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Vovrosh J, Dragomir A, Stray B, Boddice D. Advances in Portable Atom Interferometry-Based Gravity Sensing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7651. [PMID: 37688106 PMCID: PMC10490657 DOI: 10.3390/s23177651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Gravity sensing is a valuable technique used for several applications, including fundamental physics, civil engineering, metrology, geology, and resource exploration. While classical gravimeters have proven useful, they face limitations, such as mechanical wear on the test masses, resulting in drift, and limited measurement speeds, hindering their use for long-term monitoring, as well as the need to average out microseismic vibrations, limiting their speed of data acquisition. Emerging sensors based on atom interferometry for gravity measurements could offer promising solutions to these limitations, and are currently advancing towards portable devices for real-world applications. This article provides a brief state-of-the-art review of portable atom interferometry-based quantum sensors and provides a perspective on routes towards improved sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Vovrosh
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (J.V.)
- QinetiQ, Malvern Technology Centre, St. Andrews Road, Malvern, Worcestershire WR14 3PS, UK
| | - Andrei Dragomir
- Aquark Technologies, Abbey Park Industrial Estate, Romsey SO51 9AQ, UK
| | - Ben Stray
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (J.V.)
| | - Daniel Boddice
- School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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2
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Wang J, Tong J, Xie W, Wang Z, Feng Y, Wang X. Enhanced Readout from Spatial Interference Fringes in a Point-Source Cold Atom Inertial Sensor. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23115071. [PMID: 37299797 DOI: 10.3390/s23115071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
When the initial size of an atom cloud in a cold atom interferometer is negligible compared to its size after free expansion, the interferometer is approximated to a point-source interferometer and is sensitive to rotational movements by introducing an additional phase shear in the interference sequence. This sensitivity on rotation enables a vertical atom-fountain interferometer to measure angular velocity in addition to gravitational acceleration, which it is conventionally used to measure. The accuracy and precision of the angular velocity measurement depends on proper extraction of frequency and phase from spatial interference patterns detected via the imaging of the atom cloud, which is usually affected by various systematic biases and noise. To improve the measurement, a pre-fitting process based on principal component analysis is applied to the recorded raw images. The contrast of interference patterns are enhanced by 7-12 dB when the processing is present, which leads to an enhancement in the precision of angular velocity measurements from 6.3 μrad/s to 3.3 μrad/s. This technique is applicable in various instruments that involve precise extraction of frequency and phase from a spatial interference pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Precision Measurement of Zhejiang Province, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Junze Tong
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Precision Measurement of Zhejiang Province, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Wenbin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Precision Measurement of Zhejiang Province, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Ziqian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Precision Measurement of Zhejiang Province, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Yafei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Precision Measurement of Zhejiang Province, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Precision Measurement of Zhejiang Province, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
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3
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Bose S, Mazumdar A, Schut M, Toroš M. Entanglement Witness for the Weak Equivalence Principle. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:448. [PMID: 36981336 PMCID: PMC10047996 DOI: 10.3390/e25030448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Einstein equivalence principle is based on the equality of gravitational and inertial mass, which has led to the universality of a free-fall concept. The principle has been extremely well tested so far and has been tested with a great precision. However, all these tests and the corresponding arguments are based on a classical setup where the notion of position and velocity of the mass is associated with a classical value as opposed to the quantum entities.Here, we provide a simple quantum protocol based on creating large spatial superposition states in a laboratory to test the quantum regime of the equivalence principle where both matter and gravity are treated at par as a quantum entity. The two gravitational masses of the two spatial superpositions source the gravitational potential for each other. We argue that such a quantum protocol is unique with regard to testing especially the generalisation of the weak equivalence principle by constraining the equality of gravitational and inertial mass via witnessing quantum entanglement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sougato Bose
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Anupam Mazumdar
- Van Swinderen Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Schut
- Van Swinderen Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marko Toroš
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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4
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López-Vázquez A, Maldonado MA, Gomez E, Corzo NV, de Carlos-López E, Franco Villafañe JA, Jiménez-García K, Jiménez-Mier J, López-González JL, López-Monjaraz CJ, López-Romero JM, Medina Herrera A, Méndez-Fragoso R, Ortiz CA, Peña H, Raboño Borbolla JG, Ramírez-Martínez F, Valenzuela VM. Compact laser modulation system for a transportable atomic gravimeter. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:3504-3519. [PMID: 36785342 DOI: 10.1364/oe.477648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, atom-based quantum sensors are leaving the laboratory towards field applications requiring compact and robust laser systems. Here we describe the realization of a compact laser system for atomic gravimetry. Starting with a single diode laser operating at 780 nm and adding only one fiber electro-optical modulator, one acousto-optical modulator and one laser amplifier we produce laser beams at all the frequencies required for a Rb-87 atomic gravimeter. Furthermore, we demonstrate that an atomic fountain configuration can also be implemented with our laser system. The modulated system reported here represents a substantial advance in the simplification of the laser source for transportable atom-based quantum sensors that can be adapted to other sensors such as atomic clocks, accelerometers, gyroscopes or magnetometers with minor modifications.
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5
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Dutta P, Maurya SS, Patel K, Biswas K, Mangaonkar J, Sarkar S, D. Rapol U. A Decade of Advancement of Quantum Sensing and Metrology in India Using Cold Atoms and Ions. J Indian Inst Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-022-00335-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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6
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Wang H, Wang K, Xu Y, Tang Y, Wu B, Cheng B, Wu L, Zhou Y, Weng K, Zhu D, Chen P, Zhang K, Lin Q. A Truck-Borne System Based on Cold Atom Gravimeter for Measuring the Absolute Gravity in the Field. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:6172. [PMID: 36015933 PMCID: PMC9414060 DOI: 10.3390/s22166172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The cold atom gravimeter (CAG) has proven to be a powerful quantum sensor for the high-precision measurement of gravity field, which can work stably for a long time in the laboratory. However, most CAGs cannot operate in the field due to their complex structure, large volume and poor environmental adaptability. In this paper, a home-made, miniaturized CAG is developed and a truck-borne system based on it is integrated to measure the absolute gravity in the field. The measurement performance of this system is evaluated by applying it to measurements of the gravity field around the Xianlin reservoir in Hangzhou City of China. The internal and external coincidence accuracies of this measurement system were demonstrated to be 35.4 μGal and 76.7 μGal, respectively. Furthermore, the theoretical values of the measured eight points are calculated by using a forward modeling of a local high-resolution digital elevation model, and the calculated values are found to be in good agreement with the measured values. The results of this paper show that this home-made, truck-borne CAG system is reliable, and it is expected to improve the efficiency of gravity surveying in the field.
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Müller MM, Said RS, Jelezko F, Calarco T, Montangero S. One decade of quantum optimal control in the chopped random basis. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2022; 85:076001. [PMID: 35605567 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac723c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The chopped random basis (CRAB) ansatz for quantum optimal control has been proven to be a versatile tool to enable quantum technology applications such as quantum computing, quantum simulation, quantum sensing, and quantum communication. Its capability to encompass experimental constraints-while maintaining an access to the usually trap-free control landscape-and to switch from open-loop to closed-loop optimization (including with remote access-or RedCRAB) is contributing to the development of quantum technology on many different physical platforms. In this review article we present the development, the theoretical basis and the toolbox for this optimization algorithm, as well as an overview of the broad range of different theoretical and experimental applications that exploit this powerful technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias M Müller
- Peter Grünberg Institute-Quantum Control (PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Germany
| | - Ressa S Said
- Institute for Quantum Optics & Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Ulm, D-89081 Germany
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute for Quantum Optics & Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Ulm, D-89081 Germany
| | - Tommaso Calarco
- Peter Grünberg Institute-Quantum Control (PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, D-50937 Germany
| | - Simone Montangero
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia 'G. Galilei', Università degli Studi di Padova & INFN, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Italy
- Padua Quantum Technology Center, Università degli Studi di Padova, I-35131 Italy
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8
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Luo Q, Zhou H, Chen L, Duan X, Zhou M, Hu Z. Eliminating the phase shifts arising from additional sidebands in an atom gravimeter with a phase-modulated Raman laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:114-117. [PMID: 34951896 DOI: 10.1364/ol.443629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The additional sidebands (ASBs) in a Raman laser will have a significant effect on the performance of atom gravimeters (AGs) based on phase-modulated Raman lasers. We propose a method of modulating the sideband-to-carrier ratio in Raman lasers to determine the magic time intervals where the phase shift induced by the ASB effect is minimized, and this method is demonstrated by experiments. Among these magic time intervals, some noise-immunity points are predicted. Based on the prediction and the result of the ASB effect changing with the interval time T between adjacent Raman pulses, an optimal magic time interval is selected. Therefore, the uncertainty to the gravity measurement induced by the ASB effect when the AG works at the magic time interval is reduced to 0.5 μGal. Furthermore, the ASB effect and its zero-phase points in four-pulse atom interferometers are also discussed. This work provides a clear way to eliminate the phase shift induced by the ASB effect in high-precision AGs employing phase-modulated Raman lasers.
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9
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Anders F, Idel A, Feldmann P, Bondarenko D, Loriani S, Lange K, Peise J, Gersemann M, Meyer-Hoppe B, Abend S, Gaaloul N, Schubert C, Schlippert D, Santos L, Rasel E, Klempt C. Momentum Entanglement for Atom Interferometry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:140402. [PMID: 34652182 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.140402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Compared to light interferometers, the flux in cold-atom interferometers is low and the associated shot noise is large. Sensitivities beyond these limitations require the preparation of entangled atoms in different momentum modes. Here, we demonstrate a source of entangled atoms that is compatible with state-of-the-art interferometers. Entanglement is transferred from the spin degree of freedom of a Bose-Einstein condensate to well-separated momentum modes, witnessed by a squeezing parameter of -3.1(8) dB. Entanglement-enhanced atom interferometers promise unprecedented sensitivities for quantum gradiometers or gravitational wave detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Anders
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - A Idel
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - P Feldmann
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstraße 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - D Bondarenko
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstraße 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - S Loriani
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - K Lange
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - J Peise
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Gersemann
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - B Meyer-Hoppe
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - S Abend
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - N Gaaloul
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - C Schubert
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR), Institut für Satellitengeodäsie und Inertialsensorik, c/o Leibniz, Universität Hannover, DLR-SI, Callinstraße 36, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - D Schlippert
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - L Santos
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstraße 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - E Rasel
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - C Klempt
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR), Institut für Satellitengeodäsie und Inertialsensorik, c/o Leibniz, Universität Hannover, DLR-SI, Callinstraße 36, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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10
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Szigeti SS, Nolan SP, Close JD, Haine SA. High-Precision Quantum-Enhanced Gravimetry with a Bose-Einstein Condensate. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:100402. [PMID: 32955338 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We show that the inherently large interatomic interactions of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) can enhance the sensitivity of a high precision cold-atom gravimeter beyond the shot-noise limit (SNL). Through detailed numerical simulation, we demonstrate that our scheme produces spin-squeezed states with variances up to 14 dB below the SNL, and that absolute gravimetry measurement sensitivities between two and five times below the SNL are achievable with BECs between 10^{4} and 10^{6} in atom number. Our scheme is robust to phase diffusion, imperfect atom counting, and shot-to-shot variations in atom number and laser intensity. Our proposal is immediately achievable in current laboratories, since it needs only a small modification to existing state-of-the-art experiments and does not require additional guiding potentials or optical cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart S Szigeti
- Department of Quantum Science, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Samuel P Nolan
- QSTAR, INO-CNR and LENS, Largo Enrico Fermi 2, Firenze 50125, Italy
| | - John D Close
- Department of Quantum Science, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Simon A Haine
- Department of Quantum Science, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
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11
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Chen X, Fan B. The emergence of picokelvin physics. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2020; 83:076401. [PMID: 32303019 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab8ab6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The frontier of low-temperature physics has advanced to the mid-picokelvin (pK) regime but progress has come to a halt because of the problem of gravity. Ultracold atoms must be confined in some type of potential energy well: if the depth of the well is less than the energy an atom gains by falling through it, the atom escapes. This article reviews ultracold atom research, emphasizing the advances that carried the low-temperature frontier to 450 pK. We review microgravity methods for overcoming the gravitational limit to achieving lower temperatures using free-fall techniques such as a drop tower, sounding rocket, parabolic flight plane and the International Space Station. We describe two techniques that promise further advancement-an atom chip and an all-optical trap-and present recent experimental results. Basic research in new regimes of observation has generally led to scientific discoveries and new technologies that benefit society. We expect this to be the case as the low-temperature frontier advances and we propose some new opportunities for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzong Chen
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, Department of Electronics, School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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12
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Wang L, Liu M, Yu S, Xu P, He X, Wang K, Wang J, Zhan M. Effect of an echo sequence to a trapped single-atom interferometer with photon momentum kicks. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:15038-15049. [PMID: 32403537 DOI: 10.1364/oe.385700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigate a single-atom interferometer (SAI) in an optical dipole trap (ODT) with photon momentum kicks. An echo sequence is used for the SAI. We find experimentally that interference visibilities of a counter-propagating Raman type SAI decay much faster than the co-propagating case. To understand the underlying mechanism, a wave-packet propagating simulation is developed for the ODT-guided SAI. We show that in state dependent dipole potentials, the coupling between external dynamics and internal states makes the atom evolve in different paths during the interfering process. The acquired momentum from counter-propagating Raman pulses forces the external motional wave packets of two paths be completely separated and the interferometer visibility decays quickly compared to that of the co-propagating Raman pulses process. Meanwhile, the echo interference visibility experiences revival or instantaneous collapse which depends on the π pulse adding time at approximate integer multiples or half integer multiples of the trap period.
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13
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Sabulsky DO, Junca J, Lefèvre G, Zou X, Bertoldi A, Battelier B, Prevedelli M, Stern G, Santoire J, Beaufils Q, Geiger R, Landragin A, Desruelle B, Bouyer P, Canuel B. A fibered laser system for the MIGA large scale atom interferometer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3268. [PMID: 32094360 PMCID: PMC7040012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59971-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the realization and characterization of a compact, autonomous fiber laser system that produces the optical frequencies required for laser cooling, trapping, manipulation, and detection of 87Rb atoms - a typical atomic species for emerging quantum technologies. This device, a customized laser system from the Muquans company, is designed for use in the challenging operating environment of the Laboratoire Souterrain à Bas Bruit (LSBB) in France, where a new large scale atom interferometer is being constructed underground - the MIGA antenna. The mobile bench comprises four frequency-agile C-band Telecom diode lasers that are frequency doubled to 780 nm after passing through high-power fiber amplifiers. The first laser is frequency stabilized on a saturated absorption signal via lock-in amplification, which serves as an optical frequency reference for the other three lasers via optical phase-locked loops. Power and polarization stability are maintained through a series of custom, flexible micro-optic splitter/combiners that contain polarization optics, acousto-optic modulators, and shutters. Here, we show how the laser system is designed, showcasing qualities such as reliability, stability, remote control, and flexibility, while maintaining the qualities of laboratory equipment. We characterize the laser system by measuring the power, polarization, and frequency stability. We conclude with a demonstration using a cold atom source from the MIGA project and show that this laser system fulfills all requirements for the realization of the antenna.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O Sabulsky
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - J Junca
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400, Talence, France
- MUQUANS, Institut d'Optique d'Aquitaine, rue F. Mitterrand, 33400, Talence, France
| | - G Lefèvre
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - X Zou
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - A Bertoldi
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - B Battelier
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - M Prevedelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Berti-Pichat 6/2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Stern
- MUQUANS, Institut d'Optique d'Aquitaine, rue F. Mitterrand, 33400, Talence, France
| | - J Santoire
- MUQUANS, Institut d'Optique d'Aquitaine, rue F. Mitterrand, 33400, Talence, France
| | - Q Beaufils
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014, Paris, France
| | - R Geiger
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014, Paris, France
| | - A Landragin
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014, Paris, France
| | - B Desruelle
- MUQUANS, Institut d'Optique d'Aquitaine, rue F. Mitterrand, 33400, Talence, France
| | - P Bouyer
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - B Canuel
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400, Talence, France.
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14
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Sabulsky DO, Dutta I, Hinds EA, Elder B, Burrage C, Copeland EJ. Experiment to Detect Dark Energy Forces Using Atom Interferometry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:061102. [PMID: 31491160 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.061102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The accelerated expansion of the universe motivates a wide class of scalar field theories that modify general relativity (GR) on large scales. Such theories require a screening mechanism to suppress the new force in regions where the weak field limit of GR has been experimentally tested. We have used atom interferometry to measure the acceleration of an atom toward a macroscopic test mass inside a high vacuum chamber, where new forces can be unscreened. Our measurement shows no evidence of new forces, a result that places stringent bounds on chameleon and symmetron theories of modified gravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O Sabulsky
- Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - I Dutta
- Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - E A Hinds
- Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - B Elder
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - C Burrage
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Edmund J Copeland
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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15
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Liu J, Wang X, Mellado Muñoz J, Kowalczyk A, Barontini G. Vortex conveyor belt for matter-wave coherent splitting and interferometry. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1267. [PMID: 30718734 PMCID: PMC6362218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38641-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We numerically study a matter wave interferometer realized by splitting a trapped Bose-Einstein condensate with phase imprinting. We show that a simple step-like imprinting pattern rapidly decays into a string of vortices that can generate opposite velocities on the two halves of the condensate. We first study in detail the splitting and launching effect of these vortex structures, whose functioning resembles the one of a conveyor belt, and we show that the initial exit velocity along the vortex conveyor belt can be controlled continuously by adjusting the vortex distance. We finally characterize the complete interferometric sequence, demonstrating how the phase of the resulting interference fringe can be used to measure an external acceleration. The proposed scheme has the potential to be developed into compact and high precision accelerometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixun Liu
- Institute of Optics and Electronics Technology, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China. .,Midlands Ultracold Atom Research Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Xi Wang
- Midlands Ultracold Atom Research Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Mellado Muñoz
- Midlands Ultracold Atom Research Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Kowalczyk
- Midlands Ultracold Atom Research Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Barontini
- Midlands Ultracold Atom Research Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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16
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Space-borne Bose-Einstein condensation for precision interferometry. Nature 2018; 562:391-395. [PMID: 30333576 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0605-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the low-gravity conditions in space, space-borne laboratories enable experiments with extended free-fall times. Because Bose-Einstein condensates have an extremely low expansion energy, space-borne atom interferometers based on Bose-Einstein condensation have the potential to have much greater sensitivity to inertial forces than do similar ground-based interferometers. On 23 January 2017, as part of the sounding-rocket mission MAIUS-1, we created Bose-Einstein condensates in space and conducted 110 experiments central to matter-wave interferometry, including laser cooling and trapping of atoms in the presence of the large accelerations experienced during launch. Here we report on experiments conducted during the six minutes of in-space flight in which we studied the phase transition from a thermal ensemble to a Bose-Einstein condensate and the collective dynamics of the resulting condensate. Our results provide insights into conducting cold-atom experiments in space, such as precision interferometry, and pave the way to miniaturizing cold-atom and photon-based quantum information concepts for satellite-based implementation. In addition, space-borne Bose-Einstein condensation opens up the possibility of quantum gas experiments in low-gravity conditions1,2.
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17
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Canuel B, Bertoldi A, Amand L, Pozzo di Borgo E, Chantrait T, Danquigny C, Dovale Álvarez M, Fang B, Freise A, Geiger R, Gillot J, Henry S, Hinderer J, Holleville D, Junca J, Lefèvre G, Merzougui M, Mielec N, Monfret T, Pelisson S, Prevedelli M, Reynaud S, Riou I, Rogister Y, Rosat S, Cormier E, Landragin A, Chaibi W, Gaffet S, Bouyer P. Exploring gravity with the MIGA large scale atom interferometer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14064. [PMID: 30218107 PMCID: PMC6138683 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32165-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the MIGA experiment, an underground long baseline atom interferometer to study gravity at large scale. The hybrid atom-laser antenna will use several atom interferometers simultaneously interrogated by the resonant mode of an optical cavity. The instrument will be a demonstrator for gravitational wave detection in a frequency band (100 mHz–1 Hz) not explored by classical ground and space-based observatories, and interesting for potential astrophysical sources. In the initial instrument configuration, standard atom interferometry techniques will be adopted, which will bring to a peak strain sensitivity of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\bf{2}}\cdot {\bf{1}}{{\bf{0}}}^{-{\bf{13}}}/\sqrt{{\bf{H}}{\bf{z}}}$$\end{document}2⋅10−13/Hz at 2 Hz. This demonstrator will enable to study the techniques to push further the sensitivity for the future development of gravitational wave detectors based on large scale atom interferometers. The experiment will be realized at the underground facility of the Laboratoire Souterrain à Bas Bruit (LSBB) in Rustrel–France, an exceptional site located away from major anthropogenic disturbances and showing very low background noise. In the following, we present the measurement principle of an in-cavity atom interferometer, derive the method for Gravitational Wave signal extraction from the antenna and determine the expected strain sensitivity. We then detail the functioning of the different systems of the antenna and describe the properties of the installation site.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Canuel
- MIGA Consortium, Talence, France. .,LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400, Talence, France.
| | - A Bertoldi
- MIGA Consortium, Talence, France.,LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - L Amand
- MIGA Consortium, Talence, France.,LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61, avenue de l'Observatoire, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - E Pozzo di Borgo
- MIGA Consortium, Talence, France.,UMR 1114 EMMAH, Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, INRA, BP 21239, F-84916, Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - T Chantrait
- MIGA Consortium, Talence, France.,LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61, avenue de l'Observatoire, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - C Danquigny
- MIGA Consortium, Talence, France.,UMR 1114 EMMAH, Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, INRA, BP 21239, F-84916, Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - M Dovale Álvarez
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Gravitational Wave Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - B Fang
- MIGA Consortium, Talence, France.,LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61, avenue de l'Observatoire, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - A Freise
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Institute of Gravitational Wave Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - R Geiger
- MIGA Consortium, Talence, France.,LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61, avenue de l'Observatoire, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - J Gillot
- MIGA Consortium, Talence, France.,LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - S Henry
- Oxford University, Department of Physics, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3RH, UK
| | - J Hinderer
- MIGA Consortium, Talence, France.,Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg, UMR 7516, Université de Strasbourg/EOST, CNRS, 5 rue Descartes, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - D Holleville
- MIGA Consortium, Talence, France.,LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61, avenue de l'Observatoire, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - J Junca
- MIGA Consortium, Talence, France.,LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - G Lefèvre
- MIGA Consortium, Talence, France.,LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - M Merzougui
- MIGA Consortium, Talence, France.,Laboratoire ARTEMIS, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d'Azur, Bd de l'Observatoire, F-06304, Nice cedex 4, France
| | - N Mielec
- MIGA Consortium, Talence, France.,LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61, avenue de l'Observatoire, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - T Monfret
- Géoazur, Université Côte d'Azur, IRD, CNRS, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, 250 rue Albert Einstein, Sophia Antipolis, 06560, Valbonne, France
| | - S Pelisson
- MIGA Consortium, Talence, France.,LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - M Prevedelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Berti-Pichat 6/2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - S Reynaud
- MIGA Consortium, Talence, France.,Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, ENS-PSL Université, Collège de France, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75252, Paris, France
| | - I Riou
- MIGA Consortium, Talence, France.,LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - Y Rogister
- MIGA Consortium, Talence, France.,Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg, UMR 7516, Université de Strasbourg/EOST, CNRS, 5 rue Descartes, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - S Rosat
- MIGA Consortium, Talence, France.,Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg, UMR 7516, Université de Strasbourg/EOST, CNRS, 5 rue Descartes, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - E Cormier
- MIGA Consortium, Talence, France.,CELIA, Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications, Université Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, UMR 5107, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - A Landragin
- MIGA Consortium, Talence, France.,LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61, avenue de l'Observatoire, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - W Chaibi
- MIGA Consortium, Talence, France.,Laboratoire ARTEMIS, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Observatoire Côte d'Azur, Bd de l'Observatoire, F-06304, Nice cedex 4, France
| | - S Gaffet
- MIGA Consortium, Talence, France.,Géoazur, Université Côte d'Azur, IRD, CNRS, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, 250 rue Albert Einstein, Sophia Antipolis, 06560, Valbonne, France.,LSBB, Laboratoire Souterrain à Bas Bruit, UNS, UAPV, CNRS:UMS 3538, AMU, La Grande Combe, F-84400, Rustrel, France
| | - P Bouyer
- MIGA Consortium, Talence, France.,LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, rue F. Mitterrand, F-33400, Talence, France
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18
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Elliott ER, Krutzik MC, Williams JR, Thompson RJ, Aveline DC. NASA's Cold Atom Lab (CAL): system development and ground test status. NPJ Microgravity 2018; 4:16. [PMID: 30155516 PMCID: PMC6104040 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-018-0049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the status of the Cold Atom Lab (CAL) instrument to be operated aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Utilizing a compact atom chip-based system to create ultracold mixtures and degenerate samples of 87Rb, 39K, and 41K, CAL is a multi-user facility developed by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory to provide the first persistent quantum gas platform in the microgravity conditions of space. Within this unique environment, atom traps can be decompressed to arbitrarily weak confining potentials, producing a new regime of picokelvin temperatures and ultra-low densities. Further, the complete removal of these confining potential allows the free fall evolution of ultracold clouds to be observed on unprecedented timescales compared to earthbound instruments. This unique facility will enable novel ultracold atom research to be remotely performed by an international group of principle investigators with broad applications in fundamental physics and inertial sensing. Here, we describe the development and validation of critical CAL technologies, including demonstration of the first on-chip Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) of 87Rb with microwave-based evaporation and the generation of ultracold dual-species quantum gas mixtures of 39K/87Rb and 41K/87Rb in an atom chip trap via sympathetic cooling. US scientists are developing and testing an instrument for trapping and cooling ultracold atoms in preparation for the launch of the device to the International Space Station (ISS). Quantum mechanical effects are enhanced at temperatures near absolute zero, and the microgravity conditions of the ISS will allow atom traps to decompress to a new regime of picokelvin temperatures and ultra-low densities. David Aveline and colleagues from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology present a status of the Cold Atom Lab (CAL) instrument’s ground development and test progress. The team demonstrates the system capabilities by creating Bose-Einstein condensates of rubidium atoms with microwave-based evaporative cooling and quantum gas mixtures of rubidium and potassium in a magnetic trap formed by current carrying wires on a compact chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan R Elliott
- 1Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Markus C Krutzik
- 1Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA.,2Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jason R Williams
- 1Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - Robert J Thompson
- 1Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
| | - David C Aveline
- 1Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA
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19
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Saint R, Evans W, Zhou Y, Barrett T, Fromhold TM, Saleh E, Maskery I, Tuck C, Wildman R, Oručević F, Krüger P. 3D-printed components for quantum devices. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8368. [PMID: 29849028 PMCID: PMC5976634 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26455-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the preparation, control and measurement of atomic gases have led to new insights into the quantum world and unprecedented metrological sensitivities, e.g. in measuring gravitational forces and magnetic fields. The full potential of applying such capabilities to areas as diverse as biomedical imaging, non-invasive underground mapping, and GPS-free navigation can only be realised with the scalable production of efficient, robust and portable devices. We introduce additive manufacturing as a production technique of quantum device components with unrivalled design freedom and rapid prototyping. This provides a step change in efficiency, compactness and facilitates systems integration. As a demonstrator we present an ultrahigh vacuum compatible ultracold atom source dissipating less than ten milliwatts of electrical power during field generation to produce large samples of cold rubidium gases. This disruptive technology opens the door to drastically improved integrated structures, which will further reduce size and assembly complexity in scalable series manufacture of bespoke portable quantum devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Saint
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - W Evans
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - Y Zhou
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - T Barrett
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - T M Fromhold
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - E Saleh
- Faculty of Engineering, EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Additive Manufacturing, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - I Maskery
- Faculty of Engineering, EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Additive Manufacturing, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - C Tuck
- Faculty of Engineering, EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Additive Manufacturing, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - R Wildman
- Faculty of Engineering, EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Additive Manufacturing, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - F Oručević
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - P Krüger
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, United Kingdom.
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20
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Geiger R, Trupke M. Proposal for a Quantum Test of the Weak Equivalence Principle with Entangled Atomic Species. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:043602. [PMID: 29437443 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.043602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We propose an experiment to test the weak equivalence principle (WEP) with a test mass consisting of two entangled atoms of different species. In the proposed experiment, a coherent measurement of the differential gravity acceleration between the two atomic species is considered, by entangling two atom interferometers operating on the two species. The entanglement between the two atoms is heralded at the initial beam splitter of the interferometers through the detection of a single photon emitted by either of the atoms, together with the impossibility of distinguishing which atom emitted the photon. In contrast to current and proposed tests of the WEP, our proposal explores the validity of the WEP in a regime where the two particles involved in the differential gravity acceleration measurement are not classically independent, but entangled. We propose an experimental implementation using ^{85}Rb and ^{87}Rb atoms entangled by a vacuum stimulated rapid adiabatic passage protocol implemented in a high-finesse optical cavity. We show that an accuracy below 10^{-7} on the Eötvös parameter can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Geiger
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Université, PSL Université Paris, CNRS, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Michael Trupke
- Vienna Center for Quantum science and technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, Research Platform TURIS, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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21
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D'Amico G, Rosi G, Zhan S, Cacciapuoti L, Fattori M, Tino GM. Canceling the Gravity Gradient Phase Shift in Atom Interferometry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:253201. [PMID: 29303327 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.253201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Gravity gradients represent a major obstacle in high-precision measurements by atom interferometry. Controlling their effects to the required stability and accuracy imposes very stringent requirements on the relative positioning of freely falling atomic clouds, as in the case of precise tests of Einstein's equivalence principle. We demonstrate a new method to exactly compensate the effects introduced by gravity gradients in a Raman-pulse atom interferometer. By shifting the frequency of the Raman lasers during the central π pulse, it is possible to cancel the initial position- and velocity-dependent phase shift produced by gravity gradients. We apply this technique to simultaneous interferometers positioned along the vertical direction and demonstrate a new method for measuring local gravity gradients that does not require precise knowledge of the relative position between the atomic clouds. Based on this method, we also propose an improved scheme to determine the Newtonian gravitational constant G towards the 10 ppm relative uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D'Amico
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia and LENS, Università di Firenze, INFN Sezione di Firenze, via Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - G Rosi
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia and LENS, Università di Firenze, INFN Sezione di Firenze, via Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - S Zhan
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia and LENS, Università di Firenze, INFN Sezione di Firenze, via Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - L Cacciapuoti
- European Space Agency, Keplerlaan 1, 2200 AG Noordwijk, Netherlands
| | - M Fattori
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia and LENS, Università di Firenze, INFN Sezione di Firenze, via Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - G M Tino
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia and LENS, Università di Firenze, INFN Sezione di Firenze, via Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
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22
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Alibert J, Décamps B, Bordoux M, Allard B, Gauguet A. A millimeter magnetic trap for a dual ( 85Rb and 87Rb) species atom interferometer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:113115. [PMID: 29195392 DOI: 10.1063/1.4997149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a magnetic trap for cold atoms near a surface of a millimeter-sized atom chip. The trap allows us to capture a large number of atoms with modest electrical currents (40 A) and to generate large magnetic gradients (>300 G cm-1). Here we report a mixture containing 6 × 109 atoms for the two rubidium isotopes 87Rb and 85Rb. This device does not require cleanroom facilities nor micro-machining technologies which makes its construction easier. In addition our design allows the implementation of an optical dipole trap with a laser beam passing through the chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alibert
- Laboratoire Collision Agrégats Réactivité, IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - B Décamps
- Laboratoire Collision Agrégats Réactivité, IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - M Bordoux
- Laboratoire Collision Agrégats Réactivité, IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - B Allard
- Laboratoire Collision Agrégats Réactivité, IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - A Gauguet
- Laboratoire Collision Agrégats Réactivité, IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
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23
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Duan L, Quan W, Jiang L, Fan W, Ding M, Hu Z, Fang J. Common-mode noise reduction in an atomic spin gyroscope using optical differential detection. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:7734-7740. [PMID: 29047755 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.007734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Optical rotation of linearly polarized light is used to measure atom spin precession in an atomic spin gyroscope (ASG). However, the common-mode noise in the polarization measurement seriously affects the performance of the sensitive ASG. Here we propose an optical differential detection method based on the photoelastic polarization modulation, which could effectively eliminate the light power fluctuation of the laser source and optical elements, while removing the polarization noise and the residual birefringence. The feasibility and efficiency of this method have been verified experimentally. The rotation sensitivity of the ASG is an order of magnitude better, and the long-time stability is significantly improved. In addition, this method is easier to implement because noise sources do not need to be strictly distinguished.
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24
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Roura A. Circumventing Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle in Atom Interferometry Tests of the Equivalence Principle. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:160401. [PMID: 28474953 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.160401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Atom interferometry tests of universality of free fall based on the differential measurement of two different atomic species provide a useful complement to those based on macroscopic masses. However, when striving for the highest possible sensitivities, gravity gradients pose a serious challenge. Indeed, the relative initial position and velocity for the two species need to be controlled with extremely high accuracy, which can be rather demanding in practice and whose verification may require rather long integration times. Furthermore, in highly sensitive configurations gravity gradients lead to a drastic loss of contrast. These difficulties can be mitigated by employing wave packets with narrower position and momentum widths, but this is ultimately limited by Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. We present a promising scheme that overcomes these problems by compensating the effects of the gravity gradients and circumvents the fundamental limitations due to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Furthermore, it relaxes the experimental requirements on initial colocation by several orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Roura
- Institut für Quantenphysik, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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25
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Biedermann GW, McGuinness HJ, Rakholia AV, Jau YY, Wheeler DR, Sterk JD, Burns GR. Atom Interferometry in a Warm Vapor. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:163601. [PMID: 28474904 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.163601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate matter-wave interference in a warm vapor of rubidium atoms. Established approaches to light-pulse atom interferometry rely on laser cooling to concentrate a large ensemble of atoms into a velocity class resonant with the atom optical light pulse. In our experiment, we show that clear interference signals may be obtained without laser cooling. This effect relies on the Doppler selectivity of the atom interferometer resonance. This interferometer may be configured to measure accelerations, and we demonstrate that multiple interferometers may be operated simultaneously by addressing multiple velocity classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Biedermann
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
- Center for Quantum Information and Control (CQuIC), Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - H J McGuinness
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - A V Rakholia
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
- Center for Quantum Information and Control (CQuIC), Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Y-Y Jau
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
- Center for Quantum Information and Control (CQuIC), Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - D R Wheeler
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - J D Sterk
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - G R Burns
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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Cheng C, van der Poel APP, Jansen P, Quintero-Pérez M, Wall TE, Ubachs W, Bethlem HL. Molecular Fountain. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:253201. [PMID: 28036190 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.253201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The resolution of any spectroscopic or interferometric experiment is ultimately limited by the total time a particle is interrogated. Here we demonstrate the first molecular fountain, a development which permits hitherto unattainably long interrogation times with molecules. In our experiments, ammonia molecules are decelerated and cooled using electric fields, launched upwards with a velocity between 1.4 and 1.9 m/s and observed as they fall back under gravity. A combination of quadrupole lenses and bunching elements is used to shape the beam such that it has a large position spread and a small velocity spread (corresponding to a transverse temperature of <10 μK and a longitudinal temperature of <1 μK) when the molecules are in free fall, while being strongly focused at the detection region. The molecules are in free fall for up to 266 ms, making it possible, in principle, to perform sub-Hz measurements in molecular systems and paving the way for stringent tests of fundamental physics theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunfeng Cheng
- LaserLaB, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aernout P P van der Poel
- LaserLaB, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Jansen
- LaserLaB, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Quintero-Pérez
- LaserLaB, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas E Wall
- LaserLaB, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Ubachs
- LaserLaB, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrick L Bethlem
- LaserLaB, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Johnsson MT, Brennen GK, Twamley J. Macroscopic superpositions and gravimetry with quantum magnetomechanics. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37495. [PMID: 27869142 PMCID: PMC5116620 DOI: 10.1038/srep37495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision measurements of gravity can provide tests of fundamental physics and are of broad practical interest for metrology. We propose a scheme for absolute gravimetry using a quantum magnetomechanical system consisting of a magnetically trapped superconducting resonator whose motion is controlled and measured by a nearby RF-SQUID or flux qubit. By driving the mechanical massive resonator to be in a macroscopic superposition of two different heights our we predict that our interferometry protocol could, subject to systematic errors, achieve a gravimetric sensitivity of Δg/g ~ 2.2 × 10−10 Hz−1/2, with a spatial resolution of a few nanometres. This sensitivity and spatial resolution exceeds the precision of current state of the art atom-interferometric and corner-cube gravimeters by more than an order of magnitude, and unlike classical superconducting interferometers produces an absolute rather than relative measurement of gravity. In addition, our scheme takes measurements at ~10 kHz, a region where the ambient vibrational noise spectrum is heavily suppressed compared the ~10 Hz region relevant for current cold atom gravimeters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias T Johnsson
- Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Gavin K Brennen
- Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Jason Twamley
- Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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Freier C, Hauth M, Schkolnik V, Leykauf B, Schilling M, Wziontek H, Scherneck HG, Müller J, Peters A. Mobile quantum gravity sensor with unprecedented stability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/723/1/012050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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31
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Ahlers H, Müntinga H, Wenzlawski A, Krutzik M, Tackmann G, Abend S, Gaaloul N, Giese E, Roura A, Kuhl R, Lämmerzahl C, Peters A, Windpassinger P, Sengstock K, Schleich WP, Ertmer W, Rasel EM. Double Bragg Interferometry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:173601. [PMID: 27176520 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.173601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We employ light-induced double Bragg diffraction of delta-kick collimated Bose-Einstein condensates to create three symmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometers. They rely on (i) first-order, (ii) two successive first-order, and (iii) second-order processes which demonstrate the scalability of the corresponding momentum transfer. With respect to devices based on conventional Bragg scattering, these symmetric interferometers double the scale factor and feature a better suppression of noise and systematic uncertainties intrinsic to the diffraction process. Moreover, we utilize these interferometers as tiltmeters for monitoring their inclination with respect to gravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ahlers
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - H Müntinga
- ZARM, Universität Bremen, Am Fallturm, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - A Wenzlawski
- Institut für Laser-Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - M Krutzik
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - G Tackmann
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - S Abend
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - N Gaaloul
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - E Giese
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
- Department of Physics and Max Planck Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics, University of Ottawa, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - A Roura
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - R Kuhl
- DLR Raumfahrtmanagement, Königswinterer Strasse 522-524, D-53227 Bonn, Germany
| | - C Lämmerzahl
- ZARM, Universität Bremen, Am Fallturm, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - A Peters
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - P Windpassinger
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - K Sengstock
- Institut für Laser-Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - W P Schleich
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
- Texas A&M University Institute for Advanced Study (TIAS), Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering (IQSE) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4242, USA
| | - W Ertmer
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - E M Rasel
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Margalit Y, Zhou Z, Machluf S, Rohrlich D, Japha Y, Folman R. A self-interfering clock as a “which path” witness. Science 2015; 349:1205-8. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aac6498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yair Margalit
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Zhifan Zhou
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Shimon Machluf
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Daniel Rohrlich
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Yonathan Japha
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ron Folman
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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33
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Zhou L, Long S, Tang B, Chen X, Gao F, Peng W, Duan W, Zhong J, Xiong Z, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhan M. Test of Equivalence Principle at 10(-8) Level by a Dual-Species Double-Diffraction Raman Atom Interferometer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:013004. [PMID: 26182096 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.013004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We report an improved test of the weak equivalence principle by using a simultaneous 85Rb-87Rb dual-species atom interferometer. We propose and implement a four-wave double-diffraction Raman transition scheme for the interferometer, and demonstrate its ability in suppressing common-mode phase noise of Raman lasers after their frequencies and intensity ratios are optimized. The statistical uncertainty of the experimental data for Eötvös parameter η is 0.8×10(-8) at 3200 s. With various systematic errors corrected, the final value is η=(2.8±3.0)×10(-8). The major uncertainty is attributed to the Coriolis effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan 430071, China
- Center for Cold Atom Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Shitong Long
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan 430071, China
- Center for Cold Atom Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Biao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan 430071, China
- Center for Cold Atom Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan 430071, China
- Center for Cold Atom Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Fen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan 430071, China
- Center for Cold Atom Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wencui Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan 430071, China
- Center for Cold Atom Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Weitao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan 430071, China
- Center for Cold Atom Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan 430071, China
- Center for Cold Atom Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zongyuan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan 430071, China
- Center for Cold Atom Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan 430071, China
- Center for Cold Atom Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yuanzhong Zhang
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mingsheng Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan 430071, China
- Center for Cold Atom Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
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34
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Van Tilburg K, Leefer N, Bougas L, Budker D. Search for Ultralight Scalar Dark Matter with Atomic Spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:011802. [PMID: 26182090 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.011802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report new limits on ultralight scalar dark matter (DM) with dilatonlike couplings to photons that can induce oscillations in the fine-structure constant α. Atomic dysprosium exhibits an electronic structure with two nearly degenerate levels whose energy splitting is sensitive to changes in α. Spectroscopy data for two isotopes of dysprosium over a two-year span are analyzed for coherent oscillations with angular frequencies below 1 rad s-1. No signal consistent with a DM coupling is identified, leading to new constraints on dilatonlike photon couplings over a wide mass range. Under the assumption that the scalar field comprises all of the DM, our limits on the coupling exceed those from equivalence-principle tests by up to 4 orders of magnitude for masses below 3×10(-18) eV. Excess oscillatory power, inconsistent with fine-structure variation, is detected in a control channel, and is likely due to a systematic effect. Our atomic spectroscopy limits on DM are the first of their kind, and leave substantial room for improvement with state-of-the-art atomic clocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Van Tilburg
- Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | | | - Dmitry Budker
- Helmholtz Institut Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität-Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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35
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Rushton JA, Aldous M, Himsworth MD. Contributed Review: The feasibility of a fully miniaturized magneto-optical trap for portable ultracold quantum technology. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:121501. [PMID: 25554265 DOI: 10.1063/1.4904066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Experiments using laser cooled atoms and ions show real promise for practical applications in quantum-enhanced metrology, timing, navigation, and sensing as well as exotic roles in quantum computing, networking, and simulation. The heart of many of these experiments has been translated to microfabricated platforms known as atom chips whose construction readily lend themselves to integration with larger systems and future mass production. To truly make the jump from laboratory demonstrations to practical, rugged devices, the complex surrounding infrastructure (including vacuum systems, optics, and lasers) also needs to be miniaturized and integrated. In this paper we explore the feasibility of applying this approach to the Magneto-Optical Trap; incorporating the vacuum system, atom source and optical geometry into a permanently sealed micro-litre system capable of maintaining 10(-10) mbar for more than 1000 days of operation with passive pumping alone. We demonstrate such an engineering challenge is achievable using recent advances in semiconductor microfabrication techniques and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Rushton
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - M Aldous
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - M D Himsworth
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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36
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Muessel W, Strobel H, Linnemann D, Hume DB, Oberthaler MK. Scalable spin squeezing for quantum-enhanced magnetometry with Bose-Einstein condensates. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:103004. [PMID: 25238356 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.103004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in quantum metrology is the generation of entangled states with a macroscopic atom number. Here, we demonstrate experimentally that atomic squeezing generated via nonlinear dynamics in Bose-Einstein condensates, combined with suitable trap geometries, allows scaling to large ensemble sizes. We achieve a suppression of fluctuations by 5.3(5) dB for 12,300 particles, from which we infer that similar squeezing can be obtained for more than 10(7) atoms. With this resource, we demonstrate quantum-enhanced magnetometry by swapping the squeezed state to magnetically sensitive hyperfine levels that have negligible nonlinearity. We find a quantum-enhanced single-shot sensitivity of 310(47) pT for static magnetic fields in a probe volume as small as 90 μm3.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Muessel
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H Strobel
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D Linnemann
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D B Hume
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M K Oberthaler
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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37
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Tarallo MG, Mazzoni T, Poli N, Sutyrin DV, Zhang X, Tino GM. Test of Einstein equivalence principle for 0-spin and half-integer-spin atoms: search for spin-gravity coupling effects. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:023005. [PMID: 25062176 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.023005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on a conceptually new test of the equivalence principle performed by measuring the acceleration in Earth's gravity field of two isotopes of strontium atoms, namely, the bosonic (88)Sr isotope which has no spin versus the fermionic (87)Sr isotope which has a half-integer spin. The effect of gravity on the two atomic species has been probed by means of a precision differential measurement of the Bloch frequency for the two atomic matter waves in a vertical optical lattice. We obtain the values η=(0.2±1.6)×10(-7) for the Eötvös parameter and k=(0.5±1.1)×10(-7) for the coupling between nuclear spin and gravity. This is the first reported experimental test of the equivalence principle for bosonic and fermionic particles and opens a new way to the search for the predicted spin-gravity coupling effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Tarallo
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia and LENS-Università di Firenze, INFN-Sezione di Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - T Mazzoni
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia and LENS-Università di Firenze, INFN-Sezione di Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - N Poli
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia and LENS-Università di Firenze, INFN-Sezione di Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - D V Sutyrin
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia and LENS-Università di Firenze, INFN-Sezione di Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - X Zhang
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia and LENS-Università di Firenze, INFN-Sezione di Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - G M Tino
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia and LENS-Università di Firenze, INFN-Sezione di Firenze, Via Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Precision measurement of the Newtonian gravitational constant using cold atoms. Nature 2014; 510:518-21. [DOI: 10.1038/nature13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Hohensee MA, Müller H, Wiringa RB. Equivalence principle and bound kinetic energy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:151102. [PMID: 24160587 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.151102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We consider the role of the internal kinetic energy of bound systems of matter in tests of the Einstein equivalence principle. Using the gravitational sector of the standard model extension, we show that stringent limits on equivalence principle violations in antimatter can be indirectly obtained from tests using bound systems of normal matter. We estimate the bound kinetic energy of nucleons in a range of light atomic species using Green's function Monte Carlo calculations, and for heavier species using a Woods-Saxon model. We survey the sensitivities of existing and planned experimental tests of the equivalence principle, and report new constraints at the level of between a few parts in 10(6) and parts in 10(8) on violations of the equivalence principle for matter and antimatter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Hohensee
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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41
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Tino G, Sorrentino F, Aguilera D, Battelier B, Bertoldi A, Bodart Q, Bongs K, Bouyer P, Braxmaier C, Cacciapuoti L, Gaaloul N, Gürlebeck N, Hauth M, Herrmann S, Krutzik M, Kubelka A, Landragin A, Milke A, Peters A, Rasel E, Rocco E, Schubert C, Schuldt T, Sengstock K, Wicht A. Precision Gravity Tests with Atom Interferometry in Space. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2013.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sugarbaker A, Dickerson SM, Hogan JM, Johnson DMS, Kasevich MA. Enhanced atom interferometer readout through the application of phase shear. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:113002. [PMID: 24074082 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.113002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a method for determining the phase and contrast of a single shot of an atom interferometer. The application of a phase shear across the atom ensemble yields a spatially varying fringe pattern at each output port, which can be imaged directly. This method is broadly relevant to atom-interferometric precision measurement, as we demonstrate in a 10 m 87Rb atomic fountain by implementing an atom-interferometric gyrocompass with 10 mdeg precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Sugarbaker
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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43
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Machluf S, Japha Y, Folman R. Coherent Stern–Gerlach momentum splitting on an atom chip. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2424. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Bonder Y, Fischbach E, Hernandez-Coronado H, Krause DE, Rohrbach Z, Sudarsky D. Testing the equivalence principle with unstable particles. Int J Clin Exp Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.87.125021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Graham PW, Hogan JM, Kasevich MA, Rajendran S. New method for gravitational wave detection with atomic sensors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:171102. [PMID: 23679702 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.171102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Laser frequency noise is a dominant noise background for the detection of gravitational waves using long-baseline optical interferometry. Amelioration of this noise requires near simultaneous strain measurements on more than one interferometer baseline, necessitating, for example, more than two satellites for a space-based detector or two interferometer arms for a ground-based detector. We describe a new detection strategy based on recent advances in optical atomic clocks and atom interferometry which can operate at long baselines and which is immune to laser frequency noise. Laser frequency noise is suppressed because the signal arises strictly from the light propagation time between two ensembles of atoms. This new class of sensor allows sensitive gravitational wave detection with only a single baseline. This approach also has practical applications in, for example, the development of ultrasensitive gravimeters and gravity gradiometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Graham
- Department of Physics, Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Müntinga H, Ahlers H, Krutzik M, Wenzlawski A, Arnold S, Becker D, Bongs K, Dittus H, Duncker H, Gaaloul N, Gherasim C, Giese E, Grzeschik C, Hänsch TW, Hellmig O, Herr W, Herrmann S, Kajari E, Kleinert S, Lämmerzahl C, Lewoczko-Adamczyk W, Malcolm J, Meyer N, Nolte R, Peters A, Popp M, Reichel J, Roura A, Rudolph J, Schiemangk M, Schneider M, Seidel ST, Sengstock K, Tamma V, Valenzuela T, Vogel A, Walser R, Wendrich T, Windpassinger P, Zeller W, van Zoest T, Ertmer W, Schleich WP, Rasel EM. Interferometry with Bose-Einstein condensates in microgravity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:093602. [PMID: 23496709 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.093602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Atom interferometers covering macroscopic domains of space-time are a spectacular manifestation of the wave nature of matter. Because of their unique coherence properties, Bose-Einstein condensates are ideal sources for an atom interferometer in extended free fall. In this Letter we report on the realization of an asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer operated with a Bose-Einstein condensate in microgravity. The resulting interference pattern is similar to the one in the far field of a double slit and shows a linear scaling with the time the wave packets expand. We employ delta-kick cooling in order to enhance the signal and extend our atom interferometer. Our experiments demonstrate the high potential of interferometers operated with quantum gases for probing the fundamental concepts of quantum mechanics and general relativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Müntinga
- ZARM, Universität Bremen, Am Fallturm, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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Lan SY, Kuan PC, Estey B, English D, Brown JM, Hohensee MA, Müller H. A Clock Directly Linking Time to a Particle's Mass. Science 2013; 339:554-7. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1230767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Historically, time measurements have been based on oscillation frequencies in systems of particles, from the motion of celestial bodies to atomic transitions. Relativity and quantum mechanics show that even a single particle of mass m determines a Compton frequency ω0 = mc2/ℏ, where c is the speed of light and ℏ is Planck's constant h divided by 2π. A clock referenced to ω0 would enable high-precision mass measurements and a fundamental definition of the second. We demonstrate such a clock using an optical frequency comb to self-reference a Ramsey-Bordé atom interferometer and synchronize an oscillator at a subharmonic of ω0. This directly demonstrates the connection between time and mass. It allows measurement of microscopic masses with 4 × 10−9 accuracy in the proposed revision to SI units. Together with the Avogadro project, it yields calibrated kilograms.
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Ménoret V, Geiger R, Stern G, Zahzam N, Battelier B, Bresson A, Landragin A, Bouyer P. Dual-wavelength laser source for onboard atom interferometry. OPTICS LETTERS 2011; 36:4128-4130. [PMID: 22048340 DOI: 10.1364/ol.36.004128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present a compact and stable dual-wavelength laser source for onboard atom interferometry with two different atomic species. It is based on frequency-doubled telecom lasers locked on a femtosecond optical frequency comb. We take advantage of the maturity of fiber telecom technology to reduce the number of free-space optical components, which are intrinsically less stable, and to make the setup immune to vibrations and thermal fluctuations. The source provides the frequency agility and phase stability required for atom interferometry and can easily be adapted to other cold atom experiments. We have shown its robustness by achieving the first dual-species K-Rb magneto-optical trap in microgravity during parabolic flights.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ménoret
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d’Optique, CNRS and Université Paris Sud 11, 2 Avenue Fresnel, 91127 Palaiseau, France.
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Martín-Martínez E, Fuentes I, Mann RB. Using Berry's phase to detect the Unruh effect at lower accelerations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:131301. [PMID: 22026837 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.131301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We show that a detector acquires a Berry phase due to its motion in spacetime. The phase is different in the inertial and accelerated case as a direct consequence of the Unruh effect. We exploit this fact to design a novel method to measure the Unruh effect. Surprisingly, the effect is detectable for accelerations 10(9) times smaller than previous proposals sustained only for times of nanoseconds.
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Detecting inertial effects with airborne matter-wave interferometry. Nat Commun 2011; 2:474. [PMID: 21934658 PMCID: PMC3195217 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inertial sensors relying on atom interferometry offer a breakthrough advance in a variety of applications, such as inertial navigation, gravimetry or ground- and space-based tests of fundamental physics. These instruments require a quiet environment to reach their performance and using them outside the laboratory remains a challenge. Here we report the first operation of an airborne matter-wave accelerometer set up aboard a 0g plane and operating during the standard gravity (1g) and microgravity (0g) phases of the flight. At 1g, the sensor can detect inertial effects more than 300 times weaker than the typical acceleration fluctuations of the aircraft. We describe the improvement of the interferometer sensitivity in 0g, which reaches 2 x 10-4 ms-2 / √Hz with our current setup. We finally discuss the extension of our method to airborne and spaceborne tests of the Universality of free fall with matter waves. Inertial sensors using atom interferometry have applications in geophysics, navigation- and space-based tests of fundamental physics. Here, the first operation of an atom accelerometer during parabolic flights is reported, demonstrating high-resolution measurements at both 1g and 0g.
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