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Kirst H. The complex consequences of engineering oil leaf production in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:2488-2490. [PMID: 38593030 PMCID: PMC11288728 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Henning Kirst
- Assistant Features Editor, Plant Physiology, American Society of Plant Biologists
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
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2
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Khan MA, Herring G, Zhu JY, Oliva M, Fourie E, Johnston B, Zhang Z, Potter J, Pineda L, Pflueger J, Swain T, Pflueger C, Lloyd JPB, Secco D, Small I, Kidd BN, Lister R. CRISPRi-based circuits to control gene expression in plants. Nat Biotechnol 2024:10.1038/s41587-024-02236-w. [PMID: 38769424 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-024-02236-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The construction of synthetic gene circuits in plants has been limited by a lack of orthogonal and modular parts. Here, we implement a CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) interference (CRISPRi)-based reversible gene circuit platform in plants. We create a toolkit of engineered repressible promoters of different strengths and construct NOT and NOR gates in Arabidopsis thaliana protoplasts. We determine the optimal processing system to express single guide RNAs from RNA Pol II promoters to introduce NOR gate programmability for interfacing with host regulatory sequences. The performance of a NOR gate in stably transformed Arabidopsis plants demonstrates the system's programmability and reversibility in a complex multicellular organism. Furthermore, cross-species activity of CRISPRi-based logic gates is shown in Physcomitrium patens, Triticum aestivum and Brassica napus protoplasts. Layering multiple NOR gates together creates OR, NIMPLY and AND logic functions, highlighting the modularity of our system. Our CRISPRi circuits are orthogonal, compact, reversible, programmable and modular and provide a platform for sophisticated spatiotemporal control of gene expression in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adil Khan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plants for Space, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gabrielle Herring
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plants for Space, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jia Yuan Zhu
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plants for Space, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Marina Oliva
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plants for Space, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Elliott Fourie
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plants for Space, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Benjamin Johnston
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Zhining Zhang
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jarred Potter
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Luke Pineda
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jahnvi Pflueger
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tessa Swain
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christian Pflueger
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - James P B Lloyd
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plants for Space, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David Secco
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ian Small
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plants for Space, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Brendan N Kidd
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Ryan Lister
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plants for Space, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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3
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Zhang WJ, Tang LP, Peng J, Zhai LM, Ma QL, Zhang XS, Su YH. A WRI1-dependent module is essential for the accumulation of auxin and lipid in somatic embryogenesis of Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1098-1112. [PMID: 38515249 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The potential for totipotency exists in all plant cells; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Earlier findings have revealed that the overexpression of LEAFY COTYLEDON 2 (LEC2) can directly trigger the formation of somatic embryos on the cotyledons of Arabidopsis. Furthermore, cotyledon cells that overexpress LEC2 accumulate significant lipid reserves typically found in seeds. The precise mechanisms and functions governing lipid accumulation in this process remain unexplored. In this study, we demonstrate that WRINKLED1 (WRI1), the key regulator of lipid biosynthesis, is essential for somatic embryo formation, suggesting that WRI1-mediated lipid biosynthesis plays a crucial role in the transition from vegetative to embryonic development. Our findings indicate a direct interaction between WRI1 and LEC2, which enhances the enrichment of LEC2 at downstream target genes and stimulates their induction. Besides, our data suggest that WRI1 forms a complex with LEC1, LEC2, and FUSCA3 (FUS3) to facilitate the accumulation of auxin and lipid for the somatic embryo induction, through strengthening the activation of YUCCA4 (YUC4) and OLEOSIN3 (OLE3) genes. Our results uncover a regulatory module controlled by WRI1, crucial for somatic embryogenesis. These findings provide valuable insights into our understanding of plant cell totipotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jie Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Li Ping Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Jing Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Li Ming Zhai
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Qiu Li Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Xian Sheng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Ying Hua Su
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
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4
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Zhuang X, Li R, Jiang L. A century journey of organelles research in the plant endomembrane system. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1312-1333. [PMID: 38226685 PMCID: PMC11062446 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
We are entering an exciting century in the study of the plant organelles in the endomembrane system. Over the past century, especially within the past 50 years, tremendous advancements have been made in the complex plant cell to generate a much clearer and informative picture of plant organelles, including the molecular/morphological features, dynamic/spatial behavior, and physiological functions. Importantly, all these discoveries and achievements in the identification and characterization of organelles in the endomembrane system would not have been possible without: (1) the innovations and timely applications of various state-of-art cell biology tools and technologies for organelle biology research; (2) the continuous efforts in developing and characterizing new organelle markers by the plant biology community; and (3) the landmark studies on the identification and characterization of the elusive organelles. While molecular aspects and results for individual organelles have been extensively reviewed, the development of the techniques for organelle research in plant cell biology is less appreciated. As one of the ASPB Centennial Reviews on "organelle biology," here we aim to take a journey across a century of organelle biology research in plants by highlighting the important tools (or landmark technologies) and key scientists that contributed to visualize organelles. We then highlight the landmark studies leading to the identification and characterization of individual organelles in the plant endomembrane systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Zhuang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruixi Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Science, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology and Agricultural Biotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
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5
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Synthetic memory circuits for stable cell reprogramming in plants. Nat Biotechnol 2022; 40:1862-1872. [PMID: 35788565 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01383-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant biotechnology predominantly relies on a restricted set of genetic parts with limited capability to customize spatiotemporal and conditional expression patterns. Synthetic gene circuits have the potential to integrate multiple customizable input signals through a processing unit constructed from biological parts to produce a predictable and programmable output. Here we present a suite of functional recombinase-based gene circuits for use in plants. We first established a range of key gene circuit components compatible with plant cell functionality. We then used these to develop a range of operational logic gates using the identify function (activation) and negation function (repression) in Arabidopsis protoplasts and in vivo, demonstrating their utility for programmable manipulation of transcriptional activity in a complex multicellular organism. Specifically, using recombinases and plant control elements, we activated transgenes in YES, OR and AND gates and repressed them in NOT, NOR and NAND gates; we also implemented the A NIMPLY B gate that combines activation and repression. Through use of genetic recombination, these circuits create stable long-term changes in expression and recording of past stimuli. This highly compact programmable gene circuit platform provides new capabilities for engineering sophisticated transcriptional programs and previously unrealized traits into plants.
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6
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Regulation of Heat Stress in Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens Provides Novel Insight into the Functions of Plant RNase H1s. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169270. [PMID: 36012542 PMCID: PMC9409398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
RNase H1s are associated with growth and development in both plants and animals, while the roles of RNase H1s in bryophytes have been rarely reported. Our previous data found that PpRNH1A, a member of the RNase H1 family, could regulate the development of Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens by regulating the auxin. In this study, we further investigated the biological functions of PpRNH1A and found PpRNH1A may participate in response to heat stress by affecting the numbers and the mobilization of lipid droplets and regulating the expression of heat-related genes. The expression level of PpRNH1A was induced by heat stress (HS), and we found that the PpRNH1A overexpression plants (A-OE) were more sensitive to HS. At the same time, A-OE plants have a higher number of lipid droplets but with less mobility in cells. Consistent with the HS sensitivity phenotype in A-OE plants, transcriptomic analysis results indicated that PpRNH1A is involved in the regulation of expression of heat-related genes such as DNAJ and DNAJC. Taken together, these results provide novel insight into the functions of RNase H1s.
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7
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Liu HR, Shen C, Hassani D, Fang WQ, Wang ZY, Lu Y, Zhu RL, Zhao Q. Vacuoles in Bryophytes: Properties, Biogenesis, and Evolution. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:863389. [PMID: 35747879 PMCID: PMC9209779 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.863389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Vacuoles are the most conspicuous organelles in plants for their indispensable functions in cell expansion, solute storage, water balance, etc. Extensive studies on angiosperms have revealed that a set of conserved core molecular machineries orchestrate the formation of vacuoles from multiple pathways. Usually, vacuoles in seed plants are classified into protein storage vacuoles and lytic vacuoles for their distinctive morphology and physiology function. Bryophytes represent early diverged non-vascular land plants, and are of great value for a better understanding of plant science. However, knowledge about vacuole morphology and biogenesis is far less characterized in bryophytes. In this review, first we summarize known knowledge about the morphological and metabolic constitution properties of bryophytes' vacuoles. Then based on known genome information of representative bryophytes, we compared the conserved molecular machinery for vacuole biogenesis among different species including yeast, mammals, Arabidopsis and bryophytes and listed out significant changes in terms of the presence/absence of key machinery genes which participate in vacuole biogenesis. Finally, we propose the possible conserved and diverged mechanism for the biogenesis of vacuoles in bryophytes compared with seed plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-ran Liu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Shen
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Danial Hassani
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wan-qi Fang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-yi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Lu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-liang Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai, China
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8
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Liu B, Sun G, Liu C, Liu S. LEAFY COTYLEDON 2: A Regulatory Factor of Plant Growth and Seed Development. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121896. [PMID: 34946844 PMCID: PMC8701892 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors are key molecules in the regulation of gene expression in all organisms. The transcription factor LEAFY COTYLEDON 2 (LEC2), which belongs to the DNA-binding protein family, contains a B3 domain. The transcription factor is involved in the regulation of important plant biological processes such as embryogenesis, somatic embryo formation, seed storage protein synthesis, fatty acid metabolism, and other important biological processes. Recent studies have shown that LEC2 regulates the formation of lateral roots and influences the embryonic resetting of the parental vernalization state. The orthologs of LEC2 and their regulatory effects have also been identified in some crops; however, their regulatory mechanism requires further investigation. Here, we summarize the most recent findings concerning the effects of LEC2 on plant growth and seed development. In addition, we discuss the potential molecular mechanisms of the action of the LEC2 gene during plant development.
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9
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Pyc M, Gidda SK, Seay D, Esnay N, Kretzschmar FK, Cai Y, Doner NM, Greer MS, Hull JJ, Coulon D, Bréhélin C, Yurchenko O, de Vries J, Valerius O, Braus GH, Ischebeck T, Chapman KD, Dyer JM, Mullen RT. LDIP cooperates with SEIPIN and LDAP to facilitate lipid droplet biogenesis in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:3076-3103. [PMID: 34244767 PMCID: PMC8462815 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs) are evolutionarily conserved organelles that store neutral lipids and play critical roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their biogenesis at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) remain obscure. Here we show that a recently identified protein termed LD-associated protein [LDAP]-interacting protein (LDIP) works together with both endoplasmic reticulum-localized SEIPIN and the LD-coat protein LDAP to facilitate LD formation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Heterologous expression in insect cells demonstrated that LDAP is required for the targeting of LDIP to the LD surface, and both proteins are required for the production of normal numbers and sizes of LDs in plant cells. LDIP also interacts with SEIPIN via a conserved hydrophobic helix in SEIPIN and LDIP functions together with SEIPIN to modulate LD numbers and sizes in plants. Further, the co-expression of both proteins is required to restore normal LD production in SEIPIN-deficient yeast cells. These data, combined with the analogous function of LDIP to a mammalian protein called LD Assembly Factor 1, are discussed in the context of a new model for LD biogenesis in plant cells with evolutionary connections to LD biogenesis in other eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Damien Seay
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138, USA
| | - Nicolas Esnay
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
| | - Franziska K. Kretzschmar
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Nathan M. Doner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - J. Joe Hull
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138, USA
| | - Denis Coulon
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR5200, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Claire Bréhélin
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR5200, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | | | - Jan de Vries
- Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences and Campus Institute Data Science, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Valerius
- Institute for Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Department for Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard H. Braus
- Institute for Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Department for Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kent D. Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
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10
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Genetic and Molecular Control of Somatic Embryogenesis. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10071467. [PMID: 34371670 PMCID: PMC8309254 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis is a method of asexual reproduction that can occur naturally in various plant species and is widely used for clonal propagation, transformation and regeneration of different crops. Somatic embryogenesis shares some developmental and physiological similarities with zygotic embryogenesis as it involves common actors of hormonal, transcriptional, developmental and epigenetic controls. Here, we provide an overview of the main signaling pathways involved in the induction and regulation of somatic embryogenesis with a focus on the master regulators of seed development, LEAFY COTYLEDON 1 and 2, ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 3 and FUSCA 3 transcription factors whose precise role during both zygotic and somatic embryogenesis remains to be fully elucidated.
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11
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Jiang YT, Yang LH, Ferjani A, Lin WH. Multiple functions of the vacuole in plant growth and fruit quality. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2021; 1:4. [PMID: 37789408 PMCID: PMC10509827 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-021-00008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Vacuoles are organelles in plant cells that play pivotal roles in growth and developmental regulation. The main functions of vacuoles include maintaining cell acidity and turgor pressure, regulating the storage and transport of substances, controlling the transport and localization of key proteins through the endocytic and lysosomal-vacuolar transport pathways, and responding to biotic and abiotic stresses. Further, proteins localized either in the tonoplast (vacuolar membrane) or inside the vacuole lumen are critical for fruit quality. In this review, we summarize and discuss some of the emerging functions and regulatory mechanisms associated with plant vacuoles, including vacuole biogenesis, vacuole functions in plant growth and development, fruit quality, and plant-microbe interaction, as well as some innovative research technology that has driven advances in the field. Together, the functions of plant vacuoles are important for plant growth and fruit quality. The investigation of vacuole functions in plants is of great scientific significance and has potential applications in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tong Jiang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lu-Han Yang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ali Ferjani
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, 184-8501, Japan
| | - Wen-Hui Lin
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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12
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Zhang X, Li H, Lu H, Hwang I. The trafficking machinery of lytic and protein storage vacuoles: how much is shared and how much is distinct? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3504-3512. [PMID: 33587748 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells contain two types of vacuoles, the lytic vacuole (LV) and protein storage vacuole (PSV). LVs are present in vegetative cells, whereas PSVs are found in seed cells. The physiological functions of the two types of vacuole differ. Newly synthesized proteins must be transported to these vacuoles via protein trafficking through the endomembrane system for them to function. Recently, significant advances have been made in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of protein trafficking to these organelles. Despite these advances, the relationship between the trafficking mechanisms to the LV and PSV remains unclear. Some aspects of the trafficking mechanisms are common to both types of vacuole, but certain aspects are specific to trafficking to either the LV or PSV. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the components involved in protein trafficking to both the LV and PSV and compare them to examine the extent of overlap in the trafficking mechanisms. In addition, we discuss the interconnection between the LV and PSV provided by the protein trafficking machinery and the implications for the identity of these organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hui Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hai Lu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, South Korea
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13
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Buyel JF, Stöger E, Bortesi L. Targeted genome editing of plants and plant cells for biomanufacturing. Transgenic Res 2021; 30:401-426. [PMID: 33646510 PMCID: PMC8316201 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-021-00236-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants have provided humans with useful products since antiquity, but in the last 30 years they have also been developed as production platforms for small molecules and recombinant proteins. This initially niche area has blossomed with the growth of the global bioeconomy, and now includes chemical building blocks, polymers and renewable energy. All these applications can be described as “plant molecular farming” (PMF). Despite its potential to increase the sustainability of biologics manufacturing, PMF has yet to be embraced broadly by industry. This reflects a combination of regulatory uncertainty, limited information on process cost structures, and the absence of trained staff and suitable manufacturing capacity. However, the limited adaptation of plants and plant cells to the requirements of industry-scale manufacturing is an equally important hurdle. For example, the targeted genetic manipulation of yeast has been common practice since the 1980s, whereas reliable site-directed mutagenesis in most plants has only become available with the advent of CRISPR/Cas9 and similar genome editing technologies since around 2010. Here we summarize the applications of new genetic engineering technologies to improve plants as biomanufacturing platforms. We start by identifying current bottlenecks in manufacturing, then illustrate the progress that has already been made and discuss the potential for improvement at the molecular, cellular and organism levels. We discuss the effects of metabolic optimization, adaptation of the endomembrane system, modified glycosylation profiles, programmable growth and senescence, protease inactivation, and the expression of enzymes that promote biodegradation. We outline strategies to achieve these modifications by targeted gene modification, considering case-by-case examples of individual improvements and the combined modifications needed to generate a new general-purpose “chassis” for PMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Buyel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany. .,Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - E Stöger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - L Bortesi
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD, Geleen, The Netherlands
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14
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Su YH, Tang LP, Zhao XY, Zhang XS. Plant cell totipotency: Insights into cellular reprogramming. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:228-243. [PMID: 32437079 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells have a powerful capacity in their propagation to adapt to environmental change, given that a single plant cell can give rise to a whole plant via somatic embryogenesis without the need for fertilization. The reprogramming of somatic cells into totipotent cells is a critical step in somatic embryogenesis. This process can be induced by stimuli such as plant hormones, transcriptional regulators and stress. Here, we review current knowledge on how the identity of totipotent cells is determined and the stimuli required for reprogramming of somatic cells into totipotent cells. We highlight key molecular regulators and associated networks that control cell fate transition from somatic to totipotent cells. Finally, we pose several outstanding questions that should be addressed to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying plant cell totipotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hua Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Li Ping Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xiang Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xian Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
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15
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Tian R, Paul P, Joshi S, Perry SE. Genetic activity during early plant embryogenesis. Biochem J 2020; 477:3743-3767. [PMID: 33045058 PMCID: PMC7557148 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Seeds are essential for human civilization, so understanding the molecular events underpinning seed development and the zygotic embryo it contains is important. In addition, the approach of somatic embryogenesis is a critical propagation and regeneration strategy to increase desirable genotypes, to develop new genetically modified plants to meet agricultural challenges, and at a basic science level, to test gene function. We briefly review some of the transcription factors (TFs) involved in establishing primary and apical meristems during zygotic embryogenesis, as well as TFs necessary and/or sufficient to drive somatic embryo programs. We focus on the model plant Arabidopsis for which many tools are available, and review as well as speculate about comparisons and contrasts between zygotic and somatic embryo processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tian
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, U.S.A
| | - Priyanka Paul
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, U.S.A
| | - Sanjay Joshi
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, U.S.A
| | - Sharyn E. Perry
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, U.S.A
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16
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Cui Y, Zhao Q, Hu S, Jiang L. Vacuole Biogenesis in Plants: How Many Vacuoles, How Many Models? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:538-548. [PMID: 32407694 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Vacuoles are the largest membrane-bounded organelles and have essential roles in plant growth and development, but several important questions on the biogenesis and dynamics of lytic vacuoles (LVs) remain. Here, we summarize and discuss recent research and models of vacuole formation, and propose, with testable hypotheses, that besides inherited vacuoles, plant cells can also synthesize LVs de novo from multiple organelles and routes in response to growth and development or external factors. Therefore, LVs may be further classified into different subgroups and/or populations with different pH, cargos, and functions, among which multivesicular body (MVB)-derived small vacuoles are the main source for central vacuole formation in arabidopsis root cortical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Qiong Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuai Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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17
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Lepiniec L, Devic M, Roscoe TJ, Bouyer D, Zhou DX, Boulard C, Baud S, Dubreucq B. Molecular and epigenetic regulations and functions of the LAFL transcriptional regulators that control seed development. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2018; 31:291-307. [PMID: 29797091 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-018-0337-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The LAFL (i.e. LEC1, ABI3, FUS3, and LEC2) master transcriptional regulators interact to form different complexes that induce embryo development and maturation, and inhibit seed germination and vegetative growth in Arabidopsis. Orthologous genes involved in similar regulatory processes have been described in various angiosperms including important crop species. Consistent with a prominent role of the LAFL regulators in triggering and maintaining embryonic cell fate, their expression appears finely tuned in different tissues during seed development and tightly repressed in vegetative tissues by a surprisingly high number of genetic and epigenetic factors. Partial functional redundancies and intricate feedback regulations of the LAFL have hampered the elucidation of the underpinning molecular mechanisms. Nevertheless, genetic, genomic, cellular, molecular, and biochemical analyses implemented during the last years have greatly improved our knowledge of the LALF network. Here we summarize and discuss recent progress, together with current issues required to gain a comprehensive insight into the network, including the emerging function of LEC1 and possibly LEC2 as pioneer transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lepiniec
- IJPB (Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin), INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles, France.
| | - M Devic
- Régulations Epigénétiques et Développement de la Graine, ERL 5300 CNRS-IRD UMR DIADE, IRD centre de Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 06) & Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR 7621, 66650, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - T J Roscoe
- Régulations Epigénétiques et Développement de la Graine, ERL 5300 CNRS-IRD UMR DIADE, IRD centre de Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 06) & Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR 7621, 66650, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - D Bouyer
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, CNRS UMR8197, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75230, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - D-X Zhou
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris Sud 11, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - C Boulard
- IJPB (Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin), INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles, France
| | - S Baud
- IJPB (Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin), INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles, France
| | - B Dubreucq
- IJPB (Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin), INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles, France
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18
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Feeney M, Kittelmann M, Menassa R, Hawes C, Frigerio L. Protein Storage Vacuoles Originate from Remodeled Preexisting Vacuoles in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:241-254. [PMID: 29555788 PMCID: PMC5933143 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Protein storage vacuoles (PSV) are the main repository of protein in dicotyledonous seeds, but little is known about the origins of these transient organelles. PSV are hypothesized to either arise de novo or originate from the preexisting embryonic vacuole (EV) during seed maturation. Here, we tested these hypotheses by studying PSV formation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) embryos at different stages of seed maturation and recapitulated this process in Arabidopsis leaves reprogrammed to an embryogenic fate by inducing expression of the LEAFY COTYLEDON2 transcription factor. Confocal and immunoelectron microscopy indicated that both storage proteins and tonoplast proteins typical of PSV were delivered to the preexisting EV in embryos or to the lytic vacuole in reprogrammed leaf cells. In addition, sectioning through embryos at several developmental stages using serial block face scanning electron microscopy revealed the 3D architecture of forming PSV. Our results indicate that the preexisting EV is reprogrammed to become a PSV in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mistianne Feeney
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Maike Kittelmann
- Plant Cell Biology, Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Rima Menassa
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada N5V 4T3
| | - Chris Hawes
- Plant Cell Biology, Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Frigerio
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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19
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Boulard C, Thévenin J, Tranquet O, Laporte V, Lepiniec L, Dubreucq B. LEC1 (NF-YB9) directly interacts with LEC2 to control gene expression in seed. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2018; 1861:443-450. [PMID: 29580949 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The LAFL transcription factors LEC2, ABI3, FUS3 and LEC1 are master regulators of seed development. LEC2, ABI3 and FUS3 are closely related proteins that contain a B3-type DNA binding domain. We have previously shown that LEC1 (a NF-YB type protein) can increase LEC2 and ABI3 but not FUS3 activity. Interestingly, FUS3, LEC2 and ABI3 contain a B2 domain, the function of which remains elusive. We showed that LEC1 and LEC2 partially co-localised in the nucleus of developing embryos. By comparing protein sequences from various species, we identified within the B2 domains a set of highly conserved residues (i.e. TKxxARxxRxxAxxR). This domain directly interacts with LEC1 in yeast. Mutations of the conserved amino acids of the motif in the B2 domain abolished this interaction both in yeast and in moss protoplasts and did not alter the nuclear localisation of LEC2 in planta. Conversely, the mutations of key amino acids for the function of LEC1 in planta (D86K) prevented the interaction with LEC2. These results provide molecular evidences for the binding of LEC1 to B2-domain containing transcription factors, to form heteromers, involved in the control of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Boulard
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRA, AgroParisTech, ERL-CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences (SPS), Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - J Thévenin
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRA, AgroParisTech, ERL-CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences (SPS), Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - O Tranquet
- UR1268 BIA, INRA Angers, Nantes Rue de la Geraudiere, 44316 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - V Laporte
- UR1268 BIA, INRA Angers, Nantes Rue de la Geraudiere, 44316 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - L Lepiniec
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRA, AgroParisTech, ERL-CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences (SPS), Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - B Dubreucq
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRA, AgroParisTech, ERL-CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences (SPS), Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France.
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20
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Horstman A, Bemer M, Boutilier K. A transcriptional view on somatic embryogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 4:201-216. [PMID: 29299323 PMCID: PMC5743784 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis is a form of induced plant cell totipotency where embryos develop from somatic or vegetative cells in the absence of fertilization. Somatic embryogenesis can be induced in vitro by exposing explants to stress or growth regulator treatments. Molecular genetics studies have also shown that ectopic expression of specific embryo‐ and meristem‐expressed transcription factors or loss of certain chromatin‐modifying proteins induces spontaneous somatic embryogenesis. We begin this review with a general description of the major developmental events that define plant somatic embryogenesis and then focus on the transcriptional regulation of this process in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (arabidopsis). We describe the different somatic embryogenesis systems developed for arabidopsis and discuss the roles of transcription factors and chromatin modifications in this process. We describe how these somatic embryogenesis factors are interconnected and how their pathways converge at the level of hormones. Furthermore, the similarities between the developmental pathways in hormone‐ and transcription‐factor‐induced tissue culture systems are reviewed in the light of our recent findings on the somatic embryo‐inducing transcription factor BABY BOOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Horstman
- Bioscience Wageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Molecular Biology Wageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Marian Bemer
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology Wageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Kim Boutilier
- Bioscience Wageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands
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21
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Vanhercke T, Divi UK, El Tahchy A, Liu Q, Mitchell M, Taylor MC, Eastmond PJ, Bryant F, Mechanicos A, Blundell C, Zhi Y, Belide S, Shrestha P, Zhou XR, Ral JP, White RG, Green A, Singh SP, Petrie JR. Step changes in leaf oil accumulation via iterative metabolic engineering. Metab Eng 2017; 39:237-246. [PMID: 27993560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and accumulation of plant oils in the entire vegetative biomass offers the potential to deliver yields surpassing those of oilseed crops. However, current levels still fall well short of those typically found in oilseeds. Here we show how transcriptome and biochemical analyses pointed to a futile cycle in a previously established Nicotiana tabacum line, accumulating up to 15% (dry weight) of the storage lipid triacylglycerol in leaf tissue. To overcome this metabolic bottleneck, we either silenced the SDP1 lipase or overexpressed the Arabidopsis thaliana LEC2 transcription factor in this transgenic background. Both strategies independently resulted in the accumulation of 30-33% triacylglycerol in leaf tissues. Our results demonstrate that the combined optimization of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis, storage lipid assembly and lipid turnover in leaf tissue results in a major overhaul of the plant central carbon allocation and lipid metabolism. The resulting further step changes in oil accumulation in the entire plant biomass offers the possibility of delivering yields that outperform current oilseed crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vanhercke
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Uday K Divi
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Anna El Tahchy
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Qing Liu
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Madeline Mitchell
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Matthew C Taylor
- CSIRO Land and Water, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Peter J Eastmond
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdomna Scholarship Council (CSC
| | - Fiona Bryant
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdomna Scholarship Council (CSC
| | - Anna Mechanicos
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Cheryl Blundell
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yao Zhi
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Srinivas Belide
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Pushkar Shrestha
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Xue-Rong Zhou
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jean-Philippe Ral
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Rosemary G White
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Allan Green
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Surinder P Singh
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - James R Petrie
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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22
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Gidda SK, Park S, Pyc M, Yurchenko O, Cai Y, Wu P, Andrews DW, Chapman KD, Dyer JM, Mullen RT. Lipid Droplet-Associated Proteins (LDAPs) Are Required for the Dynamic Regulation of Neutral Lipid Compartmentation in Plant Cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:2052-71. [PMID: 26896396 PMCID: PMC4825156 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells compartmentalize neutral lipids into organelles called lipid droplets (LDs), and while much is known about the role of LDs in storing triacylglycerols in seeds, their biogenesis and function in nonseed tissues are poorly understood. Recently, we identified a class of plant-specific, lipid droplet-associated proteins (LDAPs) that are abundant components of LDs in nonseed cell types. Here, we characterized the three LDAPs in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to gain insight to their targeting, assembly, and influence on LD function and dynamics. While all three LDAPs targeted specifically to the LD surface, truncation analysis of LDAP3 revealed that essentially the entire protein was required for LD localization. The association of LDAP3 with LDs was detergent sensitive, but the protein bound with similar affinity to synthetic liposomes of various phospholipid compositions, suggesting that other factors contributed to targeting specificity. Investigation of LD dynamics in leaves revealed that LD abundance was modulated during the diurnal cycle, and characterization of LDAP misexpression mutants indicated that all three LDAPs were important for this process. LD abundance was increased significantly during abiotic stress, and characterization of mutant lines revealed that LDAP1 and LDAP3 were required for the proper induction of LDs during heat and cold temperature stress, respectively. Furthermore, LDAP1 was required for proper neutral lipid compartmentalization and triacylglycerol degradation during postgerminative growth. Taken together, these studies reveal that LDAPs are required for the maintenance and regulation of LDs in plant cells and perform nonredundant functions in various physiological contexts, including stress response and postgerminative growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satinder K Gidda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., M.P., R.T.M.);United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (S.P., O.Y., J.M.D.);Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (Y.C., K.D.C.); andSunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5 (P.W., D.W.A.)
| | - Sunjung Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., M.P., R.T.M.);United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (S.P., O.Y., J.M.D.);Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (Y.C., K.D.C.); andSunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5 (P.W., D.W.A.)
| | - Michal Pyc
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., M.P., R.T.M.);United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (S.P., O.Y., J.M.D.);Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (Y.C., K.D.C.); andSunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5 (P.W., D.W.A.)
| | - Olga Yurchenko
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., M.P., R.T.M.);United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (S.P., O.Y., J.M.D.);Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (Y.C., K.D.C.); andSunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5 (P.W., D.W.A.)
| | - Yingqi Cai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., M.P., R.T.M.);United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (S.P., O.Y., J.M.D.);Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (Y.C., K.D.C.); andSunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5 (P.W., D.W.A.)
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., M.P., R.T.M.);United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (S.P., O.Y., J.M.D.);Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (Y.C., K.D.C.); andSunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5 (P.W., D.W.A.)
| | - David W Andrews
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., M.P., R.T.M.);United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (S.P., O.Y., J.M.D.);Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (Y.C., K.D.C.); andSunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5 (P.W., D.W.A.)
| | - Kent D Chapman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., M.P., R.T.M.);United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (S.P., O.Y., J.M.D.);Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (Y.C., K.D.C.); andSunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5 (P.W., D.W.A.)
| | - John M Dyer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., M.P., R.T.M.);United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (S.P., O.Y., J.M.D.);Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (Y.C., K.D.C.); andSunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5 (P.W., D.W.A.)
| | - Robert T Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., M.P., R.T.M.);United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (S.P., O.Y., J.M.D.);Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (Y.C., K.D.C.); andSunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5 (P.W., D.W.A.)
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23
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Schuessele C, Hoernstein SNW, Mueller SJ, Rodriguez-Franco M, Lorenz T, Lang D, Igloi GL, Reski R. Spatio-temporal patterning of arginyl-tRNA protein transferase (ATE) contributes to gametophytic development in a moss. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:1014-1027. [PMID: 26428055 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the arginyl-tRNA protein transferase (ATE), the enzyme mediating post-translation arginylation of proteins in the N-end rule degradation (NERD) pathway of protein stability, was analysed in Physcomitrella patens and compared to its known functions in other eukaryotes. We characterize ATE:GUS reporter lines as well as ATE mutants in P. patens to study the impact and function of arginylation on moss development and physiology. ATE protein abundance is spatially and temporally regulated in P. patens by hormones and light and is highly abundant in meristematic cells. Further, the amount of ATE transcript is regulated during abscisic acid signalling and downstream of auxin signalling. Loss-of-function mutants exhibit defects at various levels, most severely in developing gametophores, in chloroplast starch accumulation and senescence. Thus, arginylation is necessary for moss gametophyte development, in contrast to the situation in flowering plants. Our analysis further substantiates the conservation of the N-end rule pathway components in land plants and highlights lineage-specific features. We introduce moss as a model system to characterize the role of the NERD pathway as an additional layer of complexity in eukaryotic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schuessele
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Biology 3, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian N W Hoernstein
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Biology 3, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie J Mueller
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marta Rodriguez-Franco
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Timo Lorenz
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Lang
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gabor L Igloi
- Institute of Biology 3, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- FRIAS - Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS - Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- TIP - Trinational Institute for Plant Research, Upper Rhine Valley, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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24
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Wang P, Hussey PJ. Interactions between plant endomembrane systems and the actin cytoskeleton. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:422. [PMID: 26106403 PMCID: PMC4460326 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking, organelle movement, and morphogenesis in plant cells are mainly controlled by the actin cytoskeleton. Not all proteins that regulate the cytoskeleton and membrane dynamics in animal systems have functional homologs in plants, especially for those proteins that form the bridge between the cytoskeleton and membrane; the membrane-actin adaptors. Their nature and function is only just beginning to be elucidated and this field has been greatly enhanced by the recent identification of the NETWORKED (NET) proteins, which act as membrane-actin adaptors. In this review, we will summarize the role of the actin cytoskeleton and its regulatory proteins in their interaction with endomembrane compartments and where they potentially act as platforms for cell signaling and the coordination of other subcellular events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick J. Hussey
- *Correspondence: Patrick J. Hussey, School of Biological and Biomedical Science, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK,
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25
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Abarca D, Pizarro A, Hernández I, Sánchez C, Solana SP, del Amo A, Carneros E, Díaz-Sala C. The GRAS gene family in pine: transcript expression patterns associated with the maturation-related decline of competence to form adventitious roots. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:354. [PMID: 25547982 PMCID: PMC4302573 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0354-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adventitious rooting is an organogenic process by which roots are induced from differentiated cells other than those specified to develop roots. In forest tree species, age and maturation are barriers to adventitious root formation by stem cuttings. The mechanisms behind the respecification of fully differentiated progenitor cells, which underlies adventitious root formation, are unknown. RESULTS Here, the GRAS gene family in pine is characterized and the expression of a subset of these genes during adventitious rooting is reported. Comparative analyses of protein structures showed that pine GRAS members are conserved compared with their relatives in angiosperms. Relatively high GRAS mRNA levels were measured in non-differentiated proliferating embryogenic cultures and during embryo development. The mRNA levels of putative GRAS family transcription factors, including Pinus radiata's SCARECROW (SCR), PrSCR, and SCARECROW-LIKE (SCL) 6, PrSCL6, were significantly reduced or non-existent in adult tissues that no longer had the capacity to form adventitious roots, but were maintained or induced after the reprogramming of adult cells in rooting-competent tissues. A subset of genes, SHORT-ROOT (PrSHR), PrSCL1, PrSCL2, PrSCL10 and PrSCL12, was also expressed in an auxin-, age- or developmental-dependent manner during adventitious root formation. CONCLUSIONS The GRAS family of pine has been characterized by analyzing protein structures, phylogenetic relationships, conserved motifs and gene expression patterns. Individual genes within each group have acquired different and specialized functions, some of which could be related to the competence and reprogramming of adult cells to form adventitious roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Abarca
- />Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra. de Barcelona Km 33.600, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid Spain
| | - Alberto Pizarro
- />Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra. de Barcelona Km 33.600, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid Spain
| | - Inmaculada Hernández
- />Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra. de Barcelona Km 33.600, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid Spain
| | - Conchi Sánchez
- />Department of Plant Physiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia (CSIC), Apartado 122, 15080 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Silvia P Solana
- />Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra. de Barcelona Km 33.600, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid Spain
| | - Alicia del Amo
- />Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra. de Barcelona Km 33.600, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid Spain
| | - Elena Carneros
- />Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra. de Barcelona Km 33.600, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid Spain
| | - Carmen Díaz-Sala
- />Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra. de Barcelona Km 33.600, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid Spain
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26
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Laibach N, Post J, Twyman RM, Gronover CS, Prüfer D. The characteristics and potential applications of structural lipid droplet proteins in plants. J Biotechnol 2014; 201:15-27. [PMID: 25160916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Plant cytosolic lipid droplets are storage organelles that accumulate hydrophobic molecules. They are found in many tissues and their general structure includes an outer lipid monolayer with integral and associated proteins surrounding a hydrophobic core. Two distinct types can be distinguished, which we define here as oleosin-based lipid droplets (OLDs) and non-oleosin-based lipid droplets (NOLDs). OLDs are the best characterized lipid droplets in plants. They are primarily restricted to seeds and other germinative tissues, their surface is covered with oleosin-family proteins to maintain stability, they store triacylglycerols (TAGs) and they are used as a source of energy (and possibly signaling molecules) during the germination of seeds and pollen. Less is known about NOLDs. They are more abundant than OLDs and are distributed in many tissues, they accumulate not only TAGs but also other hydrophobic molecules such as natural rubber, and the structural proteins that stabilize them are unrelated to oleosins. In many species these proteins are members of the rubber elongation factor superfamily. NOLDs are not typically used for energy storage but instead accumulate hydrophobic compounds required for environmental interactions such as pathogen defense. There are many potential applications of NOLDs including the engineering of lipid production in plants and the generation of artificial oil bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Laibach
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany.
| | - Janina Post
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany.
| | | | - Christian Schulze Gronover
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany.
| | - Dirk Prüfer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany; Westphalian Wilhelms-University of Münster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany.
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27
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Zhang Y, Clemens A, Maximova SN, Guiltinan MJ. The Theobroma cacao B3 domain transcription factor TcLEC2 plays a duel role in control of embryo development and maturation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:106. [PMID: 24758406 PMCID: PMC4021495 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Arabidopsis thaliana LEC2 gene encodes a B3 domain transcription factor, which plays critical roles during both zygotic and somatic embryogenesis. LEC2 exerts significant impacts on determining embryogenic potential and various metabolic processes through a complicated genetic regulatory network. RESULTS An ortholog of the Arabidopsis Leafy Cotyledon 2 gene (AtLEC2) was characterized in Theobroma cacao (TcLEC2). TcLEC2 encodes a B3 domain transcription factor preferentially expressed during early and late zygotic embryo development. The expression of TcLEC2 was higher in dedifferentiated cells competent for somatic embryogenesis (embryogenic calli), compared to non-embryogenic calli. Transient overexpression of TcLEC2 in immature zygotic embryos resulted in changes in gene expression profiles and fatty acid composition. Ectopic expression of TcLEC2 in cacao leaves changed the expression levels of several seed related genes. The overexpression of TcLEC2 in cacao explants greatly increased the frequency of regeneration of stably transformed somatic embryos. TcLEC2 overexpressing cotyledon explants exhibited a very high level of embryogenic competency and when cultured on hormone free medium, exhibited an iterative embryogenic chain-reaction. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed essential roles of TcLEC2 during both zygotic and somatic embryo development. Collectively, our evidence supports the conclusion that TcLEC2 is a functional ortholog of AtLEC2 and that it is involved in similar genetic regulatory networks during cacao somatic embryogenesis. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed report of the functional analysis of a LEC2 ortholog in a species other then Arabidopsis. TcLEC2 could potentially be used as a biomarker for the improvement of the SE process and screen for elite varieties in cacao germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Zhang
- The Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 422 Life Sciences Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- The Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Adam Clemens
- The Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 422 Life Sciences Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Siela N Maximova
- The Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 422 Life Sciences Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- The Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Mark J Guiltinan
- The Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 422 Life Sciences Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- The Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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28
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Becker MG, Hsu SW, Harada JJ, Belmonte MF. Genomic dissection of the seed. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:464. [PMID: 25309563 PMCID: PMC4162360 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Seeds play an integral role in the global food supply and account for more than 70% of the calories that we consume on a daily basis. To meet the demands of an increasing population, scientists are turning to seed genomics research to find new and innovative ways to increase food production. Seed genomics is evolving rapidly, and the information produced from seed genomics research has exploded over the past two decades. Advances in modern sequencing strategies that profile every molecule in every cell, tissue, and organ and the emergence of new model systems have provided the tools necessary to unravel many of the biological processes underlying seed development. Despite these advances, the analyses and mining of existing seed genomics data remain a monumental task for plant biologists. This review summarizes seed region and subregion genomic data that are currently available for existing and emerging oilseed models. We provide insight into the development of tools on how to analyze large-scale datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Becker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MBCanada
| | - Ssu-Wei Hsu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CAUSA
| | - John J. Harada
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CAUSA
| | - Mark F. Belmonte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MBCanada
- *Correspondence: Mark F. Belmonte, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada e-mail:
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29
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Díaz-Sala C. Direct reprogramming of adult somatic cells toward adventitious root formation in forest tree species: the effect of the juvenile-adult transition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:310. [PMID: 25071793 PMCID: PMC4083218 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Cellular plasticity refers, among others, to the capability of differentiated cells to switch the differentiation process and acquire new fates. One way by which plant cell plasticity is manifested is through de novo regeneration of organs from somatic differentiated cells in an ectopic location. However, switching the developmental program of adult cells prior to organ regeneration is difficult in many plant species, especially in forest tree species. In these species, a decline in the capacity to regenerate shoots, roots, or embryos from somatic differentiated cells is associated with tree age and maturation. The decline in the ability to form adventitious roots from stem cuttings is one of the most dramatic effects of maturation, and has been the subject of investigations on the basic nature of the process. Cell fate switches, both in plants and animals, are characterized by remarkable changes in the pattern of gene expression, as cells switch from the characteristic expression pattern of a somatic cell to a new one directing a new developmental pathway. Therefore, determining the way by which cells reset their gene expression pattern is crucial to understand cellular plasticity. The presence of specific cellular signaling pathways or tissue-specific factors underlying the establishment, maintenance, and redirection of gene expression patterns in the tissues involved in adventitious root formation could be crucial for cell fate switch and for the control of age-dependent cellular plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Díaz-Sala
- *Correspondence: Carmen Díaz-Sala, Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, Carretera Madrid–Barcelona Km 33.600, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain e-mail:
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30
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Feeney M, Frigerio L, Kohalmi SE, Cui Y, Menassa R. Reprogramming cells to study vacuolar development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:493. [PMID: 24348496 PMCID: PMC3848493 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
During vegetative and embryonic developmental transitions, plant cells are massively reorganized to support the activities that will take place during the subsequent developmental phase. Studying cellular and subcellular changes that occur during these short transitional periods can sometimes present challenges, especially when dealing with Arabidopsis thaliana embryo and seed tissues. As a complementary approach, cellular reprogramming can be used as a tool to study these cellular changes in another, more easily accessible, tissue type. To reprogram cells, genetic manipulation of particular regulatory factors that play critical roles in establishing or repressing the seed developmental program can be used to bring about a change of cell fate. During different developmental phases, vacuoles assume different functions and morphologies to respond to the changing needs of the cell. Lytic vacuoles (LVs) and protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) are the two main vacuole types found in flowering plants such as Arabidopsis. Although both are morphologically distinct and carry out unique functions, they also share some similar activities. As the co-existence of the two vacuole types is short-lived in plant cells, how they replace each other has been a long-standing curiosity. To study the LV to PSV transition, LEAFY COTYLEDON2, a key transcriptional regulator of seed development, was overexpressed in vegetative cells to activate the seed developmental program. At the cellular level, Arabidopsis leaf LVs were observed to convert to PSV-like organelles. This presents the opportunity for further research to elucidate the mechanism of LV to PSV transitions. Overall, this example demonstrates the potential usefulness of cellular reprogramming as a method to study cellular processes that occur during developmental transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mistianne Feeney
- Department of Biology, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaLondon, ON, Canada
- School of Life Sciences, University of WarwickCoventry, UK
| | | | | | - Yuhai Cui
- Department of Biology, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaLondon, ON, Canada
| | - Rima Menassa
- Department of Biology, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaLondon, ON, Canada
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