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Wang YW, Acharya TP, Malladi A, Tsai HJ, NeSmith DS, Doyle JW, Nambeesan SU. Atypical Climacteric and Functional Ethylene Metabolism and Signaling During Fruit Ripening in Blueberry ( Vaccinium sp.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:932642. [PMID: 35812961 PMCID: PMC9260287 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.932642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Climacteric fruits display an increase in respiration and ethylene production during the onset of ripening, while such changes are minimal in non-climacteric fruits. Ethylene is a primary regulator of ripening in climacteric fruits. The ripening behavior and role of ethylene in blueberry (Vaccinium sp.) ripening is controversial. This work aimed to clarify the fruit ripening behavior and the associated role of ethylene in blueberry. Southern highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum hybrids) and rabbiteye (Vaccinium ashei) blueberry displayed an increase in the rate of respiration and ethylene evolution, both reaching a maxima around the Pink and Ripe stages of fruit development, consistent with climacteric fruit ripening behavior. Increase in ethylene evolution was associated with increases in transcript abundance of its biosynthesis genes, AMINOCYCLOPROPANE CARBOXYLATE (ACC) SYNTHASE1 (ACS1) and ACC OXIDASE2 (ACO2), implicating them in developmental ethylene production during ripening. Blueberry fruit did not display autocatalytic system 2 ethylene during ripening as ACS transcript abundance and ACC concentration were not enhanced upon treatment with an ethylene-releasing compound (ethephon). However, ACO transcript abundance was enhanced in response to ethephon, suggesting that ACO was not rate-limiting. Transcript abundance of multiple genes associated with ethylene signal transduction was upregulated concomitant with developmental increase in ethylene evolution, and in response to exogenous ethylene. As these changes require ethylene signal transduction, fruit ripening in blueberry appears to involve functional ethylene signaling. Together, these data indicate that blueberry fruit display atypical climacteric ripening, characterized by a respiratory climacteric, developmentally regulated but non-autocatalytic increase in ethylene evolution, and functional ethylene signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Wang
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Tej P. Acharya
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Anish Malladi
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Hsuan-Ju Tsai
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute Council of Agriculture, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - D. Scott NeSmith
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, United States
| | - John W. Doyle
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Chen J, Sui X, Ma B, Li Y, Li N, Qiao L, Yu Y, Dong CH. Arabidopsis CPR5 plays a role in regulating nucleocytoplasmic transport of mRNAs in ethylene signaling pathway. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1075-1085. [PMID: 35201411 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02838-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis CPR5 is involved in regulation of ethylene signaling via two different ways: interacting with the ETR1 N-terminal domains, and controlling nucleocytoplasmic transport of ethylene-related mRNAs. The ETR1 receptor plays a predominant role in ethylene signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. Previous studies showed that both RTE1 and CPR5 can directly bind to the ETR1 receptor and regulate ethylene signaling. RTE1 was suggested to promote the ETR1 receptor signaling by influencing its conformation, but little is known about the regulatory mechanism of CPR5 in ethylene signaling. In this study, we presented the data showing that both RTE1 and CPR5 bound to the N-terminal domains of ETR1, and regulated ethylene signaling via the ethylene receptor. On the other hand, the research provided evidence indicating that CPR5 could act as a nucleoporin to regulate the ethylene-related mRNAs export out of the nucleus, while RTE1 or its homolog (RTH) had no effect on the nucleocytoplasmic transport of mRNAs. Nuclear qRT-PCR analysis and poly(A)-mRNA in situ hybridization showed that defect of CPR5 restricted nucleocytoplasmic transport of mRNAs. These results advance our understanding of the regulatory mechanism of CPR5 in ethylene signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacai Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xinying Sui
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Binran Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yuetong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Longfei Qiao
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yanchong Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Chun-Hai Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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3
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Kou X, Zhou J, Wu CE, Yang S, Liu Y, Chai L, Xue Z. The interplay between ABA/ethylene and NAC TFs in tomato fruit ripening: a review. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:223-238. [PMID: 33634368 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01128-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This review contains functional roles of NAC transcription factors in the transcriptional regulation of ripening in tomato fruit, describes the interplay between ABA/ethylene and NAC TFs in tomato fruit ripening. Fruit ripening is regulated by a complex network of transcription factors (TFs) and genetic regulators in response to endogenous hormones and external signals. Studying the regulation of fruit ripening has important significance for controlling fruit quality, enhancing nutritional value, improving storage conditions and extending shelf-life. Plant-specific NAC (named after no apical meristem (NAM), Arabidopsis transcription activator factor 1/2 (ATAF1/2) and Cup-shaped cotyledon (CUC2)) TFs play essential roles in plant development, ripening and stress responses. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on the regulation of NAC TFs in fruit ripening, discuss the interactions between NAC and other factors in controlling fruit development and ripening, and emphasize how NAC TFs are involved in tomato fruit ripening through the ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA) pathways. The signaling network regulating ripening is complex, and both hormones and individual TFs can affect the status or activity of other network participants, which can alter the overall ripening network regulation, including response signals and fruit ripening. Our review helps in the systematic understanding of the regulation of NAC TFs involved in fruit ripening and provides a basis for the development or establishment of complex ripening regulatory network models.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoHong Kou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - JiaQian Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Cai E Wu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Sen Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - YeFang Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - LiPing Chai
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - ZhaoHui Xue
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.
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Zhao W, Li Y, Fan S, Wen T, Wang M, Zhang L, Zhao L. The transcription factor WRKY32 affects tomato fruit colour by regulating YELLOW FRUITED-TOMATO 1, a core component of ethylene signal transduction. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4269-4282. [PMID: 33773493 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fruit quality in most fleshy fruit crops is fundamentally linked to ripening-associated traits, including changes in colour. In many climacteric fruits, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), the phytohormone ethylene plays a key role in regulating ripening. Previous map-based cloning of YELLOW FRUITED-TOMATO 1 (YFT1) revealed that it encodes the EIN2 protein, a core component in ethylene signal transduction. A YFT1 allele with a genetic lesion was found to be down-regulated in the yft1 tomato mutant that has a yellow fruit phenotype and perturbed ethylene signalling. Based on bioinformatic analysis, yeast one hybrid assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we report that transcription factor WRKY32 regulates tomato fruit colour formation. WRKY32 binds to W-box and W-box-like motifs in the regulatory region of the YFT1 promoter and induces its expression. In tomato fruits of WRKY32-RNAi generated lines, ethylene signalling was reduced, leading to a suppression in ethylene emission, a delay in chromoplast development, decreased carotenoid accumulation, and a yellow fruit phenotype. These results provide new insights into the regulatory networks that govern tomato fruit colour formation via ethylene signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Zhao
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhang Li
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaozhu Fan
- Branch Institute of Horticulture, Harbin Academy of Agricultural Science, Harbin, China
| | - Tengjian Wen
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghui Wang
- Bioinformatics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Lida Zhang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingxia Zhao
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Ma Q, Shi C, Su C, Liu Y. Complementary analyses of the transcriptome and iTRAQ proteome revealed mechanism of ethylene dependent salt response in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Food Chem 2020; 325:126866. [PMID: 32387982 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In order to clarify the ethylene dependent salt response mechanism in wheat, 2-week-old wheat seedlings of cultivar 'Qingmai 6' treated with water, sodium chloride (NaCl), NaCl and ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), and NaCl and ethylene signaling inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) were collected and analyzed by transcriptional sequencing and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) proteomics. At least 1140 proteins and 73,401 genes were identified, and proteins including ribosomal proteins (RPs), nucleoside diphosphate kinases (CDPKs), transaldolases (TALs), beta-glucosidases (BGLUs), phosphoenlpyruvate carboxylases (PEPCs), superoxide dismutases (SODs), and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases (6-PGDHs) were significantly differently expressed. These genes and proteins revealed that ethylene dependent salt response through RPs activation, chaperones synthesis, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, and carbohydrate metabolites pathway. Our results provided transcriptomics and proteomics information with respect to the molecular mechanisms of ethylene regualted salt response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ma
- College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Changhai Shi
- College of Agriculture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Chunxue Su
- College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yiguo Liu
- College of Agriculture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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Hendrickson C, Hewitt S, Swanson ME, Einhorn T, Dhingra A. Evidence for pre-climacteric activation of AOX transcription during cold-induced conditioning to ripen in European pear (Pyrus communis L.). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225886. [PMID: 31800597 PMCID: PMC6892529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
European pears (Pyrus communis L.) require a range of cold-temperature exposure to induce ethylene biosynthesis and fruit ripening. Physiological and hormonal responses to cold temperature storage in pear have been well characterized, but the molecular underpinnings of these phenomena remain unclear. An established low-temperature conditioning model was used to induce ripening of 'D'Anjou' and 'Bartlett' pear cultivars and quantify the expression of key genes representing ripening-related metabolic pathways in comparison to non-conditioned fruit. Physiological indicators of pear ripening were recorded, and fruit peel tissue sampled in parallel, during the cold-conditioning and ripening time-course experiment to correlate gene expression to ontogeny. Two complementary approaches, Nonparametric Multi-Dimensional Scaling and efficiency-corrected 2-(ΔΔCt), were used to identify genes exhibiting the most variability in expression. Interestingly, the enhanced alternative oxidase (AOX) transcript abundance at the pre-climacteric stage in 'Bartlett' and 'D'Anjou' at the peak of the conditioning treatments suggests that AOX may play a key and a novel role in the achievement of ripening competency. There were indications that cold-sensing and signaling elements from ABA and auxin pathways modulate the S1-S2 ethylene transition in European pears, and that the S1-S2 ethylene biosynthesis transition is more pronounced in 'Bartlett' as compared to 'D'Anjou' pear. This information has implications in preventing post-harvest losses of this important crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hendrickson
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Seanna Hewitt
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
- Molecular Plant Sciences Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Mark E. Swanson
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Todd Einhorn
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Amit Dhingra
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
- Molecular Plant Sciences Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
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7
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Chen Y, Grimplet J, David K, Castellarin SD, Terol J, Wong DCJ, Luo Z, Schaffer R, Celton JM, Talon M, Gambetta GA, Chervin C. Ethylene receptors and related proteins in climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 276:63-72. [PMID: 30348329 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Fruits have been traditionally classified into two categories based on their capacity to produce and respond to ethylene during ripening. Fruits whose ripening is associated to a peak of ethylene production and a respiration burst are referred to as climacteric, while those that are not are referred to as non-climacteric. However, an increasing body of literature supports an important role for ethylene in the ripening of both climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. Genome and transcriptomic data have become available across a variety of fruits and we leverage these data to compare the structure and transcriptional regulation of the ethylene receptors and related proteins. Through the analysis of four economically important fruits, two climacteric (tomato and apple), and two non-climacteric (grape and citrus), this review compares the structure and transcriptional regulation of the ethylene receptors and related proteins in both types of fruit, establishing a basis for the annotation of ethylene-related genes. This analysis reveals two interesting differences between climacteric and non-climacteric fruit: i) a higher number of ETR genes are found in climacteric fruits, and ii) non-climacteric fruits are characterized by an earlier ETR expression peak relative to sugar accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Université de Toulouse, Genomics & Biotechnology of Fruits, INRA, Toulouse INP, ENSAT, BP 32607, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Jérôme Grimplet
- Departamento de Viticultura, Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino, CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de la Rioja, Logroño, Spain.
| | - Karine David
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Simone Diego Castellarin
- University of British Columbia, Wine Research Centre, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada.
| | - Javier Terol
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Carretera CV-315, km 10,7, Moncada, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Darren C J Wong
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Zhiwei Luo
- Plant & Food Research, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Robert Schaffer
- Plant & Food Research, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Jean-Marc Celton
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, INRA, BP 60057, 49071 Beaucouze Cedex, France.
| | - Manuel Talon
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Carretera CV-315, km 10,7, Moncada, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Gregory Alan Gambetta
- Bordeaux Science Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, UMR 1287, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
| | - Christian Chervin
- Université de Toulouse, Genomics & Biotechnology of Fruits, INRA, Toulouse INP, ENSAT, BP 32607, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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Wang F, Wang L, Qiao L, Chen J, Pappa MB, Pei H, Zhang T, Chang C, Dong CH. Arabidopsis CPR5 regulates ethylene signaling via molecular association with the ETR1 receptor. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 59:810-824. [PMID: 28708312 PMCID: PMC5680097 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone ethylene plays various functions in plant growth, development and response to environmental stress. Ethylene is perceived by membrane-bound ethylene receptors, and among the homologous receptors in Arabidopsis, the ETR1 ethylene receptor plays a major role. The present study provides evidence demonstrating that Arabidopsis CPR5 functions as a novel ETR1 receptor-interacting protein in regulating ethylene response and signaling. Yeast split ubiquitin assays and bi-fluorescence complementation studies in plant cells indicated that CPR5 directly interacts with the ETR1 receptor. Genetic analyses indicated that mutant alleles of cpr5 can suppress ethylene insensitivity in both etr1-1 and etr1-2, but not in other dominant ethylene receptor mutants. Overexpression of Arabidopsis CPR5 either in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, or ectopically in tobacco, significantly enhanced ethylene sensitivity. These findings indicate that CPR5 plays a critical role in regulating ethylene signaling. CPR5 is localized to endomembrane structures and the nucleus, and is involved in various regulatory pathways, including pathogenesis, leaf senescence, and spontaneous cell death. This study provides evidence for a novel regulatory function played by CPR5 in the ethylene receptor signaling pathway in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Longfei Qiao
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jiacai Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Maria Belen Pappa
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Haixia Pei
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Caren Chang
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Chun-Hai Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Correspondence: Chun-Hai Dong ()
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9
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Zheng F, Cui X, Rivarola M, Gao T, Chang C, Dong CH. Molecular association of Arabidopsis RTH with its homolog RTE1 in regulating ethylene signaling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:2821-2832. [PMID: 28541511 PMCID: PMC5853943 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone ethylene affects many biological processes during plant growth and development. Ethylene is perceived by ethylene receptors at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. The ETR1 ethylene receptor is positively regulated by the transmembrane protein RTE1, which localizes to the ER and Golgi apparatus. The RTE1 gene family is conserved in animals, plants, and lower eukaryotes. In Arabidopsis, RTE1-HOMOLOG (RTH) is the only homolog of the Arabidopsis RTE1 gene family. The regulatory function of the Arabidopsis RTH in ethylene signaling and plant growth is largely unknown. The present study shows Arabidopsis RTH gene expression patterns, protein co-localization with the ER and Golgi apparatus, and the altered ethylene response phenotype when RTH is knocked out or overexpressed in Arabidopsis. Compared with rte1 mutants, rth mutants exhibit less sensitivity to exogenous ethylene, while RTH overexpression confers ethylene hypersensitivity. Genetic analyses indicate that Arabidopsis RTH might not directly regulate the ethylene receptors. RTH can physically interact with RTE1, and evidence supports that RTH might act via RTE1 in regulating ethylene responses and signaling. The present study advances our understanding of the regulatory function of the Arabidopsis RTE1 gene family members in ethylene signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiankui Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Maximo Rivarola
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ting Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Caren Chang
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Chun-Hai Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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10
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Shi J, Drummond BJ, Wang H, Archibald RL, Habben JE. Maize and Arabidopsis ARGOS Proteins Interact with Ethylene Receptor Signaling Complex, Supporting a Regulatory Role for ARGOS in Ethylene Signal Transduction. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:2783-97. [PMID: 27268962 PMCID: PMC4972269 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone ethylene regulates plant growth and development as well as plant response to environmental cues. ARGOS genes reduce plant sensitivity to ethylene when overexpressed in transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and maize (Zea mays). A previous genetic study suggested that the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi-localized maize ARGOS1 targets the ethylene signal transduction components at or upstream of CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE1, but the mechanism of ARGOS modulating ethylene signaling is unknown. Here, we demonstrate in Arabidopsis that ZmARGOS1, as well as the Arabidopsis ARGOS homolog ORGAN SIZE RELATED1, physically interacts with Arabidopsis REVERSION-TO-ETHYLENE SENSITIVITY1 (RTE1), an ethylene receptor interacting protein that regulates the activity of ETHYLENE RESPONSE1. The protein-protein interaction was also detected with the yeast split-ubiquitin two-hybrid system. Using the same yeast assay, we found that maize RTE1 homolog REVERSION-TO-ETHYLENE SENSITIVITY1 LIKE4 (ZmRTL4) and ZmRTL2 also interact with maize and Arabidopsis ARGOS proteins. Like AtRTE1 in Arabidopsis, ZmRTL4 and ZmRTL2 reduce ethylene responses when overexpressed in maize, indicating a similar mechanism for ARGOS regulating ethylene signaling in maize. A polypeptide fragment derived from ZmARGOS8, consisting of a Pro-rich motif flanked by two transmembrane helices that are conserved among members of the ARGOS family, can interact with AtRTE1 and maize RTL proteins in Arabidopsis. The conserved domain is necessary and sufficient to reduce ethylene sensitivity in Arabidopsis and maize. Overall, these results suggest a physical association between ARGOS and the ethylene receptor signaling complex via AtRTE1 and maize RTL proteins, supporting a role for ARGOS in regulating ethylene perception and the early steps of signal transduction in Arabidopsis and maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrui Shi
- DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, Iowa 50131-1004
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11
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Liu M, Pirrello J, Chervin C, Roustan JP, Bouzayen M. Ethylene Control of Fruit Ripening: Revisiting the Complex Network of Transcriptional Regulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:2380-90. [PMID: 26511917 PMCID: PMC4677914 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone ethylene plays a key role in climacteric fruit ripening. Studies on components of ethylene signaling have revealed a linear transduction pathway leading to the activation of ethylene response factors. However, the means by which ethylene selects the ripening-related genes and interacts with other signaling pathways to regulate the ripening process are still to be elucidated. Using tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) as a reference species, the present review aims to revisit the mechanisms by which ethylene regulates fruit ripening by taking advantage of new tools available to perform in silico studies at the genome-wide scale, leading to a global view on the expression pattern of ethylene biosynthesis and response genes throughout ripening. Overall, it provides new insights on the transcriptional network by which this hormone coordinates the ripening process and emphasizes the interplay between ethylene and ripening-associated developmental factors and the link between epigenetic regulation and ethylene during fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China (M.L.);Université de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Castanet-Tolosan, CS 32607, F-31326, France (M.L., J.P., C.C., J.-P.R., M.B.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Castanet-Tolosan, CS 52627, F-31326, France (M.L., J.P., C.C., J.-P.R., M.B.)
| | - Julien Pirrello
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China (M.L.);Université de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Castanet-Tolosan, CS 32607, F-31326, France (M.L., J.P., C.C., J.-P.R., M.B.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Castanet-Tolosan, CS 52627, F-31326, France (M.L., J.P., C.C., J.-P.R., M.B.)
| | - Christian Chervin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China (M.L.);Université de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Castanet-Tolosan, CS 32607, F-31326, France (M.L., J.P., C.C., J.-P.R., M.B.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Castanet-Tolosan, CS 52627, F-31326, France (M.L., J.P., C.C., J.-P.R., M.B.)
| | - Jean-Paul Roustan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China (M.L.);Université de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Castanet-Tolosan, CS 32607, F-31326, France (M.L., J.P., C.C., J.-P.R., M.B.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Castanet-Tolosan, CS 52627, F-31326, France (M.L., J.P., C.C., J.-P.R., M.B.)
| | - Mondher Bouzayen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China (M.L.);Université de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Castanet-Tolosan, CS 32607, F-31326, France (M.L., J.P., C.C., J.-P.R., M.B.); andInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Castanet-Tolosan, CS 52627, F-31326, France (M.L., J.P., C.C., J.-P.R., M.B.)
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12
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Ju C, Chang C. Mechanistic Insights in Ethylene Perception and Signal Transduction. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:85-95. [PMID: 26246449 PMCID: PMC4577421 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The gaseous hormone ethylene profoundly affects plant growth, development, and stress responses. Ethylene perception occurs at the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, and signal transduction leads to a transcriptional cascade that initiates diverse responses, often in conjunction with other signals. Recent findings provide a more complete picture of the components and mechanisms in ethylene signaling, now rendering a more dynamic view of this conserved pathway. This includes newly identified protein-protein interactions at the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, as well as the major discoveries that the central regulator ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2 (EIN2) is the long-sought phosphorylation substrate for the CONSTITUTIVE RESPONSE1 protein kinase, and that cleavage of EIN2 transmits the signal to the nucleus. In the nucleus, hundreds of potential gene targets of the EIN3 master transcription factor have been identified and found to be induced in transcriptional waves, and transcriptional coregulation has been shown to be a mechanism of ethylene cross talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanli Ju
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China (C.J.); andDepartment of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815 (C.J., C.C.)
| | - Caren Chang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China (C.J.); andDepartment of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815 (C.J., C.C.)
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13
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Ma Q, Zhang G, Hou L, Wang W, Hao J, Liu X. Vitis vinifera VvWRKY13 is an ethylene biosynthesis-related transcription factor. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:1593-1603. [PMID: 26001999 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1811-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel transcription factor VvWRKY13 was cloned from Vitis vinifera and found functioning in ethylene biosynthesis pathway by mediating ACS2 and ACS8 expression. Grapevine is one of the most economically important plants, and ethylene is a plant hormone related with its growth, development, abiotic and biotic resistance. Until now, the regulators and their mechanism of ethylene biosynthesis are still not well understood. We have cloned a novel gene from a grapevine cultivar 'Zuoyouhong' and named it VvWRKY13. By qRT-PCR analysis, VvWRKY13 was found to be ubiquitously expressed in the leaf, stem, flower, fruit, and root tissues, indicating that it is probably involved in numerous processes of grapevine growth and development. Overexpression of VvWRKY13 in Arabidopsis leads to constitutive triple responses and improved ethylene production. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the promoters of ACC synthase genes ACS2 and ACS8 contain WRKYs specific binding element W-box. As a result, the expression of ACS2 and ACS8 was found to be increased significantly in VvWRKY13 overexpression lines. Together, these data reveal that the novel transcription factor VvWRKY13 is likely involved in ethylene biosynthesis by the regulation of ACS2 and ACS8 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ma
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
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14
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Yang W, Liu J, Tan Y, Zhong S, Tang N, Chen G, Yu Y. Functional characterization of PhGR and PhGRL1 during flower senescence in the petunia. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:1561-1568. [PMID: 25987314 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1808-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Petunia PhGRL1 suppression accelerated flower senescence and increased the expression of the genes downstream of ethylene signaling, whereas PhGR suppression did not. Ethylene plays an important role in flowers senescence. Homologous proteins Green-Ripe and Reversion to Ethylene sensitivity1 are positive regulators of ethylene responses in tomato and Arabidopsis, respectively. The petunia flower has served as a model for the study of ethylene response during senescence. In this study, petunia PhGR and PhGRL1 expression was analyzed in different organs, throughout floral senescence, and after exogenous ethylene treatment; and the roles of PhGR and PhGRL1 during petunia flower senescence were investigated. PhGRL1 suppression mediated by virus-induced gene silencing accelerated flower senescence and increased ethylene production; however, the suppression of PhGR did not. Taken together, these data suggest that PhGRL1 is involved in negative regulation of flower senescence, possibly via ethylene production inhibition and consequently reduced ethylene signaling activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyuan Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China,
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15
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Olsen A, Lütken H, Hegelund JN, Müller R. Ethylene resistance in flowering ornamental plants - improvements and future perspectives. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2015; 2:15038. [PMID: 26504580 PMCID: PMC4591681 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2015.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Various strategies of plant breeding have been attempted in order to improve the ethylene resistance of flowering ornamental plants. These approaches span from conventional techniques such as simple cross-pollination to new breeding techniques which modify the plants genetically such as precise genome-editing. The main strategies target the ethylene pathway directly; others focus on changing the ethylene pathway indirectly via pathways that are known to be antagonistic to the ethylene pathway, e.g. increasing cytokinin levels. Many of the known elements of the ethylene pathway have been addressed experimentally with the aim of modulating the overall response of the plant to ethylene. Elements of the ethylene pathway that appear particularly promising in this respect include ethylene receptors as ETR1, and transcription factors such as EIN3. Both direct and indirect approaches seem to be successful, nevertheless, although genetic transformation using recombinant DNA has the ability to save much time in the breeding process, they are not readily used by breeders yet. This is primarily due to legislative issues, economic issues, difficulties of implementing this technology in some ornamental plants, as well as how these techniques are publically perceived, particularly in Europe. Recently, newer and more precise genome-editing techniques have become available and they are already being implemented in some crops. New breeding techniques may help change the current situation and pave the way toward a legal and public acceptance if products of these technologies are indistinguishable from plants obtained by conventional techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Olsen
- Faculty of Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Alle 9-13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Henrik Lütken
- Faculty of Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Alle 9-13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Josefine Nymark Hegelund
- Faculty of Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Alle 9-13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Renate Müller
- Faculty of Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Højbakkegård Alle 9-13, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
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16
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Ansari MW, Tuteja N. Post-harvest quality risks by stress/ethylene: management to mitigate. PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:21-32. [PMID: 25091877 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0678-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Fresh produce, in actual fact, is exposed to multiple stresses through entire post-harvest phase such as handling, storage and distribution. The biotic stresses are associated with various post-harvest diseases leading to massive produce loss. Abiotic stresses such as drought, heat and chilling cause cell weakening, membrane leakage, flavour loss, surface pitting, internal browning, textural changes, softening and mealiness of post-harvest produce. A burst in 'stress ethylene' formation makes post-harvest produce to be at high risk for over-ripening, decay, deterioration, pathogen attack and physiological disorders. The mutation study of genes and receptors involved in ethylene signal transduction shows reduced sensitivity to bind ethylene resulting in delayed ripening and longer shelf life of produce. This review is aimed to highlight the various detrimental effects of stress/ethylene on quality of post-harvest produce, primarily fruits, with special emphasize to its subsequent practical management involving the 'omics' tools. The outcome of the literature appraised herein will help us to understand the physiological and molecular bases of stress/ethylene which sustain fruit quality at post-harvest phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad W Ansari
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
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17
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Pan X, Zhu B, Zhu H, Chen Y, Tian H, Luo Y, Fu D. iTRAQ Protein Profile Analysis of Tomato Green-ripe Mutant Reveals New Aspects Critical for Fruit Ripening. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:1979-93. [DOI: 10.1021/pr401091n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Pan
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional
Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Benzhong Zhu
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional
Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Hongliang Zhu
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional
Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yuexi Chen
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional
Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Huiqin Tian
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional
Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yunbo Luo
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional
Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Daqi Fu
- The College of Food Science and Nutritional
Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, PR China
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18
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Chang J, Clay JM, Chang C. Association of cytochrome b5 with ETR1 ethylene receptor signaling through RTE1 in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 77:558-67. [PMID: 24635651 PMCID: PMC4040253 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene plays important roles in plant growth, development and stress responses, and is perceived by a family of receptors that repress ethylene responses when ethylene is absent. Repression by the ethylene receptor ETR1 depends on an integral membrane protein, REVERSION TO ETHYLENE SENSITIVITY1 (RTE1), which acts upstream of ETR1 in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and Golgi apparatus. To investigate RTE1 function, we screened for RTE1-interacting proteins using the yeast split-ubiquitin assay, which yielded the ER-localized cytochrome b(5) (Cb5) isoform D. Cb5s are small hemoproteins that perform electron transfer reactions in all eukaryotes, but their roles in plants are relatively uncharacterized. Using bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), we found that all four ER-localized Arabidopsis Cb5 isoforms (AtCb5–B, -C, -D and -E) interact with RTE1 in plant cells. In support of this interaction, atcb5 mutants exhibited phenotypic parallels with rte1 mutants in Arabidopsis. Phenotypes included partial suppression of etr1–2 ethylene insensitivity, and no suppression of RTE1-independent ethylene receptor isoforms. The single loss-of-function mutants atcb5–b, -c and -d appeared similar to the wild-type, but double mutant combinations displayed slight ethylene hypersensitivity. Over-expression of AtCb5–D conferred reduced ethylene sensitivity similar to that conferred by RTE1 over-expression, and genetic analyses suggested that AtCb5–D acts upstream of RTE1 in the ethylene response. These findings suggest an unexpected role for Cb5, in which Cb5 and RTE1 are functional partners in promoting ETR1-mediated repression of ethylene signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Caren Chang
- Corresponding author: Caren Chang, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Bioscience Research Building, Bldg 413, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA, Phone: 301-405-1643, Fax: 301-314-1248,
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19
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Wang Q, Zhang W, Yin Z, Wen CK. Rice CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE-RESPONSE2 is involved in the ethylene-receptor signalling and regulation of various aspects of rice growth and development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:4863-75. [PMID: 24006427 PMCID: PMC3830475 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, the ethylene-receptor signal output occurs at the endoplasmic reticulum and is mediated by the Raf-like protein CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE1 (CTR1) but is prevented by overexpression of the CTR1 N terminus. A phylogenic analysis suggested that rice OsCTR2 is closely related to CTR1, and ectopic expression of CTR1p:OsCTR2 complemented Arabidopsis ctr1-1. Arabidopsis ethylene receptors ETHYLENE RESPONSE1 and ETHYLENE RESPONSE SENSOR1 physically interacted with OsCTR2 on yeast two-hybrid assay, and green fluorescence protein-tagged OsCTR2 was localized at the endoplasmic reticulum. The osctr2 loss-of-function mutation and expression of the 35S:OsCTR2 (1-513) transgene that encodes the OsCTR2 N terminus (residues 1-513) revealed several and many aspects, respectively, of ethylene-induced growth alteration in rice. Because the osctr2 allele did not produce all aspects of ethylene-induced growth alteration, the ethylene-receptor signal output might be mediated in part by OsCTR2 and by other components in rice. Yield-related agronomic traits, including flowering time and effective tiller number, were altered in osctr2 and 35S:OsCTR2 (1-513) transgenic lines. Applying prolonged ethylene treatment to evaluate ethylene effects on rice without compromising rice growth is technically challenging. Our understanding of roles of ethylene in various aspects of growth and development in japonica rice varieties could be advanced with the use of the osctr2 and 35S:OsCTR2 (1-513) transgenic lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Shanghai), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Shanghai), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Zhongming Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Shanghai), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Chi-Kuang Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Shanghai), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
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20
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Merchante C, Alonso JM, Stepanova AN. Ethylene signaling: simple ligand, complex regulation. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 16:554-60. [PMID: 24012247 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The hormone ethylene plays numerous roles in plant development. In the last few years the model of ethylene signaling has evolved from an initially largely linear route to a much more complex pathway with multiple feedback loops. Identification of key transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory modules controlling expression and/or stability of the core pathway components revealed that ethylene perception and signaling are tightly regulated at multiple levels. This review describes the most current outlook on ethylene signal transduction and emphasizes the latest discoveries in the ethylene field that shed light on the mechanistic mode of action of the central pathway components CTR1 and EIN2, as well as on the post-transcriptional regulatory steps that modulate the signaling flow through the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Merchante
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
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21
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Wang F, Cui X, Sun Y, Dong CH. Ethylene signaling and regulation in plant growth and stress responses. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:1099-109. [PMID: 23525746 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1421-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Gaseous phytohormone ethylene affects many aspects of plant growth and development. The ethylene signaling pathway starts when ethylene binds to its receptors. Since the cloning of the first ethylene receptor ETR1 from Arabidopsis, a large number of studies have steadily improved our understanding of the receptors and downstream components in ethylene signal transduction pathway. This article reviews the regulation of ethylene receptors, signal transduction, and the posttranscriptional modulation of downstream components. Functional roles and importance of the ethylene signaling components in plant growth and stress responses are also discussed. Cross-reactions of ethylene with auxin and other phytohormones in plant organ growth will be analyzed. The studies of ethylene signaling in plant growth, development, and stress responses in the past decade greatly advanced our knowledge of how plants respond to endogenous signals and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 266109 Qingdao, People's Republic of China
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22
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Shakeel SN, Wang X, Binder BM, Schaller GE. Mechanisms of signal transduction by ethylene: overlapping and non-overlapping signalling roles in a receptor family. AOB PLANTS 2013; 5:plt010. [PMID: 23543258 PMCID: PMC3611092 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plt010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone ethylene regulates growth and development as well as responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Over the last few decades, key elements involved in ethylene signal transduction have been identified through genetic approaches, these elements defining a pathway that extends from initial ethylene perception at the endoplasmic reticulum to changes in transcriptional regulation within the nucleus. Here, we present our current understanding of ethylene signal transduction, focusing on recent developments that support a model with overlapping and non-overlapping roles for members of the ethylene receptor family. We consider the evidence supporting this model for sub-functionalization within the receptor family, and then discuss mechanisms by which such a sub-functionalization may occur. To this end, we consider the importance of receptor interactions in modulating their signal output and how such interactions vary in the receptor family. In addition, we consider evidence indicating that ethylene signal output by the receptors involves both phosphorylation-dependent and phosphorylation-independent mechanisms. We conclude with a current model for signalling by the ethylene receptors placed within the overall context of ethylene signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina N. Shakeel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Brad M. Binder
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - G. Eric Schaller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Corresponding author's e-mail address:
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23
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Shakeel SN, Wang X, Binder BM, Schaller GE. Mechanisms of signal transduction by ethylene: overlapping and non-overlapping signalling roles in a receptor family. AOB PLANTS 2013; 5:plt010. [PMID: 23543258 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plt01010.1093/aobpla/plt010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone ethylene regulates growth and development as well as responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Over the last few decades, key elements involved in ethylene signal transduction have been identified through genetic approaches, these elements defining a pathway that extends from initial ethylene perception at the endoplasmic reticulum to changes in transcriptional regulation within the nucleus. Here, we present our current understanding of ethylene signal transduction, focusing on recent developments that support a model with overlapping and non-overlapping roles for members of the ethylene receptor family. We consider the evidence supporting this model for sub-functionalization within the receptor family, and then discuss mechanisms by which such a sub-functionalization may occur. To this end, we consider the importance of receptor interactions in modulating their signal output and how such interactions vary in the receptor family. In addition, we consider evidence indicating that ethylene signal output by the receptors involves both phosphorylation-dependent and phosphorylation-independent mechanisms. We conclude with a current model for signalling by the ethylene receptors placed within the overall context of ethylene signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina N Shakeel
- Department of Biological Sciences , Dartmouth College , Hanover, NH 03755 , USA ; Department of Biochemistry , Quaid-i-azam University , Islamabad 45320 , Pakistan
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24
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Shakeel SN, Wang X, Binder BM, Schaller GE. Mechanisms of signal transduction by ethylene: overlapping and non-overlapping signalling roles in a receptor family. AOB PLANTS 2013; 5:plt010. [PMID: 23543258 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plt010,1-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone ethylene regulates growth and development as well as responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Over the last few decades, key elements involved in ethylene signal transduction have been identified through genetic approaches, these elements defining a pathway that extends from initial ethylene perception at the endoplasmic reticulum to changes in transcriptional regulation within the nucleus. Here, we present our current understanding of ethylene signal transduction, focusing on recent developments that support a model with overlapping and non-overlapping roles for members of the ethylene receptor family. We consider the evidence supporting this model for sub-functionalization within the receptor family, and then discuss mechanisms by which such a sub-functionalization may occur. To this end, we consider the importance of receptor interactions in modulating their signal output and how such interactions vary in the receptor family. In addition, we consider evidence indicating that ethylene signal output by the receptors involves both phosphorylation-dependent and phosphorylation-independent mechanisms. We conclude with a current model for signalling by the ethylene receptors placed within the overall context of ethylene signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina N Shakeel
- Department of Biological Sciences , Dartmouth College , Hanover, NH 03755 , USA ; Department of Biochemistry , Quaid-i-azam University , Islamabad 45320 , Pakistan
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