1
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Nahian MS, Pritom R, Islam MM. Mechanistic Insights into the Evolution of Graphitic Carbon from Sulfur Containing Polar Aromatic Feedstock. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39356548 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
Abstract
In the realm of carbon fiber research, a variety of structural configurations is noted, comprising crystalline, noncrystalline, and semicrystalline forms. Recent investigations into this domain have revealed an array of intriguing phases of carbon, among which amorphous graphite is the most notable for its unique mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties that arise from its inherent topological disorders. In this study, we utilized the ReaxFF molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the carbonization and graphitization processes involved in the production of amorphous graphite from benzothiophene, a sulfur-containing polar aromatic precursor. We developed C/H/S ReaxFF force field parameters to describe the high-temperature chemistry of benzothiophene. Our investigation reveals the reaction mechanisms, providing critical insights into the underlying chemical processes toward the formation of amorphous graphite and the structural characteristics of the end products. The formation of volatile gaseous molecules and their continuous elimination led to the development of noncontinuous layered graphite structures analogous to amorphous graphite consisting of pentagons, hexagons, and heptagons. These findings offer unprecedented insights into the carbonization and graphitization processes of sulfur-containing heavy-end aromatic feedstock. This knowledge lays the groundwork for advancing synthesis methods and developing amorphous graphite materials with specific properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shahriar Nahian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Rafiuzzaman Pritom
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Md Mahbubul Islam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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2
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Winetrout JJ, Kanhaiya K, Kemppainen J, In 't Veld PJ, Sachdeva G, Pandey R, Damirchi B, van Duin A, Odegard GM, Heinz H. Implementing reactivity in molecular dynamics simulations with harmonic force fields. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7945. [PMID: 39261455 PMCID: PMC11391066 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50793-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The simulation of chemical reactions and mechanical properties including failure from atoms to the micrometer scale remains a longstanding challenge in chemistry and materials science. Bottlenecks include computational feasibility, reliability, and cost. We introduce a method for reactive molecular dynamics simulations using a clean replacement of non-reactive classical harmonic bond potentials with reactive, energy-conserving Morse potentials, called the Reactive INTERFACE Force Field (IFF-R). IFF-R is compatible with force fields for organic and inorganic compounds such as IFF, CHARMM, PCFF, OPLS-AA, and AMBER. Bond dissociation is enabled by three interpretable Morse parameters per bond type and zero energy upon disconnect. Use cases for bond breaking in molecules, failure of polymers, carbon nanostructures, proteins, composite materials, and metals are shown. The simulation of bond forming reactions is included via template-based methods. IFF-R maintains the accuracy of the corresponding non-reactive force fields and is about 30 times faster than prior reactive simulation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan J Winetrout
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Krishan Kanhaiya
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Insitute of Physics, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätstrasse 150, Bochum, Germany
| | - Joshua Kemppainen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering - Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | | | - Geeta Sachdeva
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Ravindra Pandey
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Behzad Damirchi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Adri van Duin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Gregory M Odegard
- Department of Mechanical Engineering - Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Hendrik Heinz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
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3
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Huang X, Ji C, Ma X, Hao L, Guo F, Yang G, Huang J, Wen Y, Qiao Z. Size-dependent shock response mechanisms in nanogranular RDX: a reactive molecular dynamics study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:23189-23200. [PMID: 39189793 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01696c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the shock initiation mechanisms of explosives is pivotal for advancing physicochemical theories and enhancing experimental methodologies. This study delves into the size-dependent shock responses of nanogranular hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) through nonequilibrium reactive molecular dynamics simulations. Utilizing the ReaxFF-lg force field, we examine the influence of the particle size on the decomposition dynamics of RDX under varying shock velocities. Our findings reveal that larger particles promote more significant RDX decomposition at lower velocities due to fluid jet formation and gas compression during void collapse. Conversely, smaller particles exhibit a higher average temperature and a faster decomposition rate under high-velocity shocks, attributed to their increased specific surface area. Detailed chemical reaction pathways are analyzed to elucidate the growth and initiation of reactions during shock waves. The results contribute to resolving the discrepancies observed in experimental studies of shocked granular explosives and provide a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms governing their behavior. This research offers valuable insights into the design and control of nano- and submicron-sized explosives with tailored sensitivity to external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Huang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), NO. 64, Mianshan Road, Youxian, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China.
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Chunliang Ji
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), NO. 64, Mianshan Road, Youxian, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China.
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Norinco Group Air Ammunition Research Institute Co., Ltd, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiaoxia Ma
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lixiao Hao
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), NO. 64, Mianshan Road, Youxian, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China.
| | - Feng Guo
- School of Physical Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Guangcheng Yang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), NO. 64, Mianshan Road, Youxian, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China.
| | - Jichun Huang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), NO. 64, Mianshan Road, Youxian, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China.
| | - Yushi Wen
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), NO. 64, Mianshan Road, Youxian, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Qiao
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), NO. 64, Mianshan Road, Youxian, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China.
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4
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Shim CE, Lee S, Kong M, Kim IS, Kwak J, Jang W, Jeong SY, Kim DW, Soon A, Jeong U. Corrosion-Resistant Ultrathin Cu Film Deposited on N-Doped Amorphous Carbon Film Substrate and Its Use for Crumpleable Circuit Board. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2403587. [PMID: 39206711 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202403587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is widely used as an industrial electrode due to its high electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, and cost-effectiveness. However, Cu is susceptible to corrosion, which degrades device performance over time. Although various methods (alloying, physical passivation, surface treatment, etc.) are introduced to address the corrosion issue, they can cause decreased conductivity or vertical insulation. Here, using the nitrogen-doped amorphous carbon (a-C:N) thin film is proposed as a substrate on which Cu is directly deposited. This simple method significantly inhibits corrosion of ultrathin Cu (<20 nm) films in humid conditions, enabling the fabrication of ultrathin electronic circuit boards without corrosion under ambient conditions. This study investigates the origin of corrosion resistance through comprehensive microscopic/spectroscopic characterizations and density-functional theory (DFT) calculations: i) diffusion of Cu atoms into the a-C:N driven by stable C-Cu-N bond formation, ii) diffusion of N atoms from the a-C:N to the Cu layer heading the top surface, which is the thermodynamically preferred location for N, and iii) the doped N atoms in Cu layer suppress the inclusion of O into the Cu lattice. By leveraging the ultrathinness and deformability of the circuit board, a transparent electrode and a crumpleable LED lighting device are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae-Eun Shim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangseob Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Artificial Synesthesia Materials, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsik Kong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Soo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeik Kwak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Woosun Jang
- Department of Integrated Science and Engineering Division, Underwood International College, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Young Jeong
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Aloysius Soon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Artificial Synesthesia Materials, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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Qiu C, Chen J, Huan F, Deng S, Yao Z, Wang S, Wang J. Curing and Cross-Linking Processes in the Poly(3,3-bis-azidomethyl oxetane)-tetrahydrofuran/Toluene Diisocyanate/Trimethylolpropane System: A Density Functional Theory and Accelerated ReaxFF Molecular Dynamics Investigation. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:33153-33161. [PMID: 39100291 PMCID: PMC11292815 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c04558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
The physical and chemical properties of solid propellant are influenced by the composition and structure of the binder, with its network structure being formed through curing and cross-linking reactions. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of these reactions is crucial. In this study, we investigated the curing and cross-linking mechanisms of poly(3,3-bis-azidomethyl oxetane)-tetrahydrofuran (PBT), toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and trimethylolpropane (TMP) using a combination of density functional theory (DFT) calculations and accelerated ReaxFF molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. DFT calculations revealed that the steric effect of the -CH3 group in TDI exerts a significant influence on the curing reaction between TDI and PBT. Additionally, in the cross-linking process, the energy barrier for TDI reacting with TMP was found to be much lower than that for TDI reacting with the PBT-TDI intermediate. Subsequently, we conducted competing reaction processes of TMP/TDI-PBT-TDI cross-linking and TDI-PBT-TDI self-cross-linking using accelerated MD simulations within the fitted ReaxFF framework. The results showed that the successful frequency of TMP/TDI-PBT-TDI cross-linking was substantially higher than that of TDI-PBT-TDI self-cross-linking, consistent with the energy barrier results from DFT calculations. These findings deepen our understanding of the curing and cross-linking mechanisms of the PBT system, providing valuable insights for the optimization and design of solid propellants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Qiu
- Institute
of Industrial Catalysis, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical
Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, P. R. China
| | - Jianfa Chen
- Shanghai
Space Propulsion Technology Research Institute, Shanghai 201112, China
| | - Feicheng Huan
- Institute
of Industrial Catalysis, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical
Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, P. R. China
| | - Shengwei Deng
- Institute
of Industrial Catalysis, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical
Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, P. R. China
| | - Zihao Yao
- Institute
of Industrial Catalysis, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical
Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, P. R. China
| | - Shibin Wang
- Institute
of Industrial Catalysis, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical
Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- Institute
of Industrial Catalysis, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green-Chemical
Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, P. R. China
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Wu Y, Hu Y, Li Z, Ma J. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Thermal Nonequilibrium and Chemical Reaction Processes in Hydrogen Combustion. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:2643-2655. [PMID: 38530707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c08131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Using reactive force field (ReaxFF) and molecular dynamics simulation, we investigate the combustion process of hydrogen-oxygen systems in initial thermal nonequilibrium states with different translational and rovibrational temperatures for oxygen. The system studied in this work contains 300 oxygen molecules and 700 hydrogen molecules with a density of 7 times the air density. For this system, the characteristic relaxation times of oxygen and hydrogen vibrational energies are 0.173 and 0.249 ns, respectively. 0.6% of hydrogen undergoes a chemical reaction with oxygen during the thermal nonequilibrium relaxation stage. For the distribution of translational energy and vibrational energy of oxygen in the thermal nonequilibrium state, the maximum mean error of the statistical distribution in the simulation and the Boltzmann distribution at temperature calculated from the average kinetic energy of molecules is about 2.25 × 10-5. At the same time, it was observed in the simulation that many-body interactions play a certain role in the combustion process. Furthermore, we compare the ignition time and temperature rise behavior of different combustion mechanisms and molecular dynamics simulations starting from the thermal equilibrium state. These results will provide meaningful references for the construction of thermal nonequilibrium combustion chemical reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimiao Wu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yongxin Hu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Jianyi Ma
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
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7
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De Angelis P, Cappabianca R, Fasano M, Asinari P, Chiavazzo E. Enhancing ReaxFF for molecular dynamics simulations of lithium-ion batteries: an interactive reparameterization protocol. Sci Rep 2024; 14:978. [PMID: 38200063 PMCID: PMC10782028 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50978-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become an essential technology for the green economy transition, as they are widely used in portable electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. The solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) is a key component for the correct operation, performance, and safety of LIBs. The SEI arises from the initial thermal metastability of the anode-electrolyte interface, and the resulting electrolyte reduction products stabilize the interface by forming an electrochemical buffer window. This article aims to make a first-but important-step towards enhancing the parametrization of a widely-used reactive force field (ReaxFF) for accurate molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of SEI components in LIBs. To this end, we focus on Lithium Fluoride (LiF), an inorganic salt of great interest due to its beneficial properties in the passivation layer. The protocol relies heavily on various Python libraries designed to work with atomistic simulations allowing robust automation of all the reparameterization steps. The proposed set of configurations, and the resulting dataset, allow the new ReaxFF to recover the solid nature of the inorganic salt and improve the mass transport properties prediction from MD simulation. The optimized ReaxFF surpasses the previously available force field by accurately adjusting the diffusivity of lithium in the solid lattice, resulting in a two-order-of-magnitude improvement in its prediction at room temperature. However, our comprehensive investigation of the simulation shows the strong sensitivity of the ReaxFF to the training set, making its ability to interpolate the potential energy surface challenging. Consequently, the current formulation of ReaxFF can be effectively employed to model specific and well-defined phenomena by utilizing the proposed interactive reparameterization protocol to construct the dataset. Overall, this work represents a significant initial step towards refining ReaxFF for precise reactive MD simulations, shedding light on the challenges and limitations of ReaxFF force field parametrization. The demonstrated limitations emphasize the potential for developing more versatile and advanced force fields to upscale ab initio simulation through our interactive reparameterization protocol, enabling more accurate and comprehensive MD simulations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo De Angelis
- Department of Energy "Galileo Ferraris", Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy.
| | - Roberta Cappabianca
- Department of Energy "Galileo Ferraris", Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
| | - Matteo Fasano
- Department of Energy "Galileo Ferraris", Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
| | - Pietro Asinari
- Department of Energy "Galileo Ferraris", Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy.
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135, Torino, Italy.
| | - Eliodoro Chiavazzo
- Department of Energy "Galileo Ferraris", Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy.
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135, Torino, Italy.
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8
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Hua R, Jiang Y, Shi L, Liang S, Zhang C, Song Y, Dong RY, Dong Y. Significant thermal rectification induced by phonon mismatch of functional groups in a single-molecule junction. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2023; 36:135401. [PMID: 38096577 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad15c5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule junctions (SMJs) may bring exotic physical effects. In this work, a significant thermal rectification effect is observed in a cross-dimensional system, comprising a diamond, a single-molecule junction, and a carbon nanotube (CNT). The molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the interfacial thermal resistance varies with the direction of heat flow, the orientation of the crystal planes of the diamond, and the length of the CNT. We find that the thermal rectification ratio escalates with the length of the CNT, achieving a peak value of 730% with the CNT length of 200 nm. A detailed analysis of phonon vibrations suggests that the primary cause of thermal rectification is the mismatched vibrations between the biphenyl and carbonyl groups. This discovery may offer theoretical insights for both the experimental exploration and practical application of SMJs in efficient thermal management strategy for high power and highly integrated chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Hua
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunlei Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Shi
- Hangzhou Zhongneng Photoeletricity Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Suxia Liang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingru Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, William Marsh Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Ruo-Yu Dong
- School of Astronautics, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
- Aircraft and Propulsion Laboratory, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Beihang University, Ningbo 315100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Dong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
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Sun Z, Ji J, Zhu W. Effects of Nanoparticle Size on the Thermal Decomposition Mechanisms of 3,5-Diamino-6-hydroxy-2-oxide-4-nitropyrimidone through ReaxFF Large-Scale Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Molecules 2023; 29:56. [PMID: 38202639 PMCID: PMC10779735 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
ReaxFF-lg molecular dynamics method was employed to simulate the decomposition processes of IHEM-1 nanoparticles at high temperatures. The findings indicate that the initial decomposition paths of the nanoparticles with different sizes at varying temperatures are similar, where the bimolecular polymerization reaction occurred first. Particle size has little effect on the initial decomposition pathway, whereas there are differences in the numbers of the species during the decomposition and their evolution trends. The formation of the hydroxyl radicals is the dominant decomposition mechanism with the highest reaction frequency. The degradation rate of the IHEM-1 molecules gradually increases with the increasing temperature. The IHEM-1 nanoparticles with smaller sizes exhibit greater decomposition rate constants. The activation energies for the decomposition are lower than the reported experimental values of bulk explosives, which suggests a higher sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Sun
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China;
| | - Jincheng Ji
- College of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen 448000, China;
| | - Weihua Zhu
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China;
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Yang D, Nam HK, Le TSD, Yeo J, Lee Y, Kim YR, Kim SW, Choi HJ, Shim HC, Ryu S, Kwon S, Kim YJ. Multimodal E-Textile Enabled by One-Step Maskless Patterning of Femtosecond-Laser-Induced Graphene on Nonwoven, Knit, and Woven Textiles. ACS NANO 2023; 17:18893-18904. [PMID: 37643475 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Personal wearable devices are considered important in advanced healthcare, military, and sports applications. Among them, e-textiles are the best candidates because of their intrinsic conformability without any additional device installation. However, e-textile manufacturing to date has a high process complexity and low design flexibility. Here, we report the direct laser writing of e-textiles by converting raw Kevlar textiles to electrically conductive laser-induced graphene (LIG) via femtosecond laser pulses in ambient air. The resulting LIG has high electrical conductivity and chemical reliability with a low sheet resistance of 2.86 Ω/□. Wearable multimodal e-textile sensors and supercapacitors are realized on different types of Kevlar textiles, including nonwoven, knit, and woven structures, by considering their structural textile characteristics. The nonwoven textile exhibits high mechanical stability, making it suitable for applications in temperature sensors and micro-supercapacitors. On the other hand, the knit textile possesses inherent spring-like stretchability, enabling its use in the fabrication of strain sensors for human motion detection. Additionally, the woven textile offers special sensitive pressure-sensing networks between the warp and weft parts, making it suitable for the fabrication of bending sensors used in detecting human voices. This direct laser synthesis of arbitrarily patterned LIGs from various textile structures could result in the facile realization of wearable electronic sensors and energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwook Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Science Town, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Han Ku Nam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Science Town, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Truong-Son Dinh Le
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Science Town, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jinwook Yeo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Science Town, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Younggeun Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Science Town, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Young-Ryeul Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Science Town, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Science Town, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Hak-Jong Choi
- Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, 156, Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34103, South Korea
| | - Hyung Cheoul Shim
- Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, 156, Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34103, South Korea
| | - Seunghwa Ryu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Science Town, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Soongeun Kwon
- Nano-Convergence Manufacturing Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, 156, Gajeongbuk-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34103, South Korea
| | - Young-Jin Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Science Town, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
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11
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Sun ZJ, Li H, Zhu W. Reactive molecular dynamics simulations on the decomposition process of 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine crystal under high temperatures and pressure. J Mol Model 2023; 29:292. [PMID: 37615822 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05656-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Reactive molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the decomposition processes of 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) crystal under high temperatures (2100, 2400, 2700, and 3000 K) and detonation pressure (34.5 GPa) and 0 GPa. It is found that the initial decomposition paths of RDX under different temperatures coupled with detonation pressure are similar, which is due to the N-NO2 bond breakage to release NO2. The formation rates of N2 and H2O are significantly affected by temperature, while those of CO2 are less influenced. The C atoms finally formed C clusters. As the temperature rises, the decomposition speeds up, indicating that the high temperature accelerates the decomposition. Applying pressure can reduce the reaction energy barrier and accelerate the decomposition. METHODS The RDX model was constructed using the Materials Studio 7.0 package. All MD simulations were performed based on the ReaxFF force field in the LAMMPS software package, and the crystals were visualized using the OVITO software package. The time step was 0.1 fs, and the total MD simulation time was 200 ps. DFT calculations were carried out at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level using the Gaussian 09 package.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jian Sun
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Weihua Zhu
- Institute for Computation in Molecular and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
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12
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Zhang J, Guo W, Yao Y. Deep Potential Molecular Dynamics Study of Chapman-Jouguet Detonation Events of Energetic Materials. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:7141-7148. [PMID: 37535980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Detonation of energetic materials (EMs) is of great importance for military applications, while the understanding of detailed events and mechanisms for the detonation process is scarce. In this study, the first deep neural network potential NNP_Shock for molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of shock-induced detonation of EMs was generated based on a deep potential model, providing DFT accuracy but 106 times the computational efficiency. On this basis, we employ our deep potential to perform MD simulations of shock-induced detonation of high-performance EM material 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20, C6H6N12O12) and obtain the theoretical Chapman-Jouguet (C-J) detonation velocities and pressures directly by multiscale shock technique (MSST) for the first time, which are in good agreement with experiment. In addition, the Hugoniot curves and initial reaction mechanisms were successfully obtained. Therefore, the NNP_Shock potential is competent in research of the detonation performance and shock sensitivity of CL-20, and the method can also be transplanted to studies of other EMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jidong Zhang
- College of Sciences/Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Storage Materials and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Wei Guo
- Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material (MOE), Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yugui Yao
- Frontiers Science Center for High Energy Material (MOE), Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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13
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Nwankwo U, Wang YD, Lam CH, Onofrio N. Charge equilibration model with shielded long-range Coulomb for reactive molecular dynamics simulations. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:044104. [PMID: 37486045 DOI: 10.1063/5.0150280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Atomic description of electrochemical systems requires reactive interaction potential to explicitly describe the chemistry between atoms and molecules and the evolving charge distribution and polarization effects. Calculating Coulomb electrostatic interactions and polarization effects requires a better estimate of the partial charge distribution in molecular systems. However, models such as reactive force fields and charge equilibration (QEq) include Coulomb interactions up to a short-distance cutoff for better computational speeds. Ignoring long-distance electrostatic interaction affects the ability to describe electrochemistry in large systems. We studied the long-range Coulomb effects among charged particles and extended the QEq method to include long-range effects. By this extension, we anticipate a proper account of Coulomb interactions in reactive molecular dynamics simulations. We validate the approach by computing charges on a series of metal-organic frameworks and some simple systems. Results are compared to regular QEq and quantum mechanics calculations. The study shows slightly overestimated charge values in the regular QEq approach. Moreover, our method was combined with Ewald summation to compute forces and evaluate the long-range effects of simple capacitor configurations. There were noticeable differences between the calculated charges with/without long-range Coulomb interactions. The difference, which may have originated from the long-range influence on the capacitor ions, makes the Ewald method a better descriptor of Coulomb electrostatics for charged electrodes. The approach explored in this study enabled the atomic description of electrochemical systems with realistic electrolyte thickness while accounting for the electrostatic effects of charged electrodes throughout the dielectric layer in devices like batteries and emerging solid-state memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udoka Nwankwo
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi-Di Wang
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chi-Hang Lam
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nicolas Onofrio
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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14
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Tang L, Srivastava P, Gupta V, Bauchy M. The Crystallization of Disordered Materials under Shock Is Governed by Their Network Topology. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2300131. [PMID: 37114829 PMCID: PMC10369245 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
When the shock load is applied, materials experience incredibly high temperature and pressure conditions on picosecond timescales, usually accompanied by remarkable physical or chemical phenomena. Understanding the underlying physics that governs the kinetics of shocked materials is of great importance for both physics and materials science. Here, combining experiment and large-scale molecular dynamics simulation, the ultrafast nanoscale crystal nucleation process in shocked soda-lime silicate glass is investigated. By adopting topological constraints theory, this study finds that the propensity of nucleation is governed by the connectivity of the atomic network. The densification of local networks, which appears once the crystal starts to grow, results in the underconstrained shell around the crystal and prevents further crystallization. These results shed light on the nanoscale crystallization mechanism of shocked materials from the viewpoint of topological constraint theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longwen Tang
- Physics of AmoRphous and Inorganic Solids Laboratory (PARISlab), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Pratyush Srivastava
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Vijay Gupta
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mathieu Bauchy
- Physics of AmoRphous and Inorganic Solids Laboratory (PARISlab), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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15
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Hamilton BW, Yoo P, Sakano MN, Islam MM, Strachan A. High-pressure and temperature neural network reactive force field for energetic materials. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:144117. [PMID: 37061473 DOI: 10.1063/5.0146055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive force fields for molecular dynamics have enabled a wide range of studies in numerous material classes. These force fields are computationally inexpensive compared with electronic structure calculations and allow for simulations of millions of atoms. However, the accuracy of traditional force fields is limited by their functional forms, preventing continual refinement and improvement. Therefore, we develop a neural network-based reactive interatomic potential for the prediction of the mechanical, thermal, and chemical responses of energetic materials at extreme conditions. The training set is expanded in an automatic iterative approach and consists of various CHNO materials and their reactions under ambient and shock-loading conditions. This new potential shows improved accuracy over the current state-of-the-art force fields for a wide range of properties such as detonation performance, decomposition product formation, and vibrational spectra under ambient and shock-loading conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenden W Hamilton
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Pilsun Yoo
- Computational Science and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Michael N Sakano
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - Md Mahbubul Islam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Alejandro Strachan
- School of Materials Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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16
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Zhang Y, Wang T, He Y. Initial Response of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN) under the Coupling Effect of Preheating, Shock and Defect via the Molecular Dynamics Simulations with the Multiscale Shock Technique Method. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072911. [PMID: 37049675 PMCID: PMC10096352 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The initial response of PETN under the coupling of preheating, impact and defects was simulated by Multiscale Shock Technique (MSST) method and molecular dynamics. The temperature change of PETN during impact compression can be divided into three stages: (1) the elastoplastic change of the system caused by initial compression; (2) part of PETN decomposes and releases energy to raise temperature; (3) a secondary chemical reaction occurs, resulting in rapid temperature rise. Under the given conditions, a higher initial preheating temperature will lead to faster decomposition of PETN; The existence of defects will accelerate the decomposition of PETN molecules; Coupling the highest preheating temperature with defects will lead to the fastest decomposition of PETN molecules, while in the defect-free PETN system with a preheating temperature of 300 K, the decomposition of PETN molecules is the slowest. For the case of Us = 8 km·s-1, the effect of defects on the initial PETN reaction is greater than the initial preheating temperature; When the impact velocity is greater than 9 km·s-1, the impact velocity is an important factor affecting the decomposition of PETN molecules. For Us = 10 km·s-1, NO2 is the main initial product in the defective PETN crystal, while in the perfect PETN crystal, it is the combination of NO2 and HONO. The chemical reaction kinetics analysis shows that the preheating temperature and defects will accelerate the decomposition of PETN. The higher the preheating temperature, the faster the decomposition of PETN. For the case of Us = 7 km·s-1, 8 km·s-1 and 9 km·s-1, the existence of defects will increase the decomposition rate by more than 50% regardless of the initial preheating temperature. In the case of Us = 10 km·s-1, the improvement of decomposition rate by defects is not as significant as the initial preheating temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Zhang
- Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuanhang He
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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17
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Xu D, Wan HX, Yao XR, Li J, Yan LT. Molecular Simulations in Macromolecular Science. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-023-2968-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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18
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Li J, Heng P, Wang B, Wang B, Liu N, Wang X. Comparative Study on the Unimolecular Decompositions of Energetic Regioisomers: BFTF-1 and BFTF-2. FIREPHYSCHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
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19
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Jiang J, Wang HR, Zhao FQ, Xu SY, Ju XH. Decomposition mechanism of 1,3,5-trinitro-2,4,6-trinitroaminobenzene under thermal and shock stimuli using ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:3799-3805. [PMID: 36647743 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05509k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To obtain atomic-level insights into the decomposition behavior of 1,3,5-trinitro-2,4,6-trinitroaminobenzene (TNTNB) under different stimulations, this study applied reactive molecular dynamics simulations to illustrate the effects of thermal and shock stimuli on the TNTNB crystal. The results show that the initial decomposition of the TNTNB crystal under both thermal and shock stimuli starts with the breakage of the N-NO2 bond. However, the C6 ring in TNTNB undergoes structural rearrangement to form a C3-C5 bicyclic structure at a constant high temperature. Then, the C3 and C5 rings break in turn. The main final products of TNTNB under shock are N2, CO2, and H2O, while NO, N2, H2O and CO are formed instead at 1 atm under a constant high temperature. Pressure is the main reason for this difference. High pressure promotes the complete oxidation of the reactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
| | - Hao-Ran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
| | - Feng-Qi Zhao
- Laboratory of Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, P. R. China
| | - Si-Yu Xu
- Laboratory of Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Hai Ju
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
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20
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Pahari P, Rao ADP, Warrier M. Molecular dynamics simulations of the decomposition and U s-U p relationship of RDX molecular crystal subjected to high velocity impact. J Mol Model 2023; 29:50. [PMID: 36680694 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05421-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Pahari
- CAD, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Visakhapatnam, 531011, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - A D P Rao
- Nuclear Physics Department, College of Sci & Technology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, 530003, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - M Warrier
- CAD, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Visakhapatnam, 531011, Andhra Pradesh, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400094, Maharashtra, India
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21
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Zhou M, Luo J, Xiang D. Effects of Different Guests on Pyrolysis Mechanism of α-CL-20/Guest at High Temperatures by Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulations at High Temperatures. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031840. [PMID: 36768165 PMCID: PMC9914979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The host-guest inclusion strategy has the potential to surpass the limitations of energy density and suboptimal performances of single explosives. The guest molecules can not only enhance the detonation performance of host explosives but also can enhance their stability. Therefore, a deep analysis of the role of guest influence on the pyrolysis decomposition of the host-guest explosive is necessary. The whole decomposition reaction stage of CL-20/H2O, CL-20/CO2, CL-20/N2O, CL-20/NH2OH was calculated by ReaxFF-MD. The incorporation of CO2, N2O and NH2OH significantly increase the energy levels of CL-20. However, different guests have little influence on the initial decomposition paths of CL-20. The Ea1 and Ea2 values of CL-20/CO2, CL-20/N2O, CL-20/NH2OH systems are higher than the CL-20/H2O system. Clearly, incorporation of CO2, N2O, NH2OH can inhibit the initial decomposition and intermediate decomposition stage of CL-20/H2O. Guest molecules become heavily involved in the reaction and influence on the reaction rates. k1 of CL-20/N2O and CL-20/NH2OH systems are significantly larger than that of CL-20/H2O at high temperatures. k1 of CL-20/CO2 system is very complex, which can be affected deeply by temperatures. k2 of the CL-20/CO2, CL-20/N2O systems is significantly smaller than that of CL-20/H2O at high temperatures. k2 of CL-20/NH2OH system shows little difference at high temperatures. For the CL-20/CO2 system, the k3 value of CO2 is slightly higher than that for CL-20/H2O, CL-20/N2O, CL-20/NH2OH systems, while the k3 values of N2 and H2O are slightly smaller than that for the CL-20/H2O, CL-20/N2O, CL-20/NH2OH systems. For the CL-20/N2O system, the k3 value of CO2 is slightly smaller than that for CL-20/H2O, CL-20/CO2, CL-20/NH2OH systems. For the CL-20/NH2OH system, the k3 value of H2O is slightly larger than that for CL-20/H2O, CL-20/CO2, CL-20/N2O systems. These mechanisms revealed that CO2, N2O and NH2OH molecules inhibit the early stages of the initial decomposition of CL-20 and play an important role for the decomposition subsequently.
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22
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Lee BH, Sakano MN, Larentzos JP, Brennan JK, Strachan A. A coarse-grain reactive model of RDX: Molecular resolution at the μm scale. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:024702. [PMID: 36641383 DOI: 10.1063/5.0122940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Predictive models for the thermal, chemical, and mechanical response of high explosives at extreme conditions are important for investigating their performance and safety. We introduce a particle-based, reactive model of 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) with molecular resolution utilizing generalized energy-conserving dissipative particle dynamics with reactions. The model is parameterized with respect to the data from atomistic molecular dynamics simulations as well as from quantum mechanical calculations, thus bridging atomic processes to the mesoscales, including microstructures and defects. It accurately captures the response of RDX under a range of thermal loading conditions compared to atomistic simulations. In addition, the Hugoniot response of the CG model in the overdriven regime reasonably matches atomistic simulations and experiments. Exploiting the model's high computational efficiency, we investigate mesoscale systems involving millions of molecules and characterize size-dependent criticality of hotspots in RDX. The combination of accuracy and computational efficiency of our reactive model provides a tool for investigation of mesoscale phenomena, such as the role of microstructures and defects in the shock-to-deflagration transition, through particle-based simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Lee
- School of Materials Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Michael N Sakano
- School of Materials Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - James P Larentzos
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, USA
| | - John K Brennan
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, USA
| | - Alejandro Strachan
- School of Materials Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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23
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Wei H, Li T, Yao K, Xuan Z. ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations on thermal decomposition of RDX-based CMDB propellants. J Mol Model 2022; 28:388. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05377-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Feng S, Guo F, Yuan C, Cheng X, Wang Y, Zhang H, Chen J, Su L. Effect of neutron irradiation on structure and decomposition of α-RDX: a ReaxFF molecular dynamics study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2022.113965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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25
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The effects of atomic oxygen and ion irradiation degradation on multi-polymers: A combined ground-based exposure and ReaxFF-MD simulation. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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26
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Quansah J, Zhang X, Wasiullah Q, Yan QL. Mechanical and Thermophysical Properties of Energetic Crystals: Evaluation Methods and Recent Achievements. FIREPHYSCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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27
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Fthenakis ZG, Petsalakis ID, Tozzini V, Lathiotakis NN. Evaluating the performance of ReaxFF potentials for sp 2 carbon systems (graphene, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes) and a new ReaxFF potential. Front Chem 2022; 10:951261. [PMID: 36105305 PMCID: PMC9465816 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.951261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the performance of eleven reactive force fields (ReaxFF), which can be used to study sp2 carbon systems. Among them a new hybrid ReaxFF is proposed combining two others and introducing two different types of C atoms. The advantages of that potential are discussed. We analyze the behavior of ReaxFFs with respect to 1) the structural and mechanical properties of graphene, its response to strain and phonon dispersion relation; 2) the energetics of (n, 0) and (n, n) carbon nanotubes (CNTs), their mechanical properties and response to strain up to fracture; 3) the energetics of the icosahedral C60 fullerene and the 40 C40 fullerene isomers. Seven of them provide not very realistic predictions for graphene, which made us focusing on the remaining, which provide reasonable results for 1) the structure, energy and phonon band structure of graphene, 2) the energetics of CNTs versus their diameter and 3) the energy of C60 and the trend of the energy of the C40 fullerene isomers versus their pentagon adjacencies, in accordance with density functional theory (DFT) calculations and/or experimental data. Moreover, the predicted fracture strain, ultimate tensile strength and strain values of CNTs are inside the range of experimental values, although overestimated with respect to DFT. However, they underestimate the Young's modulus, overestimate the Poisson's ratio of both graphene and CNTs and they display anomalous behavior of the stress - strain and Poisson's ratio - strain curves, whose origin needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias G. Fthenakis
- Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Pisa, Italy
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
- Department of Surveying and Geoinformatics Engineering, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
- Department of Marine Engineering, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ioannis D. Petsalakis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Valentina Tozzini
- Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Pisa, Italy
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nektarios N. Lathiotakis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
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28
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Hamilton BW, Kroonblawd MP, Strachan A. Extemporaneous Mechanochemistry: Shock-Wave-Induced Ultrafast Chemical Reactions Due to Intramolecular Strain Energy. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:6657-6663. [PMID: 35838665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Regions of energy localization referred to as hotspots are known to govern shock initiation and the run-to-detonation in energetic materials. Mounting computational evidence points to accelerated chemistry in hotspots from large intramolecular strains induced via the interactions between the shock wave and microstructure. However, definite evidence mapping intramolecular strain to accelerated or altered chemical reactions has so far been elusive. From a large-scale reactive molecular dynamics simulation of the energetic material 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene, we map decomposition kinetics to molecular temperature and intramolecular strain energy prior to reaction. Both temperature and intramolecular strain are shown to accelerate chemical kinetics. A detailed analysis of the atomistic trajectory shows that intramolecular strain can induce a mechanochemical alteration of decomposition mechanisms. The results in this paper could inform continuum-level chemistry models to account for a wide range of mechanochemical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenden W Hamilton
- School of Materials Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Matthew P Kroonblawd
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Alejandro Strachan
- School of Materials Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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29
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Rahm M. Electronegativity at the Shock Front. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rahm
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 SE-412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
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Li C, Hamilton BW, Shen T, Alzate L, Strachan A. Systematic Builder for All‐Atom Simulations of Plastically Bonded Explosives. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Li
- School of Materials Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana, 47907 USA
| | - Brenden W Hamilton
- School of Materials Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana, 47907 USA
| | - Tongtong Shen
- School of Materials Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana, 47907 USA
| | - Lorena Alzate
- Computational Science and Engineering Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37830 USA
| | - Alejandro Strachan
- School of Materials Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana, 47907 USA
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31
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Cao L, Zeng J, Wang B, Zhu T, Zhang JZH. Ab initio neural network MD simulation of thermal decomposition of a high energy material CL-20/TNT. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:11801-11811. [PMID: 35506927 PMCID: PMC9173692 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00710j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CL-20 (2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane, also known as HNIW) is one of the most powerful energetic materials. However, its high sensitivity to environmental stimuli greatly reduces its safety and severely limits its application. In this work, ab initio based neural network potential (NNP) energy surfaces for both β-CL-20 and CL-20/TNT co-crystals were constructed. To accurately simulate the thermal decomposition processes of these two crystal systems, reactive molecular dynamics simulations based on the NNPs were performed. Many important intermediate species and their associated reaction paths during the decomposition had been identified in the simulations and the direct results on detonation temperatures of both systems were provided. The simulations also showed clearly that 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) molecules in the co-crystal act as a buffer to slow down the chain reactions triggered by nitrogen dioxide and this effect is more significant at lower temperatures. Specifically, the addition of TNT molecules in the CL-20/TNT co-crystal introduces intermolecular hydrogen bonds between CL-20 and TNT molecules in the system, thereby increasing the thermal stability of the co-crystal. The current reactive molecular dynamics simulation is performed based on the NNP which helps in accelerating the speed of ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulation by more than 3 orders of magnitude while preserving the accuracy of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This enabled us to perform longer-time simulations at more realistic temperatures that traditional AIMD methods cannot achieve. With the advantage of the NNP in its powerful fitting ability and transferability, the NNP-based MD simulation can be widely applied to energetic material systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Cao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics & New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Jinzhe Zeng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway 08854-8076, NJ, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics & New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Tong Zhu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics & New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
- NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - John Z H Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics & New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
- NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, 200062, China
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York 10003, USA
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
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Zhang Y, Li Q, Yuan H, Yan W, Chen S, Qiu M, Liao B, Chen L, Ouyang X, Zhang X, Ying M. Mechanically Robust Irradiation, Atomic Oxygen, and Static-Durable CrO x/CuNi Coatings on Kapton Serving as Space Station Solar Cell Arrays. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:21461-21473. [PMID: 35475345 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The polymers that served for solar cell arrays are constantly subject to various hazards, such as atomic oxygen (AO), ion irradiation, or electrostatic discharge (ESD) events. To address these issues, we fabricated and sifted CrO0.16/CuNi-coated Kapton with a gradient structure with the goal of reaching an equilibrium between AO durability and resistance. The resulting material exhibits an impressively low Ey of 6.61 × 10-26 cm3 atom-1, 2.20% of which was detected as pristine Kapton. Self-evolution of the CrO0.16 coating under 525.4 displacement per atom (dpa) Fe+ ion irradiation indicated that it can still maintain a good state of ultrafine nanocrystalline in addition to local amorphization. Its AO-based degradation and irradiation evolution are demonstrated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. It is mechanically robust enough to endure the cyclic folding treatments attributed to its gradient structure fabrication. Moreover, the CrO0.16/CuNi-coated Kapton exhibits alleviated electrostatic accumulation capability and sufficient conductivity. Our strategy has promising potential for creating surface protection on flexible polymers operating in the low Earth orbit (LEO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beam Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Beam Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Heng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Beam Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Weiqing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Beam Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shunian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beam Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Menglin Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Beam Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bin Liao
- Key Laboratory of Beam Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beam Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiao Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Beam Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beam Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Minju Ying
- Key Laboratory of Beam Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Zhao J, Huang Z, Jin G, Gao M, Zhu H. Reactive Molecular Dynamics Calculation and Ignition Delay Test of the Mixture of an Additive and 2-Azido- N, N-dimethylethanamine with Dinitrogen Tetroxide. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:14527-14534. [PMID: 35557659 PMCID: PMC9088777 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In order to shorten the ignition delay of 2-azido-N,N-dimethylethanamine (DMAZ) and dinitrogen tetroxide (NTO), four amines [tert-butylamine, pyrrole, N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl ethylenediamine (TMEDA), and diethylenetriamine (DABH)] with a mass fraction of 5% were added to DMAZ, and the potential energy change and the product change during the reaction of the mixture of an additive and DMAZ with NTO were analyzed by Reactive molecular dynamics (ReaxFF MD) calculation. Then, the ignition delay of the mixture of the additive and DMAZ as well as pure DMAZ with NTO was measured by a drop experiment with a photoelectric sensor and high-speed camera. The results show that the addition of pyrrole greatly reduced the time to reach the maximum system energy and greatly increased the rate of HNO2 formation. The dripping of the fuel was approximately a uniform linear motion, and the expression was y = 43.13 + 7.16x. The ignition delay time recorded by the camera was in good agreement with that of the optical signal. The measured ignition delay time for DMAZ with NTO was 261.5 ms. The mixture of pyrrole and DMAZ with NTO had the shortest ignition delay time of 100 ms, and the proportion of shortening the ignition delay time was the largest. The results of the droplet experiment were consistent with those of ReaxFF MD simulation, indicating that HNO2 plays an important role in the ignition delay, that is, the formation rate of HNO2 is positively correlated with the ignition delay.
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34
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Zhang Y, Wang T, He Y. Hot spot formation and initial chemical reaction of PETN containing nanoscale spherical voids under high shock loading. RSC Adv 2022; 12:11060-11074. [PMID: 35425036 PMCID: PMC8992229 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00417h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial response process of PETN containing nanoscale spherical cavities under impact loading was investigated using the ReaxFF-lg force field combined with the molecular dynamic method. The impact-induced void collapse process, hot spot formation and growth, and chemical reaction processes were determined. The hot spot formation goes through four stages: (1) overall temperature rise due to initial impact compression; (2) temperature rise on the upper surface of the void caused by local plastic deformation; (3) rapid temperature rise caused by molecules entering the interior of the void colliding with the downstream surface of the void; and (4) thermal diffusion between the hot spot and the surrounding region, resulting in a decrease in the temperature of the center of the hot spot and a slow increase in the temperature of the neighboring region. With weak impact, the void shape remains basically symmetric during the void collapse, and the void collapse is mainly caused by local plastic deformation. A strong impact will lead to a more intense material focusing. The void collapse caused by strong impact has a greater effect on the heating of the surrounding material, and the secondary compression formed by the collision between particles makes the hot spot area expand and the central region of the hot spot evolve into an approximate triangular cone. NO2 is produced in large quantities as the initial product during the void collapse to form the hot spot, indicating that the void activates the chemical reactivity of the PETN crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Zhang
- Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic Shenzhen 518055 China
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yuanhang He
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
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Qian W, Xue X, Liu J, Zhang C. Molecular Forcefield Methods for Describing Energetic Molecular Crystals: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:1611. [PMID: 35268712 PMCID: PMC8912029 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Energetic molecular crystals are widely applied for military and civilian purposes, and molecular forcefields (FF) are indispensable for treating the microscopic issues therein. This article reviews the three types of molecular FFs that are applied widely for describing energetic crystals-classic FFs, consistent FFs, and reactive FFs (ReaxFF). The basic principle of each type of FF is briefed and compared, with the application introduced, predicting polymorph, morphology, thermodynamics, vibration spectra, thermal property, mechanics, and reactivity. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of these FFs are summarized, and some directions of future development are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Qian
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, China; (W.Q.); (X.X.); (J.L.)
| | - Xianggui Xue
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, China; (W.Q.); (X.X.); (J.L.)
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, China; (W.Q.); (X.X.); (J.L.)
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, China; (W.Q.); (X.X.); (J.L.)
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100048, China
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36
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Wang C, Zhang C, Xue X. Pressure and Polymorph Dependent Thermal Decomposition Mechanism of Molecular Materials: A Case of 1,3,5,-Trinitro-1,3,5,-triazine. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:463-472. [PMID: 35061375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c08171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
1,3,5,-Trinitro-1,3,5,-triazine (RDX) serves as an important energetic material and is widely used as various solid propellants and explosives. Understanding the thermal decomposition behaviors of various polymorphs of RDX at high pressure and high temperature is significantly important for safe storage and handling. The present work reveals the early thermal decay mechanisms of two polymorphs (α- and ε-forms) of RDX at high pressure and high temperature by ReaxFF reactive molecular dynamic simulations and climbing image nudged elastic band (CI-NEB) static calculations. It is found that the thermal decomposition rate has positive and negative effects on the pressure for α- and ε-RDX, respectively. This difference originates from the difference of pressure effect on the intermolecular H transfer of the two polymorphs, as we confirm that the bimolecular H transfer rather than the NO2 partition initiates the decay with a significantly lower energy barrier therein. This finding may be beneficial to understand the pressure and polymorph dependent effect on the decay of RDX and to develop a kinetic model for the combustion of solid RDX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyu Wang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P.O. Box 919-311, Mianyang, Sichuan 621999, China.,Department of Materials Science and the Advanced Coatings Research Center of the China Educational Ministry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P.O. Box 919-311, Mianyang, Sichuan 621999, China.,Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xianggui Xue
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P.O. Box 919-311, Mianyang, Sichuan 621999, China
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37
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Zhou M, Wei G, Zhang Y, Xiang D, Ye C. Molecular dynamic insight into octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) and the nano-HMX decomposition mechanism. RSC Adv 2022; 12:32508-32517. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05394b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The entire decomposition reaction process of a 30 Å HMX nanoparticle at 2000 K by ReaxFF molecular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, PR China
| | - Genwang Wei
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies & Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China
| | - Yao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, PR China
| | - Dong Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, PR China
| | - Caichao Ye
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies & Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Science and Material Design, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China
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38
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Yang K, Chen L, Lu J, Geng D, Wu J. Reaction mechanism of aluminum nanoparticles in explosives under high temperature and high pressure by shock loading. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:14552-14565. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01424f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum nanoparticles (ANPs) can greatly improving the power of explosives. However, the rapid reaction mechanism of ANPs under the simultaneous high temperature and high pressure by shock loading is not...
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39
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Song S, Tian X, Wang Y, Qi X, Zhang Q. Theoretical insight into density and stability differences of RDX, HMX and CL-20. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01577j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, density and stability differences of RDX, HMX and CL-20 are exploited and addressed through static calculations from views of monomolecular parameters, intermolecular interactions (by the proposed BEC method) and crystal packing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Song
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621000, China
| | - Xiaolan Tian
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621000, China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621000, China
| | - Xiujuan Qi
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621000, China
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Yu S, Chu R, Li X, Wu G, Meng X. Combined ReaxFF and Ab Initio MD Simulations of Brown Coal Oxidation and Coal–Water Interactions. ENTROPY 2021; 24:e24010071. [PMID: 35052097 PMCID: PMC8774729 DOI: 10.3390/e24010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this manuscript, we use a combination of Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics (CPMD) and ReaxFF reactive molecular dynamics (ReaxFF-MD) simulations to study the brown coal–water interactions and coal oxidation. Our Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics simulation results reveal that hydrogen bonds dominate the water adsorption process, and oxygen-containing functional groups such as carboxyl play an important role in the interaction between brown coal and water. The discrepancy in hydrogen bonds formation between our simulation results by ab initio molecular dynamics (CPMD) and that by ReaxFF-MD indicates that the ReaxFF force field is not capable of accurately describing the diffusive behaviors of water on lignite at low temperatures. The oxidations of brown coal for both fuel rich and fuel lean conditions at various temperatures were investigated using ReaxFF-MD simulations through which the generation rates of major products were obtained. In addition, it was observed that the density decrease significantly enhances the generation of gaseous products due to the entropy gain by reducing system density. Although the ReaxFF-MD simulation of complete coal combustion process is limited to high temperatures, the combined CPMD and ReaxFF-MD simulations allow us to examine the correlation between water adsorption on brown coal and the initial stage of coal oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; (S.Y.); (R.C.); (X.L.); (G.W.)
| | - Ruizhi Chu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; (S.Y.); (R.C.); (X.L.); (G.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Coal-Based CO2 Capture and Geological Storage, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; (S.Y.); (R.C.); (X.L.); (G.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Coal-Based CO2 Capture and Geological Storage, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Guoguang Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; (S.Y.); (R.C.); (X.L.); (G.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Coal-Based CO2 Capture and Geological Storage, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Xianliang Meng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; (S.Y.); (R.C.); (X.L.); (G.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Coal-Based CO2 Capture and Geological Storage, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-1391-204-1046
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41
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Li Y, Liu Y, Yuan J, Luo Y, Jiang Q, Wang F, Meng J. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Thermal Decomposition of 3,4-Bis(3-nitrofurazan-4-yl)furoxan. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:33470-33481. [PMID: 34926897 PMCID: PMC8674911 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
When stimulated, for example, by a high temperature, the physical and chemical properties of energetic materials (EMs) may change, and, in turn, their overall performance is affected. Therefore, thermal stability is crucial for EMs, especially the thermal dynamic behavior. In the past decade, significant efforts have been made to study the thermal dynamic behavior of 3,4-bis(3-nitrofurazan-4-yl)furoxan (DNTF), one of the new high-energy-density materials (HEDMs). However, the thermal decomposition mechanism of DNTF is still not specific or comprehensive. In this study, the self-consistent-charge density-functional tight-binding method was combined with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to reveal the differences in the thermal decomposition of DNTF under four heating conditions. The O-N (O) bond would fracture first during DNTF initial thermal decomposition at medium and low temperatures, thus triggering the cracking of the whole structure. At 2000 and 2500 K, NO2 loss on outer ring I is the fastest initial thermal decomposition pathway, and it determines that the decomposition mechanism is different from that of a medium-low temperature. NO2 is found to be the most active intermediate product; large molecular fragments, such as C2N2O, are found for the first time. Hopefully, these results could provide some insights into the decomposition mechanism of new HEDMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Yucun Liu
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Junming Yuan
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Yiming Luo
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Qiuli Jiang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Fanfan Wang
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), P. O. Box 919-311, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, China
| | - Jingwei Meng
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
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Kaushik M, Shrivastav G, Khan TS, Haider MA, Bhatia D. The Operating Cycle of NO Adsorption and Desorption in Pd-Chabazite for Passive NO x Adsorbers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:13799-13809. [PMID: 34766776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pd-doped chabazite (Pd/CHA) offers unique opportunities to adsorb and desorb NOx in the target temperature range for application as a passive NOx adsorber (PNA). The ability of Pd/CHA to trap NOx emissions at low temperatures (<200 °C) is facilitated by the binding of NOx species at various Pd sites available in the CHA framework. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations are performed to understand Pd speciation in CHA and the interaction of NO with Pd/CHA to explain the mechanisms of NO adsorption, oxidation, and desorption processes. The calculations are used to elucidate the important role of Pd1+ cationic species, anchored at 6MR-3NN, in providing a strong (Eb = -272 kJ/mol) NO adsorption site in Pd/CHA. For NO release, the redox transformation of Pd species comes into play and Pd1+ species are suggested to transform into cationic Pd2+, [PdOH]+, or [Pd-O-Pd]2+ species, all of which show significantly reduced NO binding (-116, -153, and -117 kJ/mol, respectively) as compared to Pd1+. This enables NO desorption at the operating temperature of a downstream catalyst for subsequent catalytic reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvi Kaushik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Gourav Shrivastav
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Tuhin S Khan
- Light Stock Processing Division, CSIR─Indian Institute of Petroleum, Mohkampur, Dehradun 248005, India
| | - M Ali Haider
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Divesh Bhatia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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43
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Zybin SV, Morozov SI, Prakash P, Zdilla MJ, Goddard WA. Reaction Mechanism and Energetics of Decomposition of Tetrakis(1,3-dimethyltetrazol-5-imidoperchloratomanganese(II)) from Quantum-Mechanics-based Reactive Dynamics. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16960-16975. [PMID: 34623813 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Energetic materials (EMs) are central to construction, space exploration, and defense, but over the past 100 years, their capabilities have improved only minimally as they approach the CHNO energetic ceiling, the maximum energy density possible for EMs based on molecular carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen-oxygen compounds. To breach this ceiling, we experimentally explored redox-frustrated hybrid energetic materials (RFH EMs) in which metal atoms covalently connect a strongly reducing fuel ligand (e.g., tetrazole) to a strong oxidizer (e.g., ClO4). In this Article, we examine the reaction mechanisms involved in the thermal decomposition of an RFH EM, [Mn(Me2TzN)(ClO4]4 (3, Tz = tetrazole). We use quantum-mechanical molecular reaction dynamics simulations to uncover the atomistic reaction mechanisms underlying this decomposition. We discover a novel initiation mechanism involving oxygen atom transfer from perchlorate to manganese, generating energy that promotes the fission of tetrazole into chemically stable species such as diazomethane, diazenes, triazenes, and methyl azides, which further undergo exothermic decomposition to finally form stable N2, H2O, CO, CO2, Mn-based clusters, and additional incompletely combusted products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Zybin
- Materials and Process Simulation Center (MSC), California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Sergey I Morozov
- Department of Physics of Nanoscale Systems, South Ural State University, 76 Lenin Prospekt, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russia
| | - Prabhat Prakash
- Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, India.,Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Michael J Zdilla
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center (MSC), California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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44
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Fiorin G, DelloStritto MJ, Percec S, Klein ML. Shear response in crystalline models of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide). Mol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2021.1948122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Fiorin
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science (ICMS) and Temple Materials Institute (TMI), Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark J. DelloStritto
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science (ICMS) and Temple Materials Institute (TMI), Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Simona Percec
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science (ICMS) and Temple Materials Institute (TMI), Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael L. Klein
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science (ICMS) and Temple Materials Institute (TMI), Philadelphia, PA, USA
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45
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Yi L, Wang L, Guo L, Jin H, Cao W, Xu J, Wei W. Molecular dynamic study on hydrogen production from unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine in supercritical water. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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46
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A Review of Recent Developments in Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Process. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11070807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we provide a short overview of the Molecular Dynamics (MD) method and how it can be used to model the water splitting process in photoelectrochemical hydrogen production. We cover classical non-reactive and reactive MD techniques as well as multiscale extensions combining classical MD with quantum chemical and continuum methods. Selected examples of MD investigations of various aqueous semiconductor interfaces with a special focus on TiO2 are discussed. Finally, we identify gaps in the current state-of-the-art where further developments will be needed for better utilization of MD techniques in the field of water splitting.
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47
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48
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Xiao Y, Chen L, Yang K, Geng D, Lu J, Wu J. Mechanism of the improvement of the energy of host-guest explosives by incorporation of small guest molecules: HNO 3 and H 2O 2 promoted C-N bond cleavage of the ring of ICM-102. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10559. [PMID: 34006908 PMCID: PMC8131615 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89939-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Host–guest materials exhibit great potential applications as an insensitive high-energy–density explosive and low characteristic signal solid propellant. To investigate the mechanism of the improvement of the energy of host–guest explosives by guest molecules, ReaxFF-lg reactive molecular dynamics simulations were performed to calculate the thermal decomposition reactions of the host–guest explosives systems ICM-102/HNO3, ICM-102/H2O2, and pure ICM-102 under different constant high temperatures and different heating rates. Incorporation of guest molecules significantly increased the energy level of the host–guest system. However, the initial reaction path of the ICM-102 molecule was not changed by the guest molecules. The guest molecules did not initially participate in the host molecule reaction. After a period of time, the H2O2 and HNO3 guest molecules promoted cleavage of the C–N bond of the ICM-102 ring. Stronger oxidation and higher oxygen content resulted in the guest molecules more obviously accelerating destruction of the ICM-102 ring structure. The guest molecules accelerated the initial endothermic reaction of ICM-102, but they played a more important role in the intermediate exothermic reaction stage: incorporation of guest molecules (HNO3 and H2O2) greatly improved the heat release and exothermic reaction rate. Although the energies of the host–guest systems were clearly improved by incorporation of guest molecules, the guest molecules had little effect on the thermal stabilities of the systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Kun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Deshen Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jianying Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
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49
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Komissarov L, Rüger R, Hellström M, Verstraelen T. ParAMS: Parameter Optimization for Atomistic and Molecular Simulations. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:3737-3743. [PMID: 33983727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This work introduces ParAMS-a versatile Python package that aims to make parametrization workflows in computational chemistry and physics more accessible, transparent, and reproducible. We demonstrate how ParAMS facilitates the parameter optimization for potential energy surface (PES) models, which can otherwise be a tedious specialist task. Because of the package's modular structure, various functionality can be easily combined to implement a diversity of parameter optimization protocols. For example, the choice of PES model and the parameter optimization algorithm can be selected independently. An illustration of ParAMS' strengths is provided in two case studies: (i) a density functional-based tight binding (DFTB) repulsive potential for the inorganic ionic crystal ZnO and (ii) a ReaxFF force field for the simulation of organic disulfides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Komissarov
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 46, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Software for Chemistry & Materials (SCM) B.V., De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Rüger
- Software for Chemistry & Materials (SCM) B.V., De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matti Hellström
- Software for Chemistry & Materials (SCM) B.V., De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Toon Verstraelen
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 46, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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50
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How Small Molecules Affect the Thermo-Oxidative Aging Mechanism of Polypropylene: A Reactive Molecular Dynamics Study. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13081243. [PMID: 33921287 PMCID: PMC8069144 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the aging mechanism of polypropylene (PP) is fundamental for the fabrication and application of PP-based materials. In this paper, we present our study in which we first used reactive molecular dynamics (RMD) simulations to explore the thermo-oxidative aging of PP in the presence of acetic acid or acetone. We studied the effects of temperature and oxygen on the aging process and discussed the formation pathways of typical small molecule products (H2, CO, CO2, CH4, C2H4, and C2H6). The effect of two infection agents, acetic acid and acetone, on the aging reaction was analyzed emphatically. The simulation results showed that acetone has a weak impact on accelerating the aging process, while acetic acid has a significant effect, consistent with previous experimental studies. By tracking the simulation trajectories, both acetic acid and acetone produced small active free radicals to further react with other fragment products, thus accelerating the aging process. The first reaction step of acetic acid is often the shedding of the H atom on the hydroxyl group, while the reaction of acetone is often the shedding of the H atom or the methyl. The latter requires higher energy at lower temperatures. This is why the acceleration effect of acetone for the thermo-oxidative aging of PP was not so significant compared to acetic acid in the experimental temperature (383.15 K).
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