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Taugbøl A, Solbakken MH, Jakobsen KS, Vøllestad LA. Salinity-induced transcriptome profiles in marine and freshwater threespine stickleback after an abrupt 6-hour exposure. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9395. [PMID: 36311407 PMCID: PMC9596333 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Saltwater and freshwater environments have opposing physiological challenges, yet, there are fish species that are able to enter both habitats during short time spans, and as individuals they must therefore adjust quickly to osmoregulatory contrasts. In this study, we conducted an experiment to test for plastic responses to abrupt salinity changes in two populations of threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, representing two ecotypes (freshwater and ancestral saltwater). We exposed both ecotypes to abrupt native (control treatment) and non‐native salinities (0‰ and 30‰) and sampled gill tissue for transcriptomic analyses after 6 h of exposure. To investigate genomic responses to salinity, we analyzed four different comparisons; one for each ecotype (in their control and exposure salinity; (1) and (2), one between ecotypes in their control salinity (3), and the fourth comparison included all transcripts identified in (3) that did not show any expressional changes within ecotype in either the control or the exposed salinity (4)). Abrupt salinity transfer affected the expression of 10 and 1530 transcripts for the saltwater and freshwater ecotype, respectively, and 1314 were differentially expressed between the controls, including 502 that were not affected by salinity within ecotype (fixed expression). In total, these results indicate that factors other than genomic expressional plasticity are important for osmoregulation in stickleback, due to the need for opposite physiological pathways to survive the abrupt change in salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Taugbøl
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES)University of OsloBlindernNorway,Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA)LillehammerNorway
| | - Monica Hongrø Solbakken
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES)University of OsloBlindernNorway
| | - Kjetill S. Jakobsen
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES)University of OsloBlindernNorway
| | - Leif Asbjørn Vøllestad
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES)University of OsloBlindernNorway
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2
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Zhou Z, Zheng S, Haq SIU, Zheng D, Qiu QS. Regulation of pollen tube growth by cellular pH and ions. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 277:153792. [PMID: 35973258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tip growth of the pollen tube is a model system for the study of cell polarity establishment in flowering plants. The tip growth of the pollen tube displays an oscillating pattern corresponding to cellular ion and pH dynamics. Therefore, cellular pH and ions play an important role in pollen growth and development. In this review, we summarized the current advances in understanding the function of cellular pH and ions in regulating pollen tube growth. We analyzed the physiological roles and underlying mechanisms of cellular pH and ions, including Ca2+, K+, and Cl-, in regulating pollen tube growth. We further examined the function of Ca2+ in regulating cytoskeletons, small G proteins, and cell wall development in relation to pollen tube growth. We also examined the regulatory roles of cellular pH in pollen tube growth as well as pH regulation of ion flow, cell wall development, auxin signaling, and cytoskeleton function in pollen. In addition, we assessed the regulation of pollen tube growth by proton pumps and the maintenance of pH homeostasis in the trans-Golgi network by ion transporters. The interplay of ion homeostasis and pH dynamics was also assessed. We discussed the unanswered questions regarding pollen tube growth that need to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguo Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 73000, China.
| | - Sheng Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China; Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, China
| | - Syed Inzimam Ul Haq
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 73000, China
| | - Dianfeng Zheng
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China
| | - Quan-Sheng Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 73000, China; Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai, 810016, China; College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524088, China.
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3
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Sagervanshi A, Geilfus CM, Kaiser H, Mühling KH. Alkali salt stress causes fast leaf apoplastic alkalinization together with shifts in ion and metabolite composition and transcription of key genes during the early adaptive response of Vicia faba L. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 319:111253. [PMID: 35487662 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which plants respond to alkali salt stress are still obscure, and the relevance of alkaline pH under combined alkali salt stress. Early stress responses can indicate mechanisms leading to damage and plant resistance. The apoplast contains essential determinants for plant growth, specifically early apoplastic pH fluctuations are induced by many stressors and hypothesized to be involved in stress signalling. Hence, this study aims to identify fast responses specific to alkaline pH and alkali salt stress by exposing the root of hydroponically grown Vicia faba L. plants to 150 min of either 50 mM NaHCO3 (pH 9) treatment or alkaline pH 9 alone. Apoplastic pH was monitored in real-time by ratiometric fluorescence microscopy simultaneously with SWIR transmission-based measurements of leaf water content (LWC). Moreover, we examined the effect of these stresses on apoplastic, symplastic and xylem ion and metabolite composition together with transcriptions of certain stress-responsive genes. Physiological and transcriptional changes were observed in response to NaHCO3 but not to alkaline pH alone. NaHCO3 elicited a transient reduction in LWC, followed by a transient alkalinization of the apoplast and stomatal closure. Simultaneously, organic acids and sugars accumulated. Fast upregulation of stress-responsive genes showed the significance of gene regulation for early plant adaptation to alkali salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sagervanshi
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph-Martin Geilfus
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany; Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Germany
| | - Hartmut Kaiser
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Karl H Mühling
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
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4
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Lichocka M, Krzymowska M, Górecka M, Hennig J. Arabidopsis annexin 5 is involved in maintenance of pollen membrane integrity and permeability. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:94-109. [PMID: 34522949 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, a dry stigma surface enables a gradual hydration of pollen grains by a controlled release of water. Occasionally the grains may be exposed to extreme precipitations that cause rapid water influx and swelling, eventually leading to pollen membrane rupture. In metazoans, calcium- and phospholipid-binding proteins, referred to as annexins, participate in the repair of plasma membrane damages. It remains unclear, however, how this process is conducted in plants. Here, we examined whether plant annexin 5 (ANN5), the most abundant member of the annexin family in pollen, is involved in the restoration of pollen membrane integrity. We analyzed the cellular dynamics of ANN5 in pollen grains undergoing hydration in favorable or stress conditions. We observed a transient association of ANN5 with the pollen membrane during in vitro hydration that did not occur in the pollen grains being hydrated on the stigma. To simulate a rainfall, we performed spraying of the pollinated stigma with deionized water that induced ANN5 accumulation at the pollen membrane. Interestingly, calcium or magnesium application affected pollen membrane properties differently, causing rupture or shrinkage of pollen membrane, respectively. Both treatments, however, induced ANN5 recruitment to the pollen membrane. Our data suggest a model in which ANN5 is involved in the maintenance of membrane integrity in pollen grains exposed to osmotic or ionic imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Lichocka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Krzymowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Górecka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Hennig
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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5
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Pertl-Obermeyer H, Gimeno A, Kuchler V, Servili E, Huang S, Fang H, Lang V, Sydow K, Pöckl M, Schulze WX, Obermeyer G. pH modulates interaction of 14-3-3 proteins with pollen plasma membrane H+ ATPases independently from phosphorylation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:168-181. [PMID: 34467995 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pollen grains transport the sperm cells through the style tissue via a fast-growing pollen tube to the ovaries where fertilization takes place. Pollen tube growth requires a precisely regulated network of cellular as well as molecular events including the activity of the plasma membrane H+ ATPase, which is known to be regulated by reversible protein phosphorylation and subsequent binding of 14-3-3 isoforms. Immunodetection of the phosphorylated penultimate threonine residue of the pollen plasma membrane H+ ATPase (LilHA1) of Lilium longiflorum pollen revealed a sudden increase in phosphorylation with the start of pollen tube growth. In addition to phosphorylation, pH modulated the binding of 14-3-3 isoforms to the regulatory domain of the H+ ATPase, whereas metabolic components had only small effects on 14-3-3 binding, as tested with in vitro assays using recombinant 14-3-3 isoforms and phosphomimicking substitutions of the threonine residue. Consequently, local H+ influxes and effluxes as well as pH gradients in the pollen tube tip are generated by localized regulation of the H+ ATPase activity rather than by heterogeneous localized distribution in the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Pertl-Obermeyer
- Membrane Biophysics, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstr. 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- MorphoPhysics, Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Str. 2a, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ana Gimeno
- Membrane Biophysics, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstr. 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Verena Kuchler
- Membrane Biophysics, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstr. 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Evrim Servili
- Membrane Biophysics, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstr. 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Inst. Recherche Experimentale & Clinique, University of Louvain, Ave. Hippocrate, Woluwe-Saint Lambert, Belgium
| | - Shuai Huang
- Membrane Biophysics, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstr. 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzen, PR China
| | - Han Fang
- Membrane Biophysics, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstr. 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Spinal Chord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Centre, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Veronika Lang
- Membrane Biophysics, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstr. 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- STRATEC GmbH, Sonystraße 20, Anif, Austria
| | - Katharina Sydow
- Membrane Biophysics, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstr. 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Magdalena Pöckl
- Membrane Biophysics, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstr. 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Waltraud X Schulze
- Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gerhard Obermeyer
- Membrane Biophysics, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Billrothstr. 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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6
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Chaturvedi P, Wiese AJ, Ghatak A, Záveská Drábková L, Weckwerth W, Honys D. Heat stress response mechanisms in pollen development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:571-585. [PMID: 33818773 PMCID: PMC9292940 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Being rooted in place, plants are faced with the challenge of responding to unfavourable local conditions. One such condition, heat stress, contributes massively to crop losses globally. Heatwaves are predicted to increase, and it is of vital importance to generate crops that are tolerant to not only heat stress but also to several other abiotic stresses (e.g. drought stress, salinity stress) to ensure that global food security is protected. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the temperature stress response in pollen will be a significant step towards developing effective breeding strategies for high and stable production in crop plants. While most studies have focused on the vegetative phase of plant growth to understand heat stress tolerance, it is the reproductive phase that requires more attention as it is more sensitive to elevated temperatures. Every phase of reproductive development is affected by environmental challenges, including pollen and ovule development, pollen tube growth, male-female cross-talk, fertilization, and embryo development. In this review we summarize how pollen is affected by heat stress and the molecular mechanisms employed during the stress period, as revealed by classical and -omics experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak Chaturvedi
- Molecular Systems Biology (MOSYS)Department of Functional and Evolutionary EcologyFaculty of Life SciencesUniversity of ViennaAlthanstrasse 14Vienna1090Austria
| | - Anna J. Wiese
- Laboratory of Pollen BiologyInstitute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesRozvojová 263Prague 6165 02Czech Republic
| | - Arindam Ghatak
- Molecular Systems Biology (MOSYS)Department of Functional and Evolutionary EcologyFaculty of Life SciencesUniversity of ViennaAlthanstrasse 14Vienna1090Austria
| | - Lenka Záveská Drábková
- Laboratory of Pollen BiologyInstitute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesRozvojová 263Prague 6165 02Czech Republic
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Molecular Systems Biology (MOSYS)Department of Functional and Evolutionary EcologyFaculty of Life SciencesUniversity of ViennaAlthanstrasse 14Vienna1090Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME)University of ViennaAlthanstrasse 14Vienna1090Austria
| | - David Honys
- Laboratory of Pollen BiologyInstitute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of SciencesRozvojová 263Prague 6165 02Czech Republic
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7
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Hayashi M, Palmgren M. The quest for the central players governing pollen tube growth and guidance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:682-693. [PMID: 33793904 PMCID: PMC8133568 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent insights into the mechanism of pollen tube growth and guidance point to the importance of H+ dynamics, which are regulated by the plasma membrane H+-ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Hayashi
- Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Palmgren
- Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000,China
- Author for communication:
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8
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Zhao T, Arbelet-Bonnin D, Tran D, Monetti E, Lehner A, Meimoun P, Kadono T, Dauphin A, Errakhi R, Reboutier D, Cangémi S, Kawano T, Mancuso S, El-Maarouf-Bouteau H, Laurenti P, Bouteau F. Biphasic activation of survival and death pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana cultured cells by sorbitol-induced hyperosmotic stress. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 305:110844. [PMID: 33691971 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hyperosmotic stresses represent some of the most serious abiotic factors that adversely affect plants growth, development and fitness. Despite their central role, the early cellular events that lead to plant adaptive responses remain largely unknown. In this study, using Arabidopsis thaliana cultured cells we analyzed early cellular responses to sorbitol-induced hyperosmotic stress. We observed biphasic and dual responses of A. thaliana cultured cells to sorbitol-induced hyperosmotic stress. A first set of events, namely singlet oxygen (1O2) production and cell hyperpolarization due to a decrease in anion channel activity could participate to signaling and osmotic adjustment allowing cell adaptation and survival. A second set of events, namely superoxide anion (O2-) production by RBOHD-NADPH-oxidases and SLAC1 anion channel activation could participate in programmed cell death (PCD) of a part of the cell population. This set of events raises the question of how a survival pathway and a death pathway could be induced by the same hyperosmotic condition and what could be the meaning of the induction of two different behaviors in response to hyperosmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhao
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
| | | | - Daniel Tran
- former EA3514, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Emanuela Monetti
- former EA3514, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France; LINV-DiSPAA, Department of Agri-Food and Environmental Science, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Arnaud Lehner
- former EA3514, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Patrice Meimoun
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire des Energies de Demain, Paris, France; former EA3514, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Paris Interdisciplinary Energy Research Institute (PIERI), Paris, France
| | - Takashi Kadono
- former EA3514, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, University of Kitakyushu, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu 808-0135, Japan
| | | | - Rafik Errakhi
- former EA3514, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | | | - Sylvie Cangémi
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
| | - Tomonori Kawano
- LINV-DiSPAA, Department of Agri-Food and Environmental Science, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, University of Kitakyushu, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu 808-0135, Japan; University of Florence LINV Kitakyushu Research Center (LINV@Kitakyushu), Kitakyushu, Japan; Université de Paris, Paris Interdisciplinary Energy Research Institute (PIERI), Paris, France
| | - Stefano Mancuso
- LINV-DiSPAA, Department of Agri-Food and Environmental Science, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; University of Florence LINV Kitakyushu Research Center (LINV@Kitakyushu), Kitakyushu, Japan; Université de Paris, Paris Interdisciplinary Energy Research Institute (PIERI), Paris, France
| | | | - Patrick Laurenti
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
| | - François Bouteau
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire des Energies de Demain, Paris, France; former EA3514, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France; LINV-DiSPAA, Department of Agri-Food and Environmental Science, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; University of Florence LINV Kitakyushu Research Center (LINV@Kitakyushu), Kitakyushu, Japan.
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9
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Lin X, Huang S, Huang G, Chen Y, Wang X, Wang Y. 14-3-3 Proteins Are Involved in BR-Induced Ray Petal Elongation in Gerbera hybrida. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:718091. [PMID: 34421972 PMCID: PMC8371339 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.718091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
14-3-3 proteins play a major role in the regulation of primary metabolism, protein transport, ion channel activity, signal transduction and biotic/abiotic stress responses. However, their involvement in petal growth and development is largely unknown. Here, we identified and characterized the expression patterns of seven genes of the 14-3-3 family in gerbera. While none of the genes showed any tissue or developmental specificity of spatiotemporal expression, all seven predicted proteins have the nine α-helices typical of 14-3-3 proteins. Following treatment with brassinolide, an endogenous brassinosteroid, the Gh14-3-3 genes displayed various response patterns; for example, Gh14-3-3b and Gh14-3-3f reached their highest expression level at early (2 h) and late (24 h) timepoints, respectively. Further study revealed that overexpression of Gh14-3-3b or Gh14-3-3f promoted cell elongation, leading to an increase in ray petal length. By contrast, silencing of Gh14-3-3b or Gh14-3-3f inhibited petal elongation, which was eliminated partly by brassinolide. Correspondingly, the expression of petal elongation-related and brassinosteroid signaling-related genes was modified in transgenic petals. Taken together, our research suggests that Gh14-3-3b and Gh14-3-3f are positive regulators of brassinosteroid-induced ray petal elongation and thus provides novel insights into the molecular mechanism of petal growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shina Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanbo Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yaqin Wang,
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10
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Breygina M, Klimenko E, Podolyan A, Voronkov A. Dynamics of Pollen Activation and the Role of H +-ATPase in Pollen Germination in Blue Spruce ( Picea pungens). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1760. [PMID: 33322609 PMCID: PMC7763870 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Pollen is a highly specialized structure for sexual plant reproduction. Early stages of pollen germination require the transition from dormant state to active metabolism. In particular, an important role during this early phase of angiosperm pollen germination is played by H+-ATPase. Very little is known about pollen activation in gymnosperm species, and information on the involvement of H+-ATPase is lacking. We tracked four indicators characterizing the physiological state of pollen: membrane potential, intracellular pH, anion efflux and oxygen uptake, in order to monitor the dynamics of activation in Picea pungens. Based on pH dynamics during activation, we assumed the important role of H+-ATPase in spruce pollen germination. Indeed, germination was severely suppressed by P-type ATPase inhibitor orthovanadate. In spruce pollen tubes, a pronounced pH gradient with a maximum in the apical zone was found, which was different from the pollen tubes of flowering plants. Using orthovanadate and fusicoccin, we found that the proton pump is largely responsible for maintaining the gradient. Immunolocalization of the enzyme in pollen tubes showed that the distribution of H+-ATPase generally coincides with the shape of the pH gradient: its maximum accumulation is observed in the apical zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Breygina
- Department of Plant Physiology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-12, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Ekaterina Klimenko
- Department of Plant Physiology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-12, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Alexandra Podolyan
- Department of Plant Physiology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-12, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Alexander Voronkov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya St. 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia;
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11
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Liu Z, Zhang J, Ma A, Wang X, Sun Z, Cui W, Yuan C, Zhu C. Molecular characterization, expression analysis of 14-3-3 beta/alpha and the effect of RNA interference on ion transporter protein Na+-K+-ATPase, Na+–H+-exchanger and CFTR in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 246-247:110458. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2020.110458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Wada H, Hatakeyama Y, Nakashima T, Nonami H, Erra-Balsells R, Hakata M, Nakata K, Hiraoka K, Onda Y, Nakano H. On-site single pollen metabolomics reveals varietal differences in phosphatidylinositol synthesis under heat stress conditions in rice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2013. [PMID: 32029818 PMCID: PMC7005239 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58869-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a loss of healthy pollen grains induced by metabolic heat responses has been indicated to be a major cause of heat-induced spikelet sterility under global climate change, to date detailed information at pollen level has been lacking due to the technical limitations. In this study, we used picolitre pressure-probe-electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry (picoPPESI-MS) to directly determine the metabolites in heat-treated single mature pollen grains in two cultivars, heat-tolerant cultivar, N22 and heat-sensitive cultivar, Koshihikari. Heat-induced spikelet fertility in N22 and Koshihikari was 90.0% and 46.8%, respectively. While no treatment difference in in vitro pollen viability was observed in each cultivar, contrasting varietal differences in phosphatidylinositol (PI)(34:3) have been detected in mature pollen, together with other 106 metabolites. Greater PI content was detected in N22 pollen regardless of the treatment, but not for Koshihikari pollen. In contrast, there was little detection for phosphoinositide in the single mature pollen grains in both cultivars. Our findings indicate that picoPPESI-MS analysis can efficiently identify the metabolites in intact single pollen. Since PI is a precursor of phosphoinositide that induces multiple signaling for pollen germination and tube growth, the active synthesis of PI(34:3) prior to germination may be closely associated with sustaining spikelet fertility even at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Wada
- Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 496 Izumi, Chikugo, Fukuoka, 833-0041, Japan.
| | - Yuto Hatakeyama
- Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 496 Izumi, Chikugo, Fukuoka, 833-0041, Japan
| | - Taiken Nakashima
- Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nonami
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Rosa Erra-Balsells
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina
| | - Makoto Hakata
- Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 496 Izumi, Chikugo, Fukuoka, 833-0041, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nakata
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Kenzo Hiraoka
- Clean Energy Research Center, The University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8511, Japan
| | - Yayoi Onda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakano
- Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 496 Izumi, Chikugo, Fukuoka, 833-0041, Japan
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Parrotta L, Faleri C, Del Duca S, Cai G. Depletion of sucrose induces changes in the tip growth mechanism of tobacco pollen tubes. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:23-43. [PMID: 29659664 PMCID: PMC6025209 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Pollen tubes are rapidly growing, photosynthetically inactive cells that need high rates of energy to support growth. Energy can derive from internal and external storage sources. The lack of carbon sources can cause various problems during pollen tube growth, which in turn could affect the reproduction of plants. Methods We analysed the effects of energy deficiency on the development of Nicotiana tabacum pollen tubes by replacing sucrose with glycerol in the growth medium. We focused on cell growth and related processes, such as metabolite composition and cell wall synthesis. Key Results We found that the lack of sucrose affects pollen germination and pollen tube length during a specific growth period. Both sugar metabolism and ATP concentration were affected by sucrose shortage when pollen tubes were grown in glycerol-based media; this was related to decreases in the concentrations of glucose, fructose and UDP-glucose. The intracellular pH and ROS levels also showed a different distribution in pollen tubes grown in sucrose-depleted media. Changes were also observed at the cell wall level, particularly in the content and distribution of two enzymes related to cell wall synthesis (sucrose synthase and callose synthase). Furthermore, both callose and newly secreted cell wall material (mainly pectins) showed an altered distribution corresponding to the lack of oscillatory growth in pollen tubes. Growth in glycerol-based media also temporarily affected the movement of generative cells and, in parallel, the deposition of callose plugs. Conclusion Pollen tubes represent an ideal model system for studying metabolic pathways during the growth of plant cells. In our study, we found evidence that glycerol, a less energetic source for cell growth than sucrose, causes critical changes in cell wall deposition. The evidence that different aspects of pollen tube growth are affected is an indication that pollen tubes adapt to metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Parrotta
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Claudia Faleri
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefano Del Duca
- Dipartimento Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giampiero Cai
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy
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Breygina M, Abramochkin DV, Maksimov N, Yermakov I. Effects of Ni 2+ and Cu 2+ on K + and H + currents in lily pollen protoplasts. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2017; 44:1171-1177. [PMID: 32480642 DOI: 10.1071/fp17033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals affect plant development and reproduction if they are present in excessive amounts, a situation that is becoming increasingly common. Pollen is a convenient object for pollution assessment as it is in most cases a 2- or 3-cellular organism exposed to the environment. At the same time, pollen is a key stage in the life cycle of seed plants; pollen viability and efficiency of germination are crucial for reproductive success and crop yield. In the present study we reveal for the first time, to our knowledge, targets for heavy metals (Cu2+ and Ni2+) in the pollen grain plasma membrane using the patch-clamp technique. Ni2+ dramatically decreases K+ current in pollen grain protoplasts, whereas Cu2+ does not alter the current density. Instead, Cu2+ strongly enhances H+ current driven by H+-ATPase, whereas Ni2+ fails to affect this current. The short-term treatment with Cu2+ also leads to reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in pollen grain protoplasts but intracellular pH and membrane potential remain unchanged. Ni2+ had no significant effect on ROS content or membrane potential. Thus, plasmalemma K+ channels in pollen grains are sensitive to Ni2+ and H+-ATPase is sensitive to Cu2+, possibly, in a ROS-mediated way. Both metals leave pollen viable since membrane potential is maintained at the control level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Breygina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory 1-12, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Denis V Abramochkin
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory 1-12, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Nikita Maksimov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory 1-12, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Igor Yermakov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye gory 1-12, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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15
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Carrizo García C, Nepi M, Pacini E. It is a matter of timing: asynchrony during pollen development and its consequences on pollen performance in angiosperms-a review. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:57-73. [PMID: 26872476 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0950-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Functional pollen is needed to successfully complete fertilization. Pollen is formed inside the anthers following a specific sequence of developmental stages, from microsporocyte meiosis to pollen release, that concerns microsporocytes/microspores and anther wall tissues. The processes involved may not be synchronous within a flower, an anther, and even a microsporangium. Asynchrony has been barely analyzed, and its biological consequences have not been yet assessed. In this review, different processes of pollen development and lifetime, stressing on the possible consequences of their differential timing on pollen performance, are summarized. Development is usually synchronized until microsporocyte meiosis I (occasionally until meiosis II). Afterwards, a period of mostly asynchronous events extends up to anther opening as regards: (1) meiosis II (sometimes); (2) microspore vacuolization and later reduction of vacuoles; (3) amylogenesis, amylolysis, and carbohydrate inter-conversion; (4) the first haploid mitosis; and (5) intine formation. Asynchrony would promote metabolic differences among developing microspores and therefore physiologically heterogeneous pollen grains within a single microsporangium. Asynchrony would increase the effect of competition for resources during development and pollen tube growth and also for water during (re)hydration on the stigma. The differences generated by developmental asynchronies may have an adaptive role since more efficient pollen grains would be selected with regard to homeostasis, desiccation tolerance, resilience, speed of (re)hydration, and germination. The performance of each pollen grain which landed onto the stigma will be the result of a series of selective steps determined by its development, physiological state at maturity, and successive environmental constrains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimo Nepi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ettore Pacini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
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16
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Zafra A, Carmona R, Traverso JA, Hancock JT, Goldman MHS, Claros MG, Hiscock SJ, Alche JD. Identification and Functional Annotation of Genes Differentially Expressed in the Reproductive Tissues of the Olive Tree ( Olea europaea L.) through the Generation of Subtractive Libraries. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1576. [PMID: 28955364 PMCID: PMC5601413 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The olive tree is a crop of high socio-economical importance in the Mediterranean area. Sexual reproduction in this plant is an essential process, which determines the yield. Successful fertilization is mainly favored and sometimes needed of the presence of pollen grains from a different cultivar as the olive seizes a self-incompatibility system allegedly determined of the sporophytic type. The purpose of the present study was to identify key gene products involved in the function of olive pollen and pistil, in order to help elucidate the events and signaling processes, which happen during the courtship, pollen grain germination, and fertilization in olive. The use of subtractive SSH libraries constructed using, on the one hand one specific stage of the pistil development with germinating pollen grains, and on the other hand mature pollen grains may help to reveal the specific transcripts involved in the cited events. Such libraries have also been created by subtracting vegetative mRNAs (from leaves), in order to identify reproductive sequences only. A variety of transcripts have been identified in the mature pollen grains and in the pistil at the receptive stage. Among them, those related to defense, transport and oxidative metabolism are highlighted mainly in the pistil libraries where transcripts related to stress, and response to biotic and abiotic stimulus have a prominent position. Extensive lists containing information as regard to the specific transcripts determined for each stage and tissue are provided, as well as functional classifications of these gene products. Such lists were faced up to two recent datasets obtained in olive after transcriptomic and genomic approaches. The sequences and the differential expression level of the SSH-transcripts identified here, highly matched the transcriptomic information. Moreover, the unique presence of a representative number of these transcripts has been validated by means of qPCR approaches. The construction of SSH libraries using pistil and pollen, considering the high interaction between male-female counterparts, allowed the identification of transcripts with important roles in stigma physiology. The functions of many of the transcripts obtained are intimately related, and most of them are of pivotal importance in defense, pollen-stigma interaction and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adoración Zafra
- Plant Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranada, Spain
| | - Rosario Carmona
- Plant Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranada, Spain
| | - José A. Traverso
- Plant Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranada, Spain
| | - John T. Hancock
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of EnglandBristol, United Kingdom
| | - Maria H. S. Goldman
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - M. Gonzalo Claros
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de MálagaMálaga, Spain
| | - Simon J. Hiscock
- School of Biological Sciences, University of BristolBristol, United Kingdom
| | - Juan D. Alche
- Plant Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranada, Spain
- *Correspondence: Juan D. Alche
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17
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Michard E, Simon AA, Tavares B, Wudick MM, Feijó JA. Signaling with Ions: The Keystone for Apical Cell Growth and Morphogenesis in Pollen Tubes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:91-111. [PMID: 27895207 PMCID: PMC5210754 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ion homeostasis and signaling are crucial to regulate pollen tube growth and morphogenesis and affect upstream membrane transporters and downstream targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Michard
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815 (E.M., A.A.S., M.M.W., J.A.F.); and
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras 2780-901, Portugal (B.T.)
| | - Alexander A Simon
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815 (E.M., A.A.S., M.M.W., J.A.F.); and
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras 2780-901, Portugal (B.T.)
| | - Bárbara Tavares
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815 (E.M., A.A.S., M.M.W., J.A.F.); and
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras 2780-901, Portugal (B.T.)
| | - Michael M Wudick
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815 (E.M., A.A.S., M.M.W., J.A.F.); and
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras 2780-901, Portugal (B.T.)
| | - José A Feijó
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815 (E.M., A.A.S., M.M.W., J.A.F.); and
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras 2780-901, Portugal (B.T.)
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18
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Winship LJ, Rounds C, Hepler PK. Perturbation Analysis of Calcium, Alkalinity and Secretion during Growth of Lily Pollen Tubes. PLANTS 2016; 6:plants6010003. [PMID: 28042810 PMCID: PMC5371762 DOI: 10.3390/plants6010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pollen tubes grow by spatially and temporally regulated expansion of new material secreted into the cell wall at the tip of the tube. A complex web of interactions among cellular components, ions and small molecule provides dynamic control of localized expansion and secretion. Cross-correlation studies on oscillating lily (Lilium formosanum Wallace) pollen tubes showed that an increase in intracellular calcium follows an increase in growth, whereas the increase in the alkaline band and in secretion both anticipate the increase in growth rate. Calcium, as a follower, is unlikely to be a stimulator of growth, whereas the alkaline band, as a leader, may be an activator. To gain further insight herein we reversibly inhibited growth with potassium cyanide (KCN) and followed the re-establishment of calcium, pH and secretion patterns as growth resumed. While KCN markedly slows growth and causes the associated gradients of calcium and pH to sharply decline, its removal allows growth and vital processes to fully recover. The calcium gradient reappears before growth restarts; however, it is preceded by both the alkaline band and secretion, in which the alkaline band is slightly advanced over secretion. Thus the pH gradient, rather than the tip-focused calcium gradient, may regulate pollen tube growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caleb Rounds
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Peter K Hepler
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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19
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Kovaleva LV, Voronkov AS, Zakharova EV, Minkina YV, Timofeeva GV, Andreev IM. Exogenous IAA and ABA stimulate germination of petunia male gametophyte by activating Ca2+-dependent K+-channels and by modulating the activity of plasmalemma H+-ATPase and actin cytoskeleton. Russ J Dev Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360416030036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Wang X, Chang L, Tong Z, Wang D, Yin Q, Wang D, Jin X, Yang Q, Wang L, Sun Y, Huang Q, Guo A, Peng M. Proteomics Profiling Reveals Carbohydrate Metabolic Enzymes and 14-3-3 Proteins Play Important Roles for Starch Accumulation during Cassava Root Tuberization. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19643. [PMID: 26791570 PMCID: PMC4726164 DOI: 10.1038/srep19643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cassava is one of the most important root crops as a reliable source of food and carbohydrates. Carbohydrate metabolism and starch accumulation in cassava storage root is a cascade process that includes large amounts of proteins and cofactors. Here, comparative proteomics were conducted in cassava root at nine developmental stages. A total of 154 identified proteins were found to be differentially expressed during starch accumulation and root tuberization. Many enzymes involved in starch and sucrose metabolism were significantly up-regulated, and functional classification of the differentially expressed proteins demonstrated that the majority were binding-related enzymes. Many proteins were took part in carbohydrate metabolism to produce energy. Among them, three 14-3-3 isoforms were induced to be clearly phosphorylated during storage root enlargement. Overexpression of a cassava 14-3-3 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana confirmed that the older leaves of these transgenic plants contained higher sugar and starch contents than the wild-type leaves. The 14-3-3 proteins and their binding enzymes may play important roles in carbohydrate metabolism and starch accumulation during cassava root tuberization. These results not only deepened our understanding of the tuberous root proteome, but also uncovered new insights into carbohydrate metabolism and starch accumulation during cassava root enlargement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources for Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China.,College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Lili Chang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources for Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China.,College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Zheng Tong
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources for Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
| | - Dongyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources for Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China.,College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Qi Yin
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources for Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China.,College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources for Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
| | - Xiang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources for Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources for Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
| | - Liming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources for Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources for Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
| | - Qixing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources for Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
| | - Anping Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources for Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China
| | - Ming Peng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources for Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China.,College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
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Zhao Q, Gao J, Suo J, Chen S, Wang T, Dai S. Cytological and proteomic analyses of horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) spore germination. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:441. [PMID: 26136760 PMCID: PMC4469821 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Spermatophyte pollen tubes and root hairs have been used as single-cell-type model systems to understand the molecular processes underlying polar growth of plant cells. Horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) is a perennial herb species in Equisetopsida, which creates separately growing spring and summer stems in its life cycle. The mature chlorophyllous spores produced from spring stems can germinate without dormancy. Here we report the cellular features and protein expression patterns in five stages of horsetail spore germination (mature spores, rehydrated spores, double-celled spores, germinated spores, and spores with protonemal cells). Using 2-DE combined with mass spectrometry, 80 proteins were found to be abundance changed upon spore germination. Among them, proteins involved in photosynthesis, protein turnover, and energy supply were over-represented. Thirteen proteins appeared as proteoforms on the gels, indicating the potential importance of post-translational modification. In addition, the dynamic changes of ascorbate peroxidase, peroxiredoxin, and dehydroascorbate reductase implied that reactive oxygen species homeostasis is critical in regulating cell division and tip-growth. The time course of germination and diverse expression patterns of proteins in photosynthesis, energy supply, lipid and amino acid metabolism indicated that heterotrophic and autotrophic metabolism were necessary in light-dependent germination of the spores. Twenty-six proteins were involved in protein synthesis, folding, and degradation, indicating that protein turnover is vital to spore germination and rhizoid tip-growth. Furthermore, the altered abundance of 14-3-3 protein, small G protein Ran, actin, and caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase revealed that signaling transduction, vesicle trafficking, cytoskeleton dynamics, and cell wall modulation were critical to cell division and polar growth. These findings lay a foundation toward understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying fern spore asymmetric division and rhizoid polar growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field, Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Jinwei Suo
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field, Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, Genetics Institute, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tai Wang
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Shaojun Dai
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal UniversityShanghai, China
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Tian F, Wang T, Xie Y, Zhang J, Hu J. Genome-wide identification, classification, and expression analysis of 14-3-3 gene family in Populus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123225. [PMID: 25867623 PMCID: PMC4395111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In plants, 14-3-3 proteins are encoded by a large multigene family and are involved in signaling pathways to regulate plant development and protection from stress. Although twelve Populus 14-3-3s were identified based on the Populus trichocarpa genome V1.1 in a previous study, no systematic analysis including genome organization, gene structure, duplication relationship, evolutionary analysis and expression compendium has been conducted in Populus based on the latest P. trichocarpa genome V3.0. Principal Findings Here, a comprehensive analysis of Populus 14-3-3 family is presented. Two new 14-3-3 genes were identified based on the latest P. trichocarpa genome. In P. trichocarpa, fourteen 14-3-3 genes were grouped into ε and non-ε group. Exon-intron organizations of Populus 14-3-3s are highly conserved within the same group. Genomic organization analysis indicated that purifying selection plays a pivotal role in the retention and maintenance of Populus 14-3-3 family. Protein conformational analysis indicated that Populus 14-3-3 consists of a bundle of nine α-helices (α1-α9); the first four are essential for formation of the dimer, while α3, α5, α7, and α9 form a conserved peptide-binding groove. In addition, α1, α3, α5, α7, and α9 were evolving at a lower rate, while α2, α4, and α6 were evolving at a relatively faster rate. Microarray analyses showed that most Populus 14-3-3s are differentially expressed across tissues and upon exposure to various stresses. Conclusions The gene structures and their coding protein structures of Populus 14-3-3s are highly conserved among group members, suggesting that members of the same group might also have conserved functions. Microarray and qRT-PCR analyses showed that most Populus 14-3-3s were differentially expressed in various tissues and were induced by various stresses. Our investigation provided a better understanding of the complexity of the 14-3-3 gene family in poplars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxia Tian
- College of Life Science and Technology, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang, Henan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Tan Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang, Henan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Yuli Xie
- College of Life Science and Technology, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Nanyang, Henan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JZ); (JH)
| | - Jianjun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JZ); (JH)
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Safiarian MJ, Pertl-Obermeyer H, Lughofer P, Hude R, Bertl A, Obermeyer G. Lost in traffic? The K(+) channel of lily pollen, LilKT1, is detected at the endomembranes inside yeast cells, tobacco leaves, and lily pollen. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:47. [PMID: 25713578 PMCID: PMC4322604 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fertilization in plants relies on fast growth of pollen tubes through the style tissue toward the ovules. This polarized growth depends on influx of ions and water to increase the tube's volume. K(+) inward rectifying channels were detected in many pollen species, with one identified in Arabidopsis. Here, an Arabidopsis AKT1-like channel (LilKT1) was identified from Lilium longiflorum pollen. Complementation of K(+) uptake deficient yeast mutants was only successful when the entire LilKT1 C-terminus was replaced by the AKT1 C-terminus. No signals were observed in the plasma membrane (PM) of pollen tubes after expression of fluorescence-tagged LilKT1 nor were any LilKT1-derived peptides detectable in the pollen PM by mass spectrometry analysis. In contrast, fluorescent LilKT1 partly co-localized with the lily PM H(+) ATPase LilHA2 in the PM of tobacco leaf cells, but exhibited a punctual fluorescence pattern and also sub-plasma membrane localization. Thus, incorporation of LilKT1 into the pollen PM seems tighter controlled than in other cells with still unknown trafficking signals in LilKT1's C-terminus, resulting in channel densities below detection limits. This highly controlled incorporation might have physiological reasons: an uncontrolled number of K(+) inward channels in the pollen PM will give an increased water influx due to the raising cytosolic K(+) concentration, and finally, causing the tube to burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minou J. Safiarian
- Molecular Plant Biophysics and Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Heidi Pertl-Obermeyer
- Molecular Plant Biophysics and Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
- Plant Systems Biology, University of HohenheimStuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Lughofer
- Molecular Plant Biophysics and Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Rene Hude
- Molecular Plant Biophysics and Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Adam Bertl
- Yeast Membrane Biology, Department of Biology, Darmstadt University of TechnologyDarmstadt, Germany
| | - Gerhard Obermeyer
- Molecular Plant Biophysics and Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, University of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
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Small changes in gene expression of targeted osmoregulatory genes when exposing marine and freshwater threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) to abrupt salinity transfers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106894. [PMID: 25265477 PMCID: PMC4180258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinity is one of the key factors that affects metabolism, survival and distribution of fish species, as all fish osmoregulate and euryhaline fish maintain osmotic differences between their extracellular fluid and either freshwater or seawater. The threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is a euryhaline species with populations in both marine and freshwater environments, where the physiological and genomic basis for salinity tolerance adaptation is not fully understood. Therefore, our main objective in this study was to investigate gene expression of three targeted osmoregulatory genes (Na+/K+-ATPase (ATPA13), cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) and a voltage gated potassium channel gene (KCNH4) and one stress related heat shock protein gene (HSP70)) in gill tissue from marine and freshwater populations when exposed to non-native salinity for periods ranging from five minutes to three weeks. Overall, the targeted genes showed highly plastic expression profiles, in addition the expression of ATP1A3 was slightly higher in saltwater adapted fish and KCNH4 and HSP70 had slightly higher expression in freshwater. As no pronounced changes were observed in the expression profiles of the targeted genes, this indicates that the osmoregulatory apparatuses of both the marine and landlocked freshwater stickleback population have not been environmentally canalized, but are able to respond plastically to abrupt salinity challenges.
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25
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Pertl-Obermeyer H, Schulze WX, Obermeyer G. In vivo cross-linking combined with mass spectrometry analysis reveals receptor-like kinases and Ca2+ signalling proteins as putative interaction partners of pollen plasma membrane H+ ATPases. J Proteomics 2014; 108:17-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Lang V, Pertl-Obermeyer H, Safiarian MJ, Obermeyer G. Pump up the volume - a central role for the plasma membrane H(+) pump in pollen germination and tube growth. PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:477-88. [PMID: 24097309 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0555-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane H(+) ATPase is a member of the P-ATPase family transporting H(+) from the cytosol to the extracellular space and thus energizing the plasma membrane for the uptake of ions and nutrients. As a housekeeping gene, this protein can be detected in almost every plant cell including the exclusive expression of specific isoforms in pollen grains and tubes where its activity is a prerequisite for successful germination and growth of pollen tubes. This review summarizes the current knowledge on pollen PM H(+) ATPases and hypothesizes a central role for pollen-specific isoforms of this protein in tube growth. External as well as cytosolic signals from signal transduction and metabolic pathways are integrated by the PM H(+) ATPase and directly translated to tube growth rates, allocating the PM H(+) ATPase to an essential node in the signalling network of pollen tubes in their race to the ovule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Lang
- Molecular Plant Biophysics and Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Billrothstr. 11, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
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27
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Muralidhar A, Novis PM, Broady PA, Collings DA, Garrill A. An estuarine species of the alga Vaucheria (Xanthophyceae) displays an increased capacity for turgor regulation when compared to a freshwater species. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2013; 49:967-978. [PMID: 27007319 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Turgor regulation is the process by which walled organisms alter their internal osmotic potential to adapt to osmotic changes in the environment. Apart from a few studies on freshwater oomycetes, the ability of stramenopiles to turgor regulate has not been investigated. In this study, turgor regulation and growth were compared in two species of the stramenopile alga Vaucheria, Vaucheria erythrospora isolated from an estuarine habitat, and Vaucheria repens isolated from a freshwater habitat. Species were identified using their rbcL sequences and respective morphologies. Using a single cell pressure probe to directly measure turgor in Vaucheria after hyperosmotic shock, V. erythrospora was found to recover turgor after a larger shock than V. repens. Threshold shock values for this ability were >0.5 MPa for V. erythrospora and <0.5 MPa for V. repens. Recovery was more rapid in V. erythrospora than V. repens after comparable shocks. Turgor recovery in V. erythrospora was inhibited by Gd(3+) and TEA, suggesting a role for mechanosensitive channels, nonselective cation channels, and K(+) channels in the process. Growth studies showed that V. erythrospora was able to grow over a wider range of NaCl concentrations. These responses may underlie the ability of V. erythrospora to survive in an estuarine habitat and restrict V. repens to freshwater. The fact that both species can turgor regulate may indicate a fundamental difference between members of the Stramenopila, as research to date on oomycetes suggests they are unable to turgor regulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abishek Muralidhar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Phil M Novis
- Allan Herbarium, Landcare Research, P.O. Box 40, Lincoln, 7640, New Zealand
| | - Paul A Broady
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - David A Collings
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ashley Garrill
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
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28
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Obermeyer G, Fragner L, Lang V, Weckwerth W. Dynamic adaption of metabolic pathways during germination and growth of lily pollen tubes after inhibition of the electron transport chain. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:1822-33. [PMID: 23660836 PMCID: PMC3729764 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.219857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of the metabolome and the transcriptome of pollen of lily (Lilium longiflorum) gave a comprehensive overview of metabolic pathways active during pollen germination and tube growth. More than 100 different metabolites were determined simultaneously by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, and expressed genes of selected metabolic pathways were identified by next-generation sequencing of lily pollen transcripts. The time-dependent changes in metabolite abundances, as well as the changes after inhibition of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, revealed a fast and dynamic adaption of the metabolic pathways in the range of minutes. The metabolic state prior to pollen germination differed clearly from the metabolic state during pollen tube growth, as indicated by principal component analysis of all detected metabolites and by detailed observation of individual metabolites. For instance, the amount of sucrose increased during the first 60 minutes of pollen culture but decreased during tube growth, while glucose and fructose showed the opposite behavior. Glycolysis, tricarbonic acid cycle, glyoxylate cycle, starch, and fatty acid degradation were activated, providing energy during pollen germination and tube growth. Inhibition of the mitochondrial electron transport chain by antimycin A resulted in an immediate production of ethanol and a fast rearrangement of metabolic pathways, which correlated with changes in the amounts of the majority of identified metabolites, e.g. a rapid increase in γ-aminobutyric acid indicated the activation of a γ-aminobutyric acid shunt in the tricarbonic acid cycle, while ethanol fermentation compensated the reduced ATP production after inhibition of the oxidative phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Obermeyer
- Molecular Plant Biophysics and Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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29
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Vogler H, Draeger C, Weber A, Felekis D, Eichenberger C, Routier-Kierzkowska AL, Boisson-Dernier A, Ringli C, Nelson BJ, Smith RS, Grossniklaus U. The pollen tube: a soft shell with a hard core. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 73:617-27. [PMID: 23106269 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell expansion is controlled by a fine-tuned balance between intracellular turgor pressure, cell wall loosening and cell wall biosynthesis. To understand these processes, it is important to gain in-depth knowledge of cell wall mechanics. Pollen tubes are tip-growing cells that provide an ideal system to study mechanical properties at the single cell level. With the available approaches it was not easy to measure important mechanical parameters of pollen tubes, such as the elasticity of the cell wall. We used a cellular force microscope (CFM) to measure the apparent stiffness of lily pollen tubes. In combination with a mechanical model based on the finite element method (FEM), this allowed us to calculate turgor pressure and cell wall elasticity, which we found to be around 0.3 MPa and 20-90 MPa, respectively. Furthermore, and in contrast to previous reports, we showed that the difference in stiffness between the pollen tube tip and the shank can be explained solely by the geometry of the pollen tube. CFM, in combination with an FEM-based model, provides a powerful method to evaluate important mechanical parameters of single, growing cells. Our findings indicate that the cell wall of growing pollen tubes has mechanical properties similar to rubber. This suggests that a fully turgid pollen tube is a relatively stiff, yet flexible cell that can react very quickly to obstacles or attractants by adjusting the direction of growth on its way through the female transmitting tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Vogler
- Institute of Plant Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
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30
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Lamport DTA, Várnai P. Periplasmic arabinogalactan glycoproteins act as a calcium capacitor that regulates plant growth and development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 197:58-64. [PMID: 23106282 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan glycoproteins (AGPs) are implicated in virtually all aspects of plant growth and development, yet their precise role remains unknown. Classical AGPs cover the plasma membrane and are highly glycosylated by numerous acidic arabinogalactan polysaccharides O-linked to hydroxyproline. Their heterogeneity and complexity hindered a structural approach until the recent determination of a highly conserved repetitive consensus structure for a 15-sugar residue arabinogalactan subunit with paired glucuronic carboxyls. Based on NMR data and molecular dynamics simulations, we identify these carboxyls as potential intramolecular Ca(2+)-binding sites. Using rapid ultrafiltration assays and mass spectrometry, we verified that AGPs bind Ca(2+) tightly (K(d) ~ 6.5 μM) and stoichiometrically at pH 5. Ca(2+) binding is reversible in a pH-dependent manner. As typical AGPs contain c. 30 Ca(2+)-binding subunits and are bulk components of the periplasm, they represent a Ca(2+) capacitor discharged at low pH by stretch-activated plasma membrane H(+)-ATPases, hence a substantial source of cytosolic Ca(2+). We propose that these Ca(2+) waves prime the 'calcium oscillator', a signal generator essential to the global Ca(2+) signalling pathway of green plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek T A Lamport
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Péter Várnai
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
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31
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Firon N, Nepi M, Pacini E. Water status and associated processes mark critical stages in pollen development and functioning. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 109:1201-14. [PMID: 22523424 PMCID: PMC3359924 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The male gametophyte developmental programme can be divided into five phases which differ in relation to the environment and pollen hydration state: (1) pollen develops inside the anther immersed in locular fluid, which conveys substances from the mother plant--the microsporogenesis phase; (2) locular fluid disappears by reabsorption and/or evaporation before the anther opens and the maturing pollen grains undergo dehydration--the dehydration phase; (3) the anther opens and pollen may be dispersed immediately, or be held by, for example, pollenkitt (as occurs in almost all entomophilous species) for later dispersion--the presentation phase; (4) pollen is dispersed by different agents, remaining exposed to the environment for different periods--the dispersal phase; and (5) pollen lands on a stigma and, in the case of a compatible stigma and suitable conditions, undergoes rehydration and starts germination--the pollen-stigma interaction phase. SCOPE This review highlights the issue of pollen water status and indicates the various mechanisms used by pollen grains during their five developmental phases to adjust to changes in water content and maintain internal stability. CONCLUSIONS Pollen water status is co-ordinated through structural, physiological and molecular mechanisms. The structural components participating in regulation of the pollen water level, during both dehydration and rehydration, include the exine (the outer wall of the pollen grain) and the vacuole. Recent data suggest the involvement of water channels in pollen water transport and the existence of several molecular mechanisms for pollen osmoregulation and to protect cellular components (proteins and membranes) under water stress. It is suggested that pollen grains will use these mechanisms, which have a developmental role, to cope with environmental stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Firon
- Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, Bet Dagan, Israel.
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32
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Denison FC, Paul AL, Zupanska AK, Ferl RJ. 14-3-3 proteins in plant physiology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2011; 22:720-7. [PMID: 21907297 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant 14-3-3 isoforms, like their highly conserved homologues in mammals, function by binding to phosphorylated client proteins to modulate their function. Through the regulation of a diverse range of proteins including kinases, transcription factors, structural proteins, ion channels and pathogen defense-related proteins, they are being implicated in an expanding catalogue of physiological functions in plants. 14-3-3s themselves are affected, both transcriptionally and functionally, by the extracellular and intracellular environment of the plant. They can modulate signaling pathways that transduce inputs from the environment and also the downstream proteins that elicit the physiological response. This review covers some of the key emerging roles for plant 14-3-3s including their role in the response to the plant extracellular environment, particularly environmental stress, pathogens and light conditions. We also address potential key roles in primary metabolism, hormone signaling, growth and cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona C Denison
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
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33
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Stührwohldt N, Dahlke RI, Steffens B, Johnson A, Sauter M. Phytosulfokine-α controls hypocotyl length and cell expansion in Arabidopsis thaliana through phytosulfokine receptor 1. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21054. [PMID: 21698171 PMCID: PMC3116886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The disulfated peptide growth factor phytosulfokine-α (PSK-α) is perceived by LRR receptor kinases. In this study, a role for PSK signaling through PSK receptor PSKR1 in Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyl cell elongation is established. Hypocotyls of etiolated pskr1-2 and pskr1-3 seedlings, but not of pskr2-1 seedlings were shorter than wt due to reduced cell elongation. Treatment with PSK-α did not promote hypocotyl growth indicating that PSK levels were saturating. Tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST) is responsible for sulfation and hence activation of the PSK precursor. The tpst-1 mutant displayed shorter hypocotyls with shorter cells than wt. Treatment of tpst-1 seedlings with PSK-α partially restored elongation growth in a dose-dependent manner. Hypocotyl elongation was significantly enhanced in tpst-1 seedlings at nanomolar PSK-α concentrations. Cell expansion was studied in hypocotyl protoplasts. WT and pskr2-1 protoplasts expanded in the presence of PSK-α in a dose-dependent manner. By contrast, pskr1-2 and pskr1-3 protoplasts were unresponsive to PSK-α. Protoplast swelling in response to PSK-α was unaffected by ortho-vanadate, which inhibits the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase. In maize (Zea mays L.), coleoptile protoplast expansion was similarly induced by PSK-α in a dose-dependent manner and was dependent on the presence of K(+) in the media. In conclusion, PSK-α signaling of hypocotyl elongation and protoplast expansion occurs through PSKR1 and likely involves K(+) uptake, but does not require extracellular acidification by the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Stührwohldt
- Entwicklungsbiologie und Physiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Renate I. Dahlke
- Entwicklungsbiologie und Physiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bianka Steffens
- Entwicklungsbiologie und Physiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Amanda Johnson
- Entwicklungsbiologie und Physiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Margret Sauter
- Entwicklungsbiologie und Physiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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34
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Rounds CM, Winship LJ, Hepler PK. Pollen tube energetics: respiration, fermentation and the race to the ovule. AOB PLANTS 2011; 2011:plr019. [PMID: 22476489 PMCID: PMC3169925 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plr019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pollen tubes grow by transferring chemical energy from stored cellular starch and newly assimilated sugars into ATP. This drives myriad processes essential for cell elongation, directly or through the creation of ion gradients. Respiration plays a central role in generating and regulating this energy flow and thus in the success of plant reproduction. Pollen tubes are easily grown in vitro and have become an excellent model for investigating the contributions of respiration to plant cellular growth and morphogenesis at the molecular, biochemical and physiological levels. SCOPE In recent decades, pollen tube research has become increasingly focused on the molecular mechanisms involved in cellular processes. Yet, effective growth and development requires an intact, integrated set of cellular processes, all supplied with a constant flow of energy. Here we bring together information from the current and historical literature concerning respiration, fermentation and mitochondrial physiology in pollen tubes, and assess the significance of more recent molecular and genetic investigations in a physiological context. CONCLUSIONS The rapid growth of the pollen tube down the style has led to the evolution of high rates of pollen tube respiration. Respiration rates in lily predict a total energy turnover of 40-50 fmol ATP s(-1) per pollen grain. Within this context we examine the energetic requirements of cell wall synthesis, osmoregulation, actin dynamics and cyclosis. At present, we can only estimate the amount of energy required, because data from growing pollen tubes are not available. In addition to respiration, we discuss fermentation and mitochondrial localization. We argue that the molecular pathways need to be examined within the physiological context to understand better the mechanisms that control tip growth in pollen tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb M. Rounds
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | | | - Peter K. Hepler
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Corresponding author's e-mail address:
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