the principle that they are thermally equilibrated in the rotating frame. We further provide insight into the rotational superradience effect and the ensuing optical gain, originating in population inversion as regarded from the lab frame, in which the particle is out of equilibrium. Surprisingly, we find the optical frequency cutoff for superradiance to deviate from the rotation frequency Ω. Our results unveil a rich, unexplored phenomenology of light interaction with rotating objects, which might find applications in various fields, such as optical trapping and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Pan
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Hongxing Xu
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Shi C, Zhao R, Long Y, Yang S, Wang Y, Chen H, Ren J, Zhang X. Observation of acoustic spin. Natl Sci Rev 2019; 6:707-712. [PMID: 34691925 PMCID: PMC8291453 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwz059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike optical waves, acoustic waves in fluids are described by scalar pressure fields, and therefore are considered spinless. Here, we demonstrate experimentally the existence of spin in acoustics. In the interference of two acoustic waves propagating perpendicularly to each other, we observed the spin angular momentum in free space as a result of the rotation of local particle velocity. We successfully measured the acoustic spin, and spin-induced torque acting on a designed lossy acoustic probe that results from absorption of the spin angular momentum. The acoustic spin is also observed in the evanescent field of a guided mode traveling along a metamaterial waveguide. We found spin–momentum locking in acoustic waves whose propagation direction is determined by the sign of spin. The observed acoustic spin could open a new door in acoustics and its applications for the control of wave propagation and particle rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhi Shi
- NSF Nano-scale Science and Engineering Center (NSEC), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Rongkuo Zhao
- NSF Nano-scale Science and Engineering Center (NSEC), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yang Long
- Center for Phononics and Thermal Energy Science, China-EU Joint Center for Nanophononics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology, School of Physics Sciences and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Sui Yang
- NSF Nano-scale Science and Engineering Center (NSEC), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yuan Wang
- NSF Nano-scale Science and Engineering Center (NSEC), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Center for Phononics and Thermal Energy Science, China-EU Joint Center for Nanophononics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology, School of Physics Sciences and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Center for Phononics and Thermal Energy Science, China-EU Joint Center for Nanophononics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology, School of Physics Sciences and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- NSF Nano-scale Science and Engineering Center (NSEC), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Faculties of Science and Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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25
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Reimann R, Doderer M, Hebestreit E, Diehl R, Frimmer M, Windey D, Tebbenjohanns F, Novotny L. GHz Rotation of an Optically Trapped Nanoparticle in Vacuum. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:033602. [PMID: 30085794 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.033602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We report on rotating an optically trapped silica nanoparticle in vacuum by transferring spin angular momentum of light to the particle's mechanical angular momentum. At sufficiently low damping, realized at pressures below 10^{-5} mbar, we observe rotation frequencies of single 100 nm particles exceeding 1 GHz. We find that the steady-state rotation frequency scales linearly with the optical trapping power and inversely with pressure, consistent with theoretical considerations based on conservation of angular momentum. Rapidly changing the polarization of the trapping light allows us to extract the pressure-dependent response time of the particle's rotational degree of freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Reimann
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Rozenn Diehl
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Frimmer
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Windey
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Lukas Novotny
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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26
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Ahn J, Xu Z, Bang J, Deng YH, Hoang TM, Han Q, Ma RM, Li T. Optically Levitated Nanodumbbell Torsion Balance and GHz Nanomechanical Rotor. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:033603. [PMID: 30085795 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.033603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Levitated optomechanics has great potential in precision measurements, thermodynamics, macroscopic quantum mechanics, and quantum sensing. Here we synthesize and optically levitate silica nanodumbbells in high vacuum. With a linearly polarized laser, we observe the torsional vibration of an optically levitated nanodumbbell. This levitated nanodumbbell torsion balance is a novel analog of the Cavendish torsion balance, and provides rare opportunities to observe the Casimir torque and probe the quantum nature of gravity as proposed recently. With a circularly polarized laser, we drive a 170-nm-diameter nanodumbbell to rotate beyond 1 GHz, which is the fastest nanomechanical rotor realized to date. Smaller silica nanodumbbells can sustain higher rotation frequencies. Such ultrafast rotation may be used to study material properties and probe vacuum friction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghoon Ahn
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Zhujing Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Jaehoon Bang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Yu-Hao Deng
- State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics and School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Thai M Hoang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Qinkai Han
- The State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ren-Min Ma
- State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics and School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tongcang Li
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Purdue Quantum Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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27
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Manjavacas A, Rodríguez-Fortuño FJ, García de Abajo FJ, Zayats AV. Lateral Casimir Force on a Rotating Particle near a Planar Surface. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:133605. [PMID: 28409961 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.133605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We study the lateral Casimir force experienced by a particle that rotates near a planar surface. The origin of this force lies in the symmetry breaking induced by the particle rotation in the vacuum and thermal fluctuations of its dipole moment, and therefore, in contrast to lateral Casimir forces previously described in the literature for corrugated surfaces, it exists despite the translational invariance of the planar surface. Working within the framework of fluctuational electrodynamics, we derive analytical expressions for the lateral force and analyze its dependence on the geometrical and material properties of the system. In particular, we show that the direction of the force can be controlled by adjusting the particle-surface distance, which may be exploited as a new mechanism to manipulate nanoscale objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Manjavacas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | | | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anatoly V Zayats
- Department of Physics, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
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28
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Arita Y, Richards JM, Mazilu M, Spalding GC, Skelton Spesyvtseva SE, Craig D, Dholakia K. Rotational Dynamics and Heating of Trapped Nanovaterite Particles. ACS NANO 2016; 10:11505-11510. [PMID: 27966892 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b07290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We synthesize, optically trap, and rotate individual nanovaterite crystals with a mean particle radius of 423 nm. Rotation rates of up to 4.9 kHz in heavy water are recorded. Laser-induced heating due to residual absorption of the nanovaterite particle results in the superlinear behavior of the rotation rate as a function of trap power. A finite element method based on the Navier-Stokes model for the system allows us to determine the residual optical absorption coefficient for a trapped nanovaterite particle. This is further confirmed by the theoretical model. Our data show that the translational Stokes drag force and rotational Stokes drag torque need to be modified with appropriate correction factors to account for the power dissipated by the nanoparticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Arita
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews , North Haugh, St. Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
- Molecular Chirality Research Center, Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba 263-0022, Japan
| | - Joseph M Richards
- Illinois Wesleyan University , Bloomington, Illinois 61701, United States
| | - Michael Mazilu
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews , North Haugh, St. Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel C Spalding
- Illinois Wesleyan University , Bloomington, Illinois 61701, United States
| | - Susan E Skelton Spesyvtseva
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews , North Haugh, St. Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Craig
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews , North Haugh, St. Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Kishan Dholakia
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews , North Haugh, St. Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
- Molecular Chirality Research Center, Graduate School of Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba 263-0022, Japan
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29
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Manini N, Braun OM, Tosatti E, Guerra R, Vanossi A. Friction and nonlinear dynamics. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:293001. [PMID: 27249652 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/29/293001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The nonlinear dynamics associated with sliding friction forms a broad interdisciplinary research field that involves complex dynamical processes and patterns covering a broad range of time and length scales. Progress in experimental techniques and computational resources has stimulated the development of more refined and accurate mathematical and numerical models, capable of capturing many of the essentially nonlinear phenomena involved in friction.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Manini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
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30
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31
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32
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Arita Y, Mazilu M, Vettenburg T, Wright EM, Dholakia K. Rotation of two trapped microparticles in vacuum: observation of optically mediated parametric resonances. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:4751-4754. [PMID: 26469611 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.004751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate trapping and rotation of two mesoscopic particles in vacuum using a spatial-light-modulator-based approach to trap more than one particle, induce controlled rotation of individual particles, and mediate interparticle separation. By trapping and rotating two vaterite particles, we observe intensity modulation of the scattered light at the sum and difference frequencies with respect to the individual rotation rates. This first demonstration of optical interference between two microparticles in vacuum leads to a platform to potentially explore optical binding and quantum friction effects.
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33
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Bercegol H, Lehoucq R. Vacuum Friction on a Rotating Pair of Atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:090402. [PMID: 26371632 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.090402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Zero-point quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic vacuum create the widely known London-van der Waals attractive force between two atoms. Recently, there has been a revived interest in the interaction of rotating matter with the quantum vacuum. Here, we consider a rotating pair of atoms maintained by London-van der Waals forces and calculate the frictional torque they experience due to zero-point radiation. Using a semiclassical framework derived from the fluctuation dissipation theorem, we take into account the full electrostatic coupling between induced dipoles. Considering the case of zero temperature only, we find a braking torque proportional to the angular velocity and to the third power of the fine structure constant. Although very small compared to London-van der Waals attraction, the torque is strong enough to induce the formation of dimers in binary collisions. This new friction phenomenon at the atomic level should induce a paradigm change in the explanation of irreversibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Bercegol
- Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé, DSM/IRAMIS/SPEC/SPHYNX, CNRS UMR 3680, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Roland Lehoucq
- Laboratoire AIM-Paris-Saclay, DSM/Irfu, CNRS UMR 7158, Université Paris Diderot, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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34
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Pieplow G, Henkel C. Cherenkov friction on a neutral particle moving parallel to a dielectric. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:214001. [PMID: 25965087 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/21/214001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe a simple mechanism of quantum friction for a particle moving parallel to a dielectric, based on a fully relativistic framework and the assumption of local equilibrium. The Cherenkov effect explains how the bare ground state becomes globally unstable and how fluctuations of the electromagnetic field and the particle's dipole are converted into pairs of excitations. Modeling the particle as a silver nano-sphere, we investigate the spectrum of the force and its velocity dependence. We find that the damping of the plasmon resonance in the silver particle has a relatively strong impact near the Cherenkov threshold velocity. We also present an expansion of the friction force near the threshold velocity for both damped and undamped particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Pieplow
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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35
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Guo Y, Jacob Z. Singular evanescent wave resonances in moving media. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:26193-26202. [PMID: 25401651 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.026193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Resonators fold the path of light by reflections leading to a phase balance and thus constructive addition of propagating waves. However, amplitude decrease of these waves due to incomplete reflection or material absorption leads to a finite quality factor of all resonances. Here we report on our discovery that evanescent waves can lead to a perfect phase and amplitude balance causing an ideal Fabry-Perot resonance condition in spite of material absorption and non-ideal reflectivities. This counterintuitive resonance occurs if and only if the metallic Fabry-Perot plates are in relative motion to each other separated by a critical distance. We show that the energy needed to approach the resonance arises from the conversion of the mechanical energy of motion to electromagnetic energy. The phenomenon is similar to lasing where the losses in the cavity resonance are exactly compensated by optical gain media instead of mechanical motion. Nonlinearities and non-localities in material response will inevitably curtail any singularities however we show the giant enhancement in non-equilibrium phenomena due to such resonances in moving media.
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36
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Arita Y, Mazilu M, Dholakia K. Laser-induced rotation and cooling of a trapped microgyroscope in vacuum. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2374. [PMID: 23982323 PMCID: PMC3763500 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum state preparation of mesoscopic objects is a powerful playground for the elucidation of many physical principles. The field of cavity optomechanics aims to create these states through laser cooling and by minimizing state decoherence. Here we demonstrate simultaneous optical trapping and rotation of a birefringent microparticle in vacuum using a circularly polarized trapping laser beam—a microgyroscope. We show stable rotation rates up to 5 MHz. Coupling between the rotational and translational degrees of freedom of the trapped microgyroscope leads to the observation of positional stabilization in effect cooling the particle to 40 K. We attribute this cooling to the interaction between the gyroscopic directional stabilization and the optical trapping field. Quantum state preparation of mesoscopic objects is a powerful tool for the study of physics at the limits. Here, Arita et al. realise the optical trapping of a microgyroscope rotating at MHz rates in vacuum where the coupling between the rotational and translational motion cools the particle to 40 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Arita
- SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK.
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