1
|
Staunstrup MJR, Tiranov A, Wang Y, Scholz S, Wieck AD, Ludwig A, Midolo L, Rotenberg N, Lodahl P, Le Jeannic H. Direct observation of a few-photon phase shift induced by a single quantum emitter in a waveguide. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7583. [PMID: 39217156 PMCID: PMC11365957 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51805-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Realizing a sensitive photon-number-dependent phase shift on a light beam is required both in classical and quantum photonics. It may lead to new applications for classical and quantum photonics machine learning or pave the way for realizing photon-photon gate operations. Nonlinear phase-shifts require efficient light-matter interaction, and recently quantum dots coupled to nanophotonic devices have enabled near-deterministic single-photon coupling. We experimentally realize an optical phase shift of 0.19π ± 0.03 radians ( ≈ 34 degrees) using a weak coherent state interacting with a single quantum dot in a planar nanophotonic waveguide. The phase shift is probed by interferometric measurements of the light scattered from the quantum dot in the waveguide. The process is nonlinear in power, the saturation at the single-photon level and compatible with scalable photonic integrated circuitry. The work may open new prospects for realizing high-efficiency optical switching or be applied for proof-of-concept quantum machine learning or quantum simulation demonstrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias J R Staunstrup
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Alexey Tiranov
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ying Wang
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Sven Scholz
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas D Wieck
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Arne Ludwig
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Leonardo Midolo
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Nir Rotenberg
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Peter Lodahl
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Hanna Le Jeannic
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tomm N, Antoniadis NO, Janovitch M, Brunelli M, Schott R, Valentin SR, Wieck AD, Ludwig A, Potts PP, Javadi A, Warburton RJ. Realization of a Coherent and Efficient One-Dimensional Atom. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:083602. [PMID: 39241708 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.083602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
A quantum emitter interacting with photons in a single optical-mode constitutes a one-dimensional atom. A coherent and efficiently coupled one-dimensional atom provides a large nonlinearity, enabling photonic quantum gates. Achieving a high coupling efficiency (β factor) and low dephasing is challenging. Here, we use a semiconductor quantum dot in an open microcavity as an implementation of a one-dimensional atom. With a weak laser input, we achieve an extinction of 99.2% in transmission and a concomitant bunching in the photon statistics of g^{(2)}(0)=587, showcasing the reflection of the single-photon component and the transmission of the multi-photon components of the coherent input. The tunable nature of the microcavity allows β to be adjusted and gives control over the photon statistics-from strong bunching to antibunching-and the phase of the transmitted photons. We obtain excellent agreement between experiment and theory by going beyond the single-mode Jaynes-Cummings model. Our results pave the way towards the creation of exotic photonic states and two-photon phase gates.
Collapse
|
3
|
Rahim MT, Khan A, Khalid U, Rehman JU, Jung H, Shin H. Quantum secure metrology for network sensing-based applications. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11630. [PMID: 37468566 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38802-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum secure metrology protocols harness quantum effects to probe remote systems with enhanced precision and security. Traditional QSM protocols require multi-partite entanglement, which limits its near-term implementation due to technological constraints. This paper proposes a QSM scheme that employs Bell pairs to provide unconditional security while offering precision scaling beyond the standard quantum limit. We provide a detailed comparative performance analysis of our proposal under multiple attacks. We found that the employed controlled encoding strategy is far better than the parallel encoding of multi-partite entangled states with regard to the secrecy of the parameter. We also identify and characterize an intrinsic trade-off relationship between the maximum achievable precision and security under the limited availability of resources. The dynamic scalability of the proposed protocol makes it suitable for large-scale network sensing scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Talha Rahim
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Awais Khan
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Uman Khalid
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Junaid Ur Rehman
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, 1855, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Haejoon Jung
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyundong Shin
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tomm N, Mahmoodian S, Antoniadis NO, Schott R, Valentin SR, Wieck AD, Ludwig A, Javadi A, Warburton RJ. Photon bound state dynamics from a single artificial atom. NATURE PHYSICS 2023; 19:857-862. [PMID: 37323806 PMCID: PMC10264240 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-023-01997-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between photons and a single two-level atom constitutes a fundamental paradigm in quantum physics. The nonlinearity provided by the atom leads to a strong dependence of the light-matter interface on the number of photons interacting with the two-level system within its emission lifetime. This nonlinearity unveils strongly correlated quasiparticles known as photon bound states, giving rise to key physical processes such as stimulated emission and soliton propagation. Although signatures consistent with the existence of photon bound states have been measured in strongly interacting Rydberg gases, their hallmark excitation-number-dependent dispersion and propagation velocity have not yet been observed. Here we report the direct observation of a photon-number-dependent time delay in the scattering off a single artificial atom-a semiconductor quantum dot coupled to an optical cavity. By scattering a weak coherent pulse off the cavity-quantum electrodynamics system and measuring the time-dependent output power and correlation functions, we show that single photons and two- and three-photon bound states incur different time delays, becoming shorter for higher photon numbers. This reduced time delay is a fingerprint of stimulated emission, where the arrival of two photons within the lifetime of an emitter causes one photon to stimulate the emission of another.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Tomm
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sahand Mahmoodian
- Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales Australia
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Rüdiger Schott
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sascha R. Valentin
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas D. Wieck
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Arne Ludwig
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alisa Javadi
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ilin D, Poshakinskiy AV, Poddubny AN, Iorsh I. Frequency Combs with Parity-Protected Cross-Correlations and Entanglement from Dynamically Modulated Qubit Arrays. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:023601. [PMID: 36706417 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.023601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We develop a general theoretical framework to dynamically engineer quantum correlations and entanglement in the frequency-comb emission from an array of superconducting qubits in a waveguide, rigorously accounting for the temporal modulation of the qubit resonance frequencies. We demonstrate that when the resonance frequencies of the two qubits are periodically modulated with a π phase shift, it is possible to realize simultaneous bunching and antibunching in cross-correlations as well as Bell states of the scattered photons from different sidebands. Our approach, based on the dynamical conversion between the quantum excitations with different parity symmetry, is quite universal. It can be used to control multiparticle correlations in generic dynamically modulated dissipative quantum systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Ilin
- Department of Physics and Technology, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia
- Ioffe Institute, St. Petersburg 194021, Russia
| | | | | | - Ivan Iorsh
- Department of Physics and Technology, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang F, Lund MM, Pohl T, Lodahl P, Mølmer K. Deterministic Photon Sorting in Waveguide QED Systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:213603. [PMID: 35687472 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.213603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sorting quantum fields into different modes according to their Fock-space quantum numbers is a highly desirable quantum operation. In this Letter, we show that a pair of two-level emitters, chirally coupled to a waveguide, may scatter single- and two-photon components of an input pulse into orthogonal temporal modes with a fidelity ≳0.9997. We develop a general theory to characterize and optimize this process and reveal that such a high fidelity is enabled by an interesting two-photon scattering dynamics: while the first emitter gives rise to a complex multimode field, the second emitter recombines the field amplitudes, and the net two-photon scattering induces a self-time reversal of the input pulse mode. The presented scheme can be employed to construct logic elements for propagating photons, such as a deterministic nonlinear-sign gate with a fidelity ≳0.9995.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Center for Complex Quantum Systems, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mads M Lund
- Center for Complex Quantum Systems, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Pohl
- Center for Complex Quantum Systems, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Peter Lodahl
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Mølmer
- Center for Complex Quantum Systems, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Brooks A, Chu XL, Liu Z, Schott R, Ludwig A, Wieck AD, Midolo L, Lodahl P, Rotenberg N. Integrated Whispering-Gallery-Mode Resonator for Solid-State Coherent Quantum Photonics. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:8707-8714. [PMID: 34636568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tailored photonics cavities enhance light-matter interactions, ultimately enabling a fully coherent quantum interface. Here, we report an integrated microdisk cavity containing self-assembled quantum dots to coherently route photons between different access waveguides. We measure a Purcell factor of Fexp = 6.9 ± 0.9 for a cavity quality factor of about 10,000, allowing us to observe clear signatures of coherent scattering of photons by the quantum dots. We show how this integrated system can coherently reroute photons between the drop and bus ports and how this routing is controlled by detuning the quantum dot and resonator or through the strength of the excitation beam, where a critical photon number less than one photon per lifetime is required. We discuss the strengths and limitations of this approach, focusing on how the coherent scattering and single-photon nonlinearity can be used to increase the efficiency of quantum devices such as routers or Bell-state analyzers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arianne Brooks
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xiao-Liu Chu
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zhe Liu
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rüdiger Schott
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Arne Ludwig
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas D Wieck
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Leonardo Midolo
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Lodahl
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nir Rotenberg
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Le Jeannic H, Ramos T, Simonsen SF, Pregnolato T, Liu Z, Schott R, Wieck AD, Ludwig A, Rotenberg N, García-Ripoll JJ, Lodahl P. Experimental Reconstruction of the Few-Photon Nonlinear Scattering Matrix from a Single Quantum Dot in a Nanophotonic Waveguide. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:023603. [PMID: 33512234 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.023603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Coherent photon-emitter interfaces offer a way to mediate efficient nonlinear photon-photon interactions, much needed for quantum information processing. Here we experimentally study the case of a two-level emitter, a quantum dot, coupled to a single optical mode in a nanophotonic waveguide. We carry out few-photon transport experiments and record the statistics of the light to reconstruct the scattering matrix elements of one- and two-photon components. This provides direct insight to the complex nonlinear photon interaction that contains rich many-body physics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Le Jeannic
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tomás Ramos
- Instituto de Física Fundamental IFF-CSIC, Calle Serrano 113b, Madrid 28006, Spain
- DAiTALab, Facultad de Estudios Interdisciplinarios, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Signe F Simonsen
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tommaso Pregnolato
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zhe Liu
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rüdiger Schott
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas D Wieck
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Arne Ludwig
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Ruhr-Universität, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Nir Rotenberg
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Peter Lodahl
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shan L, Zhang F, Ren J, Zhang Q, Gong Q, Gu Y. Large Purcell enhancement with nanoscale non-reciprocal photon transmission in chiral gap-plasmon-emitter systems. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:33890-33899. [PMID: 33182868 DOI: 10.1364/oe.404166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chiral photon-emitter coupling has been extensively explored in its non-reciprocal property, which results from spin-locked photon transmission. It manifests the potential in on-chip non-reciprocal devices, such as optical isolators and photon routing in quantum networks. However, the enhancement of chiral coupling, which has been seldom studied, remains wanting. Here, we numerically propose a gap-plasmon-emitter system demonstrating large Purcell enhancement with effective nanoscale non-reciprocal photon transmission. Owing to the strong field enhancement and high transverse spin momentum (TSM) in gap plasmons, the Purcell factor reaches 104. Simultaneously, the transmission in the nanowire is directional, in which 91% propagates in a single direction. The transmission confined around the nanowire also obtains a ∼700-fold enhancement compared with the vacuum decay rate of the emitter. Furthermore, the circularly polarized emitter couples preferentially to the opposite transmission direction in the two eigenmodes. This phenomenon is attributed to the special TSM profile of the two eigenmodes, that is, the transmission direction is locked to the opposite TSM in the two eigenmodes. Our proposed system offers an efficient way for photon routing in optical circuits and quantum networks and also extends methods for manipulating non-reciprocal devices.
Collapse
|
10
|
Heuck M, Jacobs K, Englund DR. Controlled-Phase Gate Using Dynamically Coupled Cavities and Optical Nonlinearities. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:160501. [PMID: 32383940 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.160501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We show that relatively simple integrated photonic circuits have the potential to realize a high fidelity deterministic controlled-phase gate between photonic qubits using bulk optical nonlinearities. The gate is enabled by converting travelling continuous-mode photons into stationary cavity modes using strong classical control fields that dynamically change the effective cavity-waveguide coupling rate. This architecture succeeds because it reduces the wave packet distortions that otherwise accompany the action of optical nonlinearities [J. Shapiro, Phys. Rev. A 73, 062305 (2006)PLRAAN1050-294710.1103/PhysRevA.73.062305; J. Gea-Banacloche, Phys. Rev. A 81, 043823 (2010)PLRAAN1050-294710.1103/PhysRevA.81.043823]. We show that high-fidelity gates can be achieved with self-phase modulation in χ^{(3)} materials as well as second-harmonic generation in χ^{(2)} materials. The gate fidelity asymptotically approaches unity with increasing storage time for an incident photon wave packet with fixed duration. We also show that dynamically coupled cavities enable a trade-off between errors due to loss and wave packet distortion. Our proposed architecture represents a new approach to practical implementation of quantum gates that is room-temperature compatible and only relies on components that have been individually demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Heuck
- DTU Fotonik, Technical University of Denmark, Building 343, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Kurt Jacobs
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Computational and Information Sciences Directorate, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, USA
- Hearne Institute for Theoretical Physics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Dirk R Englund
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Thyrrestrup H, Kiršanskė G, Le Jeannic H, Pregnolato T, Zhai L, Raahauge L, Midolo L, Rotenberg N, Javadi A, Schott R, Wieck AD, Ludwig A, Löbl MC, Söllner I, Warburton RJ, Lodahl P. Quantum Optics with Near-Lifetime-Limited Quantum-Dot Transitions in a Nanophotonic Waveguide. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:1801-1806. [PMID: 29494160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b05016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Establishing a highly efficient photon-emitter interface where the intrinsic linewidth broadening is limited solely by spontaneous emission is a key step in quantum optics. It opens a pathway to coherent light-matter interaction for, e.g., the generation of highly indistinguishable photons, few-photon optical nonlinearities, and photon-emitter quantum gates. However, residual broadening mechanisms are ubiquitous and need to be combated. For solid-state emitters charge and nuclear spin noise are of importance, and the influence of photonic nanostructures on the broadening has not been clarified. We present near-lifetime-limited linewidths for quantum dots embedded in nanophotonic waveguides through a resonant transmission experiment. It is found that the scattering of single photons from the quantum dot can be obtained with an extinction of 66 ± 4%, which is limited by the coupling of the quantum dot to the nanostructure rather than the linewidth broadening. This is obtained by embedding the quantum dot in an electrically contacted nanophotonic membrane. A clear pathway to obtaining even larger single-photon extinction is laid out; i.e., the approach enables a fully deterministic and coherent photon-emitter interface in the solid state that is operated at optical frequencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henri Thyrrestrup
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Blegdamsvej 17 , DK-2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Gabija Kiršanskė
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Blegdamsvej 17 , DK-2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Hanna Le Jeannic
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Blegdamsvej 17 , DK-2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Tommaso Pregnolato
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Blegdamsvej 17 , DK-2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Liang Zhai
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Blegdamsvej 17 , DK-2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Laust Raahauge
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Blegdamsvej 17 , DK-2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Leonardo Midolo
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Blegdamsvej 17 , DK-2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Nir Rotenberg
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Blegdamsvej 17 , DK-2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Alisa Javadi
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Blegdamsvej 17 , DK-2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Rüdiger Schott
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstrasse 150 , D-44780 Bochum , Germany
| | - Andreas D Wieck
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstrasse 150 , D-44780 Bochum , Germany
| | - Arne Ludwig
- Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Festkörperphysik , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstrasse 150 , D-44780 Bochum , Germany
| | - Matthias C Löbl
- Department of Physics , University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 82 , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Immo Söllner
- Department of Physics , University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 82 , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Richard J Warburton
- Department of Physics , University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 82 , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Peter Lodahl
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Blegdamsvej 17 , DK-2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Costanzo LS, Coelho AS, Biagi N, Fiurášek J, Bellini M, Zavatta A. Measurement-Induced Strong Kerr Nonlinearity for Weak Quantum States of Light. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:013601. [PMID: 28731763 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.013601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Strong nonlinearity at the single photon level represents a crucial enabling tool for optical quantum technologies. Here we report on experimental implementation of a strong Kerr nonlinearity by measurement-induced quantum operations on weak quantum states of light. Our scheme coherently combines two sequences of single photon addition and subtraction to induce a nonlinear phase shift at the single photon level. We probe the induced nonlinearity with weak coherent states and characterize the output non-Gaussian states with quantum state tomography. The strong nonlinearity is clearly witnessed as a change of sign of specific off-diagonal density matrix elements in the Fock basis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca S Costanzo
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO-CNR), Largo E. Fermi 6, 50125 Florence, Italy
- LENS and Department of Physics, University of Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Antonio S Coelho
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Universidade Federal do Piauí, 64049-550 Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Nicola Biagi
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO-CNR), Largo E. Fermi 6, 50125 Florence, Italy
- LENS and Department of Physics, University of Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Jaromír Fiurášek
- Department of Optics, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 1192/12, CZ-771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marco Bellini
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO-CNR), Largo E. Fermi 6, 50125 Florence, Italy
- LENS and Department of Physics, University of Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zavatta
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO-CNR), Largo E. Fermi 6, 50125 Florence, Italy
- LENS and Department of Physics, University of Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lodahl P, Mahmoodian S, Stobbe S, Rauschenbeutel A, Schneeweiss P, Volz J, Pichler H, Zoller P. Chiral quantum optics. Nature 2017; 541:473-480. [PMID: 28128249 DOI: 10.1038/nature21037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Advanced photonic nanostructures are currently revolutionizing the optics and photonics that underpin applications ranging from light technology to quantum-information processing. The strong light confinement in these structures can lock the local polarization of the light to its propagation direction, leading to propagation-direction-dependent emission, scattering and absorption of photons by quantum emitters. The possibility of such a propagation-direction-dependent, or chiral, light-matter interaction is not accounted for in standard quantum optics and its recent discovery brought about the research field of chiral quantum optics. The latter offers fundamentally new functionalities and applications: it enables the assembly of non-reciprocal single-photon devices that can be operated in a quantum superposition of two or more of their operational states and the realization of deterministic spin-photon interfaces. Moreover, engineered directional photonic reservoirs could lead to the development of complex quantum networks that, for example, could simulate novel classes of quantum many-body systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lodahl
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sahand Mahmoodian
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Stobbe
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arno Rauschenbeutel
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Schneeweiss
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Volz
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, Stadionallee 2, 1020 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Pichler
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Zoller
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bennett AJ, Lee JP, Ellis DJP, Farrer I, Ritchie DA, Shields AJ. A semiconductor photon-sorter. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 11:857-860. [PMID: 27428275 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Obtaining substantial nonlinear effects at the single-photon level is a considerable challenge that holds great potential for quantum optical measurements and information processing. Of the progress that has been made in recent years one of the most promising methods is to scatter coherent light from quantum emitters, imprinting quantum correlations onto the photons. We report effective interactions between photons, controlled by a single semiconductor quantum dot that is weakly coupled to a monolithic cavity. We show that the nonlinearity of a transition modifies the counting statistics of a Poissonian beam, sorting the photons in number. This is used to create strong correlations between detection events and to create polarization-correlated photons from an uncorrelated stream using a single spin. These results pave the way for semiconductor optical switches operated by single quanta of light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Bennett
- Toshiba Research Europe Limited, Cambridge Research Laboratory, 208 Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GZ, UK
| | - J P Lee
- Toshiba Research Europe Limited, Cambridge Research Laboratory, 208 Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GZ, UK
- Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - D J P Ellis
- Toshiba Research Europe Limited, Cambridge Research Laboratory, 208 Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GZ, UK
| | - I Farrer
- Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - D A Ritchie
- Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - A J Shields
- Toshiba Research Europe Limited, Cambridge Research Laboratory, 208 Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Brod DJ, Combes J. Passive CPHASE Gate via Cross-Kerr Nonlinearities. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:080502. [PMID: 27588840 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.080502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental and open question is whether cross-Kerr nonlinearities can be used to construct a controlled-phase (cphase) gate. Here we propose a gate constructed from a discrete set of atom-mediated cross-Kerr interaction sites with counterpropagating photons. We show that the average gate fidelity F between a cphase and our proposed gate increases as the number of interaction sites increases and the spectral width of the photon decreases; e.g., with 12 sites we find F>99%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Brod
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street N, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
| | - Joshua Combes
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street N, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
- Institute for Quantum Computing and Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Söllner I, Midolo L, Lodahl P. Deterministic Single-Phonon Source Triggered by a Single Photon. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:234301. [PMID: 27341236 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.234301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We propose a scheme that enables the deterministic generation of single phonons at gigahertz frequencies triggered by single photons in the near infrared. This process is mediated by a quantum dot embedded on chip in an optomechanical circuit, which allows for the simultaneous control of the relevant photonic and phononic frequencies. We devise new optomechanical circuit elements that constitute the necessary building blocks for the proposed scheme and are readily implementable within the current state-of-the-art of nanofabrication. This will open new avenues for implementing quantum functionalities based on phonons as an on-chip quantum bus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Immo Söllner
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leonardo Midolo
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Lodahl
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Single-photon non-linear optics with a quantum dot in a waveguide. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8655. [PMID: 26492951 PMCID: PMC4639909 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong non-linear interactions between photons enable logic operations for both classical and quantum-information technology. Unfortunately, non-linear interactions are usually feeble and therefore all-optical logic gates tend to be inefficient. A quantum emitter deterministically coupled to a propagating mode fundamentally changes the situation, since each photon inevitably interacts with the emitter, and highly correlated many-photon states may be created. Here we show that a single quantum dot in a photonic-crystal waveguide can be used as a giant non-linearity sensitive at the single-photon level. The non-linear response is revealed from the intensity and quantum statistics of the scattered photons, and contains contributions from an entangled photon–photon bound state. The quantum non-linearity will find immediate applications for deterministic Bell-state measurements and single-photon transistors and paves the way to scalable waveguide-based photonic quantum-computing architectures. Interacting light beams are required for all-optical information processing, but such nonlinear effects are tiny at the single-photon level. Here, the authors show that a single quantum dot in a photonic-crystal waveguide enables the necessary giant optical nonlinearity.
Collapse
|