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Koga H, Ikematsu S, Kimura S. Diving into the Water: Amphibious Plants as a Model for Investigating Plant Adaptations to Aquatic Environments. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 75:579-604. [PMID: 38424069 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-062923-024919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Amphibious plants can grow and survive in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. This review explores the diverse adaptations that enable them to thrive in such contrasting habitats. Plants with amphibious lifestyles possess fascinating traits, and their phenotypic plasticity plays an important role in adaptations. Heterophylly, the ability to produce different leaf forms, is one such trait, with submerged leaves generally being longer, narrower, and thinner than aerial leaves. In addition to drastic changes in leaf contours, amphibious plants display significant anatomical and physiological changes, including a reduction in stomatal number and cuticle thickness and changes in photosynthesis mode. This review summarizes and compares the regulatory mechanisms and evolutionary origins of amphibious plants based on molecular biology studies actively conducted in recent years using novel model amphibious plant species. Studying amphibious plants will enhance our understanding of plant adaptations to aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Koga
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuka Ikematsu
- Center for Plant Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto, Japan;
| | - Seisuke Kimura
- Center for Plant Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto, Japan;
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-Motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto, Japan
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van Veen H, Sasidharan R. Shape shifting by amphibious plants in dynamic hydrological niches. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:79-84. [PMID: 31782798 PMCID: PMC7754317 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Amphibious plants thrive in areas with fluctuating water levels, partly as a result of their capacity to make specialized leaves when submerged or emerged. The tailor-made leaves improve gas exchange underwater or prevent aerial desiccation. Aquatic leaves are thin with narrow or dissected forms, thin cuticles and fewer stomata. These traits can combine with carbon-concentrating mechanisms and various inorganic carbon utilization strategies. Signalling networks underlying this plasticity include conserved players like abscisic acid and ethylene, but closer inspection reveals greater variation in regulatory behaviours. Moreover, it seems that amphibious leaf development overrides and reverses conserved signalling pathways of their terrestrial counterparts. The diversity of physiology and signalling makes plant amphibians particularly attractive for gaining insights into the evolution of signalling and crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans van Veen
- Plant EcophysiologyInstitute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 83584 CHUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Rashmi Sasidharan
- Plant EcophysiologyInstitute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 83584 CHUtrechtthe Netherlands
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Trade-offs and Synergies in the Structural and Functional Characteristics of Leaves Photosynthesizing in Aquatic Environments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93594-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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Poschenrieder C, Fernández JA, Rubio L, Pérez L, Terés J, Barceló J. Transport and Use of Bicarbonate in Plants: Current Knowledge and Challenges Ahead. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1352. [PMID: 29751549 PMCID: PMC5983714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bicarbonate plays a fundamental role in the cell pH status in all organisms. In autotrophs, HCO₃− may further contribute to carbon concentration mechanisms (CCM). This is especially relevant in the CO₂-poor habitats of cyanobacteria, aquatic microalgae, and macrophytes. Photosynthesis of terrestrial plants can also benefit from CCM as evidenced by the evolution of C₄ and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM). The presence of HCO₃− in all organisms leads to more questions regarding the mechanisms of uptake and membrane transport in these different biological systems. This review aims to provide an overview of the transport and metabolic processes related to HCO₃− in microalgae, macroalgae, seagrasses, and terrestrial plants. HCO₃− transport in cyanobacteria and human cells is much better documented and is included for comparison. We further comment on the metabolic roles of HCO₃− in plants by focusing on the diversity and functions of carbonic anhydrases and PEP carboxylases as well as on the signaling role of CO₂/HCO₃− in stomatal guard cells. Plant responses to excess soil HCO₃− is briefly addressed. In conclusion, there are still considerable gaps in our knowledge of HCO₃− uptake and transport in plants that hamper the development of breeding strategies for both more efficient CCM and better HCO₃− tolerance in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Poschenrieder
- Plant Physiology Lab., Bioscience Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Fernández
- Department Biologia. Vegetal, Campus Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Lourdes Rubio
- Department Biologia. Vegetal, Campus Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Laura Pérez
- Plant Physiology Lab., Bioscience Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joana Terés
- Plant Physiology Lab., Bioscience Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Juan Barceló
- Plant Physiology Lab., Bioscience Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
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Srivastava S, Shrivastava M. Zinc supplementation imparts tolerance to arsenite stress in Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2017; 19:353-359. [PMID: 27594374 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2016.1225288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to analyze the effects of external Zn supply on arsenic (As) toxicity in Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle. The plants were exposed to arsenite (AsIII; 10 μM) with or without 50 and 100 μM Zn. The level of As accumulation (μg g-1 dw) after 2 and 4 days was not significantly affected by Zn supply. The plants showed a significant stimulation of the thiol metabolism (nonprotein thiols, cysteine, glutathione-S-transferase activity) upon As(III) exposure in the presence of Zn as compared to As(III) alone treatment. Besides, they did not experience significant toxicity, measured in terms of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde accumulation, which are the indicators of oxidative stress. The minus Zn plants suffered from oxidative stress probably due to insufficient increase in thiols to counteract the stress. Stress amelioration by Zn supply was also evident from antioxidant enzyme activities, which came close to control levels with increasing Zn supply as compared to the increase observed in As(III) alone treatment. Variable Zn supply also modulated the level of photosynthetic pigments and restored them to control levels. In conclusion, an improved supply of Zn to plants was found to augment their ability to withstand As toxicity through enhanced thiol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Srivastava
- a Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , UP , India
| | - Manoj Shrivastava
- b Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture (CESCRA), Nuclear Research Laboratory (NRL), Indian Agricultural Research Institute , New Delhi , India
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Courtney AJ, Xu J, Xu Y. Responses of growth, antioxidants and gene expression in smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) to various levels of salinity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 99:162-170. [PMID: 26760954 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is a major environmental factor limiting the productivity and quality of crop plants. While most cereal crops are salt-sensitive, several halophytic grasses are able to maintain their growth under saline conditions. Elucidating the mechanisms for salinity responses in halophytic grasses would contribute to the breeding of salt-tolerant cereal and turf species belonging to the Poaceae family. Smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) is a dominant native halophytic grass in the Hackensack Meadowlands, the coastal salt marshes located in northeastern New Jersey. The goals of this study were to examine the growth pattern of S. alterniflora in a salinity gradient and identify an optimal range of salinity for its maximal growth. The regulation of its antioxidant system and gene expression under supraoptimal salinity conditions was also investigated. Our results showed that a salinity of 4 parts per thousand (ppt) (68 mM) was most favorable for the growth of S. alterniflora, followed by a non-salt environment. S. alterniflora responded to salts in the environment by regulating antioxidant enzyme activities and the expression of stress-induced proteins such as ALDH, HVA22 and PEPC. The plant may tolerate salinity up to the concentration of sea water, but any salinity above 12 ppt retarded its growth and altered the expression of genes encoding critical proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail J Courtney
- School of Theoretical and Applied Science, Ramapo College of New Jersey, Mahwah, NJ, USA
| | - Jichen Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Theoretical and Applied Science, Ramapo College of New Jersey, Mahwah, NJ, USA.
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Christin PA, Arakaki M, Osborne CP, Bräutigam A, Sage RF, Hibberd JM, Kelly S, Covshoff S, Wong GKS, Hancock L, Edwards EJ. Shared origins of a key enzyme during the evolution of C4 and CAM metabolism. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:3609-21. [PMID: 24638902 PMCID: PMC4085957 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
CAM and C4 photosynthesis are two key plant adaptations that have evolved independently multiple times, and are especially prevalent in particular groups of plants, including the Caryophyllales. We investigate the origin of photosynthetic PEPC, a key enzyme of both the CAM and C4 pathways. We combine phylogenetic analyses of genes encoding PEPC with analyses of RNA sequence data of Portulaca, the only plants known to perform both CAM and C4 photosynthesis. Three distinct gene lineages encoding PEPC exist in eudicots (namely ppc-1E1, ppc-1E2 and ppc-2), one of which (ppc-1E1) was recurrently recruited for use in both CAM and C4 photosynthesis within the Caryophyllales. This gene is present in multiple copies in the cacti and relatives, including Portulaca. The PEPC involved in the CAM and C4 cycles of Portulaca are encoded by closely related yet distinct genes. The CAM-specific gene is similar to genes from related CAM taxa, suggesting that CAM has evolved before C4 in these species. The similar origin of PEPC and other genes involved in the CAM and C4 cycles highlights the shared early steps of evolutionary trajectories towards CAM and C4, which probably diverged irreversibly only during the optimization of CAM and C4 phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal-Antoine Christin
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Monica Arakaki
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman St., Providence, RI 02912, USA Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and Museo de Historia Natural - UNMSM, Av. Arenales 1256, Lima 11, Peru
| | - Colin P Osborne
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Andrea Bräutigam
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Rowan F Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Julian M Hibberd
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Steven Kelly
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Sarah Covshoff
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Gane Ka-Shu Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Lillian Hancock
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Erika J Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Haimovich-Dayan M, Garfinkel N, Ewe D, Marcus Y, Gruber A, Wagner H, Kroth PG, Kaplan A. The role of C4 metabolism in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 197:177-185. [PMID: 23078356 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms are important players in the global carbon cycle. Their apparent photosynthetic affinity for ambient CO(2) is much higher than that of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), indicating that a CO(2)-concentrating mechanism (CCM) is functioning. However, the nature of the CCM, a biophysical or a biochemical C(4), remains elusive. Although (14)C labeling experiments and presence of complete sets of genes for C(4) metabolism in two diatoms supported the presence of C(4), other data and predicted localization of the decarboxylating enzymes, away from Rubisco, makes this unlikely. We used RNA-interference to silence the single gene encoding pyruvate-orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) in Phaeodactylum tricornutum, essential for C(4) metabolism, and examined the photosynthetic characteristics. The mutants possess much lower ppdk transcript and PPDK activity but the photosynthetic K(1/2) (CO(2)) was hardly affected, thus clearly indicating that the C(4) route does not serve the purpose of raising the CO(2) concentration in close proximity of Rubisco in P. tricornutum. The photosynthetic V(max) was slightly reduced in the mutant, possibly reflecting a metabolic constraint that also resulted in a larger lipid accumulation. We propose that the C(4) metabolism does not function in net CO(2) fixation but helps the cells to dissipate excess light energy and in pH homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Haimovich-Dayan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Edmond J. Safra Campus - Givat Ram, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Nitsan Garfinkel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Edmond J. Safra Campus - Givat Ram, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Daniela Ewe
- Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, 78457, Germany
| | - Yehouda Marcus
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Ansgar Gruber
- Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, 78457, Germany
| | - Heiko Wagner
- Institut für Biologie, Abteilung Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Peter G Kroth
- Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, 78457, Germany
| | - Aaron Kaplan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Edmond J. Safra Campus - Givat Ram, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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Miyao M, Masumoto C, Miyazawa SI, Fukayama H. Lessons from engineering a single-cell C(4) photosynthetic pathway into rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:3021-9. [PMID: 21459764 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The transfer of C(4) plant traits into C(3) plants has long been a strategy for improving the photosynthetic performance of C(3) plants. The introduction of a pathway mimicking the C(4) photosynthetic pathway into the mesophyll cells of C(3) plants was only a realistic approach when transgenic technology was sufficiently well developed and widely adopted. Here an attempt to introduce a single-cell C(4)-like pathway in which CO(2) capture and release occur in the mesophyll cell, such as the one found in the aquatic plant Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle, into rice (Oryza sativa L.) is described. Four enzymes involved in this pathway were successfully overproduced in the transgenic rice leaves, and 12 different sets of transgenic rice that overproduce these enzymes independently or in combination were produced and analysed. Although none of these transformants has yet shown dramatic improvements in photosynthesis, these studies nonetheless have important implications for the evolution of C(4) photosynthetic genes and their metabolic regulation, and have shed light on the unique aspects of rice physiology and metabolism. This article summarizes the lessons learned during these attempts to engineer single-cell C(4) rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsue Miyao
- Photobiology and Photosynthesis Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan.
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Chapter 5 Single-Cell C4 Photosynthesis in Aquatic Plants. C4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RELATED CO2 CONCENTRATING MECHANISMS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9407-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Li XR, Wang L, Ruan YL. Developmental and molecular physiological evidence for the role of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in rapid cotton fibre elongation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:287-95. [PMID: 19815688 PMCID: PMC2791122 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cotton fibres are hair-like single-cells that elongate to several centimetres long after their initiation from the ovule epidermis at anthesis. The accumulation of malate, along with K+ and sugars, is thought to play an important role in fibre elongation through osmotic regulation and charge balance. However, there is a lack of evidence for or against such an hypothesis. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) is a key enzyme responsible for the synthesis of malate. The potential role of PEPC in cotton fibre elongation is examined here. Developmentally, PEPC activity was higher at the rapid elongation phase than that at the slow elongation stage. Genotypically, PEPC activity correlated positively with the rate of fibre elongation and the final fibre length attained. Importantly, suppression of PEPC activity by LiCl that reduces its phosphorylation status decreased fibre length. To examine the molecular basis underlying PEPC activity, two cDNAs encoding PEPC, GhPEPC1 and 2, were cloned, which represents the major PEPC genes expressed in cotton fibre. RT-PCR analyses revealed that GhPEPC1 and 2 were highly expressed at the rapid elongation phase but weakly at the slow-to-terminal elongation period. In situ hybridization detected mRNA of GhPEPC1 and 2 in 1 d young fibres but not in the ovule epidermis prior to fibre initiation. Collectively, the data indicate that cotton fibre elongation requires high activity of PEPC, probably through the expression of the GhPEPC1 and 2 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Rong Li
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Australian–China Research Centre for Crop Improvement, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Lu Wang
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Australian–China Research Centre for Crop Improvement, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Yong-Ling Ruan
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Australian–China Research Centre for Crop Improvement, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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Srivastava S, D'Souza SF. Increasing sulfur supply enhances tolerance to arsenic and its accumulation in Hydrilla verticillata (Lf.) Royle. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:6308-6313. [PMID: 19746730 DOI: 10.1021/es900304x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to analyze the effects of variable S supply on arsenic (As) accumulation potential of Hydrilla verticillata (Lf.) Royle. Plants were exposed to either arsenate (AsV; 50 microM) or arsenite (AsIII; 5 microM) for 4 h and 1 day while S supply was varied as deficient (2 microM, -S), normal (1 mM, +S) and excess (2 mM, +HS). The level of As accumulation (microg g(-1) dw) after 1 day was about 2-fold higher upon exposure to either AsV (30) or AsIII (50) in +HS plants than that being in +S (12 and 24) and -S (14 and 26) plants. The +HS plants showed a significant stimulation of the thiol metabolism upon As exposure. Besides, they did not experience significant toxicity, measured in terms of malondialdehyde accumulation; an indicator of oxidative stress. By contrast, -S plants suffered from oxidative stress probably due to negative impact to thiol metabolism. Variable S supply also modulated the activity of enzymes of glycine and serine biosynthesis indicating an interconnection between S and N metabolism. In conclusion, an improved supply of S to plants was found to augment their ability for As accumulation through stimulated thiol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Srivastava
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai-400085, India
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Mukherjee B, Mukherjee D, Nivedita M. Modelling carbon and nutrient cycling in a simulated pond system at Ranchi. Ecol Modell 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Estavillo GM, Rao SK, Reiskind JB, Bowes G. Characterization of the NADP malic enzyme gene family in the facultative, single-cell C4 monocot Hydrilla verticillata. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2007; 94:43-57. [PMID: 17638114 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-007-9212-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Hydrilla verticillata has a facultative single-cell system that changes from C3 to C4 photosynthesis. A NADP+-dependent malic enzyme (NADP-ME) provides a high [CO2] for Rubisco fixation in the C4 leaf chloroplasts. Of three NADP-ME genes identified, only hvme1 was up-regulated in the C4 leaf, during the light period, and it possessed a putative transit peptide. Unlike obligate C4 species, H. verticillata exhibited only one plastidic isoform that may perform housekeeping functions, but is up-regulated as the photosynthetic decarboxylase. Of the two cytosolic forms, hvme2 and hvme3, the latter exhibited the greatest expression, but was not light-regulated. The mature isoform of hvme1 had a pI of 6.0 and a molecular mass of 64 kD, as did the recombinant rHVME1m, and it formed a tetramer in the chloroplast. The recombinant photosynthetic isoform showed intermediate characteristics between isoforms in terrestrial C3 and C4 species. The catalytic efficiency of rHVME1m was four-fold higher than the cytosolic rHVME3 and two-fold higher than recombinant cytosolic isoforms of rice, but lower than plastidic forms of maize. The Km (malate) of 0.6 mM for rHVME1 was higher than maize plastid isoforms, but four-fold lower than found with rice. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of 25 taxa suggested that chloroplastic NADP-ME isoforms arose from four duplication events, and hvme1 was derived from cytosolic hvme3. The chloroplastic eudicot sequences were a monophyletic group derived from a cytosolic clade after the eudicot and monocot lineages separated, while the monocots formed a polyphyletic group. The findings support the hypothesis that a NADP-ME isoform with specific and unusual regulatory properties facilitates the functioning of the single-cell C4 system in H. verticillata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo M Estavillo
- Department of Botany, University of Florida, 220 Bartram Hall, PO Box 118526, Gainesville, FL 32611-8526, USA.
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Rao S, Reiskind J, Bowes G. Light regulation of the photosynthetic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) in Hydrilla verticillata. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 47:1206-16. [PMID: 16936335 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcj091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The submersed monocot, Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle, is a facultative C(4) NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME) plant in which the C(4) and Calvin cycles co-exist in the same cell. Futile cycling is avoided by an intracellular separation of carboxylases between the cytosol and chloroplasts. Of the two sequenced H. verticillata phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) isoforms, hvpepc3 and hvpepc4, transcript expression of the latter was substantially up-regulated during C(4) induction, especially in the light. Western blots revealed two PEPC-specific bands in C(3) and C(4) leaf extracts; the lower band dominated in the C(4) and underwent post-translational phosphorylation in the light as determined by immunological studies. This band probably represents the photosynthetic isoform, HVPEPC4, despite the lack of the C(4) signature serine (Flaveria residue 774; Hydrilla 779). In C(4) leaves, PEPC activity increased 14-fold, was enhanced by leaf exposure to light, and showed allosteric regulation. Glucose-6-phosphate acted as a positive effector, but malate was inhibitory, with I(50) values of 0.4 and 0.2 mM in the light and dark, respectively, similar to those of other C(4) PEPC isoforms. In contrast, in C(3) leaves, transcript expression of both isoforms was weak, with little evidence of diel regulation, and the PEPC proteins showed essentially no indication of phosphorylation. PEPC activity in C(3) leaves was low, light independent and followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. It was tolerant to malate, with 10-fold higher I(50) values than the PEPC from C(4) leaves. These data suggest that hvpepc4 encodes the C(4) photosynthetic PEPC, and hvpepc3 encodes an anaplerotic form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinath Rao
- University of Florida-Botany, 220 Bartram Hall, PO Box 118526, Gainesville, FL 32611-8526, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Archibald
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Program in Evolutionary Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 1X5.
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Derelle E, Ferraz C, Rombauts S, Rouzé P, Worden AZ, Robbens S, Partensky F, Degroeve S, Echeynié S, Cooke R, Saeys Y, Wuyts J, Jabbari K, Bowler C, Panaud O, Piégu B, Ball SG, Ral JP, Bouget FY, Piganeau G, De Baets B, Picard A, Delseny M, Demaille J, Van de Peer Y, Moreau H. Genome analysis of the smallest free-living eukaryote Ostreococcus tauri unveils many unique features. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:11647-52. [PMID: 16868079 PMCID: PMC1544224 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0604795103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The green lineage is reportedly 1,500 million years old, evolving shortly after the endosymbiosis event that gave rise to early photosynthetic eukaryotes. In this study, we unveil the complete genome sequence of an ancient member of this lineage, the unicellular green alga Ostreococcus tauri (Prasinophyceae). This cosmopolitan marine primary producer is the world's smallest free-living eukaryote known to date. Features likely reflecting optimization of environmentally relevant pathways, including resource acquisition, unusual photosynthesis apparatus, and genes potentially involved in C(4) photosynthesis, were observed, as was downsizing of many gene families. Overall, the 12.56-Mb nuclear genome has an extremely high gene density, in part because of extensive reduction of intergenic regions and other forms of compaction such as gene fusion. However, the genome is structurally complex. It exhibits previously unobserved levels of heterogeneity for a eukaryote. Two chromosomes differ structurally from the other eighteen. Both have a significantly biased G+C content, and, remarkably, they contain the majority of transposable elements. Many chromosome 2 genes also have unique codon usage and splicing, but phylogenetic analysis and composition do not support alien gene origin. In contrast, most chromosome 19 genes show no similarity to green lineage genes and a large number of them are specialized in cell surface processes. Taken together, the complete genome sequence, unusual features, and downsized gene families, make O. tauri an ideal model system for research on eukaryotic genome evolution, including chromosome specialization and green lineage ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Derelle
- Observatoire Océanologique, Laboratoire Arago, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7628, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, BP44, 66651 Banyuls sur Mer Cedex, France
| | - Conchita Ferraz
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, Unité Propre de Recherche 1142, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 141 Rue de Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Stephane Rombauts
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology and
| | - Pierre Rouzé
- Laboratoire Associé de l’Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (France), Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Z. Worden
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149
| | - Steven Robbens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology and
| | - Frédéric Partensky
- Station Biologique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7144, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, BP74, 29682 Roscoff Cedex, France
| | - Sven Degroeve
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology and
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Biometrics and Process Control, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sophie Echeynié
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, Unité Propre de Recherche 1142, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 141 Rue de Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Richard Cooke
- Génome et Développement des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5096, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Université de Perpignan, 52, Avenue de Villeneuve, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Yvan Saeys
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology and
| | - Jan Wuyts
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology and
| | - Kamel Jabbari
- Département de Biologie, Formation de Recherche en Evolution 2910, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 Rue d’Ulm, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France; and
| | - Chris Bowler
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8765, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Université Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Olivier Panaud
- Génome et Développement des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5096, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Université de Perpignan, 52, Avenue de Villeneuve, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Benoît Piégu
- Génome et Développement des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5096, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Université de Perpignan, 52, Avenue de Villeneuve, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Steven G. Ball
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8765, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Université Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Ral
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8765, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Université Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - François-Yves Bouget
- Observatoire Océanologique, Laboratoire Arago, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7628, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, BP44, 66651 Banyuls sur Mer Cedex, France
| | - Gwenael Piganeau
- Observatoire Océanologique, Laboratoire Arago, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7628, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, BP44, 66651 Banyuls sur Mer Cedex, France
| | - Bernard De Baets
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Biometrics and Process Control, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - André Picard
- Observatoire Océanologique, Laboratoire Arago, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7628, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, BP44, 66651 Banyuls sur Mer Cedex, France
| | - Michel Delseny
- Génome et Développement des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5096, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Université de Perpignan, 52, Avenue de Villeneuve, 66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Jacques Demaille
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, Unité Propre de Recherche 1142, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 141 Rue de Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology and
| | - Hervé Moreau
- Observatoire Océanologique, Laboratoire Arago, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7628, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique–Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, BP44, 66651 Banyuls sur Mer Cedex, France
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Rao SK, Fukayama H, Reiskind JB, Miyao M, Bowes G. Identification of C4 responsive genes in the facultative C4 plant Hydrilla verticillata. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2006; 88:173-83. [PMID: 16622782 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-006-9049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The aquatic monocot Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle is a well-documented facultative C4 NADP-malic enzyme species in which the C4 and Calvin cycles operate in the same cell with the specific carboxylases confined to the cytosol and chloroplast, respectively. Several key components had already been characterized at the molecular level, thus the purpose of this study was to begin to identify other, less obvious, elements that may be necessary for a functional single-cell C4 system. Using differential display, mRNA populations from C3 and C4 H. verticillata leaves were screened and expression profiles compared. From this study, 65 clones were isolated and subjected to a customized macroarray analysis; 25 clones were found to be upregulated in C4 leaves. Northern and semi-quantitative RT-PCR analyses were used for confirmation. From these screenings, 13 C4 upregulated genes were identified. Among these one encoded a previously recognized C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, and two encoded distinct pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase isoforms, new findings for H. verticillata. Genes that encode a transporter, an aminotransferase and two chaperonins were also upregulated. Twelve false positives, mostly housekeeping genes, were determined from the Northern/semi-quantitative RT-PCR analyses. Sequence data obtained in this study are listed in the dbEST database (DV216698 to DV216767). As a single-cell C4 system that lacks Kranz anatomy, a better understanding of how H. verticillata operates may facilitate the design of a transgenic C4 system in a C3 crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinath K Rao
- Department of Botany, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-8526, USA
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Mommer L, Visser EJW. Underwater photosynthesis in flooded terrestrial plants: a matter of leaf plasticity. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2005; 96:581-9. [PMID: 16024559 PMCID: PMC4247027 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mci212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2004] [Revised: 01/20/2005] [Accepted: 02/14/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flooding causes substantial stress for terrestrial plants, particularly if the floodwater completely submerges the shoot. The main problems during submergence are shortage of oxygen due to the slow diffusion rates of gases in water, and depletion of carbohydrates, which is the substrate for respiration. These two factors together lead to loss of biomass and eventually death of the submerged plants. Although conditions under water are unfavourable with respect to light and carbon dioxide supply, photosynthesis may provide both oxygen and carbohydrates, resulting in continuation of aerobic respiration. SCOPE This review focuses on evidence in the literature that photosynthesis contributes to survival of terrestrial plants during complete submergence. Furthermore, we discuss relevant morphological and physiological responses of the shoot of terrestrial plant species that enable the positive effects of light on underwater plant performance. CONCLUSIONS Light increases the survival of terrestrial plants under water, indicating that photosynthesis commonly occurs under these submerged conditions. Such underwater photosynthesis increases both internal oxygen concentrations and carbohydrate contents, compared with plants submerged in the dark, and thereby alleviates the adverse effects of flooding. Additionally, several terrestrial species show high plasticity with respect to their leaf development. In a number of species, leaf morphology changes in response to submergence, probably to facilitate underwater gas exchange. Such increased gas exchange may result in higher assimilation rates, and lower carbon dioxide compensation points under water, which is particularly important at the low carbon dioxide concentrations observed in the field. As a result of higher internal carbon dioxide concentrations in submergence-acclimated plants, underwater photorespiration rates are expected to be lower than in non-acclimated plants. Furthermore, the regulatory mechanisms that induce the switch from terrestrial to submergence-acclimated leaves may be controlled by the same pathways as described for heterophyllous aquatic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesje Mommer
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Gehrig HH, Wood JA, Cushman MA, Virgo A, Cushman JC, Winter K. Research note: Large gene family of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in the crassulacean acid metabolism plant Kalanchoe pinnata (Crassulaceae) characterised by partial cDNA sequence analysis. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2005; 32:467-472. [PMID: 32689147 DOI: 10.1071/fp05079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 05/03/2005] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Clones coding for a 1100-bp cDNA sequence of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) of the constitutive crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plant Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers., were isolated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and characterised by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing. Seven distinct PEPC isogenes were recovered, four in leaves and three in roots (EMBL accession numbers: AJ344052-AJ344058). Sequence similarity comparisons and distance neighbour-joining calculations separate the seven PEPC isoforms into two clades, one of which contains the three PEPCs found in roots. The second clade contains the four isoforms found in leaves and is divided into two branches, one of which contains two PEPCs most similar with described previously CAM isoforms. Of these two isoforms, however, only one exhibited abundant expression in CAM-performing leaves, but not in very young leaves, which do not exhibit CAM, suggesting this isoform encodes a CAM-specific PEPC. Protein sequence calculations suggest that all isogenes are likely derived from a common ancestor gene, presumably by serial gene duplication events. To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive identification of a PEPC gene family from a CAM plant, and the greatest number of PEPC isogenes reported for any vascular plant to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Gehrig
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P.O. Box 2072, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | - Joshua A Wood
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0014, USA
| | - Mary Ann Cushman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0014, USA
| | - Aurelio Virgo
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P.O. Box 2072, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | - John C Cushman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0014, USA
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P.O. Box 2072, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
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Besnard G, Pinçon G, D'Hont A, Hoarau JY, Cadet F, Offmann B. Characterisation of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene family in sugarcane (Saccharum spp.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2003; 107:470-478. [PMID: 12759729 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-003-1268-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2002] [Accepted: 12/04/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylases (PEPCs) are encoded by a small multigenic family. In order to characterise this gene family in sugarcane, seven DNA fragments displaying a high homology with grass PEPC genes were isolated using polymerase chain reaction-based cloning. A phylogenetic study revealed the existence of four main PEPC gene lineages in grasses and particularly in sugarcane. Moreover, this analysis suggests that grass C4 PEPC has likely derived from a root pre-existing isoform in an ancestral species. Using the Northern-dot-blot method, we studied the expression of the four PEPC gene classes in sugarcane cv. R570. We confirmed that transcript accumulation of the C4 PEPC gene (ppc-C4) mainly occurs in the green leaves and is light-induced. We also showed that another member of this gene family (ppc-aR) is more highly transcribed in the roots. The constitutive expression for a previously characterised gene (ppc-aL2) was confirmed. Lastly, the transcript accumulation of the fourth PEPC gene class (ppc-aL1) was not revealed. Length polymorphism in non-coding regions for three PEPC gene lineages enabled us to develop sequence-tagged site PEPC markers in sugarcane. We analysed the segregation of PEPC fragments in self-pollinated progenies of cv. R570 and found co-segregating fragments for two PEPC gene lineages. This supports the hypothesis that diversification of the PEPC genes involved duplications, probably in tandem.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Besnard
- Université de la Réunion, LBGM, 15 Avenue R. Cassin, 97715 St-Denis Messag 9, La Réunion, France.
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