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Smith K, Strand DD, Walker BJ. Evaluating the contribution of plant metabolic pathways in the light to the ATP:NADPH demand using a meta-analysis of isotopically non-stationary metabolic flux analyses. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2024; 161:177-189. [PMID: 38874662 PMCID: PMC11324800 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-024-01106-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Balancing the ATP: NADPH demand from plant metabolism with supply from photosynthesis is essential for preventing photodamage and operating efficiently, so understanding its drivers is important for integrating metabolism with the light reactions of photosynthesis and for bioengineering efforts that may radically change this demand. It is often assumed that the C3 cycle and photorespiration consume the largest amount of ATP and reductant in illuminated leaves and as a result mostly determine the ATP: NADPH demand. However, the quantitative extent to which other energy consuming metabolic processes contribute in large ways to overall ATP: NADPH demand remains unknown. Here, we used the metabolic flux networks of numerous recently published isotopically non-stationary metabolic flux analyses (INST-MFA) to evaluate flux through the C3 cycle, photorespiration, the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and starch/sucrose synthesis and characterize broad trends in the demand of energy across different pathways and compartments as well as in the overall ATP:NADPH demand. These data sets include a variety of species including Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana tabacum, and Camelina sativa as well as varying environmental factors including high/low light, day length, and photorespiratory levels. Examining these datasets in aggregate reveals that ultimately the bulk of the energy flux occurred in the C3 cycle and photorespiration, however, the energy demand from these pathways did not determine the ATP: NADPH demand alone. Instead, a notable contribution was revealed from starch and sucrose synthesis which might counterbalance photorespiratory demand and result in fewer adjustments in mechanisms which balance the ATP deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaila Smith
- Michigan State Unversity - Department of Energy, Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Plant Biotechnology for Health and Sustainability Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Deserah D Strand
- Michigan State Unversity - Department of Energy, Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Berkley J Walker
- Michigan State Unversity - Department of Energy, Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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2
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Walker B, Schmiege SC, Sharkey TD. Re-evaluating the energy balance of the many routes of carbon flow through and from photorespiration. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:3365-3374. [PMID: 38804248 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Photorespiration is an essential process related to photosynthesis that is initiated following the oxygenation reaction catalyzed by rubisco, the initial enzyme of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle. This reaction produces an inhibitory intermediate that is recycled back into the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle by photorespiration which requires the use of energy and the release of a portion of the carbon as CO2. The energy use and CO2 release of canonical photorespiration form a foundation for biochemical models used to describe and predict leaf carbon exchange and energy use (ATP and NAPDH). The ATP and NADPH demand of canonical photorespiration is thought to be different than that of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle, requiring increased flexibility in the ratio of ATP and NADPH from the light reactions. Photorespiration requires many reactions across the chloroplasts, mitochondria and peroxisomes and involves many intermediates. Growing evidence indicates that these intermediates do not all stay in photorespiration as typically assumed and instead feed into other aspects of metabolism and leave as glycine, serine, and methylene-THF. Here we discuss how alternative flux through and from canonical photorespiration alters the ATP and NADPH requirements of metabolism following rubisco oxygenation using additional derivations of biochemical models of leaf photosynthesis and energetics. Using these new derivations, we determine that the ATP and NADPH demands of photorespiration are highly sensitive to alternative flux in ways that fundamentally changes how photorespiration contributes to the ratio of total ATP and NADPH demand. Specifically, alternative flows of carbon through photorespiration could reduce ATP and NADPH demand ratio to values below what is produced from linear electron transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berkley Walker
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Stephanie C Schmiege
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas D Sharkey
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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3
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Ermakova M, Woodford R, Fitzpatrick D, Nix SJ, Zwahlen SM, Farquhar GD, von Caemmerer S, Furbank RT. Chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase-like complex-mediated cyclic electron flow is the main electron transport route in C 4 bundle sheath cells. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:2187-2200. [PMID: 39036838 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The superior productivity of C4 plants is achieved via a metabolic C4 cycle which acts as a CO2 pump across mesophyll and bundle sheath (BS) cells and requires an additional input of energy in the form of ATP. The importance of chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase-like complex (NDH) operating cyclic electron flow (CEF) around Photosystem I (PSI) for C4 photosynthesis has been shown in reverse genetics studies but the contribution of CEF and NDH to cell-level electron fluxes remained unknown. We have created gene-edited Setaria viridis with null ndhO alleles lacking functional NDH and developed methods for quantification of electron flow through NDH in BS and mesophyll cells. We show that CEF accounts for 84% of electrons reducing PSI in BS cells and most of those electrons are delivered through NDH while the contribution of the complex to electron transport in mesophyll cells is minimal. A decreased leaf CO2 assimilation rate and growth of plants lacking NDH cannot be rescued by supplying additional CO2. Our results indicate that NDH-mediated CEF is the primary electron transport route in BS chloroplasts highlighting the essential role of NDH in generating ATP required for CO2 fixation by the C3 cycle in BS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ermakova
- Division of Plant Science, Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2600, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Russell Woodford
- Division of Plant Science, Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2600, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Duncan Fitzpatrick
- Division of Plant Science, Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Samuel J Nix
- Division of Plant Science, Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Soraya M Zwahlen
- Division of Plant Science, Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2600, Australia
- Division of Developmental Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Division of Plant Science, Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Susanne von Caemmerer
- Division of Plant Science, Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Robert T Furbank
- Division of Plant Science, Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2600, Australia
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Khan N, Choi SH, Lee CH, Qu M, Jeon JS. Photosynthesis: Genetic Strategies Adopted to Gain Higher Efficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8933. [PMID: 39201620 PMCID: PMC11355022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The global challenge of feeding an ever-increasing population to maintain food security requires novel approaches to increase crop yields. Photosynthesis, the fundamental energy and material basis for plant life on Earth, is highly responsive to environmental conditions. Evaluating the operational status of the photosynthetic mechanism provides insights into plants' capacity to adapt to their surroundings. Despite immense effort, photosynthesis still falls short of its theoretical maximum efficiency, indicating significant potential for improvement. In this review, we provide background information on the various genetic aspects of photosynthesis, explain its complexity, and survey relevant genetic engineering approaches employed to improve the efficiency of photosynthesis. We discuss the latest success stories of gene-editing tools like CRISPR-Cas9 and synthetic biology in achieving precise refinements in targeted photosynthesis pathways, such as the Calvin-Benson cycle, electron transport chain, and photorespiration. We also discuss the genetic markers crucial for mitigating the impact of rapidly changing environmental conditions, such as extreme temperatures or drought, on photosynthesis and growth. This review aims to pinpoint optimization opportunities for photosynthesis, discuss recent advancements, and address the challenges in improving this critical process, fostering a globally food-secure future through sustainable food crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Khan
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea; (N.K.); (S.-H.C.)
- Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seok-Hyun Choi
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea; (N.K.); (S.-H.C.)
| | - Choon-Hwan Lee
- Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingnan Qu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea; (N.K.); (S.-H.C.)
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Zha L, Wei S, Huang D, Zhang J. Multi-Omics Analyses of Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa) Reveals Primary Metabolism Reorganization Supporting Distinct Features of Secondary Metabolism Induced by Supplementing UV-A Radiation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:15498-15511. [PMID: 38950542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
UV can serve as an effective light spectrum for regulating plant secondary metabolites, while relevant studies on UV-A are much less extensive than those on UV-B. A comprehensive understanding of the selective effects of UV-A on different secondary metabolites and the specific features of primary metabolism that drive these effects is still lacking. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a study to analyze the dynamic changes in the metabolome and transcriptome of lettuce leaves irradiated with red plus UV-A light (monochromatic red light as control). Generally, UV-A promoted the synthesis of most phenylpropanoids and terpenoids originating from the shikimate and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway in plastids but sacrificed the synthesis of terpenoids derived from the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, particularly sesquiterpenes. Increased precursors supply for the shikimate and MEP pathway under UV-A was directly supported by the activation of the Calvin-Benson cycle and phosphoenolpyruvate transport. Whereas, along with phosphoenolpyruvate transport, the TCA cycle was restrained, causing deprivation of the MVA pathway precursor. In addition, UV-A also activated the plastidic oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway, photorespiration, and malate shuttle, to ensure a sufficient supply of nitrogen, circulation homeostasis of the Calvin-Benson cycle, and energy balance, thus indirectly supporting UV-A-induced specific secondary metabolic output. This study provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the flexible primary-secondary metabolism interactions that are able to produce specific metabolites favorable for adaptation to environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Zha
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shiwei Wei
- Shanghai Agrobiological Gene Center, Shanghai 201106, China
| | - Danfeng Huang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jingjin Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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6
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Fitzpatrick TB. B Vitamins: An Update on Their Importance for Plant Homeostasis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 75:67-93. [PMID: 38424064 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-060223-025336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
B vitamins are a source of coenzymes for a vast array of enzyme reactions, particularly those of metabolism. As metabolism is the basis of decisions that drive maintenance, growth, and development, B vitamin-derived coenzymes are key components that facilitate these processes. For over a century, we have known about these essential compounds and have elucidated their pathways of biosynthesis, repair, salvage, and degradation in numerous organisms. Only now are we beginning to understand their importance for regulatory processes, which are becoming an important topic in plants. Here, I highlight and discuss emerging evidence on how B vitamins are integrated into vital processes, from energy generation and nutrition to gene expression, and thereby contribute to the coordination of growth and developmental programs, particularly those that concern maintenance of a stable state, which is the foundational tenet of plant homeostasis.
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Steichen S, Deshpande A, Mosey M, Loob J, Douchi D, Knoshaug EP, Brown S, Nielsen R, Weissman J, Carrillo LR, Laurens LML. Central transcriptional regulator controls photosynthetic growth and carbon storage in response to high light. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4842. [PMID: 38844786 PMCID: PMC11156908 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbon capture and biochemical storage are some of the primary drivers of photosynthetic yield and productivity. To elucidate the mechanisms governing carbon allocation, we designed a photosynthetic light response test system for genetic and metabolic carbon assimilation tracking, using microalgae as simplified plant models. The systems biology mapping of high light-responsive photophysiology and carbon utilization dynamics between two variants of the same Picochlorum celeri species, TG1 and TG2 elucidated metabolic bottlenecks and transport rates of intermediates using instationary 13C-fluxomics. Simultaneous global gene expression dynamics showed 73% of the annotated genes responding within one hour, elucidating a singular, diel-responsive transcription factor, closely related to the CCA1/LHY clock genes in plants, with significantly altered expression in TG2. Transgenic P. celeri TG1 cells expressing the TG2 CCA1/LHY gene, showed 15% increase in growth rates and 25% increase in storage carbohydrate content, supporting a coordinating regulatory function for a single transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Steichen
- Bioenergy Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Arnav Deshpande
- Bioenergy Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Megan Mosey
- Bioenergy Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Jessica Loob
- Bioenergy Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Damien Douchi
- Bioenergy Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Eric P Knoshaug
- Bioenergy Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Stuart Brown
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Co. (EMTEC), CLD286 Annandale, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, NJ, 08801, USA
| | - Robert Nielsen
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Co. (EMTEC), CLD286 Annandale, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, NJ, 08801, USA
| | - Joseph Weissman
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Co. (EMTEC), CLD286 Annandale, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, NJ, 08801, USA
| | - L Ruby Carrillo
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Co. (EMTEC), CLD286 Annandale, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, NJ, 08801, USA
| | - Lieve M L Laurens
- Bioenergy Science and Technology Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
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8
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Khan A, Liu G, Zhang G, Li X. Radiation-resistant bacteria in desiccated soil and their potentiality in applied sciences. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1348758. [PMID: 38894973 PMCID: PMC11184166 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1348758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
A rich diversity of radiation-resistant (Rr) and desiccation-resistant (Dr) bacteria has been found in arid habitats of the world. Evidence from scientific research has linked their origin to reactive oxygen species (ROS) intermediates. Rr and Dr. bacteria of arid regions have the potential to regulate imbalance radicals and evade a higher dose of radiation and oxidation than bacterial species of non-arid regions. Photochemical-activated ROS in Rr bacteria is run through photo-induction of electron transfer. A hypothetical model of the biogeochemical cycle based on solar radiation and desiccation. These selective stresses generate oxidative radicals for a short span with strong reactivity and toxic effects. Desert-inhibiting Rr bacteria efficiently evade ROS toxicity with an evolved antioxidant system and other defensive pathways. The imbalanced radicals in physiological disorders, cancer, and lung diseases could be neutralized by a self-sustaining evolved Rr bacteria antioxidant system. The direct link of evolved antioxidant system with intermediate ROS and indirect influence of radiation and desiccation provide useful insight into richness, ecological diversity, and origin of Rr bacteria capabilities. The distinguishing features of Rr bacteria in deserts present a fertile research area with promising applications in the pharmaceutical industry, genetic engineering, biological therapy, biological transformation, bioremediation, industrial biotechnology, and astrobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaf Khan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guangxiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Gaosen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangkai Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Bellasio C, Lundgren MR. The operation of PEPCK increases light harvesting plasticity in C 4 NAD-ME and NADP-ME photosynthetic subtypes: A theoretical study. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2288-2309. [PMID: 38494958 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The repeated emergence of NADP-malic enzyme (ME), NAD-ME and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) subtypes of C4 photosynthesis are iconic examples of convergent evolution, which suggests that these biochemistries do not randomly assemble, but are instead specific adaptations resulting from unknown evolutionary drivers. Theoretical studies that are based on the classic biochemical understanding have repeatedly proposed light-use efficiency as a possible benefit of the PEPCK subtype. However, quantum yield measurements do not support this idea. We explore this inconsistency here via an analytical model that features explicit descriptions across a seamless gradient between C4 biochemistries to analyse light harvesting and dark photosynthetic metabolism. Our simulations show that the NADP-ME subtype, operated by the most productive crops, is the most efficient. The NAD-ME subtype has lower efficiency, but has greater light harvesting plasticity (the capacity to assimilate CO2 in the broadest combination of light intensity and spectral qualities). In both NADP-ME and NAD-ME backgrounds, increasing PEPCK activity corresponds to greater light harvesting plasticity but likely imposed a reduction in photosynthetic efficiency. We draw the first mechanistic links between light harvesting and C4 subtypes, providing the theoretical basis for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Bellasio
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied Crop Ecophysiology, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Chemistry, Biology ond Biotechnology, Università Degli Studi Di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Marie TRJG, Leonardos ED, Rana N, Grodzinski B. Tomato and mini-cucumber tolerance to photoperiodic injury involves photorespiration and the engagement of nighttime cyclic electron flow from dynamic LEDs. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1384518. [PMID: 38841277 PMCID: PMC11150841 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1384518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Controlled environment agriculture (CEA) is critical for achieving year-round food security in many regions of the world. CEA is a resource-intensive endeavor, with lighting consuming a large fraction of the energy. To lessen the burden on the grid and save costs, an extended photoperiod strategy can take advantage of off-peak time-of-day options from utility suppliers. However, extending the photoperiod limits crop production morphologically and physiologically if pushed too long. Here, we present a continuous-light dynamic light-emitting diode (LED) strategy (involving changes in spectra, intensity, and timing), that overcomes these limitations. We focused on tomato, a well described photoperiodic injury-sensitive species, and mini-cucumber, a photoperiodic injury-tolerant species to first assess morphological responses under control (16-h photoperiod, unchanging spectrum), constant (24-h photoperiod, unchanging spectrum), and two variations of a dynamic LED strategy, dynamic 1 (16-h "day", 3-h "peak", 8-h "night" spectra) and dynamic 2 (20-h "day", 5-h "peak", 4-h "night" spectra). Next, we tested the hypothesis of photorespiration's involvement in photoperiodic injury by using a leaf gas exchange coupled with chlorophyll fluorescence protocol. We further explored Adenosine triphosphate (ATP): Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) ratio supply/demand responses by probing photosynthetic electron flow and proton flow with the MultispeQ instrument. We found canopy architecture can be tuned by minor variations of the same dynamic LED strategy, and we highlight dynamic 1 as the optimal choice for both tomato and mini-cucumber as it improved biomass/architecture and first-yield, respectively. A central discovery was that dynamic 1 had a significantly higher level of photorespiration than control, for both species. Unexpectedly, photorespiration was comparable between species under the same treatments, except under constant. However, preliminary data on a fully tolerant tomato genotype grown under constant treatment upregulated photorespiration similar to mini-cucumber. These results suggest that photoperiodic injury tolerance involves a sustained higher level of photorespiration under extended photoperiods. Interestingly, diurnal MultispeQ measurements point to the importance of cyclic electron flow at subjective nighttime that may also partially explain why dynamic LED strategies mitigate photoperiodic injury. We propose an ontology of photoperiodic injury involving photorespiration, triose phosphate utilization, peroxisomal H2O2-catalase balance, and a circadian external coincidence model of sensitivity that initiates programmed cell death.
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11
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Demircan N, Sonmez MC, Akyol TY, Ozgur R, Turkan I, Dietz KJ, Uzilday B. Alternative electron sinks in chloroplasts and mitochondria of halophytes as a safety valve for controlling ROS production during salinity. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14397. [PMID: 38894507 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Electron flow through the electron transport chain (ETC) is essential for oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria and photosynthesis in chloroplasts. Electron fluxes depend on environmental parameters, e.g., ionic and osmotic conditions and endogenous factors, and this may cause severe imbalances. Plants have evolved alternative sinks to balance the reductive load on the electron transport chains in order to avoid overreduction, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and to cope with environmental stresses. These sinks act primarily as valves for electron drainage and secondarily as regulators of tolerance-related metabolism, utilizing the excess reductive energy. High salinity is an environmental stressor that stimulates the generation of ROS and oxidative stress, which affects growth and development by disrupting the redox homeostasis of plants. While glycophytic plants are sensitive to high salinity, halophytic plants tolerate, grow, and reproduce at high salinity. Various studies have examined the ETC systems of glycophytic plants, however, information about the state and regulation of ETCs in halophytes under non-saline and saline conditions is scarce. This review focuses on alternative electron sinks in chloroplasts and mitochondria of halophytic plants. In cases where information on halophytes is lacking, we examined the available knowledge on the relationship between alternative sinks and gradual salinity resilience of glycophytes. To this end, transcriptional responses of involved components of photosynthetic and respiratory ETCs were compared between the glycophyte Arabidopsis thaliana and the halophyte Schrenkiella parvula, and the time-courses of these transcripts were examined in A. thaliana. The observed regulatory patterns are discussed in the context of reactive molecular species formation in halophytes and glycophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nil Demircan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | | | - Turgut Yigit Akyol
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rengin Ozgur
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Ismail Turkan
- Department of Soil and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Yasar University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Karl-Josef Dietz
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Baris Uzilday
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir, Türkiye
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12
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Riaz A, Thomas J, Ali HH, Zaheer MS, Ahmad N, Pereira A. High night temperature stress on rice ( Oryza sativa) - insights from phenomics to physiology. A review. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:FP24057. [PMID: 38815128 DOI: 10.1071/fp24057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa ) faces challenges to yield and quality due to urbanisation, deforestation and climate change, which has exacerbated high night temperature (HNT). This review explores the impacts of HNT on the physiological, molecular and agronomic aspects of rice growth. Rise in minimum temperature threatens a potential 41% reduction in rice yield by 2100. HNT disrupts rice growth stages, causing reduced seed germination, biomass, spikelet sterility and poor grain development. Recent findings indicate a 4.4% yield decline for every 1°C increase beyond 27°C, with japonica ecotypes exhibiting higher sensitivity than indica. We examine the relationships between elevated CO2 , nitrogen regimes and HNT, showing that the complexity of balancing positive CO2 effects on biomass with HNT challenges. Nitrogen enrichment proves crucial during the vegetative stage but causes disruption to reproductive stages, affecting grain yield and starch synthesis. Additionally, we elucidate the impact of HNT on plant respiration, emphasising mitochondrial respiration, photorespiration and antioxidant responses. Genomic techniques, including CRISPR-Cas9, offer potential for manipulating genes for HNT tolerance. Plant hormones and carbohydrate enzymatic activities are explored, revealing their intricate roles in spikelet fertility, grain size and starch metabolism under HNT. Gaps in understanding genetic factors influencing heat tolerance and potential trade-offs associated with hormone applications remain. The importance of interdisciplinary collaboration is needed to provide a holistic approach. Research priorities include the study of regulatory mechanisms, post-anthesis effects, cumulative HNT exposure and the interaction between climate variability and HNT impact to provide a research direction to enhance rice resilience in a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awais Riaz
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture Food and Life Sciences, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Julie Thomas
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture Food and Life Sciences, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Hafiz Haider Ali
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture Food and Life Sciences, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; and Department of Agriculture, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; and Department of Plant Sciences, Aberdeen Research & Extension Center, University of Idaho, Aberdeen, ID, USA
| | - Muhammad Saqlain Zaheer
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Naushad Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andy Pereira
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture Food and Life Sciences, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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Xiao J, Zhou Y, Xie Y, Li T, Su X, He J, Jiang Y, Zhu H, Qu H. ATP homeostasis and signaling in plants. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100834. [PMID: 38327057 PMCID: PMC11009363 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
ATP is the primary form of energy for plants, and a shortage of cellular ATP is generally acknowledged to pose a threat to plant growth and development, stress resistance, and crop quality. The overall metabolic processes that contribute to the ATP pool, from production, dissipation, and transport to elimination, have been studied extensively. Considerable evidence has revealed that in addition to its role in energy supply, ATP also acts as a regulatory signaling molecule to activate global metabolic responses. Identification of the eATP receptor DORN1 contributed to a better understanding of how plants cope with disruption of ATP homeostasis and of the key points at which ATP signaling pathways intersect in cells or whole organisms. The functions of SnRK1α, the master regulator of the energy management network, in restoring the equilibrium of the ATP pool have been demonstrated, and the vast and complex metabolic network mediated by SnRK1α to adapt to fluctuating environments has been characterized. This paper reviews recent advances in understanding the regulatory control of the cellular ATP pool and discusses possible interactions among key regulators of ATP-pool homeostasis and crosstalk between iATP/eATP signaling pathways. Perception of ATP deficit and modulation of cellular ATP homeostasis mediated by SnRK1α in plants are discussed at the physiological and molecular levels. Finally, we suggest future research directions for modulation of plant cellular ATP homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yijie Zhou
- Guangdong AIB Polytechnic, Guangzhou 510507, China
| | - Yunyun Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Taotao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinguo Su
- Guangdong AIB Polytechnic, Guangzhou 510507, China
| | - Junxian He
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Hongxia Qu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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14
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Malekzadeh MR, Roosta HR, Esmaeilizadeh M, Dabrowski P, Kalaji HM. Improving strawberry plant resilience to salinity and alkalinity through the use of diverse spectra of supplemental lighting. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:252. [PMID: 38589797 PMCID: PMC11000407 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04984-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explores the impact of various light spectra on the photosynthetic performance of strawberry plants subjected to salinity, alkalinity, and combined salinity/alkalinity stress. We employed supplemental lighting through Light-emitting Diodes (LEDs) with specific wavelengths: monochromatic blue (460 nm), monochromatic red (660 nm), dichromatic blue/red (1:3 ratio), and white/yellow (400-700 nm), all at an intensity of 200 µmol m-2 S-1. Additionally, a control group (ambient light) without LED treatment was included in the study. The tested experimental variants were: optimal growth conditions (control), alkalinity (40 mM NaHCO3), salinity (80 mM NaCl), and a combination of salinity/alkalinity. RESULTS The results revealed a notable decrease in photosynthetic efficiency under both salinity and alkalinity stresses, especially when these stresses were combined, in comparison to the no-stress condition. However, the application of supplemental lighting, particularly with the red and blue/red spectra, mitigated the adverse effects of stress. The imposed stress conditions had a detrimental impact on both gas exchange parameters and photosynthetic efficiency of the plants. In contrast, treatments involving blue, red, and blue/red light exhibited a beneficial effect on photosynthetic efficiency compared to other lighting conditions. Further analysis of JIP-test parameters confirmed that these specific light treatments significantly ameliorated the stress impacts. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the utilization of blue, red, and blue/red light spectra has the potential to enhance plant resilience in the face of salinity and alkalinity stresses. This discovery presents a promising strategy for cultivating plants in anticipation of future challenging environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Malekzadeh
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718817111, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Hamid Reza Roosta
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak, 38156-8-8349, Iran.
| | - Majid Esmaeilizadeh
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718817111, Kerman, Iran
| | - Piotr Dabrowski
- Department of Environmental Management, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska str. 159, Warsaw, 02-776, Poland
| | - Hazem M Kalaji
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Science, 159 Nowoursynowska St, Warsaw, 02-776, Poland
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15
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Chen Z, Yuan ZW, Luo WX, Wu X, Pan JL, Yin YQ, Shao HC, Xu K, Li WZ, Hu YL, Wang Z, Gao KS, Chen XW. UV-A radiation increases biomass yield by enhancing energy flow and carbon assimilation in the edible cyanobacterium Nostoc sphaeroides. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0211023. [PMID: 38391210 PMCID: PMC10952460 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02110-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) A radiation (315-400 nm) is the predominant component of solar UV radiation that reaches the Earth's surface. However, the underlying mechanisms of the positive effects of UV-A on photosynthetic organisms have not yet been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effects of UV-A radiation on the growth, photosynthetic ability, and metabolome of the edible cyanobacterium Nostoc sphaeroides. Exposures to 5-15 W m-2 (15-46 µmol photons m-2 s-1) UV-A and 4.35 W m-2 (20 μmol photons m-2 s-1) visible light for 16 days significantly increased the growth rate and biomass production of N. sphaeroides cells by 18%-30% and 15%-56%, respectively, compared to the non-UV-A-acclimated cells. Additionally, the UV-A-acclimated cells exhibited a 1.8-fold increase in the cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) pool with an increase in photosynthetic capacity (58%), photosynthetic efficiency (24%), QA re-oxidation, photosystem I abundance, and cyclic electron flow (87%), which further led to an increase in light-induced NADPH generation (31%) and ATP content (83%). Moreover, the UV-A-acclimated cells showed a 2.3-fold increase in ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity, indicating an increase in their carbon-fixing capacity. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics further revealed that UV-A radiation upregulated the energy-storing carbon metabolism, as evidenced by the enhanced accumulation of sugars, fatty acids, and citrate in the UV-A-acclimated cells. Therefore, our results demonstrate that UV-A radiation enhances energy flow and carbon assimilation in the cyanobacterium N. sphaeroides.IMPORTANCEUltraviolet (UV) radiation exerts harmful effects on photo-autotrophs; however, several studies demonstrated the positive effects of UV radiation, especially UV-A radiation (315-400 nm), on primary productivity. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanisms associated with the promotive effects of UV-A radiation on primary productivity can facilitate the application of UV-A for CO2 sequestration and lead to the advancement of photobiological sciences. In this study, we used the cyanobacterium Nostoc sphaeroides, which has an over 1,700-year history of human use as food and medicine, to explore its photosynthetic acclimation response to UV-A radiation. As per our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that UV-A radiation increases the biomass yield of N. sphaeroides by enhancing energy flow and carbon assimilation. Our findings provide novel insights into UV-A-mediated photosynthetic acclimation and provide a scientific basis for the application of UV-A radiation for optimizing light absorption capacity and enhancing CO2 sequestration in the frame of a future CO2 neutral, circular, and sustainable bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei, China
| | - Zu-Wen Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei, China
| | - Wei-Xin Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei, China
| | - Xun Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei, China
| | - Jin-Long Pan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei, China
| | - Yong-Qi Yin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei, China
| | - Hai-Chen Shao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei, China
| | - Kui Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei, China
| | - Wei-Zhi Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan-Liang Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Food, Jing Brand Co., Ltd., Daye, Hubei, China
| | - Kun-Shan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiong-Wen Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, Hubei, China
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16
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Shuyskaya E, Rakhmankulova Z, Prokofieva M, Lunkova N, Voronin P. Salinity Mitigates the Negative Effect of Elevated Temperatures on Photosynthesis in the C 3-C 4 Intermediate Species Sedobassia sedoides. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:800. [PMID: 38592796 PMCID: PMC10976079 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The adaptation of plants to combined stresses requires unique responses capable of overcoming both the negative effects of each individual stress and their combination. Here, we studied the C3-C4 (C2) halophyte Sedobassia sedoides in response to elevated temperature (35 °C) and salinity (300 mM NaCl) as well as their combined effect. The responses we studied included changes in water-salt balance, light and dark photosynthetic reactions, the expression of photosynthetic genes, the activity of malate dehydrogenase complex enzymes, and the antioxidant system. Salt treatment led to altered water-salt balance, improved water use efficiency, and an increase in the abundance of key enzymes involved in intermediate C3-C4 photosynthesis (i.e., Rubisco and glycine decarboxylase). We also observed a possible increase in the activity of the C2 carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM), which allowed plants to maintain high photosynthesis intensity and biomass accumulation. Elevated temperatures caused an imbalance in the dark and light reactions of photosynthesis, leading to stromal overreduction and the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In response, S. sedoides significantly activated a metabolic pathway for removing excess NADPH, the malate valve, which is catalyzed by NADP-MDH, without observable activation of the antioxidant system. The combined action of these two factors caused the activation of antioxidant defenses (i.e., increased activity of SOD and POX and upregulation of FDI), which led to a decrease in oxidative stress and helped restore the photosynthetic energy balance. Overall, improved PSII functioning and increased activity of PSI cyclic electron transport (CET) and C2 CCM led to an increase in the photosynthesis intensity of S. sedoides under the combined effect of salinity and elevated temperature relative to high temperature alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Shuyskaya
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology of Russian Academy of Science, 127276 Moscow, Russia; (Z.R.); (M.P.); (N.L.); (P.V.)
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17
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Kirst H. How model guided photosynthetic bioengineering can help to feed the world. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1276-1278. [PMID: 37930822 PMCID: PMC10904310 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Henning Kirst
- Assistant Features Editor, Plant Physiology, American Society of Plant Biologists
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
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18
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Bouard W, Ouellet F, Houde M. Modulation of the wheat transcriptome by TaZFP13D under well-watered and drought conditions. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:16. [PMID: 38332456 PMCID: PMC10853348 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-023-01403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Maintaining global food security in the context of climate changes will be an important challenge in the next century. Improving abiotic stress tolerance of major crops such as wheat can contribute to this goal. This can be achieved by the identification of the genes involved and their use to develop tools for breeding programs aiming to generate better adapted cultivars. Recently, we identified the wheat TaZFP13D gene encoding Zinc Finger Protein 13D as a new gene improving water-stress tolerance. The current work analyzes the TaZFP13D-dependent transcriptome modifications that occur in well-watered and dehydration conditions to better understand its function during normal growth and during drought. Plants that overexpress TaZFP13D have a higher biomass under well-watered conditions, indicating a positive effect of the protein on growth. Survival rate and stress recovery after a severe drought stress are improved compared to wild-type plants. The latter is likely due the higher activity of key antioxidant enzymes and concomitant reduction of drought-induced oxidative damage. Conversely, down-regulation of TaZFP13D decreases drought tolerance and protection against drought-induced oxidative damage. RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis identified many genes regulated by TaZFP13D that are known to improve drought tolerance. The analysis also revealed several genes involved in the photosynthetic electron transfer chain known to improve photosynthetic efficiency and chloroplast protection against drought-induced ROS damage. This study highlights the important role of TaZFP13D in wheat drought tolerance, contributes to unravel the complex regulation governed by TaZFPs, and suggests that it could be a promising marker to select wheat cultivars with higher drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bouard
- Département des Sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - François Ouellet
- Département des Sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Mario Houde
- Département des Sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada.
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19
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Degen GE, Pastorelli F, Johnson MP. Proton Gradient Regulation 5 is required to avoid photosynthetic oscillations during light transitions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:947-961. [PMID: 37891008 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The production of ATP and NADPH by the light reactions of photosynthesis and their consumption by the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle and other downstream metabolic reactions requires careful regulation. Environmental shifts perturb this balance, leading to photo-oxidative stress and losses in CO2 assimilation. Imbalances in the production and consumption of ATP and NADPH manifest themselves as transient instability in the chlorophyll fluorescence, P700, electrochromic shift, and CO2 uptake signals recorded on leaves. These oscillations can be induced in wild-type plants by sudden shifts in CO2 concentration or light intensity; however, mutants exhibiting increased oscillatory behaviour have yet to be reported. This has precluded an understanding of the regulatory mechanisms employed by plants to suppress oscillations. Here we show that the Arabidopsis pgr5 mutant, which is deficient in Proton Gradient Regulation 5 (PGR5)-dependent cyclic electron transfer (CET), exhibits increased oscillatory behaviour. In contrast, mutants lacking the NADH-dehydrogenase-like-dependent CET are largely unaffected. The absence of oscillations in the hope2 mutant which, like pgr5, lacks photosynthetic control and exhibits high ATP synthase conductivity, ruled out loss of these photoprotective mechanisms as causes. Instead, we observed slower formation of the proton motive force and, by inference, ATP synthesis in pgr5 following environmental perturbation, leading to the transient reduction of the electron transfer chain and photosynthetic oscillations. PGR5-dependent CET therefore plays a major role in damping the effect of environmental perturbations on photosynthesis to avoid losses in CO2 fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustaf E Degen
- Plants, Photosynthesis & Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Federica Pastorelli
- Plants, Photosynthesis & Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Matthew P Johnson
- Plants, Photosynthesis & Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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20
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Smith K, Strand DD, Kramer DM, Walker BJ. The role of photorespiration in preventing feedback regulation via ATP synthase in Nicotiana tabacum. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:416-428. [PMID: 37937663 PMCID: PMC10842328 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Photorespiration consumes substantial amounts of energy in the forms of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reductant making the pathway an important component in leaf energetics. Because of this high reductant demand, photorespiration is proposed to act as a photoprotective electron sink. However, photorespiration consumes more ATP relative to reductant than the C3 cycle meaning increased flux disproportionally increases ATP demand relative to reductant. Here we explore how energetic consumption from photorespiration impacts the flexibility of the light reactions in nicotiana tabacum. Specifically, we demonstrate that decreased photosynthetic efficiency (ϕII ) at low photorespiratory flux was related to feedback regulation at the chloroplast ATP synthase. Additionally, decreased ϕII at high photorespiratory flux resulted in the accumulation of photoinhibition at photosystem II centers. These results are contrary to the proposed role of photorespiration as a photoprotective electron sink. Instead, our results suggest a novel role of ATP consumption from photorespiration in maintaining ATP synthase activity, with implications for maintaining energy balance and preventing photodamage that will be critical for plant engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaila Smith
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Plant Biotechnology for Health and Sustainability Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Deserah D Strand
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - David M. Kramer
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Berkley J. Walker
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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21
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Ito S, Watanabe A, Osanai T. Regulation of L-aspartate oxidase contributes to NADP+ biosynthesis in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:945-957. [PMID: 37936332 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria have been promoted as a biomass resource that can contribute to carbon neutrality. Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is a model cyanobacterium that is widely used in various studies. NADP+ and NAD+ are electron receptors involved in energy metabolism. The NADP+/NAD+ ratio in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is markedly higher than that in the heterotrophic bacterium Escherichia coli. In Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, NADP+ primarily functions as an electron receptor during the light reaction of photosynthesis, and NADP+ biosynthesis is essential for photoautotrophic growth. Generally, the regulatory enzyme of NADP+ biosynthesis is NAD kinase, which catalyzes the phosphorylation of NAD+. However, a previous study suggested that the regulation of another enzyme contributes to NADP+ biosynthesis in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 under photoautotrophic conditions. L-Aspartate oxidase is the first enzyme in NAD(P)+ biosynthesis. In this study, we biochemically characterized Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 L-aspartate oxidase and determined the phenotype of a Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 mutant overexpressing L-aspartate oxidase. The catalytic efficiency of L-aspartate oxidase from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 was lower than that of L-aspartate oxidases and NAD kinases from other organisms. L-Aspartate oxidase activity was affected by different metabolites such as NADP+ and ATP. The L-aspartate oxidase-overexpressing strain grew faster than the wild-type strain under photoautotrophic conditions. The L-aspartate oxidase-overexpressing strain accumulated NADP+ under photoautotrophic conditions. These results indicate that the regulation of L-aspartate oxidase contributes to NADP+ biosynthesis in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 under photoautotrophic conditions. These findings provide insight into the regulatory mechanism of cyanobacterial NADP+ biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoki Ito
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1, Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Atsuko Watanabe
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1, Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Takashi Osanai
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1, Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
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22
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Walker BJ, Driever SM, Kromdijk J, Lawson T, Busch FA. Tools for Measuring Photosynthesis at Different Scales. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2790:1-26. [PMID: 38649563 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3790-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Measurements of in vivo photosynthesis are powerful tools that probe the largest fluxes of carbon and energy in an illuminated leaf, but often the specific techniques used are so varied and specialized that it is difficult for researchers outside the field to select and perform the most useful assays for their research questions. The goal of this chapter is to provide a broad overview of the current tools available for the study of photosynthesis, both in vivo and in vitro, so as to provide a foundation for selecting appropriate techniques, many of which are presented in detail in subsequent chapters. This chapter will also organize current methods into a comparative framework and provide examples of how they have been applied to research questions of broad agronomical, ecological, or biological importance. This chapter closes with an argument that the future of in vivo measurements of photosynthesis lies in the ability to use multiple methods simultaneously and discusses the benefits of this approach to currently open physiological questions. This chapter, combined with the relevant methods chapters, could serve as a laboratory course in methods in photosynthesis research or as part of a more comprehensive laboratory course in general plant physiology methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berkley J Walker
- Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Steven M Driever
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Kromdijk
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Florian A Busch
- School of Biosciences and The Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Burlacot A. Quantifying the roles of algal photosynthetic electron pathways: a milestone towards photosynthetic robustness. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:2197-2203. [PMID: 37872749 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
During photosynthesis, electron transport reactions generate and shuttle reductant to allow CO2 reduction by the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle and the formation of biomass building block in the so-called linear electron flow (LEF). However, in nature, environmental parameters like light intensity or CO2 availability can vary and quickly change photosynthesis rates, creating an imbalance between photosynthetic energy production and metabolic needs. In addition to LEF, alternative photosynthetic electron flows are central to allow photosynthetic energy to match metabolic demand in response to environmental variations. Microalgae arguably harbour one of the most diverse set of alternative electron flows (AEFs), including cyclic (CEF), pseudocyclic (PCEF) and chloroplast-to-mitochondria (CMEF) electron flow. While CEF, PCEF and CMEF have large functional overlaps, they differ in the conditions they are active and in their role for photosynthetic energy balance. Here, I review the molecular mechanisms of CEF, PCEF and CMEF in microalgae. I further propose a quantitative framework to compare their key physiological roles and quantify how the photosynthetic energy is partitioned to maintain a balanced energetic status of the cell. Key differences in AEF within the green lineage and the potential of rewiring photosynthetic electrons to enhance plant robustness will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Burlacot
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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24
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Gu L. Optimizing the electron transport chain to sustainably improve photosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:2398-2412. [PMID: 37671674 PMCID: PMC10663115 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetically improving photosynthesis is a key strategy to boosting crop production to meet the rising demand for food and fuel by a rapidly growing global population in a warming climate. Many components of the photosynthetic apparatus have been targeted for genetic modification for improving photosynthesis. Successful translation of these modifications into increased plant productivity in fluctuating environments will depend on whether the electron transport chain (ETC) can support the increased electron transport rate without risking overreduction and photodamage. At present atmospheric conditions, the ETC appears suboptimal and will likely need to be modified to support proposed photosynthetic improvements and to maintain energy balance. Here, I derive photochemical equations to quantify the transport capacity and the corresponding reduction level based on the kinetics of redox reactions along the ETC. Using these theoretical equations and measurements from diverse C3/C4 species across environments, I identify several strategies that can simultaneously increase the transport capacity and decrease the reduction level of the ETC. These strategies include increasing the abundances of reaction centers, cytochrome b6f complexes, and mobile electron carriers, improving their redox kinetics, and decreasing the fraction of secondary quinone-nonreducing photosystem II reaction centers. I also shed light on several previously unexplained experimental findings regarding the physiological impacts of the abundances of the cytochrome b6f complex and plastoquinone. The model developed, and the insights generated from it facilitate the development of sustainable photosynthetic systems for greater crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhong Gu
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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25
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Kugler A, Stensjö K. Optimal energy and redox metabolism in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2023; 9:47. [PMID: 37739963 PMCID: PMC10516873 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-023-00307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding energy and redox homeostasis and carbon partitioning is crucial for systems metabolic engineering of cell factories. Carbon metabolism alone cannot achieve maximal accumulation of metabolites in production hosts, since an efficient production of target molecules requires energy and redox balance, in addition to carbon flow. The interplay between cofactor regeneration and heterologous production in photosynthetic microorganisms is not fully explored. To investigate the optimality of energy and redox metabolism, while overproducing alkenes-isobutene, isoprene, ethylene and 1-undecene, in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, we applied stoichiometric metabolic modelling. Our network-wide analysis indicates that the rate of NAD(P)H regeneration, rather than of ATP, controls ATP/NADPH ratio, and thereby bioproduction. The simulation also implies that energy and redox balance is interconnected with carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Furthermore, we show that an auxiliary pathway, composed of serine, one-carbon and glycine metabolism, supports cellular redox homeostasis and ATP cycling. The study revealed non-intuitive metabolic pathways required to enhance alkene production, which are mainly driven by a few key reactions carrying a high flux. We envision that the presented comparative in-silico metabolic analysis will guide the rational design of Synechocystis as a photobiological production platform of target chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kugler
- Microbial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Stensjö
- Microbial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden.
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26
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Jonwal S, Rengasamy B, Sinha AK. Regulation of photosynthesis by mitogen-activated protein kinase in rice: antagonistic adjustment by OsMPK3 and OsMPK6. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1247-1259. [PMID: 38024949 PMCID: PMC10678870 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is the basis of almost all life on earth and is the main component of crop yield that contributes to the carbohydrate partitioning to the grains. Maintaining the photosynthetic efficiency of plants in challenging environmental conditions by regulating the associated factors is a potential research arena which will help in the improvement of crop yield. Phosphorylation is known to play a pivotal role in the regulation of photosynthesis. Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) cascade although known to regulate a diverse range of processes does not have any exact reported function in the regulation of photosynthesis. To elucidate the regulatory role of MAPKs in photosynthesis we investigated the changes in net photosynthesis rate and related parameters in DEX inducible over-expressing (OE) lines of two members of MAPK gene family namely, OsMPK3 and OsMPK6 in rice. Interestingly, significant changes were found in net photosynthesis rate and related physiological parameters in OsMPK3 and OsMPK6-OE lines compared to its wild-type relatives. OsMPK3 and OsMPK6 have regulatory effects on nuclear-encoded photosynthetic genes. Untargeted metabolite profiling reveals a higher accumulation of sugars and their derivatives in MPK6 overexpressing plants and a lower accumulation of sugars and organic acids in MPK3 overexpressing plants. The accumulation of amino acids was found in abundance in both MPK3 and MPK6 overexpressing plants. Understanding the effects of MPK3 and MPK6 on the CO2 assimilation of rice plants under normal growth conditions, will help in devising strategies that can be extended for crop improvement. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-023-01383-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvesh Jonwal
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Balakrishnan Rengasamy
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Alok Krishna Sinha
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067 India
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27
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Kalra I, Wang X, Zhang R, Morgan-Kiss R. High salt-induced PSI-supercomplex is associated with high CEF and attenuation of state transitions. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2023; 157:65-84. [PMID: 37347385 PMCID: PMC10484818 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-023-01032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
While PSI-driven cyclic electron flow (CEF) and assembly of thylakoid supercomplexes have been described in model organisms like Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, open questions remain regarding their contributions to survival under long-term stress. The Antarctic halophyte, C. priscuii UWO241 (UWO241), possesses constitutive high CEF rates and a stable PSI-supercomplex as a consequence of adaptation to permanent low temperatures and high salinity. To understand whether CEF represents a broader acclimation strategy to short- and long-term stress, we compared high salt acclimation between the halotolerant UWO241, the salt-sensitive model, C. reinhardtii, and a moderately halotolerant Antarctic green alga, C. sp. ICE-MDV (ICE-MDV). CEF was activated under high salt and associated with increased non-photochemical quenching in all three Chlamydomonas species. Furthermore, high salt-acclimated cells of either strain formed a PSI-supercomplex, while state transition capacity was attenuated. How the CEF-associated PSI-supercomplex interferes with state transition response is not yet known. We present a model for interaction between PSI-supercomplex formation, state transitions, and the important role of CEF for survival during long-term exposure to high salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Kalra
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056 USA
- Present Address: Department of Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056 USA
| | - Ru Zhang
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132 USA
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28
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Amario M, Villela LB, Jardim-Messeder D, Silva-Lima AW, Rosado PM, de Moura RL, Sachetto-Martins G, Chaloub RM, Salomon PS. Physiological response of Symbiodiniaceae to thermal stress: Reactive oxygen species, photosynthesis, and relative cell size. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284717. [PMID: 37535627 PMCID: PMC10399794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the physiological response to heat stress of three genetically different Symbiodiniaceae strains isolated from the scleractinian coral Mussismilia braziliensis, endemic of the Abrolhos Bank, Brazil. Cultures of two Symbiodinium sp. and one Cladocopium sp. were exposed to a stepwise increase in temperature (2°C every second day) ranging from 26°C (modal temperature in Abrolhos) to 32°C (just above the maximum temperature registered in Abrolhos during the third global bleaching event-TGBE). After the cultures reached their final testing temperature, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, single cell attributes (relative cell size and chlorophyll fluorescence), and photosynthetic efficiency (effective (Y(II)) and maximum (Fv/Fm) quantum yields) were measured within 4 h and 72 h. Non-photochemical coefficient (NPQ) was estimated based on fluorescence values. Population average ROS production was variable across strains and exposure times, reaching up a 2-fold increase at 32°C in one of the Symbiodinium sp. strains. A marked intrapopulation difference was observed in ROS production, with 5 to 25% of the cells producing up to 10 times more than the population average, highlighting the importance of single cell approaches to assess population physiology. Average cell size increases at higher temperatures, likely resulting from cell cycle arrest, whereas chlorophyll fluorescence decreased, especially in 4 h, indicating a photoacclimation response. The conditions tested do not seem to have elicited loss of photosynthetic efficiency nor the activation of non-photochemical mechanisms in the cells. Our results unveiled a generalized thermotolerance in three Symbiodiniaceae strains originated from Abrolhos' corals. Inter and intra-specific variability could be detected, likely reflecting the genetic differences among the strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Amario
- Laboratório de Fitoplâncton Marinho, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lívia Bonetti Villela
- Laboratório de Fitoplâncton Marinho, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Douglas Jardim-Messeder
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Transdução de Sinal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Arthur Weiss Silva-Lima
- Laboratório de Fitoplâncton Marinho, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Leão de Moura
- Laboratório de Monitoramento da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biologia SAGE-COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Sachetto-Martins
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Transdução de Sinal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Moreira Chaloub
- Laboratório de Estudos Aplicados em Fotossíntese, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sergio Salomon
- Laboratório de Fitoplâncton Marinho, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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29
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Burlacot A, Peltier G. Energy crosstalk between photosynthesis and the algal CO 2-concentrating mechanisms. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:795-807. [PMID: 37087359 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal photosynthesis is responsible for nearly half of the CO2 annually captured by Earth's ecosystems. In aquatic environments where the CO2 availability is low, the CO2-fixing efficiency of microalgae greatly relies on mechanisms - called CO2-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) - for concentrating CO2 at the catalytic site of the CO2-fixing enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). While the transport of inorganic carbon (Ci) across membrane bilayers against a concentration gradient consumes part of the chemical energy generated by photosynthesis, the bioenergetics and cellular mechanisms involved are only beginning to be elucidated. Here, we review the current knowledge relating to the energy requirement of CCMs in the light of recent advances in photosynthesis regulatory mechanisms and the spatial organization of CCM components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Burlacot
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Gilles Peltier
- Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
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30
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Sun Y, Gu L, Wen J, van der Tol C, Porcar-Castell A, Joiner J, Chang CY, Magney T, Wang L, Hu L, Rascher U, Zarco-Tejada P, Barrett CB, Lai J, Han J, Luo Z. From remotely sensed solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence to ecosystem structure, function, and service: Part I-Harnessing theory. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:2926-2952. [PMID: 36799496 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) is a remotely sensed optical signal emitted during the light reactions of photosynthesis. The past two decades have witnessed an explosion in availability of SIF data at increasingly higher spatial and temporal resolutions, sparking applications in diverse research sectors (e.g., ecology, agriculture, hydrology, climate, and socioeconomics). These applications must deal with complexities caused by tremendous variations in scale and the impacts of interacting and superimposing plant physiology and three-dimensional vegetation structure on the emission and scattering of SIF. At present, these complexities have not been overcome. To advance future research, the two companion reviews aim to (1) develop an analytical framework for inferring terrestrial vegetation structures and function that are tied to SIF emission, (2) synthesize progress and identify challenges in SIF research via the lens of multi-sector applications, and (3) map out actionable solutions to tackle these challenges and offer our vision for research priorities over the next 5-10 years based on the proposed analytical framework. This paper is the first of the two companion reviews, and theory oriented. It introduces a theoretically rigorous yet practically applicable analytical framework. Guided by this framework, we offer theoretical perspectives on three overarching questions: (1) The forward (mechanism) question-How are the dynamics of SIF affected by terrestrial ecosystem structure and function? (2) The inference question: What aspects of terrestrial ecosystem structure, function, and service can be reliably inferred from remotely sensed SIF and how? (3) The innovation question: What innovations are needed to realize the full potential of SIF remote sensing for real-world applications under climate change? The analytical framework elucidates that process complexity must be appreciated in inferring ecosystem structure and function from the observed SIF; this framework can serve as a diagnosis and inference tool for versatile applications across diverse spatial and temporal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Sciences Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Lianhong Gu
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jiaming Wen
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Sciences Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Christiaan van der Tol
- Affiliation Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Porcar-Castell
- Optics of Photosynthesis Laboratory, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Forest Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Center (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joanna Joiner
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Christine Y Chang
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Adaptive Cropping Systems Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Troy Magney
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Lixin Wang
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Leiqiu Hu
- Department of Atmospheric and Earth Science, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Uwe Rascher
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Pablo Zarco-Tejada
- School of Agriculture and Food (SAF-FVAS) and Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology (IE-FEIT), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher B Barrett
- Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jiameng Lai
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Sciences Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jimei Han
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Sciences Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Zhenqi Luo
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Sciences Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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31
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Yamamoto H, Cheuk A, Shearman J, Nixon PJ, Meier T, Shikanai T. Impact of engineering the ATP synthase rotor ring on photosynthesis in tobacco chloroplasts. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:1221-1233. [PMID: 36703219 PMCID: PMC10231360 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast ATP synthase produces the ATP needed for photosynthesis and plant growth. The trans-membrane flow of protons through the ATP synthase rotates an oligomeric assembly of c subunits, the c-ring. The ion-to-ATP ratio in rotary F1F0-ATP synthases is defined by the number of c-subunits in the rotor c-ring. Engineering the c-ring stoichiometry is, therefore, a possible route to manipulate ATP synthesis by the ATP synthase and hence photosynthetic efficiency in plants. Here, we describe the construction of a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) chloroplast atpH (chloroplastic ATP synthase subunit c gene) mutant in which the c-ring stoichiometry was increased from 14 to 15 c-subunits. Although the abundance of the ATP synthase was decreased to 25% of wild-type (WT) levels, the mutant lines grew as well as WT plants and photosynthetic electron transport remained unaffected. To synthesize the necessary ATP for growth, we found that the contribution of the membrane potential to the proton motive force was enhanced to ensure a higher proton flux via the c15-ring without unwanted low pH-induced feedback inhibition of electron transport. Our work opens avenues to manipulate plant ion-to-ATP ratios with potentially beneficial consequences for photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamamoto
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Anthony Cheuk
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building-Wolfson Laboratories, Imperial College London, S. Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Julia Shearman
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building-Wolfson Laboratories, Imperial College London, S. Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Peter J Nixon
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building-Wolfson Laboratories, Imperial College London, S. Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Thomas Meier
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building-Wolfson Laboratories, Imperial College London, S. Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Toshiharu Shikanai
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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32
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Mohammad Aslam S, Vass I, Szabó M. Characterization of the Flash-Induced Fluorescence Wave Phenomenon in the Coral Endosymbiont Algae, Symbiodiniaceae. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108712. [PMID: 37240058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The dinoflagellate algae, Symbiodiniaceae, are significant symbiotic partners of corals due to their photosynthetic capacity. The photosynthetic processes of the microalgae consist of linear electron transport, which provides the energetic balance of ATP and NADPH production for CO2 fixation, and alternative electron transport pathways, including cyclic electron flow, which ensures the elevated ATP requirements under stress conditions. Flash-induced chlorophyll fluorescence relaxation is a non-invasive tool to assess the various electron transport pathways. A special case of fluorescence relaxation, the so-called wave phenomenon, was found to be associated with the activity of NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) in microalgae. We showed previously that the wave phenomenon existed in Symbiodiniaceae under acute heat stress and microaerobic conditions, however, the electron transport processes related to the wave phenomenon remained unknown. In this work, using various inhibitors, we show that (i) the linear electron transport has a crucial role in the formation of the wave, (ii) the inhibition of the donor side of Photosystem II did not induce the wave, whereas inhibition of the Calvin-Benson cycle accelerated it, (iii) the wave phenomenon was related to the operation of type II NDH (NDH-2). We therefore propose that the wave phenomenon is an important marker of the regulation of electron transport in Symbiodiniaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabit Mohammad Aslam
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imre Vass
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Milán Szabó
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo 2007, Australia
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33
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Degen GE, Jackson PJ, Proctor MS, Zoulias N, Casson SA, Johnson MP. High cyclic electron transfer via the PGR5 pathway in the absence of photosynthetic control. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:370-386. [PMID: 36774530 PMCID: PMC10152662 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The light reactions of photosynthesis couple electron and proton transfers across the thylakoid membrane, generating NADPH, and proton motive force (pmf) that powers the endergonic synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase. ATP and NADPH are required for CO2 fixation into carbohydrates by the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle. The dominant ΔpH component of the pmf also plays a photoprotective role in regulating photosystem II light harvesting efficiency through nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) and photosynthetic control via electron transfer from cytochrome b6f (cytb6f) to photosystem I. ΔpH can be adjusted by increasing the proton influx into the thylakoid lumen via upregulation of cyclic electron transfer (CET) or decreasing proton efflux via downregulation of ATP synthase conductivity (gH+). The interplay and relative contributions of these two elements of ΔpH control to photoprotection are not well understood. Here, we showed that an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ATP synthase mutant hunger for oxygen in photosynthetic transfer reaction 2 (hope2) with 40% higher proton efflux has supercharged CET. Double crosses of hope2 with the CET-deficient proton gradient regulation 5 and ndh-like photosynthetic complex I lines revealed that PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION 5 (PGR5)-dependent CET is the major pathway contributing to higher proton influx. PGR5-dependent CET allowed hope2 to maintain wild-type levels of ΔpH, CO2 fixation and NPQ, however photosynthetic control remained absent and PSI was prone to photoinhibition. Therefore, high CET in the absence of ATP synthase regulation is insufficient for PSI photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustaf E Degen
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Philip J Jackson
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4NL, UK
| | - Matthew S Proctor
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Nicholas Zoulias
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Stuart A Casson
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Matthew P Johnson
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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34
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Imada T, Yamamoto C, Toyoshima M, Toya Y, Shimizu H. Effect of light fluctuations on photosynthesis and metabolic flux in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3326. [PMID: 36700527 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In nature, photosynthetic organisms are exposed to fluctuating light, and their physiological systems must adapt to this fluctuation. To maintain homeostasis, these organisms have a light fluctuation photoprotective mechanism, which functions in both photosystems and metabolism. Although the photoprotective mechanisms functioning in the photosystem have been studied, it is unclear how metabolism responds to light fluctuations within a few seconds. In the present study, we investigated the metabolic response of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 to light fluctuations using 13 C-metabolic flux analysis. The light intensity and duty ratio were adjusted such that the total number of photons or the light intensity during the low-light phase was equal. Light fluctuations affected cell growth and photosynthetic activity under the experimental conditions. However, metabolic flux distributions and cofactor production rates were not affected by the light fluctuations. Furthermore, the estimated ATP and NADPH production rates in the photosystems suggest that NADPH-consuming electron dissipation occurs under fluctuating light conditions. Although we focused on the water-water cycle as the electron dissipation path, no growth effect was observed in an flv3-disrupted strain under fluctuating light, suggesting that another path contributes to electron dissipation under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsumi Imada
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chiaki Yamamoto
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masakazu Toyoshima
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Toya
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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35
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Wang XQ, Sun H, Zeng ZL, Huang W. Within-branch photosynthetic gradients are more related to the coordinated investments of nitrogen and water than leaf mass per area. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 198:107681. [PMID: 37054614 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) and water are key resources for leaf photosynthesis and the growth of whole plants. Within-branch leaves need different amounts of N and water to support their differing photosynthetic capacities according to light exposure. To test this scheme, we measured the within-branch investments of N and water and their effects on photosynthetic traits in two deciduous tree species Paulownia tomentosa and Broussonetia papyrifera. We found that leaf photosynthetic capacity gradually increased from branch bottom to top (i.e. from shade to sun leaves). Concomitantly, stomatal conductance (gs) and leaf N content gradually increased, owing to the symport of water and inorganic mineral from root to leaf. Variation of leaf N content led to large gradients of mesophyll conductance, maximum velocity of Rubisco for carboxylation, maximum electron transport rate and leaf mass per area (LMA). Correlation analysis indicated that the within-branch difference in photosynthetic capacity was mainly related to gs and leaf N content, with a relatively minor contribution of LMA. Furthermore, the simultaneous increases of gs and leaf N content enhanced photosynthetic N use efficiency (PNUE) but hardly affected water use efficiency. Therefore, within-branch adjustment of N and water investments is an important strategy used by plants to optimize the overall photosynthetic carbon gain and PNUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qian Wang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Hu Sun
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Lan Zeng
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
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36
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Ilan Y. Constrained disorder principle-based variability is fundamental for biological processes: Beyond biological relativity and physiological regulatory networks. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 180-181:37-48. [PMID: 37068713 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
The constrained disorder principle (CDP) defines systems based on their degree of disorder bounded by dynamic boundaries. The principle explains stochasticity in living and non-living systems. Denis Noble described the importance of stochasticity in biology, emphasizing stochastic processes at molecular, cellular, and higher levels in organisms as having a role beyond simple noise. The CDP and Noble's theories (NT) claim that biological systems use stochasticity. This paper presents the CDP and NT, discussing common notions and differences between the two theories. The paper presents the CDP-based concept of taking the disorder beyond its role in nature to correct malfunctions of systems and improve the efficiency of biological systems. The use of CDP-based algorithms embedded in second-generation artificial intelligence platforms is described. In summary, noise is inherent to complex systems and has a functional role. The CDP provides the option of using noise to improve functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Ilan
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Department of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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37
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Zournas A, Mani K, Dismukes GC. Cyclic electron flow around photosystem II in silico: How it works and functions in vivo. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2023; 156:129-145. [PMID: 36753032 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-023-00997-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To date, cyclic electron flow around PSI (PSI-CEF) has been considered the primary (if not the only) mechanism accepted to adjust the ratio of linear vs cyclic electron flow that is essential to adjust the ratio of ATP/NADPH production needed for CO2 carboxylation. Here we provide a kinetic model showing that cyclic electron flow within PSII (PSII-CEF) is essential to account for the accelerating rate of decay in flash-induced oscillations of O2 yield as the PQ pool progressively reduces to PQH2. Previously, PSII-CEF was modeled by backward transitions using empirical Markov models like Joliot-Kok (J-K) type. Here, we adapted an ordinary differential equation methodology denoted RODE1 to identify which microstates within PSII are responsible for branching between PSII-CEF and Linear Electron Flow (LEF). We applied it to simulate the oscillations of O2 yield from both Chlorella ohadii, an alga that shows strong PSII-CEF attributed to high backward transitions, and Synechococcus elongatus sp. 7002, a widely studied model cyanobacterium. RODE2 simulations reveal that backward transitions occur in microstates that possess a QB- semiquinone prior to the flash. Following a flash that forms microstates populating (QAQB)2-, PSII-CEF redirects these two electrons to the donor side of PSII only when in the oxidized S2 and S3 states. We show that this backward transition pathway is the origin of the observed period-2 oscillations of flash O2 yield and contributes to the accelerated decay of period-4 oscillations. This newly added pathway improved RODE1 fits for cells of both S. elongatus and C. ohadii. RODE2 simulations show that cellular adaptation to high light intensity growth is due to a decrease in QB availability (empty or blocked by Q2-B), or equivalently due to a decrease in the difference in reduction potential relative to QA/QA-. PSII-CEF provides an alternative mechanism for rebalancing the NADPH:ATP ratio that occurs rapidly by adjusting the redox level of the PQ:PQH2 pool and is a necessary process for energy metabolism in aquatic phototrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Zournas
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Kyle Mani
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - G Charles Dismukes
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
- Department. of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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38
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Albanese P, Mavelli F, Altamura E. Light energy transduction in liposome-based artificial cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1161730. [PMID: 37064236 PMCID: PMC10091278 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1161730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work we review the latest strategies for the bottom-up assembly of energetically autonomous artificial cells capable of transducing light energy into chemical energy and support internalized metabolic pathways. Such entities are built by taking inspiration from the photosynthetic machineries found in nature which are purified and reconstituted directly in the membrane of artificial compartments or encapsulated in form of organelle-like structures. Specifically, we report and discuss recent examples based on liposome-technology and multi-compartment (nested) architectures pointing out the importance of this matter for the artificial cell synthesis research field and some limitations and perspectives of the bottom-up approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Albanese
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Physical Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Fabio Mavelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Fabio Mavelli, ; Emiliano Altamura,
| | - Emiliano Altamura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Fabio Mavelli, ; Emiliano Altamura,
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Ghosh D, Mohapatra S, Dogra V. Improving photosynthetic efficiency by modulating non-photochemical quenching. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:264-266. [PMID: 36581517 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
High light exposure rapidly activates non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), protecting plants from photooxidative damage. Contrarily, its relaxation upon transition to normal light occurs quite slowly, limiting photosynthetic efficiency. De Souza et al. demonstrated that by overexpressing NPQ-related genes, faster NPQ relaxation and enhanced photosynthesis can be achieved under fluctuating light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipanshu Ghosh
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sumanta Mohapatra
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Vivek Dogra
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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40
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Strand DD, Walker BJ. Energetic considerations for engineering novel biochemistries in photosynthetic organisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1116812. [PMID: 36814754 PMCID: PMC9939686 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1116812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Humans have been harnessing biology to make valuable compounds for generations. From beer and biofuels to pharmaceuticals, biology provides an efficient alternative to industrial processes. With the continuing advancement of molecular tools to genetically modify organisms, biotechnology is poised to solve urgent global problems related to environment, increasing population, and public health. However, the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis are constrained to produce a fixed stoichiometry of ATP and reducing equivalents that may not match the newly introduced synthetic metabolism, leading to inefficiency or damage. While photosynthetic organisms have evolved several ways to modify the ATP/NADPH output from their thylakoid electron transport chain, it is unknown if the native energy balancing mechanisms grant enough flexibility to match the demands of the synthetic metabolism. In this review we discuss the role of photosynthesis in the biotech industry, and the energetic considerations of using photosynthesis to power synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deserah D. Strand
- U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Berkley J. Walker
- U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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41
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Fu X, Walker BJ. Dynamic response of photorespiration in fluctuating light environments. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:600-611. [PMID: 35962786 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photorespiration is a dynamic process that is intimately linked to photosynthetic carbon assimilation. There is a growing interest in understanding carbon assimilation during dynamic conditions, but the role of photorespiration under such conditions is unclear. In this review, we discuss recent work relevant to the function of photorespiration under dynamic conditions, with a special focus on light transients. This work reveals that photorespiration is a fundamental component of the light induction of assimilation where variable diffusive processes limit CO2 exchange with the atmosphere. Additionally, metabolic interactions between photorespiration and the C3 cycle may help balance fluxes under dynamic light conditions. We further discuss how the energy demands of photorespiration present special challenges to energy balancing during dynamic conditions. We finish the review with an overview of why regulation of photorespiration may be important under dynamic conditions to maintain appropriate fluxes through metabolic pathways related to photorespiration such as nitrogen and one-carbon metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Fu
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Berkley J Walker
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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42
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Zhang S, Zou B, Cao P, Su X, Xie F, Pan X, Li M. Structural insights into photosynthetic cyclic electron transport. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:187-205. [PMID: 36540023 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
During photosynthesis, light energy is utilized to drive sophisticated biochemical chains of electron transfers, converting solar energy into chemical energy that feeds most life on earth. Cyclic electron transfer/flow (CET/CEF) plays an essential role in efficient photosynthesis, as it balances the ATP/NADPH ratio required in various regulatory and metabolic pathways. Photosystem I, cytochrome b6f, and NADH dehydrogenase (NDH) are large multisubunit protein complexes embedded in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast and key players in NDH-dependent CEF pathway. Furthermore, small mobile electron carriers serve as shuttles for electrons between these membrane protein complexes. Efficient electron transfer requires transient interactions between these electron donors and acceptors. Structural biology has been a powerful tool to advance our knowledge of this important biological process. A number of structures of the membrane-embedded complexes, soluble electron carrier proteins, and transient complexes composed of both have now been determined. These structural data reveal detailed interacting patterns of these electron donor-acceptor pairs, thus allowing us to visualize the different parts of the electron transfer process. This review summarizes the current state of structural knowledge of three membrane complexes and their interaction patterns with mobile electron carrier proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumeng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baohua Zou
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Su
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fen Xie
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Pan
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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43
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Bulychev AA, Eremin A, von Rüling F, Alova AV. Effects of cell excitation on photosynthetic electron flow and intercellular transport in Chara. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:131-143. [PMID: 35482255 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01747-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Impact of membrane excitability on fluidic transport of photometabolites and their cell-to-cell passage via plasmodesmata was examined by pulse-modulated chlorophyll (Chl) microfluorometry in Chara australis internodes exposed to dim background light. The cells were subjected to a series of local light (LL) pulses with a 3-min period and a 30-s pulse width, which induced Chl fluorescence transients propagating in the direction of cytoplasmic streaming along the photostimulated and the neighboring internodes. By comparing Chl fluorescence changes induced in the LL-irradiated and the adjoining internodes, the permeability of the nodal complex for the photometabolites was assessed in the resting state and after the action potential (AP) generation. The electrically induced AP had no influence on Chl fluorescence in noncalcified cell regions but disturbed temporarily the metabolite transport along the internode and caused a disproportionally strong inhibition of intercellular metabolite transmission. In chloroplasts located close to calcified zones, Chl fluorescence increased transiently after cell excitation, which indicated the deceleration of photosynthetic electron flow on the acceptor side of photosystem I. Functional distinctions of chloroplasts located in noncalcified and calcified cell areas were also manifested in different modes of LL-induced changes of Chl fluorescence, which were accompanied by dissimilar changes in efficiency of PSII-driven electron flow. We conclude that chloroplasts located near the encrusted areas and in the incrustation-free cell regions are functionally distinct even in the absence of large-scale variations of cell surface pH. The inhibition of transnodal transport after AP generation is probably due to Ca2+-regulated changes in plasmodesmal aperture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexey Eremin
- Institute of Physics, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Anna V Alova
- Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
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44
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Yan J, Ye X, Song Y, Ren T, Wang C, Li X, Cong R, Lu Z, Lu J. Sufficient potassium improves inorganic phosphate-limited photosynthesis in Brassica napus by enhancing metabolic phosphorus fractions and Rubisco activity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:416-429. [PMID: 36479950 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Crop photosynthesis (A) and productivity are often limited by a combination of nutrient stresses, such that changes in the availability of one nutrient may affect the availability of another nutrient, in turn influencing A. In this study, we examined the synergistic effects of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) on leaf A in a nutrient amendment experiment, in which P and K were added individually or in combination to Brassica napus grown under P and K co-limitation. The data revealed that the addition of P gradually removed the dominant limiting factor (i.e. the limited availability of P) and improved leaf A. Strikingly, the addition of K synergistically improved the overall uptake of P, mainly by boosting plant growth, and compensated for the physiological demand for P by prioritizing investment in metabolic pools of P (P-containing metabolites and inorganic phosphate, Pi). The enlarged pool of metabolically active P was partially associated with the upregulation of Pi regeneration through release from triose phosphates rather than replacement of P-containing lipids. This process mitigated P restrictions on A by maintaining the ATP/NADPH and NADPH/NADP+ ratios and increasing the content and activity of Rubisco. Our findings demonstrate that sufficient K increased Pi-limited A by enhancing metabolic P fractions and Rubisco activity. Thus, ionic synergism may be exploited to mitigate nutrient-limiting factors to improve crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyao Yan
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaolei Ye
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yi Song
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tao Ren
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chongming Wang
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Rihuan Cong
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhifeng Lu
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jianwei Lu
- Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Kamalanathan M, Mapes S, Prouse A, Faulkner P, Klobusnik NH, Hillhouse J, Hala D, Quigg A. Core metabolism plasticity in phytoplankton: Response of Dunaliella tertiolecta to oil exposure. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2022; 58:804-814. [PMID: 36056600 PMCID: PMC10087180 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Human alterations to the marine environment such as an oil spill can induce oxidative stress in phytoplankton. Exposure to oil has been shown to be lethal to most phytoplankton species, but some are able to survive and grow at unaffected or reduced growth rates, which appears to be independent of the class and phylum of the phytoplankton and their ability to consume components of oil heterotrophically. The goal of this article is to test the role of core metabolism plasticity in the oil-resisting ability of phytoplankton. Experiments were performed on the oil- resistant chlorophyte, Dunaliella tertiolecta, in control and water accommodated fractions of oil, with and without metabolic inhibitors targeting the core metabolic pathways. We observed that inhibiting pathways such as photosynthetic electron transport (PET) and pentose-phosphate pathway were lethal; however, inhibition of pathways such as mitochondrial electron transport and cyclic electron transport caused growth to be arrested. Pathways such as photorespiration and Kreb's cycle appear to play a critical role in the oil-tolerating ability of D. tertiolecta. Analysis of photo-physiology revealed reduced PET under inhibition of photorespiration but not Kreb's cycle. Further studies showed enhanced flux through Kreb's cycle suggesting increased energy production and photorespiration counteract oxidative stress. Lastly, reduced extracellular carbohydrate secretion under oil exposure indicated carbon and energy conservation, which together with enhanced flux through Kreb's cycle played a major role in the survival of D. tertiolecta under oil exposure by meeting the additional energy demands. Overall, we present data that suggest the role of phenotypic plasticity of multiple core metabolic pathways in accounting for the oxidative stress tolerating ability of certain phytoplankton species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kamalanathan
- Department of Marine BiologyTexas A&M University at GalvestonGalvestonTexas77573USA
- Present address:
Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean SciencesEast BoothbayMaine04544USA
| | - Savannah Mapes
- Department of Marine BiologyTexas A&M University at GalvestonGalvestonTexas77573USA
- Present address:
Virginia Institute of Marine ScienceGloucester PointVirginia23062USA
| | - Alexandra Prouse
- Department of Marine BiologyTexas A&M University at GalvestonGalvestonTexas77573USA
| | - Patricia Faulkner
- Department of Marine BiologyTexas A&M University at GalvestonGalvestonTexas77573USA
| | | | - Jessica Hillhouse
- Department of Marine BiologyTexas A&M University at GalvestonGalvestonTexas77573USA
| | - David Hala
- Department of Marine BiologyTexas A&M University at GalvestonGalvestonTexas77573USA
| | - Antonietta Quigg
- Department of Marine BiologyTexas A&M University at GalvestonGalvestonTexas77573USA
- Department of OceanographyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas77845USA
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46
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Lysenko V, D. Rajput V, Kumar Singh R, Guo Y, Kosolapov A, Usova E, Varduny T, Chalenko E, Yadronova O, Dmitriev P, Zaruba T. Chlorophyll fluorometry in evaluating photosynthetic performance: key limitations, possibilities, perspectives and alternatives. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 28:2041-2056. [PMID: 36573148 PMCID: PMC9789293 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01263-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Non-destructive methods for the assessment of photosynthetic parameters of plants are widely applied to evaluate rapidly the photosynthetic performance, plant health, and shifts in plant productivity induced by environmental and cultivation conditions. Most of these methods are based on measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics, particularly on pulse modulation (PAM) fluorometry. In this paper, fluorescence methods are critically discussed in regard to some their possibilities and limitations inherent to vascular plants and microalgae. Attention is paid to the potential errors related to the underestimation of thylakoidal cyclic electron transport and anoxygenic photosynthesis. PAM-methods are also observed considering the color-addressed measurements. Photoacoustic methods are discussed as an alternative and supplement to fluorometry. Novel Fourier modifications of PAM-fluorometry and photoacoustics are noted as tools allowing simultaneous application of a dual or multi frequency measuring light for one sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Lysenko
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Vishnu D. Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Rupesh Kumar Singh
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ya Guo
- School of IoT Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Alexey Kosolapov
- Russian Research Institute for the Integrated Use and Protection of Water Resources, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Elena Usova
- Russian Research Institute for the Integrated Use and Protection of Water Resources, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Tatyana Varduny
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Elizaveta Chalenko
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Olga Yadronova
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Pavel Dmitriev
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Tatyana Zaruba
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
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Cai Y, Zhai Z, Blanford J, Liu H, Shi H, Schwender J, Xu C, Shanklin J. Purple acid phosphatase2 stimulates a futile cycle of lipid synthesis and degradation, and mitigates the negative growth effects of triacylglycerol accumulation in vegetative tissues. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1128-1139. [PMID: 35851483 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Storage lipids (mostly triacylglycerols, TAGs) serve as an important energy and carbon reserve in plants, and hyperaccumulation of TAG in vegetative tissues can have negative effects on plant growth. Purple acid phosphatase2 (PAP2) was previously shown to affect carbon metabolism and boost plant growth. However, the effects of PAP2 on lipid metabolism remain unknown. Here, we demonstrated that PAP2 can stimulate a futile cycle of fatty acid (FA) synthesis and degradation, and mitigate negative growth effects associated with high accumulation of TAG in vegetative tissues. Constitutive expression of PAP2 in Arabidopsis thaliana enhanced both lipid synthesis and degradation in leaves and led to a substantial increase in seed oil yield. Suppressing lipid degradation in a PAP2-overexpressing line by disrupting sugar-dependent1 (SDP1), a predominant TAG lipase, significantly elevated vegetative TAG content and improved plant growth. Diverting FAs from membrane lipids to TAGs in PAP2-overexpressing plants by constitutively expressing phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase1 (PDAT1) greatly increased TAG content in vegetative tissues without compromising biomass yield. These results highlight the potential of combining PAP2 with TAG-promoting factors to enhance carbon assimilation, FA synthesis and allocation to TAGs for optimized plant growth and storage lipid accumulation in vegetative tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Cai
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Zhiyang Zhai
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Jantana Blanford
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Hai Shi
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Jorg Schwender
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Changcheng Xu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - John Shanklin
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
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Gu L, Grodzinski B, Han J, Marie T, Zhang Y, Song YC, Sun Y. Granal thylakoid structure and function: explaining an enduring mystery of higher plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:319-329. [PMID: 35832001 PMCID: PMC9805053 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, photosystems II and I are found in grana stacks and unstacked stroma lamellae, respectively. To connect them, electron carriers negotiate tortuous multi-media paths and are subject to macromolecular blocking. Why does evolution select an apparently unnecessary, inefficient bipartition? Here we systematically explain this perplexing phenomenon. We propose that grana stacks, acting like bellows in accordions, increase the degree of ultrastructural control on photosynthesis through thylakoid swelling/shrinking induced by osmotic water fluxes. This control coordinates with variations in stomatal conductance and the turgor of guard cells, which act like an accordion's air button. Thylakoid ultrastructural dynamics regulate macromolecular blocking/collision probability, direct diffusional pathlengths, division of function of Cytochrome b6 f complex between linear and cyclic electron transport, luminal pH via osmotic water fluxes, and the separation of pH dynamics between granal and lamellar lumens in response to environmental variations. With the two functionally asymmetrical photosystems located distantly from each other, the ultrastructural control, nonphotochemical quenching, and carbon-reaction feedbacks maximally cooperate to balance electron transport with gas exchange, provide homeostasis in fluctuating light environments, and protect photosystems in drought. Grana stacks represent a dry/high irradiance adaptation of photosynthetic machinery to improve fitness in challenging land environments. Our theory unifies many well-known but seemingly unconnected phenomena of thylakoid structure and function in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhong Gu
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science InstituteOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37831USA
| | - Bernard Grodzinski
- Department of Plant AgricultureUniversity of GuelphGuelphONN1G 2W1Canada
| | - Jimei Han
- School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
| | - Telesphore Marie
- Department of Plant AgricultureUniversity of GuelphGuelphONN1G 2W1Canada
| | | | - Yang C. Song
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZ85721USA
| | - Ying Sun
- School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
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Bellasio C, Ermakova M. Reduction of bundle sheath size boosts cyclic electron flow in C 4 Setaria viridis acclimated to low light. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:1223-1237. [PMID: 35866447 PMCID: PMC9545969 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
When C4 leaves are exposed to low light, the CO2 concentration in the bundle sheath (BS) cells decreases, causing an increase in photorespiration relative to assimilation, and a consequent reduction in biochemical efficiency. These effects can be mitigated by complex acclimation syndromes, which are of primary importance for crop productivity but are not well studied. We unveil an acclimation strategy involving the coordination of electron transport processes. First, we characterize the anatomy, gas exchange and electron transport of C4 Setaria viridis grown under low light. Through a purposely developed biochemical model, we resolve the photon fluxes and reaction rates to explain how the concerted acclimation strategies sustain photosynthetic efficiency. Our results show that a smaller BS in low-light-grown plants limited leakiness (the ratio of CO2 leak rate out of the BS over the rate of supply via C4 acid decarboxylation) but sacrificed light harvesting and ATP production. To counter ATP shortage and maintain high assimilation rates, plants facilitated light penetration through the mesophyll and upregulated cyclic electron flow in the BS. This shade tolerance mechanism, based on the optimization of light reactions, is possibly more efficient than the known mechanisms involving the rearrangement of carbon metabolism, and could potentially lead to innovative strategies for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Bellasio
- Department of BiologyUniversity of the Balearic Islands07122PalmaIlles BalearsSpain
- Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityActonACT2601Australia
| | - Maria Ermakova
- Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityActonACT2601Australia
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Evidence for Electron Transfer from the Bidirectional Hydrogenase to the Photosynthetic Complex I (NDH-1) in the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081617. [PMID: 36014035 PMCID: PMC9414918 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyanobacterial bidirectional [NiFe]-hydrogenase is a pentameric enzyme. Apart from the small and large hydrogenase subunits (HoxYH) it contains a diaphorase module (HoxEFU) that interacts with NAD(P)+ and ferredoxin. HoxEFU shows strong similarity to the outermost subunits (NuoEFG) of canonical respiratory complexes I. Photosynthetic complex I (NDH-1) lacks these three subunits. This led to the idea that HoxEFU might interact with NDH-1 instead. HoxEFUYH utilizes excited electrons from PSI for photohydrogen production and it catalyzes the reverse reaction and feeds electrons into the photosynthetic electron transport. We analyzed hydrogenase activity, photohydrogen evolution and hydrogen uptake, the respiration and photosynthetic electron transport of ΔhoxEFUYH, and a knock-out strain with dysfunctional NDH-1 (ΔndhD1/ΔndhD2) of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Photohydrogen production was prolonged in ΔndhD1/ΔndhD2 due to diminished hydrogen uptake. Electrons from hydrogen oxidation must follow a different route into the photosynthetic electron transport in this mutant compared to wild type cells. Furthermore, respiration was reduced in ΔhoxEFUYH and the ΔndhD1/ΔndhD2 localization of the hydrogenase to the membrane was impaired. These data indicate that electron transfer from the hydrogenase to the NDH-1 complex is either direct, by the binding of the hydrogenase to the complex, or indirect, via an additional mediator.
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