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Karczyński P, Orłowska A, Kępczyńska E. Two Medicago truncatula growth-promoting rhizobacteria capable of limiting in vitro growth of the Fusarium soil-borne pathogens modulate defense genes expression. PLANTA 2023; 257:118. [PMID: 37173556 PMCID: PMC10181981 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION PGPRs: P. fluorescens Ms9N and S. maltophilia Ll4 inhibit in vitro growth of three legume fungal pathogens from the genus Fusarium. One or both trigger up-regulation of some genes (CHIT, GLU, PAL, MYB, WRKY) in M. truncatula roots and leaves in response to soil inoculation. Pseudomonas fluorescens (referred to as Ms9N; GenBank accession No. MF618323, not showing chitinase activity) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (Ll4; GenBank accession No. MF624721, showing chitinase activity), previously identified as promoting growth rhizobacteria of Medicago truncatula, were found, during an in vitro experiment, to exert an inhibitory effect on three soil-borne fungi: Fusarium culmorum Cul-3, F. oxysporum 857 and F. oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis strain CBS 179.29, responsible for serious diseases of most legumes including M. truncatula. S. maltophilia was more active than P. fluorescens in suppressing the mycelium growth of two out of three Fusarium strains. Both bacteria showed β-1,3-glucanase activity which was about 5 times higher in P. fluorescens than in S. maltophilia. Upon soil treatment with a bacterial suspension, both bacteria, but particularly S. maltophilia, brought about up-regulation of plant genes encoding chitinases (MtCHITII, MtCHITIV, MtCHITV), glucanases (MtGLU) and phenylalanine ammonia lyases (MtPAL2, MtPAL4, MtPAL5). Moreover, the bacteria up-regulate some genes from the MYB (MtMYB74, MtMYB102) and WRKY (MtWRKY6, MtWRKY29, MtWRKY53, MtWRKY70) families which encode TFs in M. truncatula roots and leaves playing multiple roles in plants, including a defense response. The effect depended on the bacterium species and the plant organ. This study provides novel information about effects of two M. truncatula growth-promoting rhizobacteria strains and suggests that both have a potential to be candidates for PGPR inoculant products on account of their ability to inhibit in vitro growth of Fusarium directly and indirectly by up-regulation of some defense priming markers such as CHIT, GLU and PAL genes in plants. This is also the first study of the expression of some MYB and WRKY genes in roots and leaves of M. truncatula upon soil treatment with two PGPR suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Karczyński
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Wąska 13, 71-415, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Orłowska
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Wąska 13, 71-415, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ewa Kępczyńska
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Wąska 13, 71-415, Szczecin, Poland.
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Endophytic Bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa PM389 Subsists Host’s (Triticum aestivum) Immune Response for Gaining Entry Inside the Host. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.4.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to compare the defense response of the host plant towards endophytic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa PM389 and pathogenic bacteria Erwinia carotovora and to correlate the level of defense enzymes vis-a-vis bacterial colonization in the host. Wheat seedlings were treated with 107-108 cells ml-1 endophytic and pathogenic bacteria in the separate experimental set-up, and the level of plant defense enzyme was measured at various time intervals. Comparatively reduced level of most defense enzymes was produced in endophytic bacteria treated plants. While the endophytic bacterial population was almost constant after 24 HAI (hour after inoculation), the population of pathogenic bacteria kept fluctuating during the study period from 24 HAI. Unlike pathogenic bacteria, we observed attenuated defense response in challenged host plants towards endophytic bacteria, which helps endophytes establish inside plant. This study would be useful for understanding the mechanism of colonization and strategies of endophytes to fight against the host defense response.
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Genre A, Lanfranco L, Perotto S, Bonfante P. Unique and common traits in mycorrhizal symbioses. Nat Rev Microbiol 2020; 18:649-660. [PMID: 32694620 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-0402-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycorrhizas are among the most important biological interkingdom interactions, as they involve ~340,000 land plants and ~50,000 taxa of soil fungi. In these mutually beneficial interactions, fungi receive photosynthesis-derived carbon and provide the host plant with mineral nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen in exchange. More than 150 years of research on mycorrhizas has raised awareness of their biology, biodiversity and ecological impact. In this Review, we focus on recent phylogenomic, molecular and cell biology studies to present the current state of knowledge of the origin of mycorrhizal fungi and the evolutionary history of their relationship with land plants. As mycorrhizas feature a variety of phenotypes, depending on partner taxonomy, physiology and cellular interactions, we explore similarities and differences between mycorrhizal types. During evolution, mycorrhizal fungi have refined their biotrophic capabilities to take advantage of their hosts as food sources and protective niches, while plants have developed multiple strategies to accommodate diverse fungal symbionts. Intimate associations with pervasive ecological success have originated at the crossroads between these two evolutionary pathways. Our understanding of the biological processes underlying these symbioses, where fungi act as biofertilizers and bioprotectors, provides the tools to design biotechnological applications addressing environmental and agricultural challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Genre
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Luisa Lanfranco
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Perotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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Skiada V, Avramidou M, Bonfante P, Genre A, Papadopoulou KK. An endophytic Fusarium-legume association is partially dependent on the common symbiotic signalling pathway. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1429-1444. [PMID: 31997356 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Legumes interact with a wide range of microbes in their root systems, ranging from beneficial symbionts to pathogens. Symbiotic rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal glomeromycetes trigger a so-called common symbiotic signalling pathway (CSSP), including the induction of nuclear calcium spiking in the root epidermis. By combining gene expression analysis, mutant phenotypic screening and analysis of nuclear calcium elevations, we demonstrate that recognition of an endophytic Fusarium solani strain K (FsK) in model legumes is initiated via perception of chitooligosaccharidic molecules and is, at least partially, CSSP-dependent. FsK induced the expression of Lysin-motif receptors for chitin-based molecules, CSSP members and CSSP-dependent genes in Lotus japonicus. In LysM and CSSP mutant/RNAi lines, root penetration and fungal intraradical progression was either stimulated or limited, whereas FsK exudates triggered CSSP-dependent nuclear calcium spiking, in epidermal cells of Medicago truncatula root organ cultures. Our results corroborate CSSP being involved in the perception of signals from other microbes beyond the restricted group of symbiotic interactions sensu stricto.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Skiada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Larissa, 41500, Greece
| | - Marianna Avramidou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Larissa, 41500, Greece
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Andrea Genre
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Kalliope K Papadopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Larissa, 41500, Greece
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Uroz S, Courty PE, Oger P. Plant Symbionts Are Engineers of the Plant-Associated Microbiome. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:905-916. [PMID: 31288964 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants interact throughout their lives with environmental microorganisms. These interactions determine plant development, nutrition, and fitness in a dynamic and stressful environment, forming the basis for the holobiont concept in which plants and plant-associated microbes are not considered as independent entities but as a single evolutionary unit. A primary open question concerns whether holobiont structure is shaped by its microbial members or solely by the plant. Current knowledge of plant-microbe interactions argues that the establishment of symbiosis directly and indirectly conditions the plant-associated microbiome. We propose to define the impact of the symbiont on the plant microbiome as the 'symbiosis cascade effect', in which the symbionts and their plant host jointly shape the plant microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Uroz
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1136, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, F-54280, Champenoux, France; Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-, Nancy, France; INRA Unité de Recherche (UR) 1138, Biogéochimie des Écosystèmes Forestiers, F-54280, Champenoux, France.
| | - Pierre Emmanuel Courty
- Agroécologie, Institut National de la Recherche, Agronomique (INRA), AgroSup Dijon, Centre, National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bourgogne, INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Phil Oger
- Université de Lyon, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) de Lyon, CNRS UMR, 5240, Villeurbanne, France
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Bergeau D, Mazurier S, Barbey C, Merieau A, Chane A, Goux D, Bernard S, Driouich A, Lemanceau P, Vicré M, Latour X. Unusual extracellular appendages deployed by the model strain Pseudomonas fluorescens C7R12. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221025. [PMID: 31461454 PMCID: PMC6713353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas fluorescens is considered to be a typical plant-associated saprophytic bacterium with no pathogenic potential. Indeed, some P. fluorescens strains are well-known rhizobacteria that promote plant growth by direct stimulation, by preventing the deleterious effects of pathogens, or both. Pseudomonas fluorescens C7R12 is a rhizosphere-competent strain that is effective as a biocontrol agent and promotes plant growth and arbuscular mycorrhization. This strain has been studied in detail, but no visual evidence has ever been obtained for extracellular structures potentially involved in its remarkable fitness and biocontrol performances. On transmission electron microscopy of negatively stained C7R12 cells, we observed the following appendages: multiple polar flagella, an inducible putative type three secretion system typical of phytopathogenic Pseudomonas syringae strains and densely bundled fimbria-like appendages forming a broad fractal-like dendritic network around single cells and microcolonies. The deployment of one or other of these elements on the bacterial surface depends on the composition and affinity for the water of the microenvironment. The existence, within this single strain, of machineries known to be involved in motility, chemotaxis, hypersensitive response, cellular adhesion and biofilm formation, may partly explain the strong interactions of strain C7R12 with plants and associated microflora in addition to the type three secretion system previously shown to be implied in mycorrhizae promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Bergeau
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM EA 4312)—Normandie Université - LMSM, Evreux, France
| | - Sylvie Mazurier
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Corinne Barbey
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM EA 4312)—Normandie Université - LMSM, Evreux, France
- Structure Fédérative de Recherche Normandie Végétale 4277 (NORVEGE), Normandie, France
| | - Annabelle Merieau
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM EA 4312)—Normandie Université - LMSM, Evreux, France
- Structure Fédérative de Recherche Normandie Végétale 4277 (NORVEGE), Normandie, France
| | - Andrea Chane
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM EA 4312)—Normandie Université - LMSM, Evreux, France
| | - Didier Goux
- Centre de Microscopie Appliquée à la biologie, SFR 4206 ICORE Université de Caen Normandie (CMAbio3), Caen, France
| | - Sophie Bernard
- Structure Fédérative de Recherche Normandie Végétale 4277 (NORVEGE), Normandie, France
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale—Normandie Université - EA 4358 Université de Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- Structure Fédérative de Recherche Normandie Végétale 4277 (NORVEGE), Normandie, France
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale—Normandie Université - EA 4358 Université de Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Philippe Lemanceau
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Maïté Vicré
- Structure Fédérative de Recherche Normandie Végétale 4277 (NORVEGE), Normandie, France
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale—Normandie Université - EA 4358 Université de Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Xavier Latour
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM EA 4312)—Normandie Université - LMSM, Evreux, France
- Structure Fédérative de Recherche Normandie Végétale 4277 (NORVEGE), Normandie, France
- * E-mail:
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Azad I, Alemzadeh A. Bioinformatic and empirical analysis of a gene encoding serine/threonine protein kinase regulated in response to chemical and biological fertilizers in two maize ( Zea mays L.) cultivars. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2017; 6:65-75. [PMID: 28775992 PMCID: PMC5534521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Molecular structure of a gene, ZmSTPK1, encoding a serine/threonine protein kinase in maize was analyzed by bioinformatic tool and its expression pattern was studied under chemical biological fertilizers. Bioinformatic analysis cleared that ZmSTPK1 is located on chromosome 10, from position 141015332 to 141017582. The full genomic sequence of the gene is 2251 bp in length and includes 2 exons. Its cDNA length is 1900 bp with a 5'-untranslated region of 311 bp and 3'-untranslated region of 341 bp, of which 1248 bp from open reading frame encoding 415 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 46 kDa and an isoelectric point 7.2. Also, an upstream open reading frame contains 100 aa was found at -12 position from ATG initiation codon. ZmSTPK1 with a long half-life, 10 hours in Escherichia coli, and instability index of 32.25 is classified as a stable protein. A calmodulin binding domain was found in ZmSTPK1 at position from 395 to 405 in C-terminal end. The helical wheel analysis showed that the stretch of residues Ile-395 to Asp-415 has the potential to form a charged amphiphilic -helix characteristic of a calmodulin-binding region. Two P1BS-like motifs, which are present in the promoter regions of Pi starvation-induced genes, were located at positions -48 and -867 from ATG initiation codon. The expression of ZmSTPK1 responded to available phosphate, and its expression up-regulated under phosphate starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Azad
- Department of Crop Production and Plant Breeding, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
- Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Department, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Sari, Sari, Iran
| | - Abbas Alemzadeh
- Department of Crop Production and Plant Breeding, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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8
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Viollet A, Pivato B, Mougel C, Cleyet-Marel JC, Gubry-Rangin C, Lemanceau P, Mazurier S. Pseudomonas fluorescens C7R12 type III secretion system impacts mycorrhization of Medicago truncatula and associated microbial communities. MYCORRHIZA 2017; 27:23-33. [PMID: 27549437 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0730-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Type three secretion systems (T3SSs) mediate cell-to-cell interactions between Gram-negative bacteria and eukaryotes. We hypothesized that fluorescent pseudomonads harboring T3SS (T3SS+) would be beneficial to arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis because non-pathogenic fluorescent pseudomonads have been previously shown to be much more abundant in mycorrhizal than in non-mycorrhizal roots. We tested this hypothesis by comparing mycorrhization and the associated rhizosphere microbial communities of Medicago truncatula grown in a non-sterile soil inoculated with either the T3SS+ mycorrhiza helper bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens (C7R12) or a T3SS- mutant of the strain. Results showed that the bacterial secretion system was responsible for the promotion of mycorrhization because root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was not promoted by the T3SS- mutant. The observed T3SS-mediated promotion of mycorrhization was associated with changes in the rhizosphere bacterial communities and the increased occurrence of Claroidoglomeraceae within the intraradical arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Furthermore, both pseudomonad strains promoted the host-free growth of a model arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus in vitro, suggesting that T3SS-mediated promotion of mycorrhization occurs during plant-fungal interactions rather than during the pre-symbiotic phase of fungal growth. Taken together, these data provide evidence for the involvement of T3SS in promoting arbuscular mycorrhization by a model fluorescent pseudomonad and suggest the implication of interactions between the bacterium and mycorrhizas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Viollet
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Barbara Pivato
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Christophe Mougel
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
- INRA, UMR1349 IGEPP, 35653, Le Rheu, France
| | - Jean-Claude Cleyet-Marel
- INRA, UMR 113 'Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes', Campus International de Baillarguet, TA-A82/J, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Cécile Gubry-Rangin
- INRA, UMR 113 'Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes', Campus International de Baillarguet, TA-A82/J, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Philippe Lemanceau
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Sylvie Mazurier
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000, Dijon, France.
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Carvalho TLG, Ballesteros HGF, Thiebaut F, Ferreira PCG, Hemerly AS. Nice to meet you: genetic, epigenetic and metabolic controls of plant perception of beneficial associative and endophytic diazotrophic bacteria in non-leguminous plants. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 90:561-74. [PMID: 26821805 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0435-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of rhizosphere diazotrophic bacteria are able to establish beneficial associations with plants, being able to associate to root surfaces or even endophytically colonize plant tissues. In common, both associative and endophytic types of colonization can result in beneficial outcomes to the plant leading to plant growth promotion, as well as increase in tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses. An intriguing question in such associations is how plant cell surface perceives signals from other living organisms, thus sorting pathogens from beneficial ones, to transduce this information and activate proper responses that will finally culminate in plant adaptations to optimize their growth rates. This review focuses on the recent advances in the understanding of genetic and epigenetic controls of plant-bacteria signaling and recognition during beneficial associations with associative and endophytic diazotrophic bacteria. Finally, we propose that "soil-rhizosphere-rhizoplane-endophytes-plant" could be considered as a single coordinated unit with dynamic components that integrate the plant with the environment to generate adaptive responses in plants to improve growth. The homeostasis of the whole system should recruit different levels of regulation, and recognition between the parties in a given environment might be one of the crucial factors coordinating these adaptive plant responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L G Carvalho
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bl. L-29ss, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21941-599, Brazil
| | - H G F Ballesteros
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bl. L-29ss, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21941-599, Brazil
| | - F Thiebaut
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bl. L-29ss, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21941-599, Brazil
| | - P C G Ferreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bl. L-29ss, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21941-599, Brazil
| | - A S Hemerly
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bl. L-29ss, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21941-599, Brazil.
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10
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Genre A, Russo G. Does a Common Pathway Transduce Symbiotic Signals in Plant-Microbe Interactions? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:96. [PMID: 26909085 PMCID: PMC4754458 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed major advances in our knowledge of plant mutualistic symbioses such as the rhizobium-legume symbiosis (RLS) and arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM). Some of these findings caused the revision of longstanding hypotheses, but one of the most solid theories is that a conserved set of plant proteins rules the transduction of symbiotic signals from beneficial glomeromycetes and rhizobia in a so-called common symbiotic pathway (CSP). Nevertheless, the picture still misses several elements, and a few crucial points remain unclear. How does one common pathway discriminate between - at least - two symbionts? Can we exclude that microbes other than AM fungi and rhizobia also use this pathway to communicate with their host plants? We here discuss the possibility that our current view is biased by a long-lasting focus on legumes, whose ability to develop both AM and RLS is an exception among plants and a recent innovation in their evolution; investigations in non-legumes are starting to place legume symbiotic signaling in a broader perspective. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that CSP proteins act in a wider scenario of symbiotic and non-symbiotic signaling. Overall, evidence is accumulating in favor of distinct activities for CSP proteins in AM and RLS, depending on the molecular and cellular context where they act.
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11
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Groten K, Nawaz A, Nguyen NHT, Santhanam R, Baldwin IT. Silencing a key gene of the common symbiosis pathway in Nicotiana attenuata specifically impairs arbuscular mycorrhizal infection without influencing the root-associated microbiome or plant growth. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:2398-416. [PMID: 25923645 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
While the biochemical function of calcium and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK) is well studied, and plants impaired in the expression of CCaMK are known not to be infected by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in glasshouse studies, the whole-plant and ecological consequences of CCaMK silencing are not well understood. Here we show that three independently transformed lines of Nicotiana attenuata plants silenced in CCaMK (irCCaMK) are neither infected by Rhizophagus irregularis in the glasshouse nor by native fungal inoculum in the field. The overall fungal community of field-grown roots did not differ significantly among empty vector (EV) and the transgenic lines, and the bacterial communities only showed minor differences, as revealed by the alpha-diversity parameters of bacterial OTUs, which were higher in EV plants compared with two of the three transformed lines, while beta-diversity parameters did not differ. Furthermore, growth and fitness parameters were similar in the glasshouse and field. Herbivory-inducible and basal levels of salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and abscisic acid did not differ among the genotypes, suggesting that activation of the classical defence pathways are not affected by CCaMK silencing. Based on these results, we conclude that silencing of CCaMK has few, if any, non-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Groten
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Ali Nawaz
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Nam H T Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Rakesh Santhanam
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Chen X, Miché L, Sachs S, Wang Q, Buschart A, Yang H, Vera Cruz CM, Hurek T, Reinhold-Hurek B. Rice responds to endophytic colonization which is independent of the common symbiotic signaling pathway. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:531-43. [PMID: 26009800 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
As molecular interactions of plants with N2 -fixing endophytes are largely uncharacterized, we investigated whether the common signaling pathway (CSP) shared by root nodule symbioses (RNS) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses may have been recruited for the endophytic Azoarcus sp.-rice (Oryza sativa) interaction, and combined this investigation with global approaches to characterize rice root responses to endophytic colonization. Putative homologs of genes required for the CSP were analyzed for their putative role in endophytic colonization. Proteomic and suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) approaches were also applied, and a comparison of defense-related processes was carried out by setting up a pathosystem for flooded roots with Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae strain PXO99 (Xoo). All tested genes were expressed in rice roots seedlings but not induced upon Azoarcus sp. inoculation, and the oscyclops and oscastor mutants were not impaired in endophytic colonization. Global approaches highlighted changes in rice metabolic activity and Ca(2+) -dependent signaling in roots colonized by endophytes, including some stress proteins. Marker genes for defense responses were induced to a lesser extent by the endophytes than by the pathogen, indicating a more compatible interaction. Our results thus suggest that rice roots respond to endophytic colonization by inducing metabolic shifts and signaling events, for which the CSP is not essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Microbe-Plant Interactions, CBIB (Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334, Bremen, Germany
| | - Lucie Miché
- Department of Microbe-Plant Interactions, CBIB (Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334, Bremen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Sachs
- Department of Microbe-Plant Interactions, CBIB (Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334, Bremen, Germany
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Microbe-Plant Interactions, CBIB (Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334, Bremen, Germany
| | - Anna Buschart
- Department of Microbe-Plant Interactions, CBIB (Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334, Bremen, Germany
| | - Haiyuan Yang
- Department of Microbe-Plant Interactions, CBIB (Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334, Bremen, Germany
| | - Casiana M Vera Cruz
- The International Rice Research Institute, MCPC Box 3727, 1271, Makati, Philippines
| | - Thomas Hurek
- Department of Microbe-Plant Interactions, CBIB (Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334, Bremen, Germany
| | - Barbara Reinhold-Hurek
- Department of Microbe-Plant Interactions, CBIB (Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen), University of Bremen, PO Box 330440, D-28334, Bremen, Germany
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Tikhonovich IA, Andronov EE, Borisov AY, Dolgikh EA, Zhernakov AI, Zhukov VA, Provorov NA, Roumiantseva ML, Simarov BV. The principle of genome complementarity in the enhancement of plant adaptive capacities. RUSS J GENET+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795415090124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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García AN, Ayub ND, Fox AR, Gómez MC, Diéguez MJ, Pagano EM, Berini CA, Muschietti JP, Soto G. Alfalfa snakin-1 prevents fungal colonization and probably coevolved with rhizobia. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:248. [PMID: 25227589 PMCID: PMC4177055 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The production of antimicrobial peptides is a common defense strategy of living cells against a wide range of pathogens. Plant snakin peptides inhibit bacterial and fungal growth at extremely low concentrations. However, little is known of their molecular and ecological characteristics, including origin, evolutionary equivalence, specific functions and activity against beneficial microbes. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize snakin-1 from alfalfa (MsSN1). RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis showed complete congruence between snakin-1 and plant trees. The antimicrobial activity of MsSN1 against bacterial and fungal pathogens of alfalfa was demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. Transgenic alfalfa overexpressing MsSN1 showed increased antimicrobial activity against virulent fungal strains. However, MsSN1 did not affect nitrogen-fixing bacterial strains only when these had an alfalfa origin. CONCLUSIONS The results reported here suggest that snakin peptides have important and ancestral roles in land plant innate immunity. Our data indicate a coevolutionary process, in which alfalfa exerts a selection pressure for resistance to MsSN1 on rhizobial bacteria. The increased antimicrobial activity against virulent fungal strains without altering the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis observed in MsSN1-overexpressing alfalfa transgenic plants opens the way to the production of effective legume transgenic cultivars for biotic stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Nora García
- />Instituto de Genética Ewald A. Favret (CICVyA-INTA), De los Reseros S/N, Castelar, C25 (1712) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Nicolás Daniel Ayub
- />Instituto de Genética Ewald A. Favret (CICVyA-INTA), De los Reseros S/N, Castelar, C25 (1712) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Ana Romina Fox
- />Instituto de Genética Ewald A. Favret (CICVyA-INTA), De los Reseros S/N, Castelar, C25 (1712) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - María Cristina Gómez
- />Instituto de Genética Ewald A. Favret (CICVyA-INTA), De los Reseros S/N, Castelar, C25 (1712) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - María José Diéguez
- />Instituto de Genética Ewald A. Favret (CICVyA-INTA), De los Reseros S/N, Castelar, C25 (1712) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Elba María Pagano
- />Instituto de Genética Ewald A. Favret (CICVyA-INTA), De los Reseros S/N, Castelar, C25 (1712) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Carolina Andrea Berini
- />Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), UBA-CONICET, Paraguay 2155, C1121ABG Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Prometeo Muschietti
- />Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- />Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, “Dr. Hector Torres”, (INGEBI-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Soto
- />Instituto de Genética Ewald A. Favret (CICVyA-INTA), De los Reseros S/N, Castelar, C25 (1712) Buenos Aires Argentina
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Hogekamp C, Küster H. A roadmap of cell-type specific gene expression during sequential stages of the arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:306. [PMID: 23647797 PMCID: PMC3667144 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND About 80% of today's land plants are able to establish an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis with Glomeromycota fungi to improve their access to nutrients and water in the soil. On the molecular level, the development of AM symbioses is only partly understood, due to the asynchronous development of the microsymbionts in the host roots. Although many genes specifically activated during fungal colonization have been identified, genome-wide information on the exact place and time point of their activation remains limited. RESULTS In this study, we relied on a combination of laser-microdissection and the use of Medicago GeneChips to perform a genome-wide analysis of transcription patterns in defined cell-types of Medicago truncatula roots mycorrhized with Glomus intraradices. To cover major stages of AM development, we harvested cells at 5-6 and at 21 days post inoculation (dpi). Early developmental stages of the AM symbiosis were analysed by monitoring gene expression in appressorial and non-appressorial areas from roots harbouring infection units at 5-6 dpi. Here, the use of laser-microdissection for the first time enabled the targeted harvest of those sites, where fungal hyphae first penetrate the root. Circumventing contamination with developing arbuscules, we were able to specifically detect gene expression related to early infection events. To cover the late stages of AM formation, we studied arbusculated cells, cortical cells colonized by intraradical hyphae, and epidermal cells from mature mycorrhizal roots at 21 dpi. Taken together, the cell-specific expression patterns of 18014 genes were revealed, including 1392 genes whose transcription was influenced by mycorrhizal colonization at different stages, namely the pre-contact phase, the infection of roots via fungal appressoria, the subsequent colonization of the cortex by fungal hyphae, and finally the formation of arbuscules. Our cellular expression patterns identified distinct groups of AM-activated genes governing the sequential reprogramming of host roots towards an accommodation of microsymbionts, including 42 AM-activated transcription factor genes. CONCLUSIONS Our genome-wide analysis provides novel information on the cell-specific activity of AM-activated genes during both early and late stages of AM development, together revealing the road map of fine-tuned adjustments of transcript accumulation within root tissues during AM fungal colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hogekamp
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Abteilung IV - Pflanzengenomforschung, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, Hannover, 30419, Germany
| | - Helge Küster
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Abteilung IV - Pflanzengenomforschung, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, Hannover, 30419, Germany
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Speak, friend, and enter: signalling systems that promote beneficial symbiotic associations in plants. Nat Rev Microbiol 2013; 11:252-63. [PMID: 23493145 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 811] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Plants associate with a wide range of microorganisms, with both detrimental and beneficial outcomes. Central to plant survival is the ability to recognize invading microorganisms and either limit their intrusion, in the case of pathogens, or promote the association, in the case of symbionts. To aid in this recognition process, elaborate communication and counter-communication systems have been established that determine the degree of ingress of the microorganism into the host plant. In this Review, I describe the common signalling processes used by plants during mutualistic interactions with microorganisms as diverse as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobial bacteria.
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17
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Oldroyd GED. Speak, friend, and enter: signalling systems that promote beneficial symbiotic associations in plants. Nat Rev Microbiol 2013. [PMID: 23493145 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants associate with a wide range of microorganisms, with both detrimental and beneficial outcomes. Central to plant survival is the ability to recognize invading microorganisms and either limit their intrusion, in the case of pathogens, or promote the association, in the case of symbionts. To aid in this recognition process, elaborate communication and counter-communication systems have been established that determine the degree of ingress of the microorganism into the host plant. In this Review, I describe the common signalling processes used by plants during mutualistic interactions with microorganisms as diverse as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobial bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles E D Oldroyd
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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18
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Pineda A, Dicke M, Pieterse CM, Pozo MJ. Beneficial microbes in a changing environment: are they always helping plants to deal with insects? Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pineda
- Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University PO Box 8031 6700 EH Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University PO Box 8031 6700 EH Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Corné M.J. Pieterse
- Plant–Microbe Interactions Institute of Environmental Biology Utrecht University PO Box 800.56 3508 TB Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - María J. Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems Estación Experimental del Zaidín CSIC Profesor Albareda 1 18008 Granada Spain
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Venkateshwaran M, Volkening JD, Sussman MR, Ané JM. Symbiosis and the social network of higher plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 16:118-27. [PMID: 23246268 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the Internet era, communicating with friends and colleagues via social networks constitutes a significant proportion of our daily activities. Similarly animals and plants also interact with many organisms, some of which are pathogens and do no good for the plant, while others are beneficial symbionts. Almost all plants indulge in developing social networks with microbes, in particular with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and emerging evidence indicates that most employ an ancient and widespread central 'social media' pathway made of signaling molecules within what is called the SYM pathway. Some plants, like legumes, are particularly active recruiters of friends, as they have established very sophisticated and beneficial interactions with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, also via the SYM pathway. Interestingly, many members of the Brassicaceae, including the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, seem to have removed themselves from this ancestral social network and lost the ability to engage in mutually favorable interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Despite these generalizations, recent studies exploring the root microbiota of A. thaliana have found that in natural conditions, A. thaliana roots are colonized by many different bacterial species and therefore may be using different and probably more recent 'social media' for these interactions. In general, recent advances in the understanding of such molecular machinery required for plant-symbiont associations are being obtained using high throughput genomic profiling strategies including transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics. The crucial mechanistic understanding that such data reveal may provide the infrastructure for future efforts to genetically manipulate crop social networks for our own food and fiber needs.
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20
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Mutually beneficial legume symbioses with soil microbes and their potential for plant production. Symbiosis 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-013-0226-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Evolution of symbiotic bacteria within the extra- and intra-cellular plant compartments: experimental evidence and mathematical simulation (Mini-review). Symbiosis 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-012-0220-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Ghirardi S, Dessaint F, Mazurier S, Corberand T, Raaijmakers JM, Meyer JM, Dessaux Y, Lemanceau P. Identification of traits shared by rhizosphere-competent strains of fluorescent pseudomonads. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2012; 64:725-737. [PMID: 22576821 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-012-0065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Rhizosphere competence of fluorescent pseudomonads is a prerequisite for the expression of their beneficial effects on plant growth and health. To date, knowledge on bacterial traits involved in rhizosphere competence is fragmented and derived mostly from studies with model strains. Here, a population approach was taken by investigating a representative collection of 23 Pseudomonas species and strains from different origins for their ability to colonize the rhizosphere of tomato plants grown in natural soil. Rhizosphere competence of these strains was related to phenotypic traits including: (1) their carbon and energetic metabolism represented by the ability to use a wide range of organic compounds, as electron donors, and iron and nitrogen oxides, as electron acceptors, and (2) their ability to produce antibiotic compounds and N-acylhomoserine lactones (N-AHSL). All these data including origin of the strains (soil/rhizosphere), taxonomic identification, phenotypic cluster based on catabolic profiles, nitrogen dissimilating ability, siderovars, susceptibility to iron starvation, antibiotic and N-AHSL production, and rhizosphere competence were submitted to multiple correspondence analyses. Colonization assays revealed a significant diversity in rhizosphere competence with survival rates ranging from approximately 0.1 % to 61 %. Multiple correspondence analyses indicated that rhizosphere competence was associated with siderophore-mediated iron acquisition, substrate utilization, and denitrification. However, the catabolic profile of one rhizosphere-competent strain differed from the others and its competence was associated with its ability to produce antibiotics phenazines and N-AHSL. Taken together, these data suggest that competitive strains have developed two types of strategies to survive in the rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Ghirardi
- INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
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Czaja LF, Hogekamp C, Lamm P, Maillet F, Martinez EA, Samain E, Dénarié J, Küster H, Hohnjec N. Transcriptional responses toward diffusible signals from symbiotic microbes reveal MtNFP- and MtDMI3-dependent reprogramming of host gene expression by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal lipochitooligosaccharides. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:1671-85. [PMID: 22652128 PMCID: PMC3425205 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.195990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The formation of root nodules and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) roots is controlled by a common signaling pathway including the calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase Doesn't Make Infection3 (DMI3). While nodule initiation by lipochitooligosaccharide (LCO) Nod factors is well characterized, diffusible AM fungal signals were only recently identified as sulfated and nonsulfated LCOs. Irrespective of different outcomes, the perception of symbiotic LCOs in Medicago truncatula is mediated by the LysM receptor kinase M. truncatula Nod factor perception (MtNFP). To shed light on transcriptional responses toward symbiotic LCOs and their dependence on MtNFP and Ca(2+) signaling, we performed genome-wide expression studies of wild-type, Nod-factor-perception mutant1, and dmi3 mutant roots challenged with Myc- and Nod-LCOs. We show that Myc-LCOs lead to transient, quick responses in the wild type, whereas Nod-LCOs require prolonged incubation for maximal expression activation. While Nod-LCOs are most efficient for an induction of persistent transcriptional changes, sulfated Myc-LCOs are less active, and nonsulfated Myc-LCOs display the lowest capacity to activate and sustain expression. Although all symbiotic LCOs up-regulated a common set of genes, discrete subsets were induced by individual LCOs, suggesting common and specific functions for these in presymbiotic signaling. Surprisingly, even sulfated fungal Myc-LCOs and Sinorhizobium meliloti Nod-LCOs, having very similar structures, each elicited discrete subsets of genes, while a mixture of both Myc-LCOs activated responses deviating from those induced by single treatments. Focusing on the precontact phase, we identified signaling-related and transcription factor genes specifically up-regulated by Myc-LCOs. Comparative gene expression studies in symbiotic mutants demonstrated that transcriptional reprogramming by AM fungal LCOs strictly depends on MtNFP and largely requires MtDMI3.
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24
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Tikhonovich IA, Provorov NA. Development of symbiogenetic approaches for studying variation and heredity of superspecies systems. RUSS J GENET+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795412040126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zamioudis C, Pieterse CMJ. Modulation of host immunity by beneficial microbes. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:139-50. [PMID: 21995763 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-11-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In nature, plants abundantly form beneficial associations with soilborne microbes that are important for plant survival and, as such, affect plant biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Classical examples of symbiotic microbes are mycorrhizal fungi that aid in the uptake of water and minerals, and Rhizobium bacteria that fix atmospheric nitrogen for the plant. Several other types of beneficial soilborne microbes, such as plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria and fungi with biological control activity, can stimulate plant growth by directly suppressing deleterious soilborne pathogens or by priming aboveground plant parts for enhanced defense against foliar pathogens or insect herbivores. The establishment of beneficial associations requires mutual recognition and substantial coordination of plant and microbial responses. A growing body of evidence suggests that beneficial microbes are initially recognized as potential invaders, after which an immune response is triggered, whereas, at later stages of the interaction, mutualists are able to short-circuit plant defense responses to enable successful colonization of host roots. Here, we review our current understanding of how symbiotic and nonsymbiotic beneficial soil microbes modulate the plant immune system and discuss the role of local and systemic defense responses in establishing the delicate balance between the two partners.
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Selim S, Negrel J, Wendehenne D, Ochatt S, Gianinazzi S, van Tuinen D. Stimulation of defense reactions in Medicago truncatula by antagonistic lipopeptides from Paenibacillus sp. strain B2. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010. [PMID: 20870792 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00171-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
With the aim of obtaining new strategies to control plant diseases, we investigated the ability of antagonistic lipopolypeptides (paenimyxin) from Paenibacillus sp. strain B2 to elicit hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production and several defense-related genes in the model legume Medicago truncatula. For this purpose, M. truncatula cell suspensions were used and a pathosystem between M. truncatula and Fusarium acuminatum was established. In M. truncatula cell cultures, the induction of H₂O₂ reached a maximum 20 min after elicitation with paenimyxin, whereas concentrations higher than 20 μM inhibited H₂O₂ induction and this was correlated with a lethal effect. In plant roots incubated with different concentrations of paenimyxin for 24 h before inoculation with F. acuminatum, paenimyxin at a low concentration (ca. 1 μM) had a protective effect and suppressed 95% of the necrotic symptoms, whereas a concentration higher than 10 μM had an inhibitory effect on plant growth. Gene responses were quantified in M. truncatula by semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). Genes involved in the biosynthesis of phytoalexins (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chalcone synthase, chalcone reductase), antifungal activity (pathogenesis-related proteins, chitinase), or cell wall (invertase) were highly upregulated in roots or cells after paenimyxin treatment. The mechanisms potentially involved in plant protection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Selim
- UMR INRA 1088, CNRS 5184, Université de Bourgogne Plante-Microbe-Environnement CMSE-INRA, 17 Rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
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Stimulation of defense reactions in Medicago truncatula by antagonistic lipopeptides from Paenibacillus sp. strain B2. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:7420-8. [PMID: 20870792 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00171-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With the aim of obtaining new strategies to control plant diseases, we investigated the ability of antagonistic lipopolypeptides (paenimyxin) from Paenibacillus sp. strain B2 to elicit hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production and several defense-related genes in the model legume Medicago truncatula. For this purpose, M. truncatula cell suspensions were used and a pathosystem between M. truncatula and Fusarium acuminatum was established. In M. truncatula cell cultures, the induction of H₂O₂ reached a maximum 20 min after elicitation with paenimyxin, whereas concentrations higher than 20 μM inhibited H₂O₂ induction and this was correlated with a lethal effect. In plant roots incubated with different concentrations of paenimyxin for 24 h before inoculation with F. acuminatum, paenimyxin at a low concentration (ca. 1 μM) had a protective effect and suppressed 95% of the necrotic symptoms, whereas a concentration higher than 10 μM had an inhibitory effect on plant growth. Gene responses were quantified in M. truncatula by semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). Genes involved in the biosynthesis of phytoalexins (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chalcone synthase, chalcone reductase), antifungal activity (pathogenesis-related proteins, chitinase), or cell wall (invertase) were highly upregulated in roots or cells after paenimyxin treatment. The mechanisms potentially involved in plant protection are discussed.
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Kuznetsova E, Seddas-Dozolme PMA, Arnould C, Tollot M, van Tuinen D, Borisov A, Gianinazzi S, Gianinazzi-Pearson V. Symbiosis-related pea genes modulate fungal and plant gene expression during the arbuscule stage of mycorrhiza with Glomus intraradices. MYCORRHIZA 2010; 20:427-43. [PMID: 20094894 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-009-0292-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The arbuscular mycorrhiza association results from a successful interaction between genomes of the plant and fungal symbiotic partners. In this study, we analyzed the effect of inactivation of late-stage symbiosis-related pea genes on symbiosis-associated fungal and plant molecular responses in order to gain insight into their role in the functional mycorrhizal association. The expression of a subset of ten fungal and eight plant genes, previously reported to be activated during mycorrhiza development, was compared in Glomus intraradices-inoculated wild-type and isogenic genotypes of pea mutated for the PsSym36, PsSym33, and PsSym40 genes where arbuscule formation is inhibited or fungal turnover modulated, respectively. Microdissection was used to corroborate arbuscule-related fungal gene expression. Molecular responses varied between pea genotypes and with fungal development. Most of the fungal genes were downregulated when arbuscule formation was defective, and several were upregulated with more rapid fungal development. Some of the plant genes were also affected by inactivation of the PsSym36, PsSym33, and PsSym40 loci, but in a more time-dependent way during root colonization by G. intraradices. Results indicate a role of the late-stage symbiosis-related pea genes not only in mycorrhiza development but also in the symbiotic functioning of arbuscule-containing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kuznetsova
- UMR 1088 INRA/5184 CNRS/Université de Bourgogne Plante-Microbe-Environnement, INRA-CMSE, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
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Recorbet G, Valot B, Robert F, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Dumas-Gaudot E. Identification of in planta-expressed arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal proteins upon comparison of the root proteomes of Medicago truncatula colonised with two Glomus species. Fungal Genet Biol 2010; 47:608-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Van der Ent S, Van Wees SCM, Pieterse CMJ. Jasmonate signaling in plant interactions with resistance-inducing beneficial microbes. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1581-8. [PMID: 19712950 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial soil-borne microorganisms can induce an enhanced defensive capacity in above-ground plant parts that provides protection against a broad spectrum of microbial pathogens and even insect herbivores. The phytohormones jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene emerged as important regulators of this induced systemic resistance (ISR). ISR triggered by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and fungi is often not associated with enhanced biosynthesis of these hormones, nor with massive changes in defense-related gene expression. Instead, ISR-expressing plants are primed for enhanced defense. Priming is characterized by a faster and stronger expression of cellular defense responses that become activated only upon pathogen or insect attack, resulting in an enhanced level of resistance to the invader encountered. Recent advances in induced defense signaling research revealed regulators of ISR and suggest a model in which (JA)-related transcription factors play a central role in establishing the primed state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd Van der Ent
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Genre A, Ortu G, Bertoldo C, Martino E, Bonfante P. Biotic and abiotic stimulation of root epidermal cells reveals common and specific responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 149:1424-34. [PMID: 19151131 PMCID: PMC2649410 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.132225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
During arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization, a focal accumulation of organelles occurs in root epidermal cells, prior to fungal penetration, beneath adhering hyphopodia. This is followed by the appearance of the prepenetration apparatus (PPA), a transcellular column of cytoplasm connected to the nucleus and rich in cytoskeleton and secretory endomembranes. This apparatus appears to be responsible for the construction of an apoplastic compartment that confines the fungus within the cell lumen. To identify AM-specific elements within the PPA response, we challenged root cultures of Medicago truncatula, expressing a green fluorescent protein tag for the endoplasmic reticulum, with an AM symbiont, a necrotrophic pathogen, a hemibiotrophic pathogen, a noncompatible endomycorrhizal fungus, or abiotic physical stimuli. Parallel experiments were made on a M. truncatula nonsymbiotic mutant (doesn't make infections, dmi3-1). The results have highlighted a correlation between physical stimulation of the cell surface and nuclear repositioning. Cytoplasmic aggregation was only induced by contact with compatible fungi, whereas PPA appearance was specifically triggered by the AM fungus. The dmi3-1 mutant did not develop cytoplasmic aggregation or PPA and underwent cell death upon physical stimulation. The up-regulation of an expansin-like gene, already identified as an early marker of AM fungal contact, was triggered in wild-type roots by all the fungi tested. Such observations identify responses that are specific to mycorrhizal interactions and extend the role of the DMI3 protein, a calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase, from symbiotic to pathogenic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Genre
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università di Torino and Istituto Protezione Piante-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Tollot M, Wong Sak Hoi J, van Tuinen D, Arnould C, Chatagnier O, Dumas B, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Seddas PMA. An STE12 gene identified in the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices restores infectivity of a hemibiotrophic plant pathogen. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 181:693-707. [PMID: 19140944 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms of root penetration by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are unknown and investigations are hampered by the lack of transformation systems for these unculturable obligate biotrophs. Early steps of host infection by hemibiotrophic fungal phytopathogens, sharing common features with those of AM fungal colonization, depend on the transcription factor STE12. Using degenerated primers and rapid amplification of cDNA ends, we isolated the full-length cDNA of an STE12-like gene, GintSTE, from Glomus intraradices and profiled GintSTE expression by real-time and in situ RT-PCR. GintSTE activity and function were investigated by heterologous complementation of a yeast ste12Delta mutant and a Colletotrichum lindemuthianum clste12Delta mutant. * Sequence data indicate that GintSTE is similar to STE12 from hemibiotrophic plant pathogens, especially Colletotrichum spp. Introduction of GintSTE into a noninvasive mutant of C. lindemuthianum restored fungal infectivity of plant tissues. GintSTE expression was specifically localized in extraradicular fungal structures and was up-regulated when G. intraradices penetrated roots of wild-type Medicago truncatula as compared with an incompatible mutant. Results suggest a possible role for GintSTE in early steps of root penetration by AM fungi, and that pathogenic and symbiotic fungi may share common regulatory mechanisms for invasion of plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Tollot
- UMR INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne, Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 17 Rue Sully - BP 86510 - 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
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Crespi M, Frugier F. De Novo Organ Formation from Differentiated Cells: Root Nodule Organogenesis. Sci Signal 2008; 1:re11. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.149re11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Van Wees SCM, Van der Ent S, Pieterse CMJ. Plant immune responses triggered by beneficial microbes. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 11:443-8. [PMID: 18585955 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial soil-borne microorganisms, such as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and mycorrhizal fungi, can improve plant performance by inducing systemic defense responses that confer broad-spectrum resistance to plant pathogens and even insect herbivores. Different beneficial microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) are recognized by the plant, which results in a mild, but effective activation of the plant immune responses in systemic tissues. Evidence is accumulating that systemic resistance induced by different beneficials is regulated by similar jasmonate-dependent and ethylene-dependent signaling pathways and is associated with priming for enhanced defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia C M Van Wees
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 800.56, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Meschini EP, Blanco FA, Zanetti ME, Beker MP, Küster H, Pühler A, Aguilar OM. Host genes involved in nodulation preference in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)-rhizobium etli symbiosis revealed by suppressive subtractive hybridization. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2008; 21:459-68. [PMID: 18321191 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-21-4-0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Common bean cultivars are nodulated preferentially by Rhizobium etli lineages from the same center of host diversification. Nodulation was found to be earlier and numerous in bean plants inoculated with the cognate strain. We predicted that analysis of transcripts at early stages of the interaction between host and rhizobium would identify plant genes that are most likely to be involved in this preferential nodulation. Therefore, we applied a suppressive subtractive hybridization approach in which cDNA from a Mesoamerican cultivar inoculated with either the more- or less-efficient strain of R. etli was used as the driver and the tester, respectively. Forty-one independent tentative consensus sequences (TCs) were obtained and classified into different functional categories. Of 11 selected TCs, 9 were confirmed by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Two genes show high homology to previously characterized plant receptors. Two other upregulated genes encode for Rab11, a member of the small GTP-binding protein family, and HAP5, a subunit of the heterotrimeric CCAAT-transcription factor. Interestingly, one of the TCs encodes for an isoflavone reductase, which may lead to earlier Nod factor production by specific strains of rhizobia. The transcript abundance of selected cDNAs also was found to be higher in mature nodules of the more efficient interaction. Small or no differences were observed when an Andean bean cultivar was inoculated with a cognate strain, suggesting involvement of these genes in the strain-specific response. The potential role of these genes in the early preferential symbiotic interaction is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eitel Peltzer Meschini
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900-La Plata, Argentina
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Pieterse CMJ, Dicke M. Plant interactions with microbes and insects: from molecular mechanisms to ecology. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2007; 12:564-9. [PMID: 17997347 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants are members of complex communities and interact both with antagonists and beneficial organisms. An important question in plant defense-signaling research is how plants integrate signals induced by pathogens, beneficial microbes and insects into the most appropriate adaptive response. Molecular and genomic tools are now being used to uncover the complexity of the induced defense signaling networks that have evolved during the arms races between plants and their attackers. Molecular biologists and ecologists are joining forces to place molecular mechanisms of plant defense into an ecological perspective. Here, we review our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of induced plant defense and their potential ecological relevance in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, PO Box 800.84, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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De Vos M, Van Oosten VR, Jander G, Dicke M, Pieterse CM. Plants under attack: multiple interactions with insects and microbes. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2007; 2:527-9. [PMID: 19704549 PMCID: PMC2634359 DOI: 10.4161/psb.2.6.4663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
To defend themselves, plants activate inducible defense mechanisms that are effective against the invader that is encountered. There is partial overlap in the defense signaling pathways that are induced by insect herbivores and microbial pathogens that may result in cross-resistance. We have previously shown that infestation by tissue-chewing Pieris rapae larvae induces resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana against subsequent attack by the microbial pathogens Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst), Xanthomonas campestris pv. armoraciae (Xca) and turnip crinkle virus (TCV). Phloem-feeding aphids, such as the generalist Myzus persicae, have a stealthy feeding strategy that is very different from chewing by lepidopteran larvae. Yet, M. persicae feeding results in a large transcriptomic change. Here, we report on the effectiveness of the defense response that is triggered by M. persicae infestation, as well as the sensitivity of M. persicae to microbially-induced resistance. M. persicae reproduction was not affected by prior conspecific feeding, nor was aphid-induced resistance effective against subsequent attack by Pst, Xca or TCV. Moreover, induced systemic resistance (ISR) triggered by beneficial Pseudomonas fluorescens rhizobacteria was not effective against M. persicae. However, systemic acquired resistance (SAR) induced by prior infection with avirulent Pst was associated with reduced aphid reproduction. These data provide insight into the effectiveness of pathogen and insect resistance and highlight the complexity of the defense responses that are triggered during multitrophic plant-attacker interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin De Vos
- Plant-Microbe Interactions; Institute of Environmental Biology; Department of Biology; Faculty of Science; Utrecht University; Utrecht, The Netherlands
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38
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van Loon LC. Plant responses to plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY 2007; 119:243-254. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s10658-007-9165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Massoumou M, van Tuinen D, Chatagnier O, Arnould C, Brechenmacher L, Sanchez L, Selim S, Gianinazzi S, Gianinazzi-Pearson V. Medicago truncatula gene responses specific to arbuscular mycorrhiza interactions with different species and genera of Glomeromycota. MYCORRHIZA 2007; 17:223-234. [PMID: 17245570 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-006-0099-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant genes exhibiting common responses to different arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and not induced under other biological conditions have been sought for to identify specific markers for monitoring the AM symbiosis. A subset of 14 candidate Medicago truncatula genes was identified as being potentially mycorrhiza responsive in previous cDNA microarray analyses and exclusive to cDNA libraries derived from mycorrhizal root tissues. Transcriptional activity of the selected plant genes was compared during root interactions with seven AM fungi belonging to different species of Glomus, Acaulospora, Gigaspora, or Scutellospora, and under widely different biological conditions (mycorrhiza, phosphate fertilization, pathogenic/beneficial microbe interactions, incompatible plant genotype). Ten of the M. truncatula genes were commonly induced by all the tested AM fungal species, and all were activated by at least two fungi. Most of the plant genes were transcribed uniquely in mycorrhizal roots, and several were already active at the appressorium stage of fungal development. Novel data provide evidence that common recognition responses to phylogenetically different Glomeromycota exist in plants during events that are unique to mycorrhiza interactions. They indicate that plants should possess a mycorrhiza-specific genetic program which is comodulated by a broad spectrum of AM fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Massoumou
- UMR 1088 INRA/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne Plante-Microbe-Environnement, INRA-CMSE, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - D van Tuinen
- UMR 1088 INRA/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne Plante-Microbe-Environnement, INRA-CMSE, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France.
| | - O Chatagnier
- UMR 1088 INRA/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne Plante-Microbe-Environnement, INRA-CMSE, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - C Arnould
- UMR 1088 INRA/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne Plante-Microbe-Environnement, INRA-CMSE, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - L Brechenmacher
- UMR 1088 INRA/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne Plante-Microbe-Environnement, INRA-CMSE, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - L Sanchez
- UMR 1088 INRA/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne Plante-Microbe-Environnement, INRA-CMSE, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France
- Département Ecophysiologie Végétale et de Microbiologie/DSV, CEA Cadarache, LEMiR, UMR 6191 CNRS-CEA-Université de la Méditerranée, 13108, Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - S Selim
- UMR 1088 INRA/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne Plante-Microbe-Environnement, INRA-CMSE, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France
- Département Sciences Agronomiques, ISAB, Rue Pierre Waguet, BP 30313, 60026, Beauvais Cedex, France
| | - S Gianinazzi
- UMR 1088 INRA/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne Plante-Microbe-Environnement, INRA-CMSE, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France
| | - V Gianinazzi-Pearson
- UMR 1088 INRA/CNRS 5184/Université de Bourgogne Plante-Microbe-Environnement, INRA-CMSE, BP 86510, 21065, Dijon Cedex, France
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Liu J, Maldonado-Mendoza I, Lopez-Meyer M, Cheung F, Town CD, Harrison MJ. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is accompanied by local and systemic alterations in gene expression and an increase in disease resistance in the shoots. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 50:529-44. [PMID: 17419842 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In natural ecosystems, the roots of many plants exist in association with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, and the resulting symbiosis has profound effects on the plant. The most frequently documented response is an increase in phosphorus nutrition; however, other effects have been noted, including increased resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Here we used a 16,000-feature oligonucleotide array and real-time quantitative RT-PCR to explore transcriptional changes triggered in Medicago truncatula roots and shoots as a result of AM symbiosis. By controlling the experimental conditions, phosphorus-related effects were minimized, and both local and systemic transcriptional responses to the AM fungus were revealed. The transcriptional response of the roots and shoots differed in both the magnitude of gene induction and the predicted functional categories of the mycorrhiza-regulated genes. In the roots, genes regulated in response to three different AM fungi were identified, and, through split-root experiments, an additional layer of regulation, in the colonized or non-colonized sections of the mycorrhizal root system, was uncovered. Transcript profiles of the shoots of mycorrhizal plants indicated the systemic induction of many genes predicted to be involved in stress or defense responses, and suggested that mycorrhizal plants might display enhanced disease resistance. Experimental evidence supports this prediction, and mycorrhizal M. truncatula plants showed increased resistance to a virulent bacterial pathogen, Xanthomonas campestris. Thus, the symbiosis is accompanied by a complex pattern of local and systemic changes in gene expression, including the induction of a functional defense response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyuan Liu
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY14853, USA
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41
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Proteomic and transcriptional analyses of coral larvae newly engaged in symbiosis with dinoflagellates. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2007; 2:63-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2006] [Revised: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Godiard L, Niebel A, Micheli F, Gouzy J, Ott T, Gamas P. Identification of new potential regulators of the Medicago truncatula-Sinorhizobium meliloti symbiosis using a large-scale suppression subtractive hybridization approach. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2007; 20:321-32. [PMID: 17378435 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-20-3-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We set up a large-scale suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) approach to identify Medicago truncatula genes differentially expressed at different stages of the symbiotic interaction with Sinorhizobium meliloti, with a particular interest for regulatory genes. We constructed 7 SSH libraries covering successive stages from Nod factor signal transduction to S. meliloti infection, nodule organogenesis, and functioning. Over 26,000 clones were differentially screened by two rounds of macroarray hybridizations. In all, 3,340 clones, corresponding to genes whose expression was potentially affected, were selected, sequenced, and ordered into 2,107 tentative gene clusters, including 767 MtS clusters corresponding to new M. truncatula genes. In total, 52 genes encoding potential regulatory proteins, including transcription factors (TFs) and other elements of signal transduction cascades, were identified. The expression pattern of some of them was analyzed by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction in wild-type and in Nod- M. truncatula mutants blocked before or after S. meliloti infection. Three genes, coding for TFs of the bHLH and WRKY families and a C2H2 zinc-finger protein, respectively, were found to be upregulated, following S. meliloti inoculation, in the infection-defective mutant lin, whereas the bHLH gene also was expressed in the root-hair-curling mutant hcl. The potential role of these genes in early symbiotic steps is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Godiard
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM), UMR CNRS-INRA 2594/441, BP 52627, F- 31 326 Castanet Tolosan, France.
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43
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Balestrini R, Lanfranco L. Fungal and plant gene expression in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. MYCORRHIZA 2006; 16:509-524. [PMID: 17004063 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-006-0069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AMs) are a unique example of symbiosis between two eukaryotes, soil fungi and plants. This association induces important physiological changes in each partner that lead to reciprocal benefits, mainly in nutrient supply. The symbiosis results from modifications in plant and fungal cell organization caused by specific changes in gene expression. Recently, much effort has gone into studying these gene expression patterns to identify a wider spectrum of genes involved. We aim in this review to describe AM symbiosis in terms of current knowledge on plant and fungal gene expression profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Balestrini
- Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante-Sezione di Torino-CNR, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Luisa Lanfranco
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università di Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Turin, Italy
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Amiour N, Recorbet G, Robert F, Gianinazzi S, Dumas-Gaudot E. Mutations in DMI3 and SUNN modify the appressorium-responsive root proteome in arbuscular mycorrhiza. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2006; 19:988-97. [PMID: 16941903 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-19-0988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Modification of the Medicago truncatula root proteome during the early stage of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis was investigated by comparing, using two-dimensional electrophoresis, the protein patterns obtained from non-inoculated roots and roots synchronized for Glomus intraradices appressorium formation. This approach was conducted in wild-type (J5), mycorrhiza-defective (TRV25, dmi3), and autoregulation-defective (TR122, sunn) M. truncatula genotypes. The groups of proteins that responded to appressorium formation were further compared between wild-type and mutant genotypes; few overlaps and major differences were recorded, demonstrating that mutations in DMI3 and SUNN modified the appressorium-responsive root proteome. Except for a chalcone reductase, none of the differentially displayed proteins that could be identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry previously was known as appressorium responsive. A DMI3-dependent increased accumulation of signal transduction-related proteins (dehydroascorbate reductase, cyclophilin, and actin depolymerization factor) was found to precede mycorrhiza establishment. Differences in the accumulation of proteins related to plant defense reactions, cytoskeleton rearrangements, and auxin signaling upon symbiont contact were recorded between wild-type and hypermycorrhizal genotypes, pointing to some putative pathways by which SUNN may regulate very early arbuscule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nardjis Amiour
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Plante-Microbe-Environnement INRA 1088, CNRS 5184, Université de Bourgogne, INRA-CMSE, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon, France
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Bonfante P, Genre A, Spanu PD. Plant-microbe interactions in Yucatán: hurricanes didn't curb the whirlwind of discovery. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2006; 170:653-5. [PMID: 16684229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bonfante
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale dell'Università, Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante-CNR, Sezione di Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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