1
|
Tolleter D, Smith EN, Dupont-Thibert C, Uwizeye C, Vile D, Gloaguen P, Falconet D, Finazzi G, Vandenbrouck Y, Curien G. The Arabidopsis leaf quantitative atlas: a cellular and subcellular mapping through unified data integration. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 5:e2. [PMID: 38572078 PMCID: PMC10988163 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2024.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Quantitative analyses and models are required to connect a plant's cellular organisation with its metabolism. However, quantitative data are often scattered over multiple studies, and finding such data and converting them into useful information is time-consuming. Consequently, there is a need to centralise the available data and to highlight the remaining knowledge gaps. Here, we present a step-by-step approach to manually extract quantitative data from various information sources, and to unify the data format. First, data from Arabidopsis leaf were collated, checked for consistency and correctness and curated by cross-checking sources. Second, quantitative data were combined by applying calculation rules. They were then integrated into a unique comprehensive, referenced, modifiable and reusable data compendium representing an Arabidopsis reference leaf. This atlas contains the metrics of the 15 cell types found in leaves at the cellular and subcellular levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Tolleter
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, Grenoble, France
| | - Edward N. Smith
- Molecular Systems Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Clémence Dupont-Thibert
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, Grenoble, France
| | - Clarisse Uwizeye
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, Grenoble, France
| | - Denis Vile
- Laboratoire d’Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux (LEPSE), UMR 759, Université de Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Pauline Gloaguen
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, Grenoble, France
| | - Denis Falconet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, Grenoble, France
| | - Giovanni Finazzi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Gilles Curien
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Koenig AM, Liu B, Hu J. Visualizing the dynamics of plant energy organelles. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:2029-2040. [PMID: 37975429 PMCID: PMC10754284 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant organelles predominantly rely on the actin cytoskeleton and the myosin motors for long-distance trafficking, while using microtubules and the kinesin motors mostly for short-range movement. The distribution and motility of organelles in the plant cell are fundamentally important to robust plant growth and defense. Chloroplasts, mitochondria, and peroxisomes are essential organelles in plants that function independently and coordinately during energy metabolism and other key metabolic processes. In response to developmental and environmental stimuli, these energy organelles modulate their metabolism, morphology, abundance, distribution and motility in the cell to meet the need of the plant. Consistent with their metabolic links in processes like photorespiration and fatty acid mobilization is the frequently observed inter-organellar physical interaction, sometimes through organelle membranous protrusions. The development of various organelle-specific fluorescent protein tags has allowed the simultaneous visualization of organelle movement in living plant cells by confocal microscopy. These energy organelles display an array of morphology and movement patterns and redistribute within the cell in response to changes such as varying light conditions, temperature fluctuations, ROS-inducible treatments, and during pollen tube development and immune response, independently or in association with one another. Although there are more reports on the mechanism of chloroplast movement than that of peroxisomes and mitochondria, our knowledge of how and why these three energy organelles move and distribute in the plant cell is still scarce at the functional and mechanistic level. It is critical to identify factors that control organelle motility coupled with plant growth, development, and stress response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Koenig
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, U.S.A
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | - Jianping Hu
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mathur J, Kunjumon TK, Mammone A, Mathur N. Membrane contacts with the endoplasmic reticulum modulate plastid morphology and behaviour. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1293906. [PMID: 38111880 PMCID: PMC10726010 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1293906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Plastid behaviour often occurs in tandem with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) dynamics. In order to understand the underlying basis for such linked behaviour we have used time-lapse imaging-based analysis of plastid movement and pleomorphy, including the extension and retraction of stromules. Stable transgenic plants that simultaneously express fluorescent fusion proteins targeted to the plastid stroma, and the ER along with BnCLIP1-eGFP, an independent plastid envelope localized membrane contact site (MCS) marker were utilized. Our experiments strongly suggest that transient MCS formed between the plastid envelope and the ER are responsible for their concomitant behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep Mathur
- Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Martinek J, Cifrová P, Vosolsobě S, García-González J, Malínská K, Mauerová Z, Jelínková B, Krtková J, Sikorová L, Leaves I, Sparkes I, Schwarzerová K. ARP2/3 complex associates with peroxisomes to participate in pexophagy in plants. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1874-1889. [PMID: 37845336 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01542-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Actin-related protein (ARP2/3) complex is a heteroheptameric protein complex, evolutionary conserved in all eukaryotic organisms. Its conserved role is based on the induction of actin polymerization at the interface between membranes and the cytoplasm. Plant ARP2/3 has been reported to participate in actin reorganization at the plasma membrane during polarized growth of trichomes and at the plasma membrane-endoplasmic reticulum contact sites. Here we demonstrate that individual plant subunits of ARP2/3 fused to fluorescent proteins form motile spot-like structures in the cytoplasm that are associated with peroxisomes in Arabidopsis and tobacco. ARP2/3 is found at the peroxisome periphery and contains the assembled ARP2/3 complex and the WAVE/SCAR complex subunit NAP1. This ARP2/3-positive peroxisomal domain colocalizes with the autophagosome and, under conditions that affect the autophagy, colocalization between ARP2/3 and the autophagosome increases. ARP2/3 subunits co-immunoprecipitate with ATG8f and peroxisome-associated ARP2/3 interact in vivo with the ATG8f marker. Since mutants lacking functional ARP2/3 complex have more peroxisomes than wild type, we suggest that ARP2/3 has a novel role in the process of peroxisome degradation by autophagy, called pexophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Martinek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Cifrová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Vosolsobě
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Judith García-González
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Malínská
- Imaging Facility of Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Mauerová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Jelínková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Krtková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Sikorová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ian Leaves
- Biosciences, CLES, Exeter University, Exeter, UK
| | - Imogen Sparkes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kateřina Schwarzerová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Raorane ML, Manz C, Hildebrandt S, Mielke M, Thieme M, Keller J, Bunzel M, Nick P. Cell type matters: competence for alkaloid metabolism differs in two seed-derived cell strains of Catharanthus roseus. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:349-369. [PMID: 35697946 PMCID: PMC9931846 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01781-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the anticancer drugs vinblastine and vincristine, Catharanthus roseus has been intensively studied for biosynthesis of several terpene indole alkaloids (TIAs). Due to their low abundance in plant tissues at a simultaneously high demand, modes of production alternative to conventional extraction are mandatory. Plant cell fermentation might become one of these alternatives, yet decades of research have shown limited success to certain product classes, leading to the question: how to preserve the intrinsic ability to produce TIAs (metabolic competence) in cell culture? We used the strategy to use the developmental potency of mature embryos to generate such strains. Two cell strains (C1and C4) from seed embryos of Catharanthus roseus were found to differ not only morphologically, but also in their metabolic competence. This differential competence became manifest not only under phytohormone elicitation, but also upon feeding with alkaloid pathway precursors. The more active strain C4 formed larger cell aggregates and was endowed with longer mitochondria. These cellular features were accompanied by higher alkaloid accumulation in response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) elicitation. The levels of catharanthine could be increased significantly, while the concurrent vindoline branch of the pathway was blocked, such that no bisindole alkaloids were detectable. By feeding vindoline to MeJA-elicited C4 cells, vincristine became detectable; however, only to marginal amounts. In conclusion, these results show that cultured cells are not "de-differentiated", but can differ in metabolic competence. In addition to elicitation and precursor feeding, the cellular properties of the "biomatter" are highly relevant for the success of plant cell fermentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish L Raorane
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University, Hoher Weg 8, 06120, Halle-WittenbergHalle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Christina Manz
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sarah Hildebrandt
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marion Mielke
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marc Thieme
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Judith Keller
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Microcystin-LR, a Cyanobacterial Toxin, Induces Changes in the Organization of Membrane Compartments in Arabidopsis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030586. [PMID: 36985160 PMCID: PMC10051171 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR (MCY-LR, a protein phosphatase inhibitor) and diquat (DQ, an oxidative stress inducer) on the organization of tonoplast, the effect of MCY-LR on plastid stromule formation and on mitochondria was investigated in wild-type Arabidopsis. Tonoplast was also studied in PP2A catalytic (c3c4) and regulatory subunit mutants (fass-5 and fass-15). These novel studies were performed by CLSM microscopy. MCY-LR is produced during cyanobacterial blooms. The organization of tonoplast of PP2A mutants of Arabidopsis is much more sensitive to MCY-LR and DQ treatments than that of wild type. In c3c4, fass-5 and fass-15, control and treated plants showed increased vacuole fragmentation that was the strongest when the fass-5 mutant was treated with MCY-LR. It is assumed that both PP2A/C and B” subunits play an important role in normal formation and function of the tonoplast. In wild-type plants, MCY-LR affects mitochondria. Under the influence of MCY-LR, small, round-shaped mitochondria appeared, while long/fused mitochondria were typical in control plants. Presumably, MCY-LR either inhibits the fusion of mitochondria or induces fission. Consequently, PP2A also plays an important role in the fusion of mitochondria. MCY-LR also increased the frequency of stromules appearing on chloroplasts after 1 h treatments. Along the stromules, signals can be transported between plastids and endoplasmic reticulum. It is probable that they promote a faster response to stress.
Collapse
|
7
|
Goto-Yamada S, Oikawa K, Yamato KT, Kanai M, Hikino K, Nishimura M, Mano S. Image-Based Analysis Revealing the Molecular Mechanism of Peroxisome Dynamics in Plants. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:883491. [PMID: 35592252 PMCID: PMC9110829 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.883491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are present in eukaryotic cells and have essential roles in various biological processes. Plant peroxisomes proliferate by de novo biosynthesis or division of pre-existing peroxisomes, degrade, or replace metabolic enzymes, in response to developmental stages, environmental changes, or external stimuli. Defects of peroxisome functions and biogenesis alter a variety of biological processes and cause aberrant plant growth. Traditionally, peroxisomal function-based screening has been employed to isolate Arabidopsis thaliana mutants that are defective in peroxisomal metabolism, such as lipid degradation and photorespiration. These analyses have revealed that the number, subcellular localization, and activity of peroxisomes are closely related to their efficient function, and the molecular mechanisms underlying peroxisome dynamics including organelle biogenesis, protein transport, and organelle interactions must be understood. Various approaches have been adopted to identify factors involved in peroxisome dynamics. With the development of imaging techniques and fluorescent proteins, peroxisome research has been accelerated. Image-based analyses provide intriguing results concerning the movement, morphology, and number of peroxisomes that were hard to obtain by other approaches. This review addresses image-based analysis of peroxisome dynamics in plants, especially A. thaliana and Marchantia polymorpha.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shino Goto-Yamada
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kazusato Oikawa
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki T. Yamato
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masatake Kanai
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kazumi Hikino
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Mikio Nishimura
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shoji Mano
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
- *Correspondence: Shoji Mano
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mathur J, Kroeker OF, Lobbezoo M, Mathur N. The ER Is a Common Mediator for the Behavior and Interactions of Other Organelles. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:846970. [PMID: 35401583 PMCID: PMC8990311 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.846970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Optimal functioning of a plant cell depends upon the efficient exchange of genetic information, ions, proteins and metabolites between the different organelles. Intuitively, increased proximity between organelles would be expected to play an important role in facilitating exchanges between them. However, it remains to be seen whether under normal, relatively non-stressed conditions organelles maintain close proximity at all. Moreover, does interactivity involve direct and frequent physical contact between the different organelles? Further, many organelles transition between spherical and tubular forms or sporadically produce thin tubular extensions, but it remains unclear whether changes in organelle morphology play a role in increasing their interactivity. Here, using targeted multicolored fluorescent fusion proteins, we report observations on the spatiotemporal relationship between plastids, mitochondria, peroxisomes and the endoplasmic reticulum in living plant cells. Under normal conditions of growth, we observe that the smaller organelles do not establish direct, physical contacts with each other but, irrespective of their individual form they all maintain intimate connectivity with the ER. Proximity between organelles does increase in response to stress through concomitant alterations in ER dynamics. Significantly, even under increased proximity the ER still remains sandwiched between the different organelles. Our observations provide strong live-imaging-based evidence for the ER acting as a common mediator in interactions between other organelles.
Collapse
|
9
|
Arabidopsis thaliana myosin XIK is recruited to the Golgi through interaction with a MyoB receptor. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1182. [PMID: 34645991 PMCID: PMC8514473 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cell organelles are highly mobile and their positioning play key roles in plant growth, development and responses to changing environmental conditions. Movement is acto-myosin dependent. Despite controlling the dynamics of several organelles, myosin and myosin receptors identified so far in Arabidopsis thaliana generally do not localise to the organelles whose movement they control, raising the issue of how specificity is determined. Here we show that a MyoB myosin receptor, MRF7, specifically localises to the Golgi membrane and affects its movement. Myosin XI-K was identified as a putative MRF7 interactor through mass spectrometry analysis. Co-expression of MRF7 and XI-K tail triggers the relocation of XI-K to the Golgi, linking a MyoB/myosin complex to a specific organelle in Arabidopsis. FRET-FLIM confirmed the in vivo interaction between MRF7 and XI-K tail on the Golgi and in the cytosol, suggesting that myosin/myosin receptor complexes perhaps cycle on and off organelle membranes. This work supports a traditional mechanism for organelle movement where myosins bind to receptors and adaptors on the organelle membranes, allowing them to actively move on the actin cytoskeleton, rather than passively in the recently proposed cytoplasmic streaming model. Perico et al. use co-expression analysis and a FRET-FLIM approach to show that the Arabidopsis MyoB myosin receptor, MRF7, triggers the relocation of Myosin XI-K to the Golgi. As such, this study provides evidence for plant myosin recruitment and control of organelle movement.
Collapse
|
10
|
Mathur J. Organelle extensions in plant cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:593-607. [PMID: 33793902 PMCID: PMC8133556 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The life strategy of plants includes their ability to respond quickly at the cellular level to changes in their environment. The use of targeted fluorescent protein probes and imaging of living cells has revealed several rapidly induced organelle responses that create the efficient sub-cellular machinery for maintaining homeostasis in the plant cell. Several organelles, including plastids, mitochondria, and peroxisomes, extend and retract thin tubules that have been named stromules, matrixules, and peroxules, respectively. Here, I combine all these thin tubular forms under the common head of organelle extensions. All extensions change shape continuously and in their elongated form considerably increase organelle outreach into the surrounding cytoplasm. Their pleomorphy reflects their interactions with the dynamic endoplasmic reticulum and cytoskeletal elements. Here, using foundational images and time-lapse movies, and providing salient information on some molecular and biochemically characterized mutants with increased organelle extensions, I draw attention to their common role in maintaining homeostasis in plant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep Mathur
- Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, Ontario, N1G2W1 Canada
- Author for communication:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Thomas P, Franco CMM. Intracellular Bacteria in Plants: Elucidation of Abundant and Diverse Cytoplasmic Bacteria in Healthy Plant Cells Using In Vitro Cell and Callus Cultures. Microorganisms 2021; 9:269. [PMID: 33525492 PMCID: PMC7912260 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was initiated to assess whether the supposedly axenic plant cell cultures harbored any cultivation-recalcitrant endophytic bacteria (CREB). Adopting live-cell imaging with bright-field, fluorescent and confocal microscopy and bacterial 16S-rRNA gene taxonomic profiling, we report the cytoplasmic association of abundant and diverse CREBs in long-term actively maintained callus and cell suspension cultures of different plant species. Preliminary bright-field live-cell imaging on grape cell cultures showed abundant intracellular motile micro-particles resembling bacteria, which proved uncultivable on enriched media. Bacterial probing employing DNA stains, transmission electron microscopy, and Eubacterial FISH indicated abundant and diverse cytoplasmic bacteria. Observations on long-term maintained/freshly established callus stocks of different plant species-grapevine, barley, tobacco, Arabidopsis, and medicinal species-indicated intracellular bacteria as a common phenomenon apparently originating from field shoot tissues.Cultivation-independent 16S rRNA gene V3/V3-V4 amplicon profiling on 40-year-old grape cell/callus tissues revealed a high bacterial diversity (>250 genera), predominantly Proteobacteria, succeeded by Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteriodetes, Planctomycetes, and 20 other phyla, including several candidate phyla. PICRUSt analysis revealed diverse functional roles for the bacterial microbiome, majorly metabolic pathways. Thus, we unearth the widespread association of cultivation-recalcitrant intracellular bacteria "Cytobacts" inhabiting healthy plant cells, sharing a dynamic mutualistic association with cell hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pious Thomas
- Thomas Biotech & Cytobacts Centre for Biosciences, Amruthahalli, Bengaluru 560092, India
| | - Christopher M. M. Franco
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Veerabagu M, Rinne PLH, Skaugen M, Paul LK, van der Schoot C. Lipid Body Dynamics in Shoot Meristems: Production, Enlargement, and Putative Organellar Interactions and Plasmodesmal Targeting. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:674031. [PMID: 34367200 PMCID: PMC8335594 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.674031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Post-embryonic cells contain minute lipid bodies (LBs) that are transient, mobile, engage in organellar interactions, and target plasmodesmata (PD). While LBs can deliver γ-clade 1,3-β-glucanases to PD, the nature of other cargo is elusive. To gain insight into the poorly understood role of LBs in meristems, we investigated their dynamics by microscopy, gene expression analyzes, and proteomics. In developing buds, meristems accumulated LBs, upregulated several LB-specific OLEOSIN genes and produced OLEOSINs. During bud maturation, the major gene OLE6 was strongly downregulated, OLEOSINs disappeared from bud extracts, whereas lipid biosynthesis genes were upregulated, and LBs were enlarged. Proteomic analyses of the LB fraction of dormant buds confirmed that OLEOSINs were no longer present. Instead, we identified the LB-associated proteins CALEOSIN (CLO1), Oil Body Lipase 1 (OBL1), Lipid Droplet Interacting Protein (LDIP), Lipid Droplet Associated Protein1a/b (LDAP1a/b) and LDAP3a/b, and crucial components of the OLEOSIN-deubiquitinating and degradation machinery, such as PUX10 and CDC48A. All mRFP-tagged LDAPs localized to LBs when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. Together with gene expression analyzes, this suggests that during bud maturation, OLEOSINs were replaced by LDIP/LDAPs at enlarging LBs. The LB fraction contained the meristem-related actin7 (ACT7), "myosin XI tail-binding" RAB GTPase C2A, an LB/PD-associated γ-clade 1,3-β-glucanase, and various organelle- and/or PD-localized proteins. The results are congruent with a model in which LBs, motorized by myosin XI-k/1/2, traffic on F-actin, transiently interact with other organelles, and deliver a diverse cargo to PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manikandan Veerabagu
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Päivi L. H. Rinne
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Skaugen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Laju K. Paul
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Christiaan van der Schoot
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- *Correspondence: Christiaan van der Schoot
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Westermann J, Koebke E, Lentz R, Hülskamp M, Boisson-Dernier A. A Comprehensive Toolkit for Quick and Easy Visualization of Marker Proteins, Protein-Protein Interactions and Cell Morphology in Marchantia polymorpha. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:569194. [PMID: 33178238 PMCID: PMC7593560 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.569194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Even though stable genomic transformation of sporelings and thalli of Marchantia polymorpha is straightforward and efficient, numerous problems can arise during critical phases of the process such as efficient spore production, poor selection capacity of antibiotics or low transformation efficiency. It is therefore also desirable to establish quick methods not relying on stable transgenics to analyze the localization, interactions and functions of proteins of interest. The introduction of foreign DNA into living cells via biolistic mechanisms has been first reported roughly 30 years ago and has been commonly exploited in established plant model species such as Arabidopsis thaliana or Nicotiana benthamiana. Here, we report the fast and reliable transient biolistic transformation of Marchantia thallus epidermal cells using fluorescent protein fusions. We present a catalog of fluorescent markers which can be readily used for tagging of a variety of subcellular compartments. Moreover, we report the functionality of the bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) in M. polymorpha with the example of the p-body markers MpDCP1/2. Finally, we provide standard staining procedures for live cell imaging in M. polymorpha, applicable to visualize cell boundaries or cellular structures, to complement or support protein localizations and to understand how results gained by transient transformations can be embedded in cell architecture and dynamics. Taken together, we offer a set of easy and quick tools for experiments that aim at understanding subcellular localization, protein-protein interactions and thus functions of proteins of interest in the emerging early diverging land plant model M. polymorpha.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Aurélien Boisson-Dernier
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sandalio LM, Peláez-Vico MA, Romero-Puertas MC. Peroxisomal Metabolism and Dynamics at the Crossroads Between Stimulus Perception and Fast Cell Responses to the Environment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:505. [PMID: 32676503 PMCID: PMC7333514 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa M. Sandalio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Plant Lipid Bodies Traffic on Actin to Plasmodesmata Motorized by Myosin XIs. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041422. [PMID: 32093159 PMCID: PMC7073070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Late 19th-century cytologists observed tiny oil drops in shoot parenchyma and seeds, but it was discovered only in 1972 that they were bound by a half unit-membrane. Later, it was found that lipid bodies (LBs) arise from the endoplasmic reticulum. Seeds are known to be packed with static LBs, coated with the LB-specific protein OLEOSIN. As shown here, apices of Populustremula x P. tremuloides also express OLEOSIN genes and produce potentially mobile LBs. In developing buds, PtOLEOSIN (PtOLE) genes were upregulated, especially PtOLE6, concomitant with LB accumulation. To investigate LB mobility and destinations, we transformed Arabidopsis with PtOLE6-eGFP. We found that PtOLE6-eGFP fusion protein co-localized with Nile Red-stained LBs in all cell types. Moreover, PtOLE6-eGFP-tagged LBs targeted plasmodesmata, identified by the callose marker aniline blue. Pharmacological experiments with brefeldin, cytochalasin D, and oryzalin showed that LB-trafficking requires F-actin, implying involvement of myosin motors. In a triple myosin-XI knockout (xi-k/1/2), transformed with PtOLE6-eGFP, trafficking of PtOLE6-eGFP-tagged LBs was severely impaired, confirming that they move on F-actin, motorized by myosin XIs. The data reveal that LBs and OLEOSINs both function in proliferating apices and buds, and that directional trafficking of LBs to plasmodesmata requires the actomyosin system.
Collapse
|
16
|
Oikawa K, Hayashi M, Hayashi Y, Nishimura M. Re-evaluation of physical interaction between plant peroxisomes and other organelles using live-cell imaging techniques. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 61:836-852. [PMID: 30916439 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic behavior of organelles is essential for plant survival under various environmental conditions. Plant organelles, with various functions, migrate along actin filaments and contact other types of organelles, leading to physical interactions at a specific site called the membrane contact site. Recent studies have revealed the importance of physical interactions in maintaining efficient metabolite flow between organelles. In this review, we first summarize peroxisome function under different environmental conditions and growth stages to understand organelle interactions. We then discuss current knowledge regarding the interactions between peroxisome and other organelles, i.e., the oil bodies, chloroplast, and mitochondria from the perspective of metabolic and physiological regulation, with reference to various organelle interactions and techniques for estimating organelle interactions occurring in plant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazusato Oikawa
- Biomacromolecules Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura-Cho, Nagahama, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Yasuko Hayashi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of science, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Mikio Nishimura
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Perico C, Sparkes I. Plant organelle dynamics: cytoskeletal control and membrane contact sites. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:381-394. [PMID: 30078196 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 381 I. Introduction 381 II. Basic movement characteristics 382 III. Actin and associated motors, myosins, play a primary role in plant organelle movement and positioning 382 IV. Mechanisms of myosin recruitment: a tightly regulated system? 384 V. Microtubules, associated motors and interplay with actin 386 VI. Role of organelle interactions: tales of tethers 387 VII. Summary model to describe organelle movement in higher plants 390 VIII. Why is organelle movement important? 390 IX. Conclusions and future perspectives 391 Acknowledgements 391 References 391 SUMMARY: Organelle movement and positioning are correlated with plant growth and development. Movement characteristics are seemingly erratic yet respond to external stimuli including pathogens and light. Given these clear correlations, we still do not understand the specific roles that movement plays in these processes. There are few exceptions including organelle inheritance during cell division and photorelocation of chloroplasts to prevent photodamage. The molecular and biophysical components that drive movement can be broken down into cytoskeletal components, motor proteins and tethers, which allow organelles to physically interact with one another. Our understanding of these components and concepts has exploded over the past decade, with recent technological advances allowing an even more in-depth profiling. Here, we provide an overview of the cytoskeletal and tethering components and discuss the mechanisms behind organelle movement in higher plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Perico
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Imogen Sparkes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hamada T, Yako M, Minegishi M, Sato M, Kamei Y, Yanagawa Y, Toyooka K, Watanabe Y, Hara-Nishimura I. Stress granule formation is induced by a threshold temperature rather than a temperature difference in Arabidopsis. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.216051. [PMID: 30030372 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.216051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress granules, a type of cytoplasmic RNA granule in eukaryotic cells, are induced in response to various environmental stresses, including high temperature. However, how high temperatures induce the formation of these stress granules in plant cells is largely unknown. Here, we characterized the process of stress granule formation in Arabidopsis thaliana by combining live imaging and electron microscopy analysis. In seedlings grown at 22°C, stress granule formation was induced at temperatures above a critical threshold level of 34°C in the absence of transpiration. The threshold temperature was the same, regardless of whether the seedlings were grown at 22°C or 4°C. High-resolution live imaging microscopy revealed that stress granule formation is not correlated with the sizes of pre-existing RNA processing bodies (P-bodies) but that the two structures often associated rapidly. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed a previously unidentified characteristic of the fine structures of Arabidopsis stress granules and P-bodies: the lack of ribosomes and the presence of characteristic electron-dense globular and filamentous structures. These results provide new insights into the universal nature of stress granules in eukaryotic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hamada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Mako Yako
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Marina Minegishi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Mayuko Sato
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yuki Yanagawa
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan
| | - Kiminori Toyooka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Watanabe
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Frick EM, Strader LC. They Can Handle the Stress: MPK17 and PMD1 act in a salt-specific pathway. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1428518. [PMID: 29377762 PMCID: PMC5846545 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1428518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis MAP KINASE17 (MPK17) was recently identified as a novel regulator of peroxisome division in response to salt stress. Further, the known peroxisome division factor PEROXISOME AND MITOCHONDRIAL DIVISION FACTOR1 (PMD1) genetically acts downstream of MPK17. We previously showed that mutants defective in either MPK17 or PMD1 fail to proliferate peroxisomes in response to NaCl stress. Here, we show that, unlike their abnormal NaCl responses, mpk17 and pmd1 mutants display wild type responses to other stresses known to alter peroxisome proliferation, suggesting that plants distinguish among peroxisome division-inducing stresses and alter the peroxisome division pathway based on the stress applied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E. M. Frick
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - L. C. Strader
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
A large amount of ultrastructural, biochemical and molecular analysis indicates that peroxisomes and mitochondria not only share the same subcellular space but also maintain considerable overlap in their proteins, responses and functions. Recent approaches using imaging of fluorescent proteins targeted to both organelles in living plant cells are beginning to show the dynamic nature of their interactivity. Based on the observations of living cells, mitochondria respond rapidly to stress by undergoing fission. Mitochondrial fission is suggested to release key membrane-interacting members of the FISSION1 and DYNAMIN RELATED PROTEIN3 families and appears to be followed by the formation of thin peroxisomal extensions called peroxules. In a model we present the peroxules as an intermediate state prior to the formation of tubular peroxisomes, which, in turn are acted upon by the constriction-related proteins released by mitochondria and undergo rapid constriction and fission to increase the number of peroxisomes in a cell. The fluorescent protein aided imaging of peroxisome-mitochondria interaction provides visual evidence for their cooperation in maintenance of cellular homeostasis in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep Mathur
- Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada.
| | - Aymen Shaikh
- Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Neeta Mathur
- Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Frick EM, Strader LC. Kinase MPK17 and the Peroxisome Division Factor PMD1 Influence Salt-induced Peroxisome Proliferation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:340-351. [PMID: 28931630 PMCID: PMC5761782 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are small organelles that house many oxidative reactions. Peroxisome proliferation is induced under multiple stress conditions, including salt stress; however, factors regulating this process are not well defined. We have identified a role for Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) MAP KINASE17 (MPK17) in affecting peroxisome division in a manner that requires the known peroxisome division factor PEROXISOME AND MITOCHONDRIAL DIVISION FACTOR1 (PMD1). MPK17 and PMD1 are involved in peroxisome proliferation in response to NaCl stress. Additionally, we found that PMD1 is an actin-binding protein and that a functioning actin cytoskeleton is required for NaCl-induced peroxisome division. Our data suggest roles for MPK17 and PMD1 in influencing the numbers and cellular distribution of peroxisomes through the cytoskeleton-peroxisome connection. These findings expand our understanding of peroxisome division and potentially identify factors connecting the actin cytoskeleton and peroxisome proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Frick
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Lucia C Strader
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Asare A, Levorse J, Fuchs E. Coupling organelle inheritance with mitosis to balance growth and differentiation. Science 2017; 355:355/6324/eaah4701. [PMID: 28154022 DOI: 10.1126/science.aah4701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Balancing growth and differentiation is essential to tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis. How imbalances arise in disease states is poorly understood. To address this issue, we identified transcripts differentially expressed in mouse basal epidermal progenitors versus their differentiating progeny and those altered in cancers. We used an in vivo RNA interference screen to unveil candidates that altered the equilibrium between the basal proliferative layer and suprabasal differentiating layers forming the skin barrier. We found that epidermal progenitors deficient in the peroxisome-associated protein Pex11b failed to segregate peroxisomes properly and entered a mitotic delay that perturbed polarized divisions and skewed daughter fates. Together, our findings unveil a role for organelle inheritance in mitosis, spindle alignment, and the choice of daughter progenitors to differentiate or remain stem-like.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amma Asare
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - John Levorse
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Eggenberger K, Sanyal P, Hundt S, Wadhwani P, Ulrich AS, Nick P. Challenge Integrity: The Cell-Penetrating Peptide BP100 Interferes with the Auxin-Actin Oscillator. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:71-85. [PMID: 28173585 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Actin filaments are essential for the integrity of the cell membrane. In addition to this structural role, actin can modulate signaling by altering polar auxin flow. On the other hand, the organization of actin filaments is modulated by auxin constituting a self-referring signaling hub. Although the function of this auxin–actin oscillator is not clear, there is evidence for a functional link with stress signaling activated by the NADPH oxidase Respiratory burst oxidase Homolog (RboH). In the current work, we used the cell-penetrating peptide BP100 to induce a mild and transient perturbation of membrane integrity. We followed the response of actin to the BP100 uptake in a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged actin marker line of tobacco Bright Yellow 2 (BY-2) cells by spinning disc confocal microscopy. We observed that BP100 enters in a stepwise manner and reduces the extent of actin remodeling. This actin ‘freezing’ can be rescued by the natural auxin IAA, and mimicked by the auxin-efflux inhibitor 1-napthylphthalamic acid (NPA). We further tested the role of the membrane-localized NADPH oxidase RboH using the specific inhibitor diphenyl iodonium (DPI), and found that DPI acts antagonistically to BP100, although DPI alone can induce a similar actin ‘freezing’ as well. We propose a working model, where the mild violation of membrane integrity by BP100 stimulates RboH, and the resulting elevated levels of reactive oxygen species interfere with actin dynamicity. The mitigating effect of auxin is explained by competition of auxin- and RboH-triggered signaling for superoxide anions. This self-referring auxin–actin–RboH hub might be essential for integrity sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Eggenberger
- Botanical Institute and DFG-Center of Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstr, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Papia Sanyal
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2) and DFG-Center of Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber Weg 6, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Svenja Hundt
- Botanical Institute and DFG-Center of Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstr, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Parvesh Wadhwani
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2) and DFG-Center of Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber Weg 6, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anne S Ulrich
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2) and DFG-Center of Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber Weg 6, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Botanical Institute and DFG-Center of Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstr, Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Paszkiewicz G, Gualberto JM, Benamar A, Macherel D, Logan DC. Arabidopsis Seed Mitochondria Are Bioenergetically Active Immediately upon Imbibition and Specialize via Biogenesis in Preparation for Autotrophic Growth. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:109-128. [PMID: 28062752 PMCID: PMC5304351 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination is a vital developmental transition for production of progeny by sexual reproduction in spermatophytes. Quiescent cells in nondormant dry embryos are reawakened first by imbibition and then by perception of germination triggers. Reanimated tissues enter into a germination program requiring energy for expansion growth. However, germination requires that embryonic tissues develop to support the more energy-demanding processes of cell division and organogenesis of the new seedling. Reactivation of mitochondria to supply the required energy is thus a key process underpinning germination and seedling survival. Using live imaging, we investigated reactivation of mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamics using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model. Bioenergetic reactivation, visualized by presence of a membrane potential, is immediate upon rehydration. However, reactivation of mitochondrial dynamics only occurs after transfer to germination conditions. Reactivation of mitochondrial bioenergetics is followed by dramatic reorganization of the chondriome (all mitochondrial in a cell, collectively) involving massive fusion and membrane biogenesis to form a perinuclear tubuloreticular structure enabling mixing of previously discrete mitochondrial DNA nucleoids. The end of germination coincides with fragmentation of the chondriome, doubling of mitochondrial number, and heterogeneous redistribution of nucleoids among the mitochondria, generating a population of mitochondria tailored to seedling growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Paszkiewicz
- IRHS, Université d'Angers, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - José M Gualberto
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Abdelilah Benamar
- IRHS, Université d'Angers, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - David Macherel
- IRHS, Université d'Angers, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - David C Logan
- IRHS, Université d'Angers, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Del Río LA, López-Huertas E. ROS Generation in Peroxisomes and its Role in Cell Signaling. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1364-1376. [PMID: 27081099 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In plant cells, as in most eukaryotic organisms, peroxisomes are probably the major sites of intracellular H2O2 production, as a result of their essentially oxidative type of metabolism. In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that peroxisomes carry out essential functions in eukaryotic cells. The generation of the important messenger molecule hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by animal and plant peroxisomes and the presence of catalase in these organelles has been known for many years, but the generation of superoxide radicals (O2·- ) and the occurrence of the metalloenzyme superoxide dismutase was reported for the first time in peroxisomes from plant origin. Further research showed the presence in plant peroxisomes of a complex battery of antioxidant systems apart from catalase. The evidence available of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in peroxisomes is presented, and the different antioxidant systems characterized in these organelles and their possible functions are described. Peroxisomes appear to have a ROS-mediated role in abiotic stress situations induced by the heavy metal cadmium (Cd) and the xenobiotic 2,4-D, and also in the oxidative reactions of leaf senescence. The toxicity of Cd and 2,4-D has an effect on the ROS metabolism and speed of movement (dynamics) of peroxisomes. The regulation of ROS production in peroxisomes can take place by post-translational modifications of those proteins involved in their production and/or scavenging. In recent years, different studies have been carried out on the proteome of ROS metabolism in peroxisomes. Diverse evidence obtained indicates that peroxisomes are an important cellular source of different signaling molecules, including ROS, involved in distinct processes of high physiological importance, and might play an important role in the maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Del Río
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry and Cell & Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Apartado 419, E-18080 Granada, Spain
| | - Eduardo López-Huertas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry and Cell & Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Apartado 419, E-18080 Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jaipargas EA, Mathur N, Bou Daher F, Wasteneys GO, Mathur J. High Light Intensity Leads to Increased Peroxule-Mitochondria Interactions in Plants. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:6. [PMID: 26870732 PMCID: PMC4740372 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxules are thin protrusions from spherical peroxisomes produced under low levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress. Whereas, stress mitigation favors peroxule retraction, prolongation of the ROS stress leads to the elongation of the peroxisome into a tubular form. Subsequently, the elongated form becomes constricted through the binding of proteins such as dynamin related proteins 3A and 3B and eventually undergoes fission to increase the peroxisomal population within a cell. The events that occur in the short time window between peroxule initiation and the tubulation of the entire peroxisome have not been observed in living plant cells. Here, using fluorescent protein aided live-imaging, we show that peroxules are formed after only 4 min of high light (HL) irradiation during which there is a perceptible increase in the cytosolic levels of hydrogen peroxide. Using a stable, double transgenic line of Arabidopsis thaliana expressing a peroxisome targeted YFP and a mitochondrial targeted GFP probe, we observed sustained interactions between peroxules and small, spherical mitochondria. Further, it was observed that the frequency of HL-induced interactions between peroxules and mitochondria increased in the Arabidopsis anisotropy1 mutant that has reduced cell wall crystallinity and where we show accumulation of higher H2O2 levels than wild type plants. Our observations suggest a testable model whereby peroxules act as interaction platforms for ROS-distressed mitochondria that may release membrane proteins and fission factors. These proteins might thus become easily available to peroxisomes and facilitate their proliferation for enhancing the ROS-combating capability of a plant cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica-Ashley Jaipargas
- Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Neeta Mathur
- Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Firas Bou Daher
- Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jaideep Mathur
- Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph Guelph, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gao H, Metz J, Teanby NA, Ward AD, Botchway SW, Coles B, Pollard MR, Sparkes I. In Vivo Quantification of Peroxisome Tethering to Chloroplasts in Tobacco Epidermal Cells Using Optical Tweezers. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:263-72. [PMID: 26518344 PMCID: PMC4704594 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are highly motile organelles that display a range of motions within a short time frame. In static snapshots, they can be juxtaposed to chloroplasts, which has led to the hypothesis that they are physically interacting. Here, using optical tweezers, we tested the dynamic physical interaction in vivo. Using near-infrared optical tweezers combined with TIRF microscopy, we were able to trap peroxisomes and approximate the forces involved in chloroplast association in vivo in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and observed weaker tethering to additional unknown structures within the cell. We show that chloroplasts and peroxisomes are physically tethered through peroxules, a poorly described structure in plant cells. We suggest that peroxules have a novel role in maintaining peroxisome-organelle interactions in the dynamic environment. This could be important for fatty acid mobilization and photorespiration through the interaction with oil bodies and chloroplasts, highlighting a fundamentally important role for organelle interactions for essential biochemistry and physiological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Gao
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom (H.G., J.M., I.S.);School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Clifton, Bristol BS8 1RJ, United Kingdom (N.A.T.); andCentral Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0FA, United Kingdom (A.D.W., S.W.B., B.C., M.R.P.)
| | - Jeremy Metz
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom (H.G., J.M., I.S.);School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Clifton, Bristol BS8 1RJ, United Kingdom (N.A.T.); andCentral Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0FA, United Kingdom (A.D.W., S.W.B., B.C., M.R.P.)
| | - Nick A Teanby
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom (H.G., J.M., I.S.);School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Clifton, Bristol BS8 1RJ, United Kingdom (N.A.T.); andCentral Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0FA, United Kingdom (A.D.W., S.W.B., B.C., M.R.P.)
| | - Andy D Ward
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom (H.G., J.M., I.S.);School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Clifton, Bristol BS8 1RJ, United Kingdom (N.A.T.); andCentral Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0FA, United Kingdom (A.D.W., S.W.B., B.C., M.R.P.)
| | - Stanley W Botchway
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom (H.G., J.M., I.S.);School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Clifton, Bristol BS8 1RJ, United Kingdom (N.A.T.); andCentral Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0FA, United Kingdom (A.D.W., S.W.B., B.C., M.R.P.)
| | - Benjamin Coles
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom (H.G., J.M., I.S.);School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Clifton, Bristol BS8 1RJ, United Kingdom (N.A.T.); andCentral Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0FA, United Kingdom (A.D.W., S.W.B., B.C., M.R.P.)
| | - Mark R Pollard
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom (H.G., J.M., I.S.);School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Clifton, Bristol BS8 1RJ, United Kingdom (N.A.T.); andCentral Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0FA, United Kingdom (A.D.W., S.W.B., B.C., M.R.P.)
| | - Imogen Sparkes
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom (H.G., J.M., I.S.);School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Clifton, Bristol BS8 1RJ, United Kingdom (N.A.T.); andCentral Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0FA, United Kingdom (A.D.W., S.W.B., B.C., M.R.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Guimaraes SC, Schuster M, Bielska E, Dagdas G, Kilaru S, Meadows BRA, Schrader M, Steinberg G. Peroxisomes, lipid droplets, and endoplasmic reticulum "hitchhike" on motile early endosomes. J Cell Biol 2015; 211:945-54. [PMID: 26620910 PMCID: PMC4674278 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201505086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular transport is mediated by molecular motors that bind cargo to be transported along the cytoskeleton. Here, we report, for the first time, that peroxisomes (POs), lipid droplets (LDs), and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) rely on early endosomes (EEs) for intracellular movement in a fungal model system. We show that POs undergo kinesin-3- and dynein-dependent transport along microtubules. Surprisingly, kinesin-3 does not colocalize with POs. Instead, the motor moves EEs that drag the POs through the cell. PO motility is abolished when EE motility is blocked in various mutants. Most LD and ER motility also depends on EE motility, whereas mitochondria move independently of EEs. Covisualization studies show that EE-mediated ER motility is not required for PO or LD movement, suggesting that the organelles interact with EEs independently. In the absence of EE motility, POs and LDs cluster at the growing tip, whereas ER is partially retracted to subapical regions. Collectively, our results show that moving EEs interact transiently with other organelles, thereby mediating their directed transport and distribution in the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Schuster
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, England, UK
| | - Ewa Bielska
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, England, UK
| | - Gulay Dagdas
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, England, UK
| | - Sreedhar Kilaru
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, England, UK
| | - Ben R A Meadows
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, England, UK
| | | | - Gero Steinberg
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, England, UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Jackson TL, Baker GW, Wilks FR, Popov VA, Mathur J, Benfey PN. Large Cellular Inclusions Accumulate in Arabidopsis Roots Exposed to Low-Sulfur Conditions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:1573-89. [PMID: 26099270 PMCID: PMC4528750 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur is vital for primary and secondary metabolism in plant roots. To understand the molecular and morphogenetic changes associated with loss of this key macronutrient, we grew Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings in low-sulfur conditions. These conditions induced a cascade of cellular events that converged to produce a profound intracellular phenotype defined by large cytoplasmic inclusions. The inclusions, termed low-sulfur Pox, show cell type- and developmental zone-specific localization. Transcriptome analysis suggested that low sulfur causes dysfunction of the glutathione/ascorbate cycle, which reduces flavonoids. Genetic and biochemical evidence indicated that low-sulfur Pox are the result of peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of quercetin in roots grown under sulfur-depleted conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terry L Jackson
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (T.L.J., G.W.B., F.R.W., V.A.P., P.N.B.); andDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (J.M.)
| | - Ginger W Baker
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (T.L.J., G.W.B., F.R.W., V.A.P., P.N.B.); andDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (J.M.)
| | - Floyd R Wilks
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (T.L.J., G.W.B., F.R.W., V.A.P., P.N.B.); andDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (J.M.)
| | - Vladimir A Popov
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (T.L.J., G.W.B., F.R.W., V.A.P., P.N.B.); andDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (J.M.)
| | - Jaideep Mathur
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (T.L.J., G.W.B., F.R.W., V.A.P., P.N.B.); andDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (J.M.)
| | - Philip N Benfey
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (T.L.J., G.W.B., F.R.W., V.A.P., P.N.B.); andDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (J.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Corpas
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Apdo 419, E-18080 Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Oikawa K, Matsunaga S, Mano S, Kondo M, Yamada K, Hayashi M, Kagawa T, Kadota A, Sakamoto W, Higashi S, Watanabe M, Mitsui T, Shigemasa A, Iino T, Hosokawa Y, Nishimura M. Physical interaction between peroxisomes and chloroplasts elucidated by in situ laser analysis. NATURE PLANTS 2015; 1:15035. [PMID: 27247035 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2015.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Life on earth relies upon photosynthesis, which consumes carbon dioxide and generates oxygen and carbohydrates. Photosynthesis is sustained by a dynamic environment within the plant cell involving numerous organelles with cytoplasmic streaming. Physiological studies of chloroplasts, mitochondria and peroxisomes show that these organelles actively communicate during photorespiration, a process by which by-products produced by photosynthesis are salvaged. Nevertheless, the mechanisms enabling efficient exchange of metabolites have not been clearly defined. We found that peroxisomes along chloroplasts changed shape from spherical to elliptical and their interaction area increased during photorespiration. We applied a recent femtosecond laser technology to analyse adhesion between the organelles inside palisade mesophyll cells of Arabidopsis leaves and succeeded in estimating their physical interactions under different environmental conditions. This is the first application of this estimation method within living cells. Our findings suggest that photosynthetic-dependent interactions play a critical role in ensuring efficient metabolite flow during photorespiration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazusato Oikawa
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shigeru Matsunaga
- Hayama Center for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama 240-0193, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shoji Mano
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Maki Kondo
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamada
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Kagawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akeo Kadota
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University
| | - Wataru Sakamoto
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shoichi Higashi
- Okazaki Large Spectrograph, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Watanabe
- Hayama Center for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama 240-0193, Kanagawa, Japan
- Okazaki Large Spectrograph, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Mitsui
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akinori Shigemasa
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Nara, Japan
| | - Takanori Iino
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Nara, Japan
| | - Yoichiroh Hosokawa
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Nara, Japan
| | - Mikio Nishimura
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tiew TWY, Sheahan MB, Rose RJ. Peroxisomes contribute to reactive oxygen species homeostasis and cell division induction in Arabidopsis protoplasts. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:658. [PMID: 26379686 PMCID: PMC4549554 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The ability to induce Arabidopsis protoplasts to dedifferentiate and divide provides a convenient system to analyze organelle dynamics in plant cells acquiring totipotency. Using peroxisome-targeted fluorescent proteins, we show that during protoplast culture, peroxisomes undergo massive proliferation and disperse uniformly around the cell before cell division. Peroxisome dispersion is influenced by the cytoskeleton, ensuring unbiased segregation during cell division. Considering their role in oxidative metabolism, we also investigated how peroxisomes influence homeostasis of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Protoplast isolation induces an oxidative burst, with mitochondria the likely major ROS producers. Subsequently ROS levels in protoplast cultures decline, correlating with the increase in peroxisomes, suggesting that peroxisome proliferation may also aid restoration of ROS homeostasis. Transcriptional profiling showed up-regulation of several peroxisome-localized antioxidant enzymes, most notably catalase (CAT). Analysis of antioxidant levels, CAT activity and CAT isoform 3 mutants (cat3) indicate that peroxisome-localized CAT plays a major role in restoring ROS homeostasis. Furthermore, protoplast cultures of pex11a, a peroxisome division mutant, and cat3 mutants show reduced induction of cell division. Taken together, the data indicate that peroxisome proliferation and CAT contribute to ROS homeostasis and subsequent protoplast division induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ray J. Rose
- *Correspondence: Ray J. Rose, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australi,
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Identification of two novel type 1 peroxisomal targeting signals in Arabidopsis thaliana. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:1307-12. [PMID: 25183666 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes lack their own genetic material and must therefore import proteins encoded by genes in the nucleus. Amino acids within these proteins serve as targeting signals: they direct the delivery of the proteins to the organelle. The majority of soluble proteins destined for the peroxisomal matrix utilize a type 1 peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS1): a C-terminal tripeptide that follows the pattern small/basic/hydrophobic. We have discovered two new C-terminal tripeptides that target proteins to peroxisomes in Arabidopsis thaliana. The tripeptides PSL and KRR do not fit the major PTS1 consensus but cause green fluorescent protein to accumulate in peroxisomes of stably transformed Arabidopsis. We have identified forty-one proteins in the Arabidopsis genome that also bear these tripeptides at their C-termini and may therefore be peroxisomal.
Collapse
|
34
|
El Zawily AM, Schwarzländer M, Finkemeier I, Johnston IG, Benamar A, Cao Y, Gissot C, Meyer AJ, Wilson K, Datla R, Macherel D, Jones NS, Logan DC. FRIENDLY regulates mitochondrial distribution, fusion, and quality control in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:808-28. [PMID: 25165398 PMCID: PMC4213110 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.243824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are defining components of most eukaryotes. However, higher plant mitochondria differ biochemically, morphologically, and dynamically from those in other eukaryotes. FRIENDLY, a member of the CLUSTERED MITOCHONDRIA superfamily, is conserved among eukaryotes and is required for correct distribution of mitochondria within the cell. We sought to understand how disruption of FRIENDLY function in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leads to mitochondrial clustering and the effects of this aberrant chondriome on cell and whole-plant physiology. We present evidence for a role of FRIENDLY in mediating intermitochondrial association, which is a necessary prelude to mitochondrial fusion. We demonstrate that disruption of mitochondrial association, motility, and chondriome structure in friendly affects mitochondrial quality control and leads to mitochondrial stress, cell death, and strong growth phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amr M El Zawily
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E2 (A.M.E.Z., K.W., D.C.L.);Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22516, Egypt (A.M.E.Z.);Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, D-53113 Bonn, Germany (M.S., A.J.M.);Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Plant Proteomics Group, 50829 Cologne, Germany (I.F.);Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (I.G.J., C.G., N.S.J.);Université d'Angers, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, and Agrocampus Ouest, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers F-49045, France (A.B., D.M., D.C.L.); andPlant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada (Y.C., R.D.)
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E2 (A.M.E.Z., K.W., D.C.L.);Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22516, Egypt (A.M.E.Z.);Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, D-53113 Bonn, Germany (M.S., A.J.M.);Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Plant Proteomics Group, 50829 Cologne, Germany (I.F.);Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (I.G.J., C.G., N.S.J.);Université d'Angers, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, and Agrocampus Ouest, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers F-49045, France (A.B., D.M., D.C.L.); andPlant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada (Y.C., R.D.)
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E2 (A.M.E.Z., K.W., D.C.L.);Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22516, Egypt (A.M.E.Z.);Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, D-53113 Bonn, Germany (M.S., A.J.M.);Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Plant Proteomics Group, 50829 Cologne, Germany (I.F.);Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (I.G.J., C.G., N.S.J.);Université d'Angers, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, and Agrocampus Ouest, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers F-49045, France (A.B., D.M., D.C.L.); andPlant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada (Y.C., R.D.)
| | - Iain G Johnston
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E2 (A.M.E.Z., K.W., D.C.L.);Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22516, Egypt (A.M.E.Z.);Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, D-53113 Bonn, Germany (M.S., A.J.M.);Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Plant Proteomics Group, 50829 Cologne, Germany (I.F.);Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (I.G.J., C.G., N.S.J.);Université d'Angers, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, and Agrocampus Ouest, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers F-49045, France (A.B., D.M., D.C.L.); andPlant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada (Y.C., R.D.)
| | - Abdelilah Benamar
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E2 (A.M.E.Z., K.W., D.C.L.);Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22516, Egypt (A.M.E.Z.);Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, D-53113 Bonn, Germany (M.S., A.J.M.);Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Plant Proteomics Group, 50829 Cologne, Germany (I.F.);Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (I.G.J., C.G., N.S.J.);Université d'Angers, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, and Agrocampus Ouest, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers F-49045, France (A.B., D.M., D.C.L.); andPlant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada (Y.C., R.D.)
| | - Yongguo Cao
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E2 (A.M.E.Z., K.W., D.C.L.);Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22516, Egypt (A.M.E.Z.);Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, D-53113 Bonn, Germany (M.S., A.J.M.);Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Plant Proteomics Group, 50829 Cologne, Germany (I.F.);Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (I.G.J., C.G., N.S.J.);Université d'Angers, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, and Agrocampus Ouest, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers F-49045, France (A.B., D.M., D.C.L.); andPlant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada (Y.C., R.D.)
| | - Clémence Gissot
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E2 (A.M.E.Z., K.W., D.C.L.);Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22516, Egypt (A.M.E.Z.);Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, D-53113 Bonn, Germany (M.S., A.J.M.);Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Plant Proteomics Group, 50829 Cologne, Germany (I.F.);Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (I.G.J., C.G., N.S.J.);Université d'Angers, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, and Agrocampus Ouest, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers F-49045, France (A.B., D.M., D.C.L.); andPlant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada (Y.C., R.D.)
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E2 (A.M.E.Z., K.W., D.C.L.);Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22516, Egypt (A.M.E.Z.);Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, D-53113 Bonn, Germany (M.S., A.J.M.);Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Plant Proteomics Group, 50829 Cologne, Germany (I.F.);Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (I.G.J., C.G., N.S.J.);Université d'Angers, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, and Agrocampus Ouest, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers F-49045, France (A.B., D.M., D.C.L.); andPlant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada (Y.C., R.D.)
| | - Ken Wilson
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E2 (A.M.E.Z., K.W., D.C.L.);Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22516, Egypt (A.M.E.Z.);Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, D-53113 Bonn, Germany (M.S., A.J.M.);Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Plant Proteomics Group, 50829 Cologne, Germany (I.F.);Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (I.G.J., C.G., N.S.J.);Université d'Angers, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, and Agrocampus Ouest, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers F-49045, France (A.B., D.M., D.C.L.); andPlant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada (Y.C., R.D.)
| | - Raju Datla
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E2 (A.M.E.Z., K.W., D.C.L.);Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22516, Egypt (A.M.E.Z.);Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, D-53113 Bonn, Germany (M.S., A.J.M.);Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Plant Proteomics Group, 50829 Cologne, Germany (I.F.);Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (I.G.J., C.G., N.S.J.);Université d'Angers, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, and Agrocampus Ouest, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers F-49045, France (A.B., D.M., D.C.L.); andPlant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada (Y.C., R.D.)
| | - David Macherel
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E2 (A.M.E.Z., K.W., D.C.L.);Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22516, Egypt (A.M.E.Z.);Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, D-53113 Bonn, Germany (M.S., A.J.M.);Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Plant Proteomics Group, 50829 Cologne, Germany (I.F.);Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (I.G.J., C.G., N.S.J.);Université d'Angers, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, and Agrocampus Ouest, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers F-49045, France (A.B., D.M., D.C.L.); andPlant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada (Y.C., R.D.)
| | - Nick S Jones
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E2 (A.M.E.Z., K.W., D.C.L.);Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22516, Egypt (A.M.E.Z.);Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, D-53113 Bonn, Germany (M.S., A.J.M.);Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Plant Proteomics Group, 50829 Cologne, Germany (I.F.);Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (I.G.J., C.G., N.S.J.);Université d'Angers, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, and Agrocampus Ouest, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers F-49045, France (A.B., D.M., D.C.L.); andPlant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada (Y.C., R.D.)
| | - David C Logan
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E2 (A.M.E.Z., K.W., D.C.L.);Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22516, Egypt (A.M.E.Z.);Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, D-53113 Bonn, Germany (M.S., A.J.M.);Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Plant Proteomics Group, 50829 Cologne, Germany (I.F.);Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (I.G.J., C.G., N.S.J.);Université d'Angers, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, and Agrocampus Ouest, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers F-49045, France (A.B., D.M., D.C.L.); andPlant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada (Y.C., R.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Candat A, Paszkiewicz G, Neveu M, Gautier R, Logan DC, Avelange-Macherel MH, Macherel D. The ubiquitous distribution of late embryogenesis abundant proteins across cell compartments in Arabidopsis offers tailored protection against abiotic stress. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:3148-66. [PMID: 25005920 PMCID: PMC4145138 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.127316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins are hydrophilic, mostly intrinsically disordered proteins, which play major roles in desiccation tolerance. In Arabidopsis thaliana, 51 genes encoding LEA proteins clustered into nine families have been inventoried. To increase our understanding of the yet enigmatic functions of these gene families, we report the subcellular location of each protein. Experimental data highlight the limits of in silico predictions for analysis of subcellular localization. Thirty-six LEA proteins localized to the cytosol, with most being able to diffuse into the nucleus. Three proteins were exclusively localized in plastids or mitochondria, while two others were found dually targeted to these organelles. Targeting cleavage sites could be determined for five of these proteins. Three proteins were found to be endoplasmic reticulum (ER) residents, two were vacuolar, and two were secreted. A single protein was identified in pexophagosomes. While most LEA protein families have a unique subcellular localization, members of the LEA_4 family are widely distributed (cytosol, mitochondria, plastid, ER, and pexophagosome) but share the presence of the class A α-helix motif. They are thus expected to establish interactions with various cellular membranes under stress conditions. The broad subcellular distribution of LEA proteins highlights the requirement for each cellular compartment to be provided with protective mechanisms to cope with desiccation or cold stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Candat
- Université d'Angers, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49045 Angers, France INRA, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Gaël Paszkiewicz
- Université d'Angers, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Martine Neveu
- INRA, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49045 Angers, France
| | - Romain Gautier
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7275, F-06560 Valbonne, France
| | - David C Logan
- Université d'Angers, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49045 Angers, France
| | | | - David Macherel
- Université d'Angers, UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, F-49045 Angers, France
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Williams M, Kim K. From membranes to organelles: emerging roles for dynamin-like proteins in diverse cellular processes. Eur J Cell Biol 2014; 93:267-77. [PMID: 24954468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamin is a GTPase mechanoenzyme most noted for its role in vesicle scission during endocytosis, and belongs to the dynamin family proteins. The dynamin family consists of classical dynamins and dynamin-like proteins (DLPs). Due to structural and functional similarities DLPs are thought to carry out membrane tubulation and scission in a similar manner to dynamin. Here, we discuss the newly emerging roles for DLPs, which include vacuole fission and fusion, peroxisome maintenance, endocytosis and intracellular trafficking. Specific focus is given to the role of DLPs in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae because the diverse function of DLPs has been well characterized in this organism. Recent insights into DLPs may provide a better understanding of mammalian dynamin and its associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Williams
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 South National, Springfield, MO 65897, United States
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 South National, Springfield, MO 65897, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Griffing LR, Gao HT, Sparkes I. ER network dynamics are differentially controlled by myosins XI-K, XI-C, XI-E, XI-I, XI-1, and XI-2. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:218. [PMID: 24904614 PMCID: PMC4033215 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of higher plants is a complex network of tubules and cisternae. Some of the tubules and cisternae are relatively persistent, while others are dynamically moving and remodeling through growth and shrinkage, cycles of tubule elongation and retraction, and cisternal expansion and diminution. Previous work showed that transient expression in tobacco leaves of the motor-less, truncated tail of myosin XI-K increases the relative area of both persistent cisternae and tubules in the ER. Likewise, transient expression of XI-K tail diminishes the movement of organelles such as Golgi and peroxisomes. To examine whether other class XI myosins are involved in the remodeling and movement of the ER, other myosin XIs implicated in organelle movement, XI-1 (MYA1),XI-2 (MYA2), XI-C, XI-E, XI-I, and one not, XI-A, were expressed as motor-less tail constructs and their effect on ER persistent structures determined. Here, we indicate a differential effect on ER dynamics whereby certain class XI myosins may have more influence over controlling cisternalization rather than tubulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hongbo T. Gao
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Exeter UniversityExeter, UK
| | - Imogen Sparkes
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Exeter UniversityExeter, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Thomas P, Sekhar AC. Live cell imaging reveals extensive intracellular cytoplasmic colonization of banana by normally non-cultivable endophytic bacteria. AOB PLANTS 2014; 6:plu002. [PMID: 24790123 PMCID: PMC4038436 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plu002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
It is generally believed that endophytic microorganisms are intercellular inhabitants present in either cultivable or non-cultivable form primarily as root colonizers. The objective of this study was to determine whether the actively mobile micro-particles observed in the intracellular matrix of fresh tissue sections of banana included endophytic bacteria. Tissue sections (50-100 µm) from apical leaf sheaths of surface-disinfected suckers (cv. Grand Naine) displayed 'Brownian motion'-reminiscent abundant motile micro-particles under bright-field and phase-contrast (×1000), which appeared similar in size and motility to the pure cultures of endophytes previously isolated from banana. Observations on callus, embryonic cells and protoplasts with intact cell wall/plasma membrane confirmed their cytoplasmic nature. The motility of these entities reduced or ceased upon tissue fixation or staining with safranin/crystal violet (0.5 % w/v), but continued uninterrupted following treatment with actin-disrupting drugs, ruling out the possibility of micro-organelles like peroxisomes. Staining with 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) confirmed them to be live bacteria with similar observations after dilute safranin (0.005 %) treatment. Tissue staining with SYTO-9 coupled with epi-fluorescence or confocal laser scanning microscopy showed bacterial colonization along the peri-space between cell wall and plasma membrane initially. SYTO-9 counterstaining on TTC- or safranin-treated tissue and those subjected to enzymatic permeabilization revealed the cytoplasmic bacteria. These included organisms moving freely in the cytoplasm and those adhering to the nuclear envelope or vacuoles and the intravacuolar colonizers. The observations appeared ubiquitous to different genomes and genotypes of banana. Plating the tissue homogenate on nutrient media seldom yielded colony growth. This study, supported largely by live cell video-imaging, demonstrates enormous intracellular colonization in bananas by normally non-cultivable endophytic bacteria in two niches, namely cytoplasmic and periplasmic, designated as 'Cytobacts' and 'Peribacts', respectively. The integral intracellular association with their clonal perpetuation suggests a mutualistic relationship between endophytes and the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pious Thomas
- Division of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessarghatta Lake, Bangalore 560 089, India
| | - Aparna Chandra Sekhar
- Division of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessarghatta Lake, Bangalore 560 089, India
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Trompier D, Vejux A, Zarrouk A, Gondcaille C, Geillon F, Nury T, Savary S, Lizard G. Brain peroxisomes. Biochimie 2014; 98:102-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
40
|
Durst S, Hedde PN, Brochhausen L, Nick P, Nienhaus GU, Maisch J. Organization of perinuclear actin in live tobacco cells observed by PALM with optical sectioning. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:97-108. [PMID: 24331424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Actin performs a wide variety of different tasks. This functional diversity may be accomplished either by the formation of different isotypes or by suitable protein decoration that regulates structure and dynamics of actin filaments. To probe for such a potential differential decoration, the actin-binding peptide Lifeact was fused to different photoactivatable fluorescent proteins. These fusions were stably expressed in Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Bright Yellow 2 cells to follow dynamic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton during the cell cycle. The Lifeact-monomeric variant of IrisFP fusion protein was observed to indiscriminately label both, central and cortical, actin filaments, whereas the tetrameric Lifeact-photoswitchable red fluorescent protein fusion construct selectively labeled only a specific perinuclear sub-population of actin. By using photoactivated localization microscopy, we acquired super-resolution images with optical sectioning to obtain a 3D model of perinuclear actin. This novel approach revealed that the perinuclear actin basket wraps around the nuclear envelope in a lamellar fashion and repartitions toward the leading edge of the migrating nucleus. Based on these data, we suggest that actin that forms the perinuclear basket differs from other actin assemblies by a reduced decoration with actin binding proteins, which is consistent with the differential decoration model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Durst
- Botanical Institute, Molecular Cell Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 2, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Per Niklas Hedde
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Linda Brochhausen
- Botanical Institute, Molecular Cell Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 2, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Botanical Institute, Molecular Cell Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 2, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gerd Ulrich Nienhaus
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jan Maisch
- Botanical Institute, Molecular Cell Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 2, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Stefano G, Renna L, Brandizzi F. The endoplasmic reticulum exerts control over organelle streaming during cell expansion. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:947-53. [PMID: 24424025 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.139907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic streaming is crucial for cell homeostasis and expansion but the precise driving forces are largely unknown. In plants, partial loss of cytoplasmic streaming due to chemical and genetic ablation of myosins supports the existence of yet-unknown motors for organelle movement. Here we tested a role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as propelling force for cytoplasmic streaming during cell expansion. Through quantitative live-cell analyses in wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana cells and mutants with compromised ER structure and streaming, we demonstrate that cytoplasmic streaming undergoes profound changes during cell expansion and that it depends on motor forces co-exerted by the ER and the cytoskeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Stefano
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hamada T. Microtubule organization and microtubule-associated proteins in plant cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 312:1-52. [PMID: 25262237 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800178-3.00001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Plants have unique microtubule (MT) arrays, cortical MTs, preprophase band, mitotic spindle, and phragmoplast, in the processes of evolution. These MT arrays control the directions of cell division and expansion especially in plants and are essential for plant morphogenesis and developments. Organizations and functions of these MT arrays are accomplished by diverse MT-associated proteins (MAPs). This review introduces 10 of conserved MAPs in eukaryote such as γ-TuC, augmin, katanin, kinesin, EB1, CLASP, MOR1/MAP215, MAP65, TPX2, formin, and several plant-specific MAPs such as CSI1, SPR2, MAP70, WVD2/WDL, RIP/MIDD, SPR1, MAP18/PCaP, EDE1, and MAP190. Most of the studies cited in this review have been analyzed in the particular model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. The significant knowledge of A. thaliana is the important established base to understand MT organizations and functions in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hamada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ogasawara Y, Ishizaki K, Kohchi T, Kodama Y. Cold-induced organelle relocation in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:1520-8. [PMID: 23421791 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Organelles change their subcellular positions in response to various environmental conditions. Recently, we reported that cold treatments alter the intracellular position of chloroplasts and nuclei (cold positioning) in the fern Adiantum capillus-veneris; chloroplasts and nuclei localized to the periclinal cell wall relocated to anticlinal cell wall after cold treatments. To further understand organelle positioning under cold conditions, we studied cold-induced organelle relocation in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L. When sporelings and gemmmalings were treated under low temperature (5 °C), chloroplast cold positioning response was successfully induced both in the sporelings and the gemmmalings of M. polymorpha. Using a genetic transformation, nuclei, mitochondria or peroxisomes were visualized with a fluorescent protein, and the transgenic gemmmalings were incubated under the cold condition. Nuclei and peroxisomes, but not mitochondria, clearly relocated from the periclinal cell wall to the anticlinal cell wall after cold treatments. Our findings suggest that several organelles concurrently change their positions in the liverwort cell to cope with cold temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Ogasawara
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, 321-8505, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Barton K, Mathur N, Mathur J. Simultaneous live-imaging of peroxisomes and the ER in plant cells suggests contiguity but no luminal continuity between the two organelles. Front Physiol 2013; 4:196. [PMID: 23898304 PMCID: PMC3721060 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission electron micrographs of peroxisomes in diverse organisms, including plants, suggest their close association and even luminal connectivity with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). After several decades of debate de novo peroxisome biogenesis from the ER is strongly favored in yeasts and mammals. Unfortunately many of the proteins whose transit through the ER constitutes a major evidence for peroxisome biogenesis from the ER do not exhibit a similar localization in plants. Consequently, at best the ER acts as a membrane source for peroxisome in plants. However, in addition to their de novo biogenesis from the ER an increase in peroxisome numbers also occurs through fission of existing peroxisomes. In recent years live-imaging has been used to visualize peroxisomes and the ER but the precise spatio-temporal relationship between the two organelles has not been well-explored. Here we present our assessment of the peroxisome-ER relationship through imaging of living Arabidopsis thaliana plants simultaneously expressing different color combinations of fluorescent proteins targeted to both organelles. Our observations on double transgenic wild type and a drp3a/apm1 mutant Arabidopsis plants suggest strong correlations between the dynamic behavior of peroxisomes and the neighboring ER. Although peroxisomes and ER are closely aligned there appears to be no luminal continuity between the two. Similarly, differentially colored elongated peroxisomes of a drp3a mutant expressing a photoconvertible peroxisomal matrix protein are unable to fuse and share luminal protein despite considerable intermingling. Substantiation of our observations is suggested through 3D iso-surface rendering of image stacks, which shows closed ended peroxisomes enmeshed among ER tubules possibly through membrane contact sites (MCS). Our observations support the idea that increase in peroxisome numbers in a plant cell occurs mainly through the fission of existing peroxisomes in an ER aided manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiah Barton
- Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Morita MT, Nakamura M. Dynamic behavior of plastids related to environmental response. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 15:722-8. [PMID: 22939249 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to the sessile life style of plants, organelles within plant cells exhibit dynamic behavior. Plastid movements largely depend on actin cytoskeleton and are thought to be closely linked to adaptive responses to environmental changes. Advances in live-cell imaging technology combined with molecular genetics have demonstrated the underlying mechanism and the causal relationship between plastid motility and physiological significance in environmental response. Here, recent studies on the regulatory mechanisms of two types of chloroplast movement are reviewed. Studies on regulatory mechanisms of plastid behaviors related to environmental adaptation both in short-term (acute responses) and in long-term (developmental) processes would provide new insight into diversity in role(s) of plastids in a particular cell that do not only involve photosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miyo Terao Morita
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Engelhardt S, Boevink PC, Armstrong MR, Ramos MB, Hein I, Birch PR. Relocalization of late blight resistance protein R3a to endosomal compartments is associated with effector recognition and required for the immune response. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:5142-58. [PMID: 23243124 PMCID: PMC3556980 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.104992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
An important objective of plant-pathogen interactions research is to determine where resistance proteins detect pathogen effectors to mount an immune response. Many nucleotide binding-Leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) resistance proteins accumulate in the plant nucleus following effector recognition, where they initiate the hypersensitive response (HR). Here, we show that potato (Solanum tuberosum) resistance protein R3a relocates from the cytoplasm to endosomal compartments only when coexpressed with recognized Phytophthora infestans effector form AVR3a(KI) and not unrecognized form AVR3a(EM). Moreover, AVR3a(KI), but not AVR3a(EM), is also relocalized to endosomes in the presence of R3a. Both R3a and AVR3a(KI) colocalized in close physical proximity at endosomes in planta. Treatment with brefeldin A (BFA) or wortmannin, inhibitors of the endocytic cycle, attenuated both the relocalization of R3a to endosomes and the R3a-mediated HR. No such effect of these inhibitors was observed on HRs triggered by the gene-for-gene pairs Rx1/PVX-CP and Sto1/IpiO1. An R3a(D501V) autoactive MHD mutant, which triggered HR in the absence of AVR3a(KI), failed to localize to endosomes. Moreover, BFA and wortmannin did not alter cell death triggered by this mutant. We conclude that effector recognition and consequent HR signaling by NB-LRR resistance protein R3a require its relocalization to vesicles in the endocytic pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Engelhardt
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Dundee Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Petra C. Boevink
- Dundee Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Miles R. Armstrong
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Dundee Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Brisa Ramos
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Ingo Hein
- Dundee Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R.J. Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Dundee Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Address correspondence to
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Chen T, Wang X, von Wangenheim D, Zheng M, Šamaj J, Ji W, Lin J. Probing and tracking organelles in living plant cells. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249 Suppl 2:S157-S167. [PMID: 22183127 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-011-0364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular organelle movements and positioning play pivotal roles in enabling plants to proliferate life efficiently and to survive diverse environmental stresses. The elaborate dissection of organelle dynamics and their underlying mechanisms (e.g., the role of the cytoskeleton in organelle movements) largely depends on the advancement and efficiency of organelle tracking systems. Here, we provide an overview of some recently developed tools for labeling and tracking organelle dynamics in living plant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hamada T, Tominaga M, Fukaya T, Nakamura M, Nakano A, Watanabe Y, Hashimoto T, Baskin TI. RNA Processing Bodies, Peroxisomes, Golgi Bodies, Mitochondria, and Endoplasmic Reticulum Tubule Junctions Frequently Pause at Cortical Microtubules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 53:699-708. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
49
|
Mathur J, Griffiths S, Barton K, Schattat MH. Green-to-red photoconvertible mEosFP-aided live imaging in plants. Methods Enzymol 2012; 504:163-81. [PMID: 22264534 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-391857-4.00008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Numerous subcellular-targeted probes have been created using a monomeric green-to-red photoconvertible Eos fluorescent protein for understanding the growth and development of plants. These probes can be used to create color-based differentiation between similar cells, differentially label organelle subpopulations, and track subcellular structures and their interactions. Both green and red fluorescent forms of mEosFP are stable and compatible with single colored FPs. Differential highlighting using mEosFP probes greatly increases spatiotemporal precision during live imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep Mathur
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Laboratory of Plant Development and Interactions, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Koch J, Brocard C. Membrane elongation factors in organelle maintenance: the case of peroxisome proliferation. Biomol Concepts 2011; 2:353-364. [PMID: 21984887 DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2011.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Separation of metabolic pathways in organelles is critical for eukaryotic life. Accordingly, the number, morphology and function of organelles have to be maintained through processes linked with membrane remodeling events. Despite their acknowledged significance and intense study many questions remain about the molecular mechanisms by which organellar membranes proliferate. Here, using the example of peroxisome proliferation, we give an overview of how proteins elongate membranes. Subsequent membrane fission is achieved by dynamin-related proteins shared with mitochondria. We discuss basic criteria that membranes have to fulfill for these fission factors to complete the scission. Because peroxisome elongation is always associated with unequal distribution of matrix and membrane proteins, we propose peroxisomal division to be non-stochastic and asymmetric. We further show that these organelles need not be functional to carry on membrane elongation and present the most recent findings concerning members of the Pex11 protein family as membrane elongation factors. These factors, beside known proteins such as BAR-domain proteins, represent another family of proteins containing an amphipathic α-helix with membrane bending activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Koch
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Center of Molecular Biology, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|