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Tang Y, Zhou C, Yu Z, Jiang M, Chen Y, Wang H, Yang Z. Formation of lipid-derived volatile products through lipoxygenase (LOX)- and hydroperoxide lyase (HPL)- mediated pathway in oat, barley and soy bean. Food Chem X 2024; 22:101514. [PMID: 38883919 PMCID: PMC11176625 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the formation of volatile lipid oxidation products by the lipoxygenase (LOX)-hydroperoxide lyase (HPL)-mediated pathway in oat, barley and soy bean. LOX activity was found only in barley and soy bean samples, but the lipase and HPL activity was detected in all samples. HPL showed particularly high activity with 13-hydroperoxides, while the activity was quite low when using 9-hydroperoxides, especially in the oat and barley. The optimum pH for HPL in different samples was similar, i.e., pH 6-7. In this condition, the volatile compounds formed dramatically with aldehydes and furans as the dominant products. Furthermore, a remarkable enzymatic degradation of lipids occurred during the preparation of food models with highly refined rapeseed oil (RO) and rapeseed oil fatty acid (ROFA) emulsions, where the ROFAs were more prone to oxidation than RO. This study shows the significance of lipid-degrading enzymes in plant-food flavour formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chenguang Zhou
- Agricultural Product Processing and Storage Lab, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhiyang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Meng Jiang
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Lu H, Wang M, Zhou S, Chen K, Wang L, Yi Z, Bai L, Zhang Y. Chitosan Oligosaccharides Mitigate Flooding Stress Damage in Rice by Affecting Antioxidants, Osmoregulation, and Hormones. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:521. [PMID: 38790626 PMCID: PMC11117766 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important food crops worldwide. However, during direct seeding, rice is extremely vulnerable to flooding stress, which impairs rice's emergence and seedling growth and results in a significant yield loss. According to our research, chitosan oligosaccharides have the potential to be a chemical seed-soaking agent that greatly increases rice's resistance to flooding. Chitosan oligosaccharides were able to enhance seed energy supply, osmoregulation, and antioxidant capacity, according to physiological index assessments. Using transcriptome and metabolomic analysis, we discovered that important differential metabolites and genes were involved in the signaling pathway for hormone synthesis and antioxidant capacity. Exogenous chitosan oligosaccharides specifically and significantly inhibit genes linked to auxin, jasmonic acid, and abscisic acid. This suggested that applying chitosan oligosaccharides could stabilize seedling growth and development by controlling associated hormones and reducing flooding stress by enhancing membrane stability and antioxidant capacity. Finally, we verified the effectiveness of exogenous chitosan oligosaccharides imbibed in seeds by field validation, demonstrating that they can enhance rice seedling emergence and growth under flooding stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha 410125, China; (H.L.); (M.W.); (K.C.); (L.W.)
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
| | - Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha 410125, China; (H.L.); (M.W.); (K.C.); (L.W.)
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
| | - Shangfeng Zhou
- Hunan Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Changsha 410125, China;
| | - Ke Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha 410125, China; (H.L.); (M.W.); (K.C.); (L.W.)
| | - Lifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha 410125, China; (H.L.); (M.W.); (K.C.); (L.W.)
| | - Zhenxie Yi
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
| | - Lianyang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha 410125, China; (H.L.); (M.W.); (K.C.); (L.W.)
- Hunan Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Changsha 410125, China;
| | - Yuzhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha 410125, China; (H.L.); (M.W.); (K.C.); (L.W.)
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Sun M, Shen Y. Integrating the multiple functions of CHLH into chloroplast-derived signaling fundamental to plant development and adaptation as well as fruit ripening. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 338:111892. [PMID: 37821024 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl)-mediated oxygenic photosynthesis sustains life on Earth. Greening leaves play fundamental roles in plant growth and crop yield, correlating with the idea that more Chls lead to better adaptation. However, they face significant challenges from various unfavorable environments. Chl biosynthesis hinges on the first committed step, which involves inserting Mg2+ into protoporphyrin. This step is facilitated by the H subunit of magnesium chelatase (CHLH) and features a conserved mechanism from cyanobacteria to plants. For better adaptation to fluctuating land environments, especially drought, CHLH evolves multiple biological functions, including Chl biosynthesis, retrograde signaling, and abscisic acid (ABA) responses. Additionally, it integrates into various chloroplast-derived signaling pathways, encompassing both retrograde signaling and hormonal signaling. The former comprises ROS (reactive oxygen species), heme, GUN (genomes uncoupled), MEcPP (methylerythritol cyclodiphosphate), β-CC (β-cyclocitral), and PAP (3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphate). The latter involves phytohormones like ABA, ethylene, auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, strigolactone, brassinolide, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid. Together, these elements create a coordinated regulatory network tailored to plant development and adaptation. An intriguing example is how drought-mediated improvement of fruit quality provides insights into chloroplast-derived signaling, aiding the shift from vegetative to reproductive growth. In this context, we explore the integration of CHLH's multifaceted roles into chloroplast-derived signaling, which lays the foundation for plant development and adaptation, as well as fruit ripening and quality. In the future, manipulating chloroplast-derived signaling may offer a promising avenue to enhance crop yield and quality through the homeostasis, function, and regulation of Chls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Sun
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, 7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yuanyue Shen
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, 7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China.
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Wu Z, Guo Z, Wang K, Wang R, Fang C. Comparative Metabolomic Analysis Reveals the Role of OsHPL1 in the Cold-Induced Metabolic Changes in Rice. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2032. [PMID: 37653948 PMCID: PMC10221390 DOI: 10.3390/plants12102032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP74) family members participate in the generation of oxylipins and play essential roles in plant adaptation. However, the metabolic reprogramming mediated by CYP74s under cold stress remains largely unexplored. Herein, we report how cold-triggered OsHPL1, a member of the CYP74 family, modulates rice metabolism. Cold stress significantly induced the expression of OsHPL1 and the accumulation of OPDA (12-oxo-phytodienoic acid) and jasmonates in the wild-type (WT) plants. The absence of OsHPL1 attenuates OPDA accumulation to a low temperature. Then, we performed a widely targeted metabolomics study covering 597 structurally annotated compounds. In the WT and hpl1 plants, cold stress remodeled the metabolism of lipids and amino acids. Although the WT and hpl1 mutants shared over one hundred cold-affected differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs), some displayed distinct cold-responding patterns. Furthermore, we identified 114 and 56 cold-responding DAMs, specifically in the WT and hpl1 mutants. In conclusion, our work characterized cold-triggered metabolic rewiring and the metabolic role of OsHPL1 in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Wu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570288, China
| | - Zhiyu Guo
- School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570288, China
| | - Kemiao Wang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570288, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570288, China
| | - Chuanying Fang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570288, China
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Mechanical Stimulation Decreases Auxin and Gibberellic Acid Synthesis but Does Not Affect Auxin Transport in Axillary Buds; It Also Stimulates Peroxidase Activity in Petunia × atkinsiana. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062714. [PMID: 36985685 PMCID: PMC10053601 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Thigmomorphogenesis (or mechanical stimulation-MS) is a term created by Jaffe and means plant response to natural stimuli such as the blow of the wind, strong rain, or touch, resulting in a decrease in length and an increase of branching as well as an increase in the activity of axillary buds. MS is very well known in plant morphology, but physiological processes controlling plant growth are not well discovered yet. In the current study, we tried to find an answer to the question if MS truly may affect auxin synthesis or transport in the early stage of plant growth, and which physiological factors may be responsible for growth arrest in petunia. According to the results of current research, we noticed that MS affects plant growth but does not block auxin transport from the apical bud. MS arrests IAA and GA3 synthesis in MS-treated plants over the longer term. The main factor responsible for the thickening of cell walls and the same strengthening of vascular tissues and growth arrestment, in this case, is peroxidase (POX) activity, but special attention should be also paid to AGPs as signaling molecules which also are directly involved in growth regulation as well as in cell wall modifications.
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Tran AD, Cho K, Han O. Rice peroxygenase catalyzes lipoxygenase-dependent regiospecific epoxidation of lipid peroxides in the response to abiotic stressors. Bioorg Chem 2023; 131:106285. [PMID: 36450198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The peroxygenase pathway plays pivotal roles in plant responses to oxidative stress and other environmental stressors. Analysis of a network of co-expressed stress-regulated rice genes demonstrated that expression of OsPXG9 is negatively correlated with expression of genes involved in jasmonic acid biosynthesis. DNA sequence analysis and structure/function studies reveal that OsPXG9 is a caleosin-like peroxygenase with amphipathic α-helices that localizes to lipid droplets in rice cells. Enzymatic studies demonstrate that 12-epoxidation is slightly more favorable with 9(S)-hydroperoxyoctadecatrienoic acid than with 9(S)-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid as substrate. The products of 12-epoxidation are labile, and the epoxide ring is hydrolytically cleaved into corresponding trihydroxy compounds. On the other hand, OsPXG9 catalyzed 15-epoxidation of 13(S)-hydroperoxyoctadecatrienoic acid generates a relatively stable epoxide product. Therefore, the regiospecific 12- or 15-epoxidation catalyzed by OsPXG9 strongly depends on activation of the 9- or 13- peroxygenase reaction pathways, with their respective preferred substrates. The relative abundance of products in the 9-PXG and 13-PXG pathways suggest that the 12-epoxidation involves intramolecular oxygen transfer while the 15-epoxidation can proceed via intramolecular or intermolecular oxygen transfer. Expression of OsPXG9 is up-regulated by abiotic stimuli such as drought and salt stress, but it is down-regulated by biotic stimuli such as flagellin 22 and salicylic acid. The results suggest that the primary function of OsPXG9 is to modulate the level of lipid peroxides to facilitate effective defense responses to abiotic and biotic stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Duc Tran
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungwon Cho
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Oksoo Han
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
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Identification of the key genes contributing to the LOX-HPL volatile aldehyde biosynthesis pathway in jujube fruit. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:285-294. [PMID: 36150569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is a traditional popular fruit widely grown in China. The volatiles in jujube determine its unique flavor and the high fruit quality required by consumers. However, the biosynthesis of volatiles in jujube were remain unknown. By using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, there were 46 volatile compounds were identified and determined from three representative jujube fruit types at six developmental stages, including the dry-used (Z. jujuba cv. 'Junzao'), the fresh-used (Z. jujuba cv. 'Dongzao'), and wild jujube (Z. jujuba var. spinosa Hu. cv. 'Qingjiansuanzao'). The aldehydes were identified as major volatile contributors to flavor, of which (E)-2-hexenal was the primary volatile in jujube fruit. Then LOX and HPL gene family were identified in jujube, which were involved in aldehyde biosynthesis through the lipoxygenase-hydroperoxide lyase (LOX-HPL) pathway. Gene expression analysis suggested that ZjLOX3, ZjLOX4, and ZjHPL1 were highly correlated with the accumulation of (E)-2-hexenal, and their proteins were localized to the nucleus and cytoplasm. Transient over-expression of ZjLOX3, ZjLOX4, and ZjHPL1 in jujube fruit significantly enhanced the accumulation of (E)-2-hexenal. Our study provides valuable information on the major volatiles and their biosynthesis in different types of jujube fruit. These results will help determine flavor improvements for future breeding.
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Jan M, Liu Z, Rochaix JD, Sun X. Retrograde and anterograde signaling in the crosstalk between chloroplast and nucleus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:980237. [PMID: 36119624 PMCID: PMC9478734 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.980237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast is a complex cellular organelle that not only performs photosynthesis but also synthesizes amino acids, lipids, and phytohormones. Nuclear and chloroplast genetic activity are closely coordinated through signaling chains from the nucleus to chloroplast, referred to as anterograde signaling, and from chloroplast to the nucleus, named retrograde signaling. The chloroplast can act as an environmental sensor and communicates with other cell compartments during its biogenesis and in response to stress, notably with the nucleus through retrograde signaling to regulate nuclear gene expression in response to developmental cues and stresses that affect photosynthesis and growth. Although several components involved in the generation and transmission of plastid-derived retrograde signals and in the regulation of the responsive nuclear genes have been identified, the plastid retrograde signaling network is still poorly understood. Here, we review the current knowledge on multiple plastid retrograde signaling pathways, and on potential plastid signaling molecules. We also discuss the retrograde signaling-dependent regulation of nuclear gene expression within the frame of a multilayered network of transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masood Jan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jean-David Rochaix
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Xuwu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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Yactayo-Chang JP, Hunter CT, Alborn HT, Christensen SA, Block AK. Production of the Green Leaf Volatile (Z)-3-Hexenal by a Zea mays Hydroperoxide Lyase. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11172201. [PMID: 36079583 PMCID: PMC9460041 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant-produced volatile compounds play important roles in plant signaling and in the communication of plants with other organisms. Many plants emit green leaf volatiles (GLVs) in response to damage or attack, which serve to warn neighboring plants or attract predatory or parasitic insects to help defend against insect pests. GLVs include aldehydes, esters, and alcohols of 6-carbon compounds that are released rapidly following wounding. One GLV produced by maize (Zea mays) is the volatile (Z)-3-hexenal; this volatile is produced from the cleavage of (9Z,11E,15Z)-octadecatrienoic acid by hydroperoxide lyases (HPLs) of the cytochrome P450 CYP74B family. The specific HPL in maize involved in (Z)-3-hexenal production had not been determined. In this study, we used phylogenetics with known HPLs from other species to identify a candidate HPL from maize (ZmHPL). To test the ability of the putative HPL to produce (Z)-3-hexenal, we constitutively expressed the gene in Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia-0 that contains a natural loss-of-function mutant in AtHPL and examined the transgenic plants for restored (Z)-3-hexenal production. Volatile analysis of leaves from these transgenic plants showed that they did produce (Z)-3-hexenal, confirming that ZmHPL can produce (Z)-3-hexenal in vivo. Furthermore, we used gene expression analysis to show that expression of ZmHPL is induced in maize in response to both wounding and the insect pests Spodoptera frugiperda and Spodoptera exigua. Our study demonstrates that ZmHPL can produce GLVs and highlights its likely role in (Z)-3-hexenal production in response to mechanical damage and herbivory in maize.
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Wang Y, Liu M, Ge D, Akhter Bhat J, Li Y, Kong J, Liu K, Zhao T. Hydroperoxide lyase modulates defense response and confers lesion-mimic leaf phenotype in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:1315-1333. [PMID: 32996255 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Allene oxide synthase (AOS) and hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) are two important members of P450 enzymes metabolizing hydroperoxy fatty acid to produce jasmonates and aldehydes respectively, which function in response to diverse environmental and developmental stimuli. However, their exact roles in soybean have not been clarified. In present study, we identified a lesion-mimic mutant in soybean named NT302, which exhibits etiolated phenotype together with chlorotic and spontaneous lesions on leaves at R3 podding stage. The underlying gene was identified as GmHPL encoding hydroperoxide lyase by map-based cloning strategy. Sequence analysis demonstrated that a single nucleotide mutation created a premature termination codon (Gln20-Ter), which resulted in a truncated GmHPL protein in NT302. GmHPL RNA was significantly reduced in NT302 mutant, while genes in AOS branch of the 13-LOX pathway were up-regulated in NT302. The mutant exhibited higher susceptibility to bacterial leaf pustule (BLP) disease, but increased resistance against common cutworm (CCW) pest. GmHPL was significantly induced in response to MeJA, wounding, and CCW in wild type soybean. Virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) of GhHPL genes gave rise to similar lesion-mimic leaf phenotypes in upland cotton, coupled with upregulation of the expression of JA biosynthesis and JA-induced genes. Our study provides evidence that competition exist between HPL and AOS branches in 13-LOX pathway of the oxylipin metabolism in soybean, thereby plays essential roles in modulation of plant development and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Wang
- Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, National Center for Soybean Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Meifeng Liu
- Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, National Center for Soybean Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Dongdong Ge
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Javaid Akhter Bhat
- Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, National Center for Soybean Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yawei Li
- Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, National Center for Soybean Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiejie Kong
- Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, National Center for Soybean Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kang Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Tuanjie Zhao
- Soybean Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean, National Center for Soybean Improvement (Ministry of Agriculture), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Tu R, Wang H, Liu Q, Wang D, Zhou X, Xu P, Zhang Y, Wu W, Chen D, Cao L, Cheng S, Shen X. Characterization and genetic analysis of the oshpl3 rice lesion mimic mutant showing spontaneous cell death and enhanced bacterial blight resistance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 154:94-104. [PMID: 32535325 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant lesion mimic mutants have been used as ideal materials for studying pathogen defense mechanisms due to their spontaneous activation of defense responses in plants. Here, we report the identification and characterization of a rice lesion mimic mutant, oshpl3. The oshpl3 mutant initially displayed white spots on leaves of 7-day-old seedlings, and the white spots gradually turned into large brown spots during plant development, accompanied by poor metrics of major agronomic traits. Histochemical analysis showed that spontaneous cell death and H2O2 hyperaccumulation occurred in oshpl3. Defense responses were induced in the oshpl3 mutant, such as enhanced ROS signaling activated by recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and also upregulated expression of genes involved in pathogenesis and JA metabolism. These defense responses enhanced resistance to bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. The mutated gene was identified as OsHPL3 (LOC_Os02g02000) by map-based cloning. A G1006A mutation occurred in OsHPL3, causing a G-to-D mutation of the 295th amino acid in the transmembrane region of OsHPL3. OsHPL3 localized to the chloroplast, cytoplasm, and another unknown organelle, while the mutated protein OsHPL3G295D was not obviously observed in the chloroplast, suggesting that the G295D mutation affected its chloroplast localization. Based on our findings, the G295D mutation in OsHPL3 is most likely responsible for the phenotypes of the oshpl3 mutant. Our results provide new clues for studying the function of the OsHPL3 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Tu
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Qunen Liu
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Dongfei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Xingpeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Yinxing Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Weixun Wu
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Daibo Chen
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China
| | - Liyong Cao
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China.
| | - Shihua Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China.
| | - Xihong Shen
- Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, and China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311400, China.
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12
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Gorman Z, Christensen SA, Yan Y, He Y, Borrego E, Kolomiets MV. Green leaf volatiles and jasmonic acid enhance susceptibility to anthracnose diseases caused by Colletotrichum graminicola in maize. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:702-715. [PMID: 32105380 PMCID: PMC7170777 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum graminicola is a hemibiotrophic fungus that causes anthracnose leaf blight (ALB) and anthracnose stalk rot (ASR) in maize. Despite substantial economic losses caused by these diseases, the defence mechanisms against this pathogen remain poorly understood. Several hormones are suggested to aid in defence against C. graminicola, such as jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA), but supporting genetic evidence was not reported. Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) are a group of well-characterized volatiles that induce JA biosynthesis in maize and are known to function in defence against necrotrophic pathogens. Information regarding the role of GLVs and JA in interactions with (hemi)biotrophic pathogens remains limited. To functionally elucidate GLVs and JA in defence against a hemibiotrophic pathogen, we tested GLV- and JA-deficient mutants, lox10 and opr7 opr8, respectively, for resistance to ASR and ALB and profiled jasmonates and SA in their stalks and leaves throughout infection. Both mutants were resistant and generally displayed elevated levels of SA and low amounts of jasmonates, especially at early stages of infection. Pretreatment with GLVs restored susceptibility of lox10 mutants, but not opr7 opr8 mutants, which coincided with complete rescue of JA levels. Exogenous methyl jasmonate restored susceptibility in both mutants when applied before inoculation, whereas methyl salicylate did not induce further resistance in either of the mutants, but did induce mutant-like resistance in the wild type. Collectively, this study reveals that GLVs and JA contribute to maize susceptibility to C. graminicola due to suppression of SA-related defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Gorman
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Shawn A. Christensen
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
- Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service (USDA–ARS), Chemistry Research UnitCenter for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary EntomologyGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Yuanxin Yan
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm EnhancementNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yongming He
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Genetic BreedingJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Eli Borrego
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life SciencesRochester Institute of TechnologyRochesterNYUSA
| | - Michael V. Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
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13
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Stolterfoht H, Rinnofner C, Winkler M, Pichler H. Recombinant Lipoxygenases and Hydroperoxide Lyases for the Synthesis of Green Leaf Volatiles. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13367-13392. [PMID: 31591878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) are mainly C6- and in rare cases also C9-aldehydes, -alcohols, and -esters, which are released by plants in response to biotic or abiotic stresses. These compounds are named for their characteristic smell reminiscent of freshly mowed grass. This review focuses on GLVs and the two major pathway enzymes responsible for their formation: lipoxygenases (LOXs) and fatty acid hydroperoxide lyases (HPLs). LOXs catalyze the peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic and α-linolenic acids. Hydroperoxy fatty acids are further converted by HPLs into aldehydes and oxo-acids. In many industrial applications, plant extracts have been used as LOX and HPL sources. However, these processes are limited by low enzyme concentration, stability, and specificity. Alternatively, recombinant enzymes can be used as biocatalysts for GLV synthesis. The increasing number of well-characterized enzymes efficiently expressed by microbial hosts will foster the development of innovative biocatalytic processes for GLV production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Stolterfoht
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Claudia Rinnofner
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
- bisy e.U. , Wetzawinkel 20 , 8200 Hofstaetten , Austria
| | - Margit Winkler
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology , TU Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Harald Pichler
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology , TU Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
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14
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The CYP74 Gene Family in Watermelon: Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling Under Hormonal Stress and Root-Knot Nematode Infection. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9120872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Allene oxide synthase (AOS) and hydroperoxide lyase (HPL), members of the CYP74 gene family, are branches of the oxylipin pathway and play vital roles in plant responses to a number of stresses. In this study, four HPL genes and one AOS gene were identified in the watermelon genome, which were clustered into three subfamilies (CYP74A, CYP74B and CYP74C). Sequence analysis revealed that most HPL and AOS proteins from various plants contain representative domains, including Helix-I region, Helix-K region (ExxR) and Heme-binding domain. A number of development-, stress-, and hormone-related cis-elements were found in the promoter regions of the ClAOS and ClHPL genes, and the detected ClAOS and ClHPL genes were differentially expressed in different tissues and fruit development stages, as well as in response to various hormones. In addition, red light could enhance the expression of ClAOS in root-knot nematode-infected leaves and roots of watermelon, implying that ClAOS might play a primary role in red light-induced resistance against root-knot nematodes. These findings lay a foundation for understanding the specific function of CYP74 genes in watermelon.
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15
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Onkokesung N, Reichelt M, Wright LP, Phillips MA, Gershenzon J, Dicke M. The plastidial metabolite 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate modulates defence responses against aphids. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2309-2323. [PMID: 30786032 PMCID: PMC6850158 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Feeding by insect herbivores such as caterpillars and aphids induces plant resistance mechanisms that are mediated by the phytohormones jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA). These phytohormonal pathways often crosstalk. Besides phytohormones, methyl-D-erythriol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate (MEcPP), the penultimate metabolite in the methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway, has been speculated to regulate transcription of nuclear genes in response to biotic stressors such as aphids. Here, we show that MEcPP uniquely enhances the SA pathway without attenuating the JA pathway. Arabidopsis mutant plants that accumulate high levels of MEcPP (hds3) are highly resistant to the cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae), whereas resistance to the large cabbage white caterpillar (Pieris brassicae) remains unaltered. Thus, MEcPP is a distinct signalling molecule that acts beyond phytohormonal crosstalk to induce resistance against the cabbage aphid in Arabidopsis. We dissect the molecular mechanisms of MEcPP mediating plant resistance against the aphid B. brassicae. This shows that MEcPP induces the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of several primary and secondary metabolic pathways contributing to enhanced resistance against this aphid species. A unique ability to regulate multifaceted molecular mechanisms makes MEcPP an attractive target for metabolic engineering in Brassica crop plants to increase resistance to cabbage aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Louwrance P. Wright
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Michael A. Phillips
- Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Cellular and Systems BiologyUniversity of Toronto‐MississaugaMississaugaOntarioCanada
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
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16
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Savchenko T, Rolletschek H, Heinzel N, Tikhonov K, Dehesh K. Waterlogging tolerance rendered by oxylipin-mediated metabolic reprogramming in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2919-2932. [PMID: 30854562 PMCID: PMC6506769 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Environmental stresses induce production of oxylipins synthesized by the two main biosynthetic branches, allene oxide synthase (AOS) and hydroperoxide lyase (HPL). Here, we investigate how waterlogging-mediated alteration of AOS- and HPL-derived metabolic profile results in modulation of central metabolism and ultimately enhanced tolerance to this environmental stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Waterlogging leads to increased levels of AOS- and HPL-derived metabolites, and studies of genotypes lacking either one or both branches further support the key function of these oxylipins in waterlogging tolerance. Targeted quantitative metabolic profiling revealed oxylipin-dependent alterations in selected primary metabolites, and glycolytic and citric acid cycle intermediates, as well as a prominent shift in sucrose cleavage, hexose activation, the methionine salvage pathway, shikimate pathway, antioxidant system, and energy metabolism in genotypes differing in the presence of one or both functional branches of the oxylipin biosynthesis pathway. Interestingly, despite some distinct metabolic alterations caused specifically by individual branches, overexpression of HPL partially or fully alleviates the majority of altered metabolic profiles observed in AOS-depleted lines. Collectively, these data identify the key role of AOS- and HPL-derived oxylipins in altering central metabolism, and further provide a metabolic platform targeted at identification of gene candidates for enhancing plant tolerance to waterlogging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Savchenko
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, RAS, Pushchino, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Hardy Rolletschek
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Nicolas Heinzel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | | | - Katayoon Dehesh
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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Sircar S, Parekh N. Meta-analysis of drought-tolerant genotypes in Oryza sativa: A network-based approach. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216068. [PMID: 31059518 PMCID: PMC6502313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drought is a severe environmental stress. It is estimated that about 50% of the world rice production is affected mainly by drought. Apart from conventional breeding strategies to develop drought-tolerant crops, innovative computational approaches may provide insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of stress response and identify drought-responsive markers. Here we propose a network-based computational approach involving a meta-analytic study of seven drought-tolerant rice genotypes under drought stress. RESULTS Co-expression networks enable large-scale analysis of gene-pair associations and tightly coupled clusters that may represent coordinated biological processes. Considering differentially expressed genes in the co-expressed modules and supplementing external information such as resistance/tolerance QTLs, transcription factors, network-based topological measures, we identify and prioritize drought-adaptive co-expressed gene modules and potential candidate genes. Using the candidate genes that are well-represented across the datasets as 'seed' genes, two drought-specific protein-protein interaction networks (PPINs) are constructed with up- and down-regulated genes. Cluster analysis of the up-regulated PPIN revealed ABA signalling pathway as a central process in drought response with a probable crosstalk with energy metabolic processes. Tightly coupled gene clusters representing up-regulation of core cellular respiratory processes and enhanced degradation of branched chain amino acids and cell wall metabolism are identified. Cluster analysis of down-regulated PPIN provides a snapshot of major processes associated with photosynthesis, growth, development and protein synthesis, most of which are shut down during drought. Differential regulation of phytohormones, e.g., jasmonic acid, cell wall metabolism, signalling and posttranslational modifications associated with biotic stress are elucidated. Functional characterization of topologically important, drought-responsive uncharacterized genes that may play a role in important processes such as ABA signalling, calcium signalling, photosynthesis and cell wall metabolism is discussed. Further transgenic studies on these genes may help in elucidating their biological role under stress conditions. CONCLUSION Currently, a large number of resources for rice functional genomics exist which are mostly underutilized by the scientific community. In this study, a computational approach integrating information from various resources such as gene co-expression networks, protein-protein interactions and pathway-level information is proposed to provide a systems-level view of complex drought-responsive processes across the drought-tolerant genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchari Sircar
- Centre for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Nita Parekh
- Centre for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad, India
- * E-mail:
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18
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Akaberi S, Wang H, Claudel P, Riemann M, Hause B, Hugueney P, Nick P. Grapevine fatty acid hydroperoxide lyase generates actin-disrupting volatiles and promotes defence-related cell death. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:2883-2896. [PMID: 29659985 PMCID: PMC5972561 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid hydroperoxides can generate short-chained volatile aldehydes that may participate in plant defence. A grapevine hydroperoxide lyase (VvHPL1) clustering to the CYP74B class was functionally characterized with respect to a role in defence. In grapevine leaves, transcripts of this gene accumulated rapidly to high abundance in response to wounding. Cellular functions of VvHPL1 were investigated upon heterologous expression in tobacco BY-2 cells. A C-terminal green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion of VvHPL1 was located in plastids. The overexpression lines were found to respond to salinity stress or the bacterial elicitor harpin by increasing cell death. This signal-dependent mortality response was mitigated either by addition of exogenous jasmonic acid or by treatment with diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of NADPH oxidases. By feeding different substrates to recombinantly expressed enzyme, VvHPL1 could also be functionally classified as true 13-HPL. The cognate products generated by this 13-HPL were cis-3-hexenal and trans-2-hexenal. Using a GFP-tagged actin marker line, one of these isomeric products, cis-3-hexenal, was found specifically to elicit a rapid disintegration of actin filaments. This response was not only observed in the heterologous system (tobacco BY-2), but also in a grapevine cell strain expressing this marker, as well as in leaf discs from an actin marker grape used as a homologous system. These results are discussed in the context of a role for VvHPL1 in a lipoxygenase-dependent signalling pathway triggering cell death-related defence that bifurcates from jasmonate-dependent basal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Akaberi
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg, Building, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hao Wang
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg, Building, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Patricia Claudel
- Joint research unit for grapevine health and wine quality (SVQV), INRA, Université de Strasbourg, Colmar, France
| | - Michael Riemann
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg, Building, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bettina Hause
- Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Weinberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Philippe Hugueney
- Joint research unit for grapevine health and wine quality (SVQV), INRA, Université de Strasbourg, Colmar, France
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg, Building, Karlsruhe, Germany
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19
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Wei K, Chen H. Global identification, structural analysis and expression characterization of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase superfamily in rice. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:35. [PMID: 29320982 PMCID: PMC5764023 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450, CYP, P450) catalyze numerous monooxygenation/hydroxylation reactions in biochemical pathways. Although CYP superfamily has been systematically studied in a few species, the genome-scale research about it in rice has not been done. RESULTS In this study, a total of 355 CYPs encoded by 326 genes were identified in japonica genome. The OsCYP genes are classified into 10 clans including 45 families according to phylogenetic analysis. More than half of the genes are distributed in 53 tandem duplicated gene clusters. Intron-exon structure of OsCYPs exhibits highly conserved and specificity within a family, and divergences of duplicate genes in gene structure result in non-functionalization, neo-functionalization or sub-functionalization. Selection pressure analysis showed that rice CYPs are under purifying selection. The microarray data analysis shows that some genes are tissue-specific expression, such as OsCYP710A5 and OsCYP71X14 in endosperm, OsCYP99A3 and OsCYP78A16 in root and OsCYP93G2 and OsCYP97D7 in leaf. Analysis of RNA-seq data derived from rice leaf developmental gradient indicates that some OsCYPs exhibit zone-specific expression patterns. OsCYP87C2, OsCYP96B5, OsCYP96B8 and OsCYP84A5 were specifically expressed in leaf base and transitional zone. The transcripts of lineages II and IV-1 members were highly abundant in maturing zone. Eighty three OsCYPs are differentially expressed in response to drought stress, of which OsCYP51G3, OsCYP709C9, OsCYP709C5, OsCYP81A6, OsCYP72A18 and OsCYP704A5 are strongly induced and OsCYP78A16, OsCYP89C9 and OsCYP704A5 are down-regulated significantly, and some of the results were validated by qPCR. And 23 up-regulated and 17 down-regulated genes are specific to Osbhlh148 mutation under drought stress. Compared to those in wild type, the changes in transcript levels of several genes are slight in the mutant, such as OsCYP51G3, OsCYP94C2, OsCYP709C9 and OsCYP709C5. CONCLUSION The whole-genomic analysis of rice P450 superfamily provides a clue to understanding biological function of OsCYPs in development regulation and drought stress response, and is helpful to rice molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifa Wei
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, 36 Xian-Qian-Zhi Street, Zhangzhou, Fujian, 363000, China.
| | - Huiqin Chen
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, 36 Xian-Qian-Zhi Street, Zhangzhou, Fujian, 363000, China.
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Savchenko T, Yanykin D, Khorobrykh A, Terentyev V, Klimov V, Dehesh K. The hydroperoxide lyase branch of the oxylipin pathway protects against photoinhibition of photosynthesis. PLANTA 2017; 245:1179-1192. [PMID: 28303390 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2674-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study describes a new role for hydroperoxide lyase branch of oxylipin biosynthesis pathway in protecting photosynthetic apparatus under high light conditions. Lipid-derived signaling molecules, oxylipins, produced by a multi-branch pathway are central in regulation of a wide range of functions. The two most known branches, allene oxide synthase (AOS) and 13-hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) pathways, are best recognized as producers of defense compounds against biotic challenges. In the present work, we examine the role of these two oxylipin branches in plant tolerance to the abiotic stress, namely excessive light. Towards this goal, we have analyzed variable chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of intact leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes with altered oxylipin profile, followed by examining the impact of exogenous application of selected oxylipins on functional activity of photosynthetic apparatus in intact leaves and isolated thylakoid membranes. Our findings unequivocally bridge the function of oxylipins to photosynthetic processes. Specifically, HPL overexpressing lines display enhanced adaptability in response to high light treatment as evidenced by lower rate constant of photosystem 2 (PS2) photoinhibition and higher rate constant of PS2 recovery after photoinhibition. In addition, exogenous application of linolenic acid, 13-hydroperoxy linolenic acid, 12-oxophytodienoic acid, and methyl jasmonate individually, suppresses photochemical activity of PS2 in intact plants and isolated thylakoid membranes, while application of HPL-branch metabolites-does not. Collectively these data implicate function of HPL branch of oxylipin biosynthesis pathway in guarding PS2 under high light conditions, potentially exerted through tight regulation of free linolenic acid and 13-hydroperoxy linolenic acid levels, as well as competition with production of metabolites by AOS-branch of the oxylipin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Savchenko
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, RAS, Institutskaya st., 2, Pushchino, 142290, Moscow Region, Russia.
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Institute st., 5, Odintsovo District, B. Vyazyomy, 143050, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Denis Yanykin
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, RAS, Institutskaya st., 2, Pushchino, 142290, Moscow Region, Russia
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Institute st., 5, Odintsovo District, B. Vyazyomy, 143050, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Andrew Khorobrykh
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, RAS, Institutskaya st., 2, Pushchino, 142290, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Vasily Terentyev
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, RAS, Institutskaya st., 2, Pushchino, 142290, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav Klimov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, RAS, Institutskaya st., 2, Pushchino, 142290, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Katayoon Dehesh
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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Hinge VR, Patil HB, Nadaf AB. Aroma volatile analyses and 2AP characterization at various developmental stages in Basmati and Non-Basmati scented rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 9:38. [PMID: 27495313 PMCID: PMC4975739 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-016-0113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice plant growth is comprised of distinct phases, such as vegetative, reproductive, grain filling and maturity phases. In these phases synthesis and availability of primary and secondary metabolites including volatile organic compounds (VOC's) is highly variable. In scented rice, aroma volatiles are synthesized in aerial plant parts and deposited in mature grains. There are more than 100 VOCs reported to be responsible for flavor in basmati rice. It will be interesting to keep track of aroma volatiles across the developmental stages in scented rice. Therefore, the aroma volatiles contributing in aroma with special reference to the major compound 2 acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) were screened at seven developmental stages in scented rice cultivars Basmati-370 and Ambemohar-157 along with non-scented rice cultivar IR-64 as a control following HS-SPME-GC-MS method. In addition, the expression levels of key genes and precursor levels involved in 2AP biosynthesis were studied. RESULTS The study indicated that volatilome of scented rice cultivars is more complex than non-scented rice cultivar. N-heterocyclic class was the major distinguishing class between scented from non-scented rice. A total of 14 compounds including, 2AP were detected specifically in scented rice cultivars. Maximum number of compounds were synthesized at seedling stage and decreased gradually at reproductive and maturity. The seedling stage is an active phase of development where maximum number green leaf volatiles were synthesized which are known to act as defense molecules for protection of young plant parts. Among the 14 odor active compounds (OACs), 10 OACs were accumulated at higher concentrations significantly in scented rice cultivars and contribute in the aroma. 2AP content was highest in mature grains followed by at booting stage. Gene expression analysis revealed that reduced expression of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (badh2) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and elevated level of triose phosphate isomerase (TPI) and Δ1-Pyrolline-5-carboxylic acid synthetase (P5CS) transcript enhances 2AP accumulation. CONCLUSIONS Most diverse compounds were synthesized at seedling stage and OACs were accumulated more at flowering followed by seedling stage. Distinct accumulation pattern exists for 2AP and other aroma volatiles at various developmental stages. The study revealed the mechanism of 2AP accumulation such that 2AP in mature grains might be transported from leaves and stem sheath and accumulation takes place in grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya R. Hinge
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007 India
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Vilasrao Deshmukh College of Agricultural Biotechnology, Latur, VNMKV, Parbhani, 413512 India
| | - Hemant B. Patil
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Vilasrao Deshmukh College of Agricultural Biotechnology, Latur, VNMKV, Parbhani, 413512 India
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Borrego EJ, Kolomiets MV. Synthesis and Functions of Jasmonates in Maize. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 5:E41. [PMID: 27916835 PMCID: PMC5198101 DOI: 10.3390/plants5040041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Of the over 600 oxylipins present in all plants, the phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) remains the best understood in terms of its biosynthesis, function and signaling. Much like their eicosanoid analogues in mammalian system, evidence is growing for the role of the other oxylipins in diverse physiological processes. JA serves as the model plant oxylipin species and regulates defense and development. For several decades, the biology of JA has been characterized in a few dicot species, yet the function of JA in monocots has only recently begun to be elucidated. In this work, the synthesis and function of JA in maize is presented from the perspective of oxylipin biology. The maize genes responsible for catalyzing the reactions in the JA biosynthesis are clarified and described. Recent studies into the function of JA in maize defense against insect herbivory, pathogens and its role in growth and development are highlighted. Additionally, a list of JA-responsive genes is presented for use as biological markers for improving future investigations into JA signaling in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli J Borrego
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Michael V Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Fang C, Zhang H, Wan J, Wu Y, Li K, Jin C, Chen W, Wang S, Wang W, Zhang H, Zhang P, Zhang F, Qu L, Liu X, Zhou DX, Luo J. Control of Leaf Senescence by an MeOH-Jasmonates Cascade that Is Epigenetically Regulated by OsSRT1 in Rice. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:1366-1378. [PMID: 27477683 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Although considerable progress has been made in identifying the genes regulating accumulation of hormones that are involved in leaf senescence, only a few studies have focused on natural variations in jasmonates content and much less on the underlying genetic basis. Moreover, the epigenetic regulation of jasmonate-mediated leaf senescence remains largely unknown. In this study, we carried out metabolic profiling of a worldwide collection of rice accessions and demonstrated that there are substantial variations in jasmonate levels among these accessions. A subsequent metabolite-based genome-wide association study identified candidates for two major quantitative genes (QTGs), OsPME1 and OsTSD2, affecting the content of jasmonates. Further investigations using a series of relevant mutants and transgenic lines revealed the MeOH-jasmonate cascade plays an important role in regulating leaf senescence. Moreover, we showed that OsSRT1, one of the two Sir2 (silent information regulator 2) homologs in rice, negatively regulates leaf senescence by repressing expression of the biosynthetic genes of this metabolic cascade and at least particially through histone H3K9 deacetylation of OsPME1. Taken together, our results indicate that the MeOH-jasmonates cascade and its epigenetic regulation are crucial for controlling leaf senescence process in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChuanYing Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jian Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - YangYang Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wei Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - ShouChuang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - WenSheng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - HaiWei Zhang
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - LiangHuan Qu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xianqing Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dao-Xiu Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-sud 11, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Jie Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Lemos M, Xiao Y, Bjornson M, Wang JZ, Hicks D, Souza AD, Wang CQ, Yang P, Ma S, Dinesh-Kumar S, Dehesh K. The plastidial retrograde signal methyl erythritol cyclopyrophosphate is a regulator of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid crosstalk. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:1557-66. [PMID: 26733689 PMCID: PMC4762391 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The exquisite harmony between hormones and their corresponding signaling pathways is central to prioritizing plant responses to simultaneous and/or successive environmental trepidations. The crosstalk between jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) is an established effective mechanism that optimizes and tailors plant adaptive responses. However, the underlying regulatory modules of this crosstalk are largely unknown. Global transcriptomic analyses of mutant plants (ceh1) with elevated levels of the stress-induced plastidial retrograde signaling metabolite 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol cyclopyrophosphate (MEcPP) revealed robustly induced JA marker genes, expected to be suppressed by the presence of constitutively high SA levels in the mutant background. Analyses of a range of genotypes with varying SA and MEcPP levels established the selective role of MEcPP-mediated signal(s) in induction of JA-responsive genes in the presence of elevated SA. Metabolic profiling revealed the presence of high levels of the JA precursor 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), but near wild type levels of JA in the ceh1 mutant plants. Analyses of coronatine-insensitive 1 (coi1)/ceh1 double mutant plants confirmed that the MEcPP-mediated induction is JA receptor COI1 dependent, potentially through elevated OPDA. These findings identify MEcPP as a previously unrecognized central regulatory module that induces JA-responsive genes in the presence of high SA, thereby staging a multifaceted plant response within the environmental context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lemos
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yanmei Xiao
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Marta Bjornson
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jin-Zheng Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Derrick Hicks
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Amancio de Souza
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Chang-Quan Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Panyu Yang
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Shisong Ma
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Savithramma Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Katayoon Dehesh
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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25
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Kong Z, Zhao D. Modulation of the Fragrance of Kam Sweet Rice by Jasmonic Acid and Abscisic Acid Might Involve the MYC2 and ABI5 Transcription Factors. J Food Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Kong
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agro-Bioengineering; Guizhou University; South Campus; Huaxi, Guiyang City 550025 Guizhou Province People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Ago-Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; Guizhou University, North Campus; Huaxi, Guiyang City 550025 Guizhou Province People's Republic of China
| | - Degang Zhao
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agro-Bioengineering; Guizhou University; South Campus; Huaxi, Guiyang City 550025 Guizhou Province People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science, Guizhou University; South Campus; Huaxi, Guiyang City 550025 Guizhou Province People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Ago-Bioengineering, Ministry of Education; Guizhou University, North Campus; Huaxi, Guiyang City 550025 Guizhou Province People's Republic of China
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26
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Magwa RA, Zhao H, Xing Y. Genome-wide association mapping revealed a diverse genetic basis of seed dormancy across subpopulations in rice (Oryza sativa L.). BMC Genet 2016; 17:28. [PMID: 26810156 PMCID: PMC4727300 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-016-0340-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seed dormancy is an adaptive trait employed by flowering plants to avoid harsh environmental conditions for the continuity of their next generations. In cereal crops, moderate seed dormancy could help prevent pre-harvest sprouting and improve grain yield and quality. We performed a genome wide association study (GWAS) for dormancy, based on seed germination percentage (GP) in freshly harvested seeds (FHS) and after-ripened seeds (ARS) in 350 worldwide accessions that were characterized with strong population structure of indica, japonica and Aus subpopulations. RESULTS The germination tests revealed that Aus and indica rice had stronger seed dormancy than japonica rice in FHS. Association analysis revealed 16 loci significantly associated with GP in FHS and 38 in ARS. Three out of the 38 loci detected in ARS were also detected in FHS and 13 of the ARS loci were detected near previously mapped dormancy QTL. In FHS, three of the association loci were located within 100 kb around previously cloned GA/IAA inactivation genes such as GA2ox3, EUI1 and GH3-2 and one near dormancy gene, Sdr4. In ARS, an association signal was detected near ABA signaling gene ABI5. No association peaks were commonly detected among the sub-populations in FHS and only one association peak was detected in both indica and japonica populations in ARS. Sdr4 and GA2OX3 haplotype analysis showed that Aus and indica II (IndII) varieties had stronger dormancy alleles whereas indica I (IndI) and japonica had weak or non-dormancy alleles. CONCLUSION The association study and haplotype analysis together, indicate an involvement of independent genes and alleles contributing towards regulation and natural variation of seed dormancy among the rice sub-populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risper Auma Magwa
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant, Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Hu Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant, Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Yongzhong Xing
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant, Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Hubei, China.
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27
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ul Hassan MN, Zainal Z, Ismail I. Green leaf volatiles: biosynthesis, biological functions and their applications in biotechnology. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:727-39. [PMID: 25865366 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved numerous constitutive and inducible defence mechanisms to cope with biotic and abiotic stresses. These stresses induce the expression of various genes to activate defence-related pathways that result in the release of defence chemicals. One of these defence mechanisms is the oxylipin pathway, which produces jasmonates, divinylethers and green leaf volatiles (GLVs) through the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). GLVs have recently emerged as key players in plant defence, plant-plant interactions and plant-insect interactions. Some GLVs inhibit the growth and propagation of plant pathogens, including bacteria, viruses and fungi. In certain cases, GLVs released from plants under herbivore attack can serve as aerial messengers to neighbouring plants and to attract parasitic or parasitoid enemies of the herbivores. The plants that perceive these volatile signals are primed and can then adapt in preparation for the upcoming challenges. Due to their 'green note' odour, GLVs impart aromas and flavours to many natural foods, such as vegetables and fruits, and therefore, they can be exploited in industrial biotechnology. The aim of this study was to review the progress and recent developments in research on the oxylipin pathway, with a specific focus on the biosynthesis and biological functions of GLVs and their applications in industrial biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naeem ul Hassan
- Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Zamri Zainal
- Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Ismanizan Ismail
- Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
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28
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Singh R, Singh S, Parihar P, Singh VP, Prasad SM. Retrograde signaling between plastid and nucleus: A review. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 181:55-66. [PMID: 25974370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Retrograde signaling, defined as the signaling events leading from the plastids to the nucleus, coordinates the expression of plastid and nuclear genes and is crucial for metabolic as well as developmental processes of the plastids. In the recent past, the identification of various components that are involved in the generation and transmission of plastid-originated retrograde signals and the regulation of nuclear gene expression has only provided a glimpse of the plastid retrograde signaling network, which remains poorly understood. The basic assumptions underlying our current understanding of retrograde signaling stayed untouched for many years. Therefore, an attempt has been made in this review article to summarize established facts and recent advances regarding various retrograde signaling pathways derived from different sources, the identification of key elements mediating retrograde signal transduction and also to give an overview of possible signaling molecules that remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Singh
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, India
| | - Samiksha Singh
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, India
| | - Parul Parihar
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, India
| | - Vijay Pratap Singh
- Govt Ramanuj Pratap Singhdev Post Graduate College, Baikunthpur, Koriya-497335, Chhattisgarh, India.
| | - Sheo Mohan Prasad
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002, India.
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29
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Watson BS, Bedair MF, Urbanczyk-Wochniak E, Huhman DV, Yang DS, Allen SN, Li W, Tang Y, Sumner LW. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics reveal enhanced specialized metabolism in Medicago truncatula root border cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:1699-716. [PMID: 25667316 PMCID: PMC4378151 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.253054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics of Medicago truncatula seedling border cells and root tips revealed substantial metabolic differences between these distinct and spatially segregated root regions. Large differential increases in oxylipin-pathway lipoxygenases and auxin-responsive transcript levels in border cells corresponded to differences in phytohormone and volatile levels compared with adjacent root tips. Morphological examinations of border cells revealed the presence of significant starch deposits that serve as critical energy and carbon reserves, as documented through increased β-amylase transcript levels and associated starch hydrolysis metabolites. A substantial proportion of primary metabolism transcripts were decreased in border cells, while many flavonoid- and triterpenoid-related metabolite and transcript levels were increased dramatically. The cumulative data provide compounding evidence that primary and secondary metabolism are differentially programmed in border cells relative to root tips. Metabolic resources normally destined for growth and development are redirected toward elevated accumulation of specialized metabolites in border cells, resulting in constitutively elevated defense and signaling compounds needed to protect the delicate root cap and signal motile rhizobia required for symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Elevated levels of 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone were further increased in border cells of roots exposed to cotton root rot (Phymatotrichopsis omnivora), and the value of 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone as an antimicrobial compound was demonstrated using in vitro growth inhibition assays. The cumulative and pathway-specific data provide key insights into the metabolic programming of border cells that strongly implicate a more prominent mechanistic role for border cells in plant-microbe signaling, defense, and interactions than envisioned previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie S Watson
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.S.W., D.V.H., D.S.Y., S.N.A., W.L., Y.T., L.W.S.); andMonsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63167 (M.F.B., E.U.-W.)
| | - Mohamed F Bedair
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.S.W., D.V.H., D.S.Y., S.N.A., W.L., Y.T., L.W.S.); andMonsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63167 (M.F.B., E.U.-W.)
| | - Ewa Urbanczyk-Wochniak
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.S.W., D.V.H., D.S.Y., S.N.A., W.L., Y.T., L.W.S.); andMonsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63167 (M.F.B., E.U.-W.)
| | - David V Huhman
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.S.W., D.V.H., D.S.Y., S.N.A., W.L., Y.T., L.W.S.); andMonsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63167 (M.F.B., E.U.-W.)
| | - Dong Sik Yang
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.S.W., D.V.H., D.S.Y., S.N.A., W.L., Y.T., L.W.S.); andMonsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63167 (M.F.B., E.U.-W.)
| | - Stacy N Allen
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.S.W., D.V.H., D.S.Y., S.N.A., W.L., Y.T., L.W.S.); andMonsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63167 (M.F.B., E.U.-W.)
| | - Wensheng Li
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.S.W., D.V.H., D.S.Y., S.N.A., W.L., Y.T., L.W.S.); andMonsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63167 (M.F.B., E.U.-W.)
| | - Yuhong Tang
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.S.W., D.V.H., D.S.Y., S.N.A., W.L., Y.T., L.W.S.); andMonsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63167 (M.F.B., E.U.-W.)
| | - Lloyd W Sumner
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.S.W., D.V.H., D.S.Y., S.N.A., W.L., Y.T., L.W.S.); andMonsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63167 (M.F.B., E.U.-W.)
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30
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Savchenko T, Kolla VA, Wang CQ, Nasafi Z, Hicks DR, Phadungchob B, Chehab WE, Brandizzi F, Froehlich J, Dehesh K. Functional convergence of oxylipin and abscisic acid pathways controls stomatal closure in response to drought. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:1151-60. [PMID: 24429214 PMCID: PMC3938610 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.234310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Membranes are primary sites of perception of environmental stimuli. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are major structural constituents of membranes that also function as modulators of a multitude of signal transduction pathways evoked by environmental stimuli. Different stresses induce production of a distinct blend of oxygenated polyunsaturated fatty acids, "oxylipins." We employed three Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ecotypes to examine the oxylipin signature in response to specific stresses and determined that wounding and drought differentially alter oxylipin profiles, particularly the allene oxide synthase branch of the oxylipin pathway, responsible for production of jasmonic acid (JA) and its precursor 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (12-OPDA). Specifically, wounding induced both 12-OPDA and JA levels, whereas drought induced only the precursor 12-OPDA. Levels of the classical stress phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) were also mainly enhanced by drought and little by wounding. To explore the role of 12-OPDA in plant drought responses, we generated a range of transgenic lines and exploited the existing mutant plants that differ in their levels of stress-inducible 12-OPDA but display similar ABA levels. The plants producing higher 12-OPDA levels exhibited enhanced drought tolerance and reduced stomatal aperture. Furthermore, exogenously applied ABA and 12-OPDA, individually or combined, promote stomatal closure of ABA and allene oxide synthase biosynthetic mutants, albeit most effectively when combined. Using tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and Brassica napus verified the potency of this combination in inducing stomatal closure in plants other than Arabidopsis. These data have identified drought as a stress signal that uncouples the conversion of 12-OPDA to JA and have revealed 12-OPDA as a drought-responsive regulator of stomatal closure functioning most effectively together with ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Savchenko
- Department of Plant Biology , University of California, Davis, California 95616
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31
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Savchenko T, Dehesh K. Drought stress modulates oxylipin signature by eliciting 12-OPDA as a potent regulator of stomatal aperture. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e28304. [PMID: 24614570 PMCID: PMC4091591 DOI: 10.4161/psb.28304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Through evolution, plants have developed a myriad of strategies to adapt to environmental perturbations. Using 3 Arabidopsis ecotypes in conjunction with various transgenic and mutant lines, we provide evidence that wounding and drought differentially alter the metabolic signatures derived from the 2 main competing oxylipin-pathway branches, namely the JA and its precursor 12-OPDA produced by Allene oxide synthase (AOS) branch, and aldehydes and corresponding alcohols generated by Hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) branch. Specifically, we show that wounding induces production of both HPL and AOS-derived metabolites whereas, drought stress only elicits production of hexenal but suppresses hexenol, and further uncouples the conversion of 12-OPDA to JA. This finding led to uncovering of 12-OPDA as a functional convergence point of oxylipin and ABA pathways to control stomatal aperture in plant adaptive responses to drought. In addition, using transgenic lines overexpressing plastidial and extraplastidial HPL enzyme establish the strong interdependence of AOS- and HPL-branch pathways, and the importance of this linkage in tailoring plant adaptive responses to the nature of perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Savchenko
- Department of Plant Biology; University of California; Davis, CA USA
| | - Katayoon Dehesh
- Department of Plant Biology; University of California; Davis, CA USA
- Correspondence to: Katayoon Dehesh,
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32
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Lyons R, Manners JM, Kazan K. Jasmonate biosynthesis and signaling in monocots: a comparative overview. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:815-27. [PMID: 23455708 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1400-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone jasmonate (JA) fulfils essential roles in plant defense and development. While most of our current understanding of the JA pathway comes from the dicotyledonous model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, new studies in monocotyledonous plants are providing additional insights into this important hormone signaling pathway. In this review, we present a comparative overview of the JA biosynthetic and signaling pathways in monocots. We highlight recent studies that have revealed molecular mechanisms (mostly conserved but also diverged) underlying JA signaling and biosynthesis in the economically important plants: maize and rice. A better understanding of the JA pathway in monocots should lead to significant improvements in pest and pathogen resistance in cereal crops, which provide the bulk of the world's food and feed supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lyons
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct (QBP), Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia
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33
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Savchenko T, Dehesh K. Insect herbivores selectively mute GLV production in plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e24136. [PMID: 23470722 PMCID: PMC3897499 DOI: 10.4161/psb.24136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Through co-evolution insect herbivores have developed a myriad of strategies to manipulate host plant defense responses that include the synthesis of defensive compounds whose composition depends on the insect feeding mode. Among the plant-produced compounds are jasmonates (JAs), and Green Leafy Volatiles (GLVs), metabolites produced by the two parallel and competing branches of the oxylipin pathway. Here we provide evidence that chewing insects stimulate JA production but suppress the synthesis of GLVs through the transcriptional and post transcriptional reprogramming of critical genes in the corresponding pathway. We further establish that herbivore-derived elicitors known as Herbivore-Associated Molecular Patterns (HAMPs) are responsible for the reprogramming of these pathway genes. Through this strategy chewing herbivores coerce the plant signaling machinery that would otherwise leads to a reduction in the nutritional quality of the immediate and neighboring plants, and additionally shelters the herbivores from their natural enemies that are otherwise guided by the GLV cues to prey-infested plants.
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Scala A, Mirabella R, Mugo C, Matsui K, Haring MA, Schuurink RC. E-2-hexenal promotes susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae by activating jasmonic acid pathways in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:74. [PMID: 23630530 PMCID: PMC3624080 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) are C6-molecules - alcohols, aldehydes, and esters - produced by plants upon herbivory or during pathogen infection. Exposure to this blend of volatiles induces defense-related responses in neighboring undamaged plants, thus assigning a role to GLVs in regulating plant defenses. Here we compared Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Landsberg erecta (Ler) with a hydroperoxide lyase line, hpl1, unable to synthesize GLVs, for susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (DC3000). We found that the growth of DC3000 was significantly reduced in the hpl1 mutant. This phenomenon correlated with lower jasmonic acid (JA) levels and higher salicylic acid levels in the hpl1 mutant. Furthermore, upon infection, the JA-responsive genes VSP2 and LEC were only slightly or not induced, respectively, in hpl1. This suggests that the reduced growth of DC3000 in hpl1 plants is due to the constraint of JA-dependent responses. Treatment of hpl1 plants with E-2-hexenal, one of the more reactive GLVs, prior to infection with DC3000, resulted in increased growth of DC3000 in hpl1, thus complementing this mutant. Interestingly, the growth of DC3000 also increased in Ler plants treated with E-2-hexenal. This stronger growth was not dependent on the JA-signaling component MYC2, but on ORA59, an integrator of JA and ethylene signaling pathways, and on the production of coronatine by DC3000. GLVs may have multiple effects on plant-pathogen interactions, in this case reducing resistance to Pseudomonas syringae via JA and ORA59.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Scala
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rossana Mirabella
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cynthia Mugo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi UniversityYamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsui
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi UniversityYamaguchi, Japan
| | - Michel A. Haring
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert C. Schuurink
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Robert C. Schuurink, Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands. e-mail:
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Abstract
Intracellular signaling from plastids to the nucleus, called retrograde signaling, coordinates the expression of nuclear and plastid genes and is essential for plastid biogenesis and for maintaining plastid function at optimal levels. Recent identification of several components involved in plastid retrograde generation, transmission, and control of nuclear gene expression has provided significant insight into the regulatory network of plastid retrograde signaling. Here, we review the current knowledge of multiple plastid retrograde signaling pathways, which are derived from distinct sources, and of possible plastid signaling molecules. We describe the retrograde signaling-dependent regulation of nuclear gene expression, which involves multilayered transcriptional control, as well as the transcription factors involved. We also summarize recent advances in the identification of key components mediating signal transduction from plastids to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chi
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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Liu X, Li F, Tang J, Wang W, Zhang F, Wang G, Chu J, Yan C, Wang T, Chu C, Li C. Activation of the jasmonic acid pathway by depletion of the hydroperoxide lyase OsHPL3 reveals crosstalk between the HPL and AOS branches of the oxylipin pathway in rice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50089. [PMID: 23209649 PMCID: PMC3510209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The allene oxide synthase (AOS) and hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) branches of the oxylipin pathway, which underlie the production of jasmonates and aldehydes, respectively, function in plant responses to a range of stresses. Regulatory crosstalk has been proposed to exist between these two signaling branches; however, there is no direct evidence of this. Here, we identified and characterized a jasmonic acid (JA) overproduction mutant, cea62, by screening a rice T-DNA insertion mutant library for lineages that constitutively express the AOS gene. Map-based cloning was used to identify the underlying gene as hydroperoxide lyase OsHPL3. HPL3 expression and the enzyme activity of its product, (E)-2-hexenal, were depleted in the cea62 mutant, which resulted in the dramatic overproduction of JA, the activation of JA signaling, and the emergence of the lesion mimic phenotype. A time-course analysis of lesion formation and of the induction of defense responsive genes in the cea62 mutant revealed that the activation of JA biosynthesis and signaling in cea62 was regulated in a developmental manner, as was OsHPL3 activity in the wild-type plant. Microarray analysis showed that the JA-governed defense response was greatly activated in cea62 and this plant exhibited enhanced resistance to the T1 strain of the bacterial blight pathogen Xanthomonasoryzaepvoryzae (Xoo). The wounding response was attenuated in cea62 plants during the early stages of development, but partially recovered when JA levels were elevated during the later stages. In contrast, the wounding response was not altered during the different developmental stages of wild-type plants. These findings suggest that these two branches of the oxylipin pathway exhibit crosstalk with regards to biosynthesis and signaling and cooperate with each other to function in diverse stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chengcai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanyou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Xiao Y, Savchenko T, Baidoo EEK, Chehab WE, Hayden DM, Tolstikov V, Corwin JA, Kliebenstein DJ, Keasling JD, Dehesh K. Retrograde signaling by the plastidial metabolite MEcPP regulates expression of nuclear stress-response genes. Cell 2012; 149:1525-35. [PMID: 22726439 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plastid-derived signals are known to coordinate expression of nuclear genes encoding plastid-localized proteins in a process termed retrograde signaling. To date, the identity of retrograde-signaling molecules has remained elusive. Here, we show that methylerythritol cyclodiphosphate (MEcPP), a precursor of isoprenoids produced by the plastidial methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, elicits the expression of selected stress-responsive nuclear-encoded plastidial proteins. Genetic and pharmacological manipulations of the individual MEP pathway metabolite levels demonstrate the high specificity of MEcPP as an inducer of these targeted stress-responsive genes. We further demonstrate that abiotic stresses elevate MEcPP levels, eliciting the expression of the aforementioned genes. We propose that the MEP pathway, in addition to producing isoprenoids, functions as a stress sensor and a coordinator of expression of targeted stress-responsive nuclear genes via modulation of the levels of MEcPP, a specific and critical retrograde-signaling metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Xiao
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Tong X, Qi J, Zhu X, Mao B, Zeng L, Wang B, Li Q, Zhou G, Xu X, Lou Y, He Z. The rice hydroperoxide lyase OsHPL3 functions in defense responses by modulating the oxylipin pathway. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 71:763-75. [PMID: 22519706 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.05027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
As important signal molecules, jasmonates (JAs) and green leaf volatiles (GLVs) play diverse roles in plant defense responses against insect pests and pathogens. However, how plants employ their specific defense responses by modulating the levels of JA and GLVs remains unclear. Here, we describe identification of a role for the rice HPL3 gene, which encodes a hydroperoxide lyase (HPL), OsHPL3/CYP74B2, in mediating plant-specific defense responses. The loss-of-function mutant hpl3-1 produced disease-resembling lesions spreading through the whole leaves. A biochemical assay revealed that OsHPL3 possesses intrinsic HPL activity, hydrolyzing hydroperoxylinolenic acid to produce GLVs. The hpl3-1 plants exhibited enhanced induction of JA, trypsin proteinase inhibitors and other volatiles, but decreased levels of GLVs including (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol. OsHPL3 positively modulates resistance to the rice brown planthopper [BPH, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)] but negatively modulates resistance to the rice striped stem borer [SSB, Chilo suppressalis (Walker)]. Moreover, hpl3-1 plants were more attractive to a BPH egg parasitoid, Anagrus nilaparvatae, than the wild-type, most likely as a result of increased release of BPH-induced volatiles. Interestingly, hpl3-1 plants also showed increased resistance to bacterial blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae). Collectively, these results indicate that OsHPL3, by affecting the levels of JA, GLVs and other volatiles, modulates rice-specific defense responses against different invaders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Tong
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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Narawongsanont R, Kabinpong S, Auiyawong B, Tantitadapitak C. Cloning and characterization of AKR4C14, a rice aldo-keto reductase, from Thai Jasmine rice. Protein J 2012; 31:35-42. [PMID: 22101802 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-011-9371-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductase (AKR) is an enzyme superfamily whose members are involved in the metabolism of aldehydes/ketones. The AKR4 subfamily C (AKR4C) is a group of aldo-keto reductases that are found in plants. Some AKR4C(s) in dicot plants are capable of metabolizing reactive aldehydes whereas, such activities have not been reported for AKR4C(s) from monocot species. In this study, we have screened Indica rice genome for genes with significant homology to dicot AKR4C(s) and identified a cluster of putative AKR4C(s) located on the Indica rice chromosome I. The genes including OsI_04426, OsI_04428 and OsI_04429 were successfully cloned and sequenced by qRT-PCR from leaves of Thai Jasmine rice (KDML105). OsI_04428, later named AKR4C14, was chosen for further studies because it shares highest homology to the dicot AKR4C(s). The bacterially expressed recombinant protein of AKR4C14 was successfully produced as a MBP fusion protein and his-tagged protein. The recombinant AKR4C14 were capable of metabolizing sugars and reactive aldehydes i.e. methylglyoxal, a toxic by-product of the glycolysis pathway, glutaraldehyde, and trans-2-hexenal, a natural reactive 2-alkenal. AKR4C14 was highly expressed in green tissues, i.e. leaf sheets and stems, whereas flowers and roots had a significantly lower level of expression. These findings indicated that monocot AKR4C(s) can metabolize reactive aldehydes like the dicot AKR4C(s) and possibly play a role in detoxification mechanism of reactive aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawint Narawongsanont
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Pahonyothin Rd, Bangkok, 10903, Thailand
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Arabidopsis touch-induced morphogenesis is jasmonate mediated and protects against pests. Curr Biol 2012; 22:701-6. [PMID: 22483939 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plants cannot change location to escape stressful environments. Therefore, plants evolved to respond and acclimate to diverse stimuli, including the seemingly innocuous touch stimulus [1-4]. Although some species, such as Venus flytrap, have fast touch responses, most plants display more gradual touch-induced morphological alterations, called thigmomorphogenesis [2, 3, 5, 6]. Thigmomorphogenesis may be adaptive; trees subjected to winds develop less elongated and thicker trunks and thus are less likely damaged by powerful wind gusts [7]. Despite the widespread relevance of thigmomorphogenesis, the regulation that underlies plant mechanostimulus-induced morphological responses remains largely unknown. Furthermore, whether thigmomorphogenesis confers additional advantage is not fully understood. Although aspects of thigmomorphogenesis resemble ethylene effects [8], and touch can induce ethylene synthesis [9, 10], Arabidopsis ethylene response mutants show touch-induced thigmomorphogenesis [11]; thus, ethylene response is nonessential for thigmomorphogenesis. Here we show that jasmonate (JA) phytohormone both is required for and promotes the salient characteristics of thigmomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis, including a touch-induced delay in flowering and rosette diameter reduction. Furthermore, we find that repetitive mechanostimulation enhances Arabidopsis pest resistance in a JA-dependent manner. These results highlight an important role for JA in mediating mechanostimulus-induced plant developmental responses and resultant cross-protection against biotic stress.
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Isolation and characterization of two hydroperoxide lyase genes from grape berries : HPL isogenes in Vitis vinifera grapes. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:7443-55. [PMID: 22318551 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1577-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
C6 compounds are the major fraction of the volatile profiles of grape berries, contributing the typical 'green' aroma to the grape and wine. Hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) catalyzes the cleavage of fatty acid hydroperoxides to produce C6 compounds. Two hypothetical genes, VvHPL1 and VvHPL2 were cloned from grape berries (Vitis vinifera L. Cabernet Sauvignon). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the proteins encoded by these two genes both belong to subfamily of cytochrome P450 and contain typical conserved domains of HPLs, and have high identity with HPLs from other plants. Prokaryotically-expressed VvHPL1 and VvHPL2 with thioredoxin-6xHis-fusion partner were confirmed to have enzymatic activity. VvHPL1 is specific for 13-HPOD (T) producing C6 aldehydes with relatively higher activity and VvHPL2 catalyzes the cleavage of both 9- and 13-hydroperoxides producing C6 aldehydes and C9 aldehydes respectively. Analysis of real time-PCR showed that VvHPL2 was highly expressed in the leaves and the flowers of the grapes, while relatively low transcript abundance was detected in the berries, tendril and stems; VvHPL1 had high expression in all detected tissues. During grape berry development, the expression of these two isogenes presented similar trends with a rapid increase after veraison and a decrease at full-ripen stage, which roughly corresponded to the accumulation of their volatile products. These data lay an essential foundation for further study on the accumulation and control of C6 volatiles in grape berries.
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Qi J, Zhou G, Yang L, Erb M, Lu Y, Sun X, Cheng J, Lou Y. The chloroplast-localized phospholipases D α4 and α5 regulate herbivore-induced direct and indirect defenses in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:1987-99. [PMID: 21984727 PMCID: PMC3327179 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.183749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The oxylipin pathway is of central importance for plant defensive responses. Yet, the first step of the pathway, the liberation of linolenic acid following induction, is poorly understood. Phospholipases D (PLDs) have been hypothesized to mediate this process, but data from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) regarding the role of PLDs in plant resistance have remained controversial. Here, we cloned two chloroplast-localized PLD genes from rice (Oryza sativa), OsPLDα4 and OsPLDα5, both of which were up-regulated in response to feeding by the rice striped stem borer (SSB) Chilo suppressalis, mechanical wounding, and treatment with jasmonic acid (JA). Antisense expression of OsPLDα4 and -α5 (as-pld), which resulted in a 50% reduction of the expression of the two genes, reduced elicited levels of linolenic acid, JA, green leaf volatiles, and ethylene and attenuated the SSB-induced expression of a mitogen-activated protein kinase (OsMPK3), a lipoxygenase (OsHI-LOX), a hydroperoxide lyase (OsHPL3), as well as a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (OsACS2). The impaired oxylipin and ethylene signaling in as-pld plants decreased the levels of herbivore-induced trypsin protease inhibitors and volatiles, improved the performance of SSB and the rice brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens, and reduced the attractiveness of plants to a larval parasitoid of SSB, Apanteles chilonis. The production of trypsin protease inhibitors in as-pld plants could be partially restored by JA, while the resistance to rice brown planthopper and SSB was restored by green leaf volatile application. Our results show that phospholipases function as important components of herbivore-induced direct and indirect defenses in rice.
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Chehab EW, Kim S, Savchenko T, Kliebenstein D, Dehesh K, Braam J. Intronic T-DNA insertion renders Arabidopsis opr3 a conditional jasmonic acid-producing mutant. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:770-8. [PMID: 21487047 PMCID: PMC3177274 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.174169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonic acid and its derived metabolites (JAs) orchestrate plant defense against insects and fungi. 12-Oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), a JA precursor, has also been implicated in plant defense. We sought to define JAs and OPDA functions through comparative defense susceptibility characteristics of three Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genotypes: aos, lacking JAs and OPDA; opda reductase3 (opr3), deficient in JA production but can accumulate OPDA; and transgenics that overexpress OPR3. opr3, like aos, is susceptible to cabbage loopers (Trichoplusia ni) but, relative to aos, opr3 has enhanced resistance to a necrotrophic fungus. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry reveals that opr3 produces OPDA but no detectable JAs following wounding and looper infestation; unexpectedly, substantial levels of JAs accumulate in opr3 upon fungal infection. Full-length OPR3 transcripts accumulate in fungal-infected opr3, potentially through splicing of the T-DNA containing intron. Fungal resistance correlates with levels of JAs not OPDA; therefore, opr3 resistance to some pests is likely due to JA accumulation, and signaling activities ascribed to OPDA should be reassessed because opr3 can produce JAs. Together these data (1) reinforce the primary role JAs play in plant defense against insects and necrotrophic fungi, (2) argue for a reassessment of signaling activities ascribed to OPDA, and (3) provide evidence that mutants with intron insertions can retain gene function.
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Guttikonda SK, Trupti J, Bisht NC, Chen H, An YQC, Pandey S, Xu D, Yu O. Whole genome co-expression analysis of soybean cytochrome P450 genes identifies nodulation-specific P450 monooxygenases. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:243. [PMID: 21062474 PMCID: PMC3095325 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) catalyze oxidation of various substrates using oxygen and NAD(P)H. Plant P450s are involved in the biosynthesis of primary and secondary metabolites performing diverse biological functions. The recent availability of the soybean genome sequence allows us to identify and analyze soybean putative P450s at a genome scale. Co-expression analysis using an available soybean microarray and Illumina sequencing data provides clues for functional annotation of these enzymes. This approach is based on the assumption that genes that have similar expression patterns across a set of conditions may have a functional relationship. RESULTS We have identified a total number of 332 full-length P450 genes and 378 pseudogenes from the soybean genome. From the full-length sequences, 195 genes belong to A-type, which could be further divided into 20 families. The remaining 137 genes belong to non-A type P450s and are classified into 28 families. A total of 178 probe sets were found to correspond to P450 genes on the Affymetrix soybean array. Out of these probe sets, 108 represented single genes. Using the 28 publicly available microarray libraries that contain organ-specific information, some tissue-specific P450s were identified. Similarly, stress responsive soybean P450s were retrieved from 99 microarray soybean libraries. We also utilized Illumina transcriptome sequencing technology to analyze the expressions of all 332 soybean P450 genes. This dataset contains total RNAs isolated from nodules, roots, root tips, leaves, flowers, green pods, apical meristem, mock-inoculated and Bradyrhizobium japonicum-infected root hair cells. The tissue-specific expression patterns of these P450 genes were analyzed and the expression of a representative set of genes were confirmed by qRT-PCR. We performed the co-expression analysis on many of the 108 P450 genes on the Affymetrix arrays. First we confirmed that CYP93C5 (an isoflavone synthase gene) is co-expressed with several genes encoding isoflavonoid-related metabolic enzymes. We then focused on nodulation-induced P450s and found that CYP728H1 was co-expressed with the genes involved in phenylpropanoid metabolism. Similarly, CYP736A34 was highly co-expressed with lipoxygenase, lectin and CYP83D1, all of which are involved in root and nodule development. CONCLUSIONS The genome scale analysis of P450s in soybean reveals many unique features of these important enzymes in this crop although the functions of most of them are largely unknown. Gene co-expression analysis proves to be a useful tool to infer the function of uncharacterized genes. Our work presented here could provide important leads toward functional genomics studies of soybean P450s and their regulatory network through the integration of reverse genetics, biochemistry, and metabolic profiling tools. The identification of nodule-specific P450s and their further exploitation may help us to better understand the intriguing process of soybean and rhizobium interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshi Trupti
- Digital Biology Laboratory, Computer Science Department and Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Naveen C Bisht
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Hui Chen
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Yong-Qiang C An
- Plant Genetics Research Unit, ARS-USDA, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N. Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Sona Pandey
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Dong Xu
- Digital Biology Laboratory, Computer Science Department and Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Oliver Yu
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO 63132, USA
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Gounaris Y. Biotechnology for the production of essential oils, flavours and volatile isolates. A review. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gomi K, Satoh M, Ozawa R, Shinonaga Y, Sanada S, Sasaki K, Matsumura M, Ohashi Y, Kanno H, Akimitsu K, Takabayashi J. Role of hydroperoxide lyase in white-backed planthopper (Sogatella furcifera Horváth)-induced resistance to bacterial blight in rice, Oryza sativa L. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 61:46-57. [PMID: 19891707 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.04031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A pre-infestation of the white-backed planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera Horváth, conferred resistance to bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under both laboratory and field conditions. The infestation of another planthopper species, the brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens Stål, did not significantly reduce the incidence of bacterial blight symptoms. A large-scale screening using a rice DNA microarray and quantitative RT-PCR revealed that WBPH infestation caused the upregulation of more defence-related genes than did BPH infestation. Hydroperoxide lyase 2 (OsHPL2), an enzyme for producing C(6) volatiles, was upregulated by WBPH infestation, but not by BPH infestation. One C(6) volatile, (E)-2-hexenal, accumulated in rice after WBPH infestation, but not after BPH infestation. A direct application of (E)-2-hexenal to a liquid culture of Xoo inhibited the growth of the bacterium. Furthermore, a vapour treatment of rice plants with (E)-2-hexenal induced resistance to bacterial blight. OsHPL2-overexpressing transgenic rice plants exhibited increased resistance to bacterial blight. Based on these data, we conclude that OsHPL2 and its derived (E)-2-hexenal play some role in WBPH-induced resistance in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Gomi
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NIAS, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
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Hughes RK, De Domenico S, Santino A. Plant cytochrome CYP74 family: biochemical features, endocellular localisation, activation mechanism in plant defence and improvements for industrial applications. Chembiochem 2009; 10:1122-33. [PMID: 19322850 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Not just another P450: Shown here is a model of the overall structure of CYP74C3 with the putative membrane-binding region that is required for enzyme activation. Members of the CYP74 family of cytochrome P450 enzymes are specialised in the metabolism of hydroperoxides and play an important role in oxylipin metabolism, which is one of the main defence mechanisms employed by plants. In order to respond to their rapidly changing environments, plants have evolved complex signalling pathways, which enable tight control over stress responses. Recent work has shed new light on one of these pathways that involves the different classes of plant oxylipins that are produced through the CYP74 pathway. These phytochemicals play an important role in plant defence, and can act as direct antimicrobials or as signalling molecules that inducing the expression of defence genes. The fine-tuning regulation of defence responses, which depends on the precise cross-talk among different signalling pathways, has important consequences for plant fitness and is a new, challenging area of research. In this review we focus on new data relating to the physiological significance of different phyto-oxylipins and related enzymes. Moreover, recent advances in the biotechnological production of oxylipins are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Hughes
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UH, UK.
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Chehab EW, Eich E, Braam J. Thigmomorphogenesis: a complex plant response to mechano-stimulation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:43-56. [PMID: 19088336 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In nature, plants are challenged with hurricane winds, monsoon rains, and herbivory attacks, in addition to many other harsh mechanical perturbations that can threaten plant survival. As a result, over many years of evolution, plants have developed very sensitive mechanisms through which they can perceive and respond to even subtle stimuli, like touch. Some plants respond behaviourally to the touch stimulus within seconds, while others show morphogenetic alterations over long periods of time, ranging from days to weeks. Various signalling molecules and phytohormones, including intracellular calcium, jasmonates, ethylene, abscisic acid, auxin, brassinosteroids, nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species, have been implicated in touch responses. Many genes are induced following touch. These genes encode proteins involved in various cellular processes including calcium sensing, cell wall modifications, and defence. Twenty-three per cent of these up-regulated genes contain a recently identified promoter element involved in the rapid induction in transcript levels following mechanical perturbations. The employment of various genetic, biochemical, and molecular tools may enable elucidation of the mechanisms through which plants perceive mechano-stimuli and transduce the signals intracellularly to induce appropriate responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Wassim Chehab
- Rice University, Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 6100 Main St. Houston, TX 77005, USA
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Distinct roles of jasmonates and aldehydes in plant-defense responses. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1904. [PMID: 18382679 PMCID: PMC2271129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many inducible plant-defense responses are activated by jasmonates (JAs), C(6)-aldehydes, and their corresponding derivatives, produced by the two main competing branches of the oxylipin pathway, the allene oxide synthase (AOS) and hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) branches, respectively. In addition to competition for substrates, these branch-pathway-derived metabolites have substantial overlap in regulation of gene expression. Past experiments to define the role of C(6)-aldehydes in plant defense responses were biased towards the exogenous application of the synthetic metabolites or the use of genetic manipulation of HPL expression levels in plant genotypes with intact ability to produce the competing AOS-derived metabolites. To uncouple the roles of the C(6)-aldehydes and jasmonates in mediating direct and indirect plant-defense responses, we generated Arabidopsis genotypes lacking either one or both of these metabolites. These genotypes were subsequently challenged with a phloem-feeding insect (aphids: Myzus persicae), an insect herbivore (leafminers: Liriomyza trifolii), and two different necrotrophic fungal pathogens (Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria brassicicola). We also characterized the volatiles emitted by these plants upon aphid infestation or mechanical wounding and identified hexenyl acetate as the predominant compound in these volatile blends. Subsequently, we examined the signaling role of this compound in attracting the parasitoid wasp (Aphidius colemani), a natural enemy of aphids. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS This study conclusively establishes that jasmonates and C(6)-aldehydes play distinct roles in plant defense responses. The jasmonates are indispensable metabolites in mediating the activation of direct plant-defense responses, whereas the C(6)-aldehyes are not. On the other hand, hexenyl acetate, an acetylated C(6)-aldehyde, is the predominant wound-inducible volatile signal that mediates indirect defense responses by directing tritrophic (plant-herbivore-natural enemy) interactions. SIGNIFICANCE The data suggest that jasmonates and hexenyl acetate play distinct roles in mediating direct and indirect plant-defense responses. The potential advantage of this "division of labor" is to ensure the most effective defense strategy that minimizes incurred damages at a reduced metabolic cost.
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Gao X, Starr J, Göbel C, Engelberth J, Feussner I, Tumlinson J, Kolomiets M. Maize 9-lipoxygenase ZmLOX3 controls development, root-specific expression of defense genes, and resistance to root-knot nematodes. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2008; 21:98-109. [PMID: 18052887 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-21-1-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKN) are severe pests of maize. Although lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways and their oxylipin products have been implicated in plant-nematode interactions, prior to this report there was no conclusive genetic evidence for the function of any plant LOX gene in such interactions. We showed that expression of a maize 9-LOX gene, ZmLOX3, increased steadily and peaked at 7 days after inoculation with Meloidogyne incognita RKN. Mu-insertional lox3-4 mutants displayed increased attractiveness to RKN and an increased number of juveniles and eggs. A set of jasmonic acid (JA)- and ethylene (ET)-responsive and biosynthetic genes as well as salicylic acid (SA)-dependent genes were overexpressed specifically in the roots of lox3-4 mutants. Consistent with this, levels of JA, SA, and ET were elevated in lox3-4 mutant roots, but not in leaves. Unlike wild types, in lox3-4 mutant roots, a phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) gene was not RKN-inducible, suggesting a role for PAL-mediated metabolism in nematode resistance. In addition to these alterations in the defense status of roots, lox3-4 knockout mutants displayed precocious senescence and reduced root length and plant height compared with the wild type, suggesting that ZmLOX3 is required for normal plant development. Taken together, our data indicate that the ZmLOX3-mediated pathway may act as a root-specific suppressor of all three major defense signaling pathways to channel plant energy into growth processes, but is required for normal levels of resistance against nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiquan Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, TAMU 2132, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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