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Song K, Li R, Cui Y, Chen B, Zhou L, Han W, Jiang B, He Y. The phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris senses and effluxes salicylic acid via a sensor HepR and an RND family efflux pump to promote virulence in host plants. MLIFE 2024; 3:430-444. [PMID: 39359673 PMCID: PMC11442134 DOI: 10.1002/mlf2.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) plays an essential role in plant defense against biotrophic and semi-biotrophic pathogens. Following pathogen recognition, SA biosynthesis dramatically increases at the infection site of the host plant. The manner in which pathogens sense and tolerate the onslaught of SA stress to survive in the plant following infection remains to be understood. The objective of this work was to determine how the model phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) senses and effluxes SA during infection inside host plants. First, RNA-Seq analysis identified an SA-responsive operon Xcc4167-Xcc4171, encoding a MarR family transcription factor HepR and an RND (resistance-nodulation-cell division) family efflux pump HepABCD in Xcc. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and DNase I footprint analysis revealed that HepR negatively regulated hepABCD expression by specifically binding to an AT-rich region of the promoter of the hepRABCD operon, Phep. Second, isothermal titration calorimetry and further genetic analysis suggest that HepR is a novel SA sensor. SA binding released HepR from its cognate promoter Phep and then induced the expression of hepABCD. Third, the RND family efflux pump HepABCD was responsible for SA efflux. The hepRABCD cluster was also involved in the regulation of culture pH and quorum sensing signal diffusible signaling factor turnover. Finally, the hepRABCD cluster was transcribed during the XC1 infection of Chinese radish and was required for the full virulence of Xcc in Chinese radish and cabbage. These findings suggest that the ability of Xcc to co-opt the plant defense signal SA to activate the multidrug efflux pump may have evolved to ensure Xcc survival and virulence in susceptible host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Song
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ruifang Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Plant Protection Research InstituteGuangxi Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanningChina
| | - Ying Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Bo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Lian Zhou
- Zhiyuan Innovative Research CenterShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wenying Han
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresources, College of Life Science and TechnologyGuangxi UniversityNanningChina
| | - Bo‐Le Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresources, College of Life Science and TechnologyGuangxi UniversityNanningChina
| | - Ya‐Wen He
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
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Maniak H, Matyja K, Pląskowska E, Jarosz J, Majewska P, Wietrzyk J, Gołębiowska H, Trusek A, Giurg M. 4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid-Based Hydrazide-Hydrazones as Potent Growth Inhibition Agents of Laccase-Producing Phytopathogenic Fungi That Are Useful in the Protection of Oilseed Crops. Molecules 2024; 29:2212. [PMID: 38792074 PMCID: PMC11124341 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The research on new compounds against plant pathogens is still socially and economically important. It results from the increasing resistance of pests to plant protection products and the need to maintain high yields of crops, particularly oilseed crops used to manufacture edible and industrial oils and biofuels. We tested thirty-five semi-synthetic hydrazide-hydrazones with aromatic fragments of natural origin against phytopathogenic laccase-producing fungi such as Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Cerrena unicolor. Among the investigated molecules previously identified as potent laccase inhibitors were also strong antifungal agents against the fungal species tested. The highest antifungal activity showed derivatives of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and salicylic aldehydes with 3-tert-butyl, phenyl, or isopropyl substituents. S. sclerotiorum appeared to be the most susceptible to the tested compounds, with the lowest IC50 values between 0.5 and 1.8 µg/mL. We applied two variants of phytotoxicity tests for representative crop seeds and selected hydrazide-hydrazones. Most tested molecules show no or low phytotoxic effect for flax and sunflower seeds. Moreover, a positive impact on seed germination infected with fungi was observed. With the potential for application, the cytotoxicity of the hydrazide-hydrazones of choice toward MCF-10A and BALB/3T3 cell lines was lower than that of the azoxystrobin fungicide tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Maniak
- Department of Micro, Nano, and Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 4/6 Norwida Street, 50-373 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Konrad Matyja
- Department of Micro, Nano, and Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 4/6 Norwida Street, 50-373 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Elżbieta Pląskowska
- Division of Plant Pathology and Mycology, Department of Plant Protection, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 24A Grunwald Square, 50-363 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Joanna Jarosz
- Laboratory of Experimental Anticancer Therapy, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 R. Weigla Street, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.J.); (J.W.)
| | - Paulina Majewska
- Institute of Technology and Life Sciences-National Research Institute, 3 Hrabska Avenue, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland;
| | - Joanna Wietrzyk
- Laboratory of Experimental Anticancer Therapy, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 R. Weigla Street, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.J.); (J.W.)
| | - Hanna Gołębiowska
- Department of Weed Science and Tillage Systems, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation State Research Institute, 61 Orzechowa Street, 50-540 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Trusek
- Department of Micro, Nano, and Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 4/6 Norwida Street, 50-373 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Mirosław Giurg
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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Hamilton CD, Zaricor B, Dye CJ, Dresserl E, Michaels R, Allen C. Ralstonia solanacearum pandemic lineage strain UW551 overcomes inhibitory xylem chemistry to break tomato bacterial wilt resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13395. [PMID: 37846613 PMCID: PMC10782650 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant-pathogenic Ralstonia strains cause bacterial wilt disease by colonizing xylem vessels of many crops, including tomato. Host resistance is the best control for bacterial wilt, but resistance mechanisms of the widely used Hawaii 7996 tomato breeding line (H7996) are unknown. Using growth in ex vivo xylem sap as a proxy for host xylem, we found that Ralstonia strain GMI1000 grows in sap from both healthy plants and Ralstonia-infected susceptible plants. However, sap from Ralstonia-infected H7996 plants inhibited Ralstonia growth, suggesting that in response to Ralstonia infection, resistant plants increase inhibitors in their xylem sap. Consistent with this, reciprocal grafting and defence gene expression experiments indicated that H7996 wilt resistance acts in both above- and belowground plant parts. Concerningly, H7996 resistance is broken by Ralstonia strain UW551 of the pandemic lineage that threatens highland tropical agriculture. Unlike other Ralstonia, UW551 grew well in sap from Ralstonia-infected H7996 plants. Moreover, other Ralstonia strains could grow in sap from H7996 plants previously infected by UW551. Thus, UW551 overcomes H7996 resistance in part by detoxifying inhibitors in xylem sap. Testing a panel of xylem sap compounds identified by metabolomics revealed that no single chemical differentially inhibits Ralstonia strains that cannot infect H7996. However, sap from Ralstonia-infected H7996 contained more phenolic compounds, which are known to be involved in plant antimicrobial defence. Culturing UW551 in this sap reduced total phenolic levels, indicating that the resistance-breaking Ralstonia strain degrades these chemical defences. Together, these results suggest that H7996 tomato wilt resistance depends in part on inducible phenolic compounds in xylem sap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corri D. Hamilton
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Beatriz Zaricor
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Carolyn Jean Dye
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Emma Dresserl
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Renee Michaels
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Caitilyn Allen
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
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Jara-Servin A, Silva A, Barajas H, Cruz-Ortega R, Tinoco-Ojanguren C, Alcaraz LD. Root microbiome diversity and structure of the Sonoran desert buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare L.). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285978. [PMID: 37205698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare) is an invasive plant introduced into Mexico's Sonoran desert for cattle grazing and has converted large areas of native thorn scrub. One of the invasion mechanisms buffelgrass uses to invade is allelopathy, which consists of the production and secretion of allelochemicals that exert adverse effects on other plants' growth. The plant microbiome also plays a vital role in establishing invasive plants and host growth and development. However, little is known about the buffelgrass root-associated bacteria and the effects of allelochemicals on the microbiome. We used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to obtain the microbiome of buffelgrass and compare it between samples treated with root exacknudates and aqueous leachates as allelochemical exposure and samples without allelopathic exposure in two different periods. The Shannon diversity values were between H' = 5.1811-5.5709, with 2,164 reported bacterial Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs). A total of 24 phyla were found in the buffelgrass microbiome, predominantly Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Acidobacteria. At the genus level, 30 different genera comprised the buffelgrass core microbiome. Our results show that buffelgrass recruits microorganisms capable of thriving under allelochemical conditions and may be able to metabolize them (e.g., Planctomicrobium, Aurantimonas, and Tellurimicrobium). We also found that the community composition of the microbiome changes depending on the developmental state of buffelgrass (p = 0.0366; ANOSIM). These findings provide new insights into the role of the microbiome in the establishment of invasive plant species and offer potential targets for developing strategies to control buffelgrass invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Jara-Servin
- Laboratorio de Genómica Ambiental, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adán Silva
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Hugo Barajas
- Laboratorio de Genómica Ambiental, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rocío Cruz-Ortega
- Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Clara Tinoco-Ojanguren
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Luis D Alcaraz
- Laboratorio de Genómica Ambiental, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Pacheco-Hernández Y, Hidalgo-Martínez D, Zepeda-Vallejo G, Cruz-Narváez Y, Escobar-García RL, Becerra-Martínez E, Villa-Ruano N. Untargeted 1 H-NMR Metabolome of Celery During Fusarium Wilt: Implications for Vegetable Quality. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200745. [PMID: 36413469 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Celery is a vegetable widely consumed as a condiment to prepare diverse dishes around the world. Nevertheless, this plant is susceptible to the attack of several phytopathogens including those of the Fusarium genus which is translated into devastating losses for the production chain. Herein we report on the metabolic changes produced during the celery wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum which was determined through untargeted 1 H-NMR metabolomics. The changes in the metabolite content of celery were measured at 16, 24, and 32 days post-inoculation using viable conidia obtained from the native F. oxysporum strain FO3. Our results demonstrated that the parasitic activity of the fungus reduced the endogenous levels of free sugars (fructose, galactose, glucose isomers, mannose, Myo-inositol, mannitol, and sucrose) amino acids (alanine, aspartate GABA, glutamate, glutamine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, proline, threonine, tyrosine, and valine), nucleosides (adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, and uridine) and organic acids (citric acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, and succinic acid). Interestingly, the levels of tyrosine and tryptophan were triggered as a consequence of F. oxysporum infection. This tendency was correlated with an increase in the levels of chlorogenic acid, apiin, and apigenin derivatives, suggesting their involvement in the chemical defense of celery against fungal colonization. According to principal component analysis (PCA) and Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) methanol was the main differential metabolite and it was considered as a new chemical marker associated with F. oxysporum infection. Our results demonstrate that infected celery plants dramatically reduced their nutritional and nutraceutical contents during Fusarium wilt after 32 days post-inoculation. However, these findings also suggest that the phenylpropanoid pathway is strongly related with the chemical defense of celery against F. oxysporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesenia Pacheco-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional - Unidad Irapuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato - León, 36824, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Diego Hidalgo-Martínez
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, 111 Koshland Hall, MC-3102, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA
| | - Gerardo Zepeda-Vallejo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prol. de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomas, Delegación, Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México, 11340, México
| | - Yair Cruz-Narváez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional-ESIQIE-UPALM, Laboratorio de Posgrado de Operaciones Unitarias. Edificio 7, 1.er Piso, Sección A, Av. Luis Enrique Erro S/n, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Zacatenco, 07738, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rosa Lilia Escobar-García
- Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Luis Enrique Erro S/N, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Zacatenco, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, 07738, México
| | - Elvia Becerra-Martínez
- Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Luis Enrique Erro S/N, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Zacatenco, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, 07738, México
| | - Nemesio Villa-Ruano
- CONACyT-Centro Universitario de Vinculación y Transferencia de Tecnología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570, Puebla, México
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Rico‐Jiménez M, Roca A, Krell T, Matilla MA. A bacterial chemoreceptor that mediates chemotaxis to two different plant hormones. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:3580-3597. [PMID: 35088505 PMCID: PMC9543091 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the main naturally occurring auxin and is produced by organisms of all kingdoms of life. In addition to the regulation of plant growth and development, IAA plays an important role in the interaction between plants and growth-promoting and phytopathogenic bacteria by regulating bacterial gene expression and physiology. We show here that an IAA metabolizing plant-associated Pseudomonas putida isolate exhibits chemotaxis to IAA that is independent of auxin metabolism. We found that IAA chemotaxis is based on the activity of the PcpI chemoreceptor and heterologous expression of pcpI conferred IAA taxis to different environmental and human pathogenic isolates of the Pseudomonas genus. Using ligand screening, microcalorimetry and quantitative chemotaxis assays, we found that PcpI failed to bind IAA directly, but recognized and mediated chemoattractions to various aromatic compounds, including the phytohormone salicylic acid. The expression of pcpI and its role in the interactions with plants was also investigated. PcpI extends the range of central signal molecules recognized by chemoreceptors. To our knowledge, this is the first report on a bacterial receptor that responds to two different phytohormones. Our study reinforces the multifunctional role of IAA and salicylic acid as intra- and inter-kingdom signal molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Rico‐Jiménez
- Department of Environmental Protection, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranadaSpain
| | - Amalia Roca
- Department of Microbiology, Facultad de FarmaciaCampus Universitario de Cartuja, Universidad de GranadaGranada18071Spain
| | - Tino Krell
- Department of Environmental Protection, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranadaSpain
| | - Miguel A. Matilla
- Department of Environmental Protection, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranadaSpain
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Shine MB, Zhang K, Liu H, Lim GH, Xia F, Yu K, Hunt AG, Kachroo A, Kachroo P. Phased small RNA-mediated systemic signaling in plants. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm8791. [PMID: 35749505 PMCID: PMC9232115 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm8791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) involves the generation of systemically transported signal that arms distal plant parts against secondary infections. We show that two phased 21-nucleotide (nt) trans-acting small interfering RNA3a RNAs (tasi-RNA) derived from TAS3a and synthesized within 3 hours of pathogen infection are the early mobile signal in SAR. TAS3a undergoes alternate polyadenylation, resulting in the generation of 555- and 367-nt transcripts. The 555-nt transcripts likely serves as the sole precursor for tasi-RNAs D7 and D8, which cleave Auxin response factors (ARF) 2, 3, and 4 to induce SAR. Conversely, increased expression of ARF3 represses SAR. Knockout mutations in TAS3a or RNA silencing components required for tasi-RNA biogenesis compromise SAR without altering levels of known SAR-inducing chemicals. Both tasi-ARFs and the 367-nt transcripts are mobile and transported via plasmodesmata. Together, we show that tasi-ARFs are the early mobile signal in SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. B. Shine
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Huazhen Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Gah-hyun Lim
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Keshun Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Arthur G. Hunt
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Aardra Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Pradeep Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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Accumulation of Salicylic Acid and Related Metabolites in Selaginella moellendorffii. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11030461. [PMID: 35161442 PMCID: PMC8839085 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a phytohormone that plays manifold roles in plant growth, defense, and other aspects of plant physiology. The concentration of free SA in plants is fine-tuned by a variety of structural modifications. SA is produced by all land plants, yet it is not known whether its metabolism is conserved in all lineages. Selaginella moellendorffii is a lycophyte and thus a representative of an ancient clade of vascular plants. Here, we evaluated the accumulation of SA and related metabolites in aerial parts of S. moellendorffii. We found that SA is primarily stored as the 2-O-β-glucoside. Hydroxylated derivatives of SA are also produced by S. moellendorffii and stored as β-glycosides. A candidate signal for SA aspartate was also detected. Phenylpropanoic acids also occur in S. moellendorffii tissue. Only o-coumaric acid is stored as the β-glycoside, while caffeic, p-coumaric, and ferulic acids accumulate as alkali-labile conjugates. An in silico search for enzymes involved in conjugation and catabolism of SA in the S. moellendorffii genome indicated that experimental characterization is necessary to clarify the physiological functions of the putative orthologs. This study sheds light on SA metabolism in an ancestral plant species and suggests directions towards elucidating the underlying mechanisms.
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Impact of the female and hermaphrodite forms of Opuntia robusta on the plant defence hypothesis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12063. [PMID: 34103611 PMCID: PMC8187663 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91524-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The optimal defence hypothesis predicts that increased plant defence capabilities, lower levels of damage, and lower investment in vegetative biomass will occur more frequently in sexual forms with higher resource-demanding tissue production and/or younger plant parts. We aimed to examine the effects of sexual form, cladode, and flower age on growth rate, herbivore damage, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA), chlorogenic acid, and quercetin (QUE) concentrations in Opuntia robusta plants in central Mexico. Our findings demonstrated that hermaphrodite flowers showed faster growth and lesser damage than female flowers. The effect of cladode sexual forms on 4-HBA and QUE occurrence was consistent with the predictions of the optimal defence hypothesis. However, chlorogenic acid occurrences were not significantly affected by sexual forms. Old cladodes exhibited higher QUE and 4-HBA occurrences than young cladodes, and hermaphrodites exhibited higher 4-HBA concentrations than females. Resource allocation for reproduction and secondary metabolite production, and growth was higher and lower, respectively, in females, compared to hermaphrodites, indicating a trade-off between investment in reproduction, growth, and secondary metabolite production. Secondary metabolite concentrations in O. robusta plants were not negatively correlated with herbivore damage, and the two traits were not accurate predictors of plant reproductive output.
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Kang JE, Jeon BJ, Park MY, Kim BS. Inhibitory Activity of Sedum middendorffianum-Derived 4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid and Vanillic Acid on the Type III Secretion System of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 36:608-617. [PMID: 33312096 PMCID: PMC7721535 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.08.2020.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a key virulence determinant in the infection process of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000). Pathogen constructs a type III apparatus to translocate effector proteins into host cells, which have various roles in pathogenesis. 4-Hydroxybenozic acid and vanillic acid were identified from root extract of Sedum middendorffianum to have inhibitory effect on promoter activity of hrpA gene encoding the structural protein of the T3SS apparatus. The phenolic acids at 2.5 mM significantly suppressed the expression of hopP1, hrpA, and hrpL in the hrp/hrc gene cluster without growth retardation of Pst DC3000. Auto-agglutination of Pst DC3000 cells, which is induced by T3SS, was impaired by the treatment of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and vanillic acid. Additionally, 2.5 mM of each two phenolic acids attenuated disease symptoms including chlorosis surrounding bacterial specks on tomato leaves. Our results suggest that 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and vanillic acid are potential anti-virulence agents suppressing T3SS of Pst DC3000 for the control of bacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kang
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, Korea University Graduate School, Seoul 0284, Korea
| | - Byeong Jun Jeon
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, Korea University Graduate School, Seoul 0284, Korea
| | - Min Young Park
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, Korea University Graduate School, Seoul 0284, Korea
| | - Beom Seok Kim
- Department of Biosystems and Biotechnology, Korea University Graduate School, Seoul 0284, Korea
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 0841, Korea
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Schnake A, Hartmann M, Schreiber S, Malik J, Brahmann L, Yildiz I, von Dahlen J, Rose LE, Schaffrath U, Zeier J. Inducible biosynthesis and immune function of the systemic acquired resistance inducer N-hydroxypipecolic acid in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6444-6459. [PMID: 32725118 PMCID: PMC7586749 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent work has provided evidence for the occurrence of N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) in Arabidopsis thaliana, characterized its pathogen-inducible biosynthesis by a three-step metabolic sequence from l-lysine, and established a central role for NHP in the regulation of systemic acquired resistance. Here, we show that NHP is biosynthesized in several other plant species in response to microbial attack, generally together with its direct metabolic precursor pipecolic acid and the phenolic immune signal salicylic acid. For example, NHP accumulates locally in inoculated leaves and systemically in distant leaves of cucumber in response to Pseudomonas syringae attack, in Pseudomonas-challenged tobacco and soybean leaves, in tomato inoculated with the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, in leaves of the monocot Brachypodium distachyon infected with bacterial (Xanthomonas translucens) and fungal (Magnaporthe oryzae) pathogens, and in M. oryzae-inoculated barley. Notably, resistance assays indicate that NHP acts as a potent inducer of acquired resistance to bacterial and fungal infection in distinct monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species. Pronounced systemic accumulation of NHP in leaf phloem sap of locally inoculated cucumber supports a function for NHP as a phloem-mobile immune signal. Our study thus generalizes the existence and function of an NHP resistance pathway in plant systemic acquired resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Schnake
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Hartmann
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jana Malik
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lisa Brahmann
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ipek Yildiz
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Janina von Dahlen
- Institute for Population Genetics, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura E Rose
- Institute for Population Genetics, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schaffrath
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Correspondence:
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12
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Padiglia A, Zucca P, Cannea FB, Diana A, Maxia C, Murtas D, Rescigno A. Absence of Polyphenol Oxidase in Cynomorium coccineum, a Widespread Holoparasitic Plant. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9080964. [PMID: 32751574 PMCID: PMC7570208 DOI: 10.3390/plants9080964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidase (PPO, E.C. 1.14.18.1) is a nearly ubiquitous enzyme that is widely distributed among organisms. Despite its widespread distribution, the role of PPO in plants has not been thoroughly elucidated. In this study, we report for the absence of PPO in Cynomorium coccineum, a holoparasitic plant adapted to withstand unfavorable climatic conditions, growing in Mediterranean countries and amply used in traditional medicine. The lack of PPO has been demonstrated by the absence of enzymatic activity with various substrates, by the lack of immunohistochemical detection of the enzyme, and by the absence of the PPO gene and, consequently, its expression. The results obtained in our work allow us to exclude the presence of the PPO activity (both latent and mature forms of the enzyme), as well as of one or more genes coding for PPO in C. coccineum. Finally, we discuss the possible significance of PPO deficiency in parasitic plants adapted to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Padiglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della vita e dell’ambiente (Disva), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (A.P.); (F.B.C.)
| | - Paolo Zucca
- Dipartimento di Scienze biomediche (DiSB), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (P.Z.); (A.D.); (C.M.); (D.M.)
| | - Faustina B. Cannea
- Dipartimento di Scienze della vita e dell’ambiente (Disva), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (A.P.); (F.B.C.)
| | - Andrea Diana
- Dipartimento di Scienze biomediche (DiSB), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (P.Z.); (A.D.); (C.M.); (D.M.)
| | - Cristina Maxia
- Dipartimento di Scienze biomediche (DiSB), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (P.Z.); (A.D.); (C.M.); (D.M.)
| | - Daniela Murtas
- Dipartimento di Scienze biomediche (DiSB), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (P.Z.); (A.D.); (C.M.); (D.M.)
| | - Antonio Rescigno
- Dipartimento di Scienze biomediche (DiSB), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (P.Z.); (A.D.); (C.M.); (D.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-070-6754516
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13
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Zhang Y, Zhang W, Han L, Li J, Shi X, Hikichi Y, Ohnishi K. Involvement of a PadR regulator PrhP on virulence of Ralstonia solanacearum by controlling detoxification of phenolic acids and type III secretion system. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1477-1490. [PMID: 31392803 PMCID: PMC6804342 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum can metabolize ferulic acid (FA) and salicylic acid (SA), two representative phenolic acids, to protect it from toxicity of phenolic acids. Here, we genetically demonstrated a novel phenolic acid decarboxylase regulator (PadR)-like regulator PrhP as a positive regulator on detoxification of SA and FA in R. solanacearum. Although the ability to degrade SA and FA enhances the infection process of R. solanacearum toward host plants, PrhP greatly contributes to the infection process besides degradation of SA and FA. Our results from the growth assay, promoter activity assay, RNA-seq and qRT-PCR revealed that PrhP plays multiple roles in the virulence of R. solanacearum: (1) positively regulates expression of genes for degradation of SA and FA; (2) positively regulates expression of genes encoding type III secretion system (T3SS) and type III effectors both in vitro and in planta; (3) positively regulates expression of many virulence-related genes, such as the flagella, type IV pili and cell wall degradation enzymes; and (4) is important for the extensive proliferation in planta. The T3SS is one of the essential pathogenicity determinants in many pathogenic bacteria, and PrhP positively regulates its expression mediated with the key regulator HrpB but through some novel pathway to HrpB in R. solanacearum. This is the first report on PadR regulators to regulate the T3SS and it could improve our understanding of the various biological functions of PadR regulators and the complex regulatory pathway on T3SS in R. solanacearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- College of Resources and EnvironmentSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer ResourcesChongqing
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- College of Resources and EnvironmentSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Liangliang Han
- College of Resources and EnvironmentSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
- Research Institute of Molecular Genetics, Kochi UniversityKochiJapan
| | - Jing Li
- The Ninth Peoples Hospital of ChongqingChongqingChina
| | - Xiaojun Shi
- College of Resources and EnvironmentSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer ResourcesChongqing
| | - Yasufumi Hikichi
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and BiotechnologyKochi UniversityKochiJapan
| | - Kouhei Ohnishi
- Research Institute of Molecular Genetics, Kochi UniversityKochiJapan
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14
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Seasonal Changes in the Metabolic Profiles and Biological Activity in Leaves of Diospyros digyna and D. rekoi "Zapote" Trees. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8110449. [PMID: 31731430 PMCID: PMC6918230 DOI: 10.3390/plants8110449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Leaves of semi-domesticated Diospyros digyna and wild D. rekoi trees, sampled seasonally in Mexico in 2014, were analyzed. Metabolic fingerprints revealed higher metabolite diversity in D. rekoi leaves. The TLC bands characteristic of glycosylated flavonoids, predominant in this species, matched the detection of quercetin and quercetin 3-O-glucuronides by liquid chromatography (UPLC-MS) of spring leaf extracts (LEs). Further gas chromatography (GC-MS) analysis revealed abundant fatty acids, organic acids, and secondary metabolites including trigonelline, p-coumaric, and ferulic and nicotinic acids. Phenolic-like compounds prevailed in D. digyna LEs, while unidentified triterpenoids and dihydroxylated coumarins were detected by UPLC-MS and GC-MS. A paucity of leaf metabolites in leaves of this species, compared to D. rekoi, was evident. Higher antioxidant capacity (AOC) was detected in D. digyna LEs. The AOC was season-independent in D. digyna but not in D. rekoi. The AOC in both species was concentrated in distinct TLC single bands, although seasonal variation in band intensity was observed among trees sampled. The AOC in D. digyna LEs could be ascribed to the coumarin esculetin. The LEs moderately inhibited phytopathogenic bacteria but not fungi. Leaf chemistry differences in these Mesoamerican Diospyros species substantiated previous variability reported in tree physiology and fruit physical chemistry, postulated to result from domestication and seasonality.
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15
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Rufián JS, Rueda-Blanco J, Beuzón CR, Ruiz-Albert J. Protocol: an improved method to quantify activation of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:16. [PMID: 30809268 PMCID: PMC6374889 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0400-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant responses triggered upon detection of an invading pathogen include the generation of a number of mobile signals that travel to distant tissues and determine an increased resistance in distal, uninfected tissues, a defense response known as systemic acquired resistance (SAR). The more direct means of measuring activation of SAR by a primary local infection is the quantification of pathogen multiplication in distal, systemic sites of secondary infection. However, while such assay provides a biologically relevant quantification of SAR, it is hampered by experimental variation, requiring many repetitions for reliable results. RESULTS We propose a modification of the SAR assay based on the Arabidopsis-Pseudomonas syringae pathosystem exploiting the knowledge of source-sink relationships (orthostichies), known to centralize SAR-competency to upper leaves in the orthostichy of a lower primary infected leaf. Although many sources of variation such as genotypes of plant and pathogen, inoculation procedure, or environmental conditions are already taken into account to improve the performance of SAR assays, a strict leaf selection based on source-sink relationships is not usually implemented. We show how enacting this latter factor considerably improves data reliability, reducing the number of experimental repetitions for results. CONCLUSIONS Direct selection of leaves for both primary and secondary inoculation exclusively within the orthostichy of the primary infected leaf is a key element on reducing the number of experimental repetitions required for statistically relevant SAR activation results.
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Affiliation(s)
- José S. Rufián
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Present Address: Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602 China
| | - Javier Rueda-Blanco
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Carmen R. Beuzón
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Javier Ruiz-Albert
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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16
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Shine MB, Xiao X, Kachroo P, Kachroo A. Signaling mechanisms underlying systemic acquired resistance to microbial pathogens. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 279:81-86. [PMID: 30709496 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to biotic stress by inducing a variety of responses, which not only protect against the immediate diseases but also provide immunity from future infections. One example is systemic acquired resistance (SAR), which provides long-lasting and broad-spectrum protection at the whole plant level. The induction of SAR prepares the plant for a more robust response to subsequent infections from related and unrelated pathogens. SAR involves the rapid generation of signals at the primary site of infection, which are transported to the systemic parts of the plant presumably via the phloem. SAR signal generation and perception requires an intact cuticle, a waxy layer covering all aerial parts of the plant. A chemically diverse set of SAR inducers has already been identified, including hormones (salicylic acid, methyl salicylate), primary/secondary metabolites (nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, glycerol-3-phosphate, azelaic acid, pipecolic acid, dihyroabetinal), fatty acid/lipid derivatives (18 carbon unsaturated fatty acids, galactolipids), and proteins (DIR1-Defective in Induced Resistance 1, AZI1-Azelaic acid Induced 1). Some of these are demonstrably mobile and the phloem loading routes for three of these SAR inducers is known. Here we discuss the recent findings related to synthesis, transport, and the relationship between these various SAR inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Shine
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, United States
| | - Xueqiong Xiao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, United States
| | - Pradeep Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, United States
| | - Aardra Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, United States.
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17
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Munir S, He P, Wu Y, He P, Khan S, Huang M, Cui W, He P, He Y. Huanglongbing Control: Perhaps the End of the Beginning. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2018; 76:192-204. [PMID: 29196843 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-1123-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most destructive citrus plant diseases worldwide. It is associated with the fastidious phloem-limited α-proteobacteria 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus', 'Ca. Liberibacter africanus' and 'Ca. Liberibacter americanus'. In recent years, HLB-associated Liberibacters have extended to North and South America. The causal agents of HLB have been putatively identified, and their transmission pathways and worldwide population structure have been extensively studied. However, very little is known about the epidemiologic relationships of Ca. L. asiaticus, which has limited the scope of HLB research and especially the development of control strategies. HLB-affected plants produce damaged fruits and die within several years. To control the disease, scientists have developed new compounds and screened existing compounds for their antibiotic and antimicrobial activities against the disease. These compounds, however, have very little or even no effect on the disease. The aim of the present review was to compile and compare different methods of HLB disease control with newly developed integrative strategies. In light of recent studies, we also describe how to control the vectors of this disease and the biological control of other citrus plant pathogens. This work could steer the attention of scientists towards integrative control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Munir
- Faculty of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Pengfei He
- Faculty of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Yixin Wu
- Faculty of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Pengbo He
- Faculty of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Sehroon Khan
- World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, 132 Lanhei Rd, Heilongtan, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Min Huang
- Faculty of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- Agriculture College and Urban Modern Agriculture Engineering Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, China
| | - Wenyan Cui
- Faculty of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Pengjie He
- Faculty of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Yueqiu He
- Faculty of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China.
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18
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Durairaj K, Velmurugan P, Park JH, Chang WS, Park YJ, Senthilkumar P, Choi KM, Lee JH, Oh BT. Potential for plant biocontrol activity of isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus stratosphericus strains against bacterial pathogens acting through both induced plant resistance and direct antagonism. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 364:4563579. [PMID: 29069329 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic bacteria have caused significant damage to agricultural crops in both controlled and open cultivation practices, imposing heavy losses to farmers. Thereby, the goal of this study was to evaluate Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus stratosphericus isolated from soil has antagonistic activity against bacterial phytopathogens with the potential to control plant diseases. Isolated novel strains of P. aeruginosa and B. stratosphericus showed broad spectrum of antagonistic activity against five bacterial phytopathogens. Antagonistic activity was examined under optimized pH (8 and 7), carbon sources (lactose and starch), nitrogen sources (ammonium chloride, peptone and ammonium nitrate) for P. aeruginosa and B. stratosphericus, respectively, and biocatalyst production (chitinase, protease and amylase) was studied. Additionally, up-regulation of defense-related genes (PR-1a and PAL) was studied in tomato plants treated with P. aeruginosa and B. stratosphericus. The induction of defense-related genes in tomato plant was triggered after 12 h treatment with a cell concentration of 0.20 O.D. for P. aeruginosa and 0.21 O.D. for B. stratosphericus during treatment period. Broad spectrum antagonistic activity was observed due to antibiotic and siderophore production by P. aeruginosa and B. stratosphericus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaliannan Durairaj
- Division of Biotechnology, Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea.,Department of Environmental Science, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem-636011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palanivel Velmurugan
- Division of Biotechnology, Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hee Park
- Division of Biotechnology, Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea
| | - Woo-Suk Chang
- Department of Biology, University of Texas, 701 S Nedderman Dr, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Yool-Jin Park
- Department of Ecology Landscape Architecture-Design, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea
| | - Palaninaicker Senthilkumar
- Department of Environmental Science, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem-636011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kyung-Min Choi
- Nakdonggang Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju, Gyeongbuk 37242, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Lee
- Sunchang Research Institute of Health and Longevity, Sunchang, Jeonbuk 56015, South Korea
| | - Byung-Taek Oh
- Division of Biotechnology, Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea.,Plant Medical Research Center, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jenoju, Jeonbuk 54896, South Korea
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Analysis of Draft Genome Sequence of Pseudomonas sp. QTF5 Reveals Its Benzoic Acid Degradation Ability and Heavy Metal Tolerance. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:4565960. [PMID: 29270429 PMCID: PMC5705866 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4565960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas sp. QTF5 was isolated from the continuous permafrost near the bitumen layers in the Qiangtang basin of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China (5,111 m above sea level). It is psychrotolerant and highly and widely tolerant to heavy metals and has the ability to metabolize benzoic acid and salicylic acid. To gain insight into the genetic basis for its adaptation, we performed whole genome sequencing and analyzed the resistant genes and metabolic pathways. Based on 120 published and annotated genomes representing 31 species in the genus Pseudomonas, in silico genomic DNA-DNA hybridization (<54%) and average nucleotide identity calculation (<94%) revealed that QTF5 is closest to Pseudomonas lini and should be classified into a novel species. This study provides the genetic basis to identify the genes linked to its specific mechanisms for adaptation to extreme environment and application of this microorganism in environmental conservation.
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20
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Characterization and assessment of two biocontrol bacteria against Pseudomonas syringae wilt in Solanum lycopersicum and its genetic responses. Microbiol Res 2017; 206:43-49. [PMID: 29146259 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas and Bacillus species are attractive due to their potential bio-control application against plant bacterial pathogens. Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain D4 and Bacillus stratosphericus strain FW3 were isolated from mine tailings in South Korea. In these potent bacterial strains, we observed improved antagonistic activity against Pseudomonas syringae DC3000. These strains produced biocatalysts for plant growth promotion, and in vivo examination of Solanum lycopersicum included analysis of disease severity, ion leakage, chlorophyll content, and H2O2 detection. In addition, regulation of the defense genes pathogen-related protein 1a (PR1a) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) was compared with treated plants and untreated control plants. The results suggest that these two bacterial strains provide protection against plant pathogens via direct and indirect modes of action and could be used as a bio-control agent.
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21
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Berens ML, Berry HM, Mine A, Argueso CT, Tsuda K. Evolution of Hormone Signaling Networks in Plant Defense. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 55:401-425. [PMID: 28645231 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Studies with model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana have revealed that phytohormones are central regulators of plant defense. The intricate network of phytohormone signaling pathways enables plants to activate appropriate and effective defense responses against pathogens as well as to balance defense and growth. The timing of the evolution of most phytohormone signaling pathways seems to coincide with the colonization of land, a likely requirement for plant adaptations to the more variable terrestrial environments, which included the presence of pathogens. In this review, we explore the evolution of defense hormone signaling networks by combining the model plant-based knowledge about molecular components mediating phytohormone signaling and cross talk with available genome information of other plant species. We highlight conserved hubs in hormone cross talk and discuss evolutionary advantages of defense hormone cross talk. Finally, we examine possibilities of engineering hormone cross talk for improvement of plant fitness and crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias L Berens
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Hannah M Berry
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Akira Mine
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Cristiana T Argueso
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
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22
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Boeckx T, Winters A, Webb KJ, Kingston-Smith AH. Detection of Potential Chloroplastic Substrates for Polyphenol Oxidase Suggests a Role in Undamaged Leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:237. [PMID: 28316605 PMCID: PMC5334603 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) have a recognized role during pathogen and arthropod attack. As an immediate consequence of such wounding, cellular compartmentation is destroyed allowing the chloroplastic PPO enzyme to interact with vacuolar substrates catalyzing the oxidation of monophenols and/or o-diphenols to o-diquinones. This ultimately results in a reduction in the nutritional value of wounded tissue through the formation of non-digestible secondary melanin pigments. However, the chloroplastic location of PPO enzyme could indicate a role for PPO in undamaged tissues. In this study, a wild-type red clover population exhibiting high leaf PPO activity had significantly higher yield than a low leaf PPO mutant population while leaf isoflavonoids and hydroxycinnammates (PPO substrates) accumulated at similar levels in these plants. These data suggest that the presence of leaf PPO activity affects plant vigor. Understanding how this advantage is conferred requires knowledge of the cellular mechanism, including intra-organellar substrates. Here we present evidence of candidate PPO substrates within chloroplasts of wild-type red clover, including the monophenolic acid, coumaroyl malate, and low levels of the diphenolic acid, phaselic acid (caffeoyl malate). Interestingly, chloroplastic phaselic acid concentration increased significantly under certain growth conditions. We discuss the implications of this in regard to a potential role for chloroplastic PPO in undamaged leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alison H. Kingston-Smith
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, UK
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Lowe-Power TM, Jacobs JM, Ailloud F, Fochs B, Prior P, Allen C. Degradation of the Plant Defense Signal Salicylic Acid Protects Ralstonia solanacearum from Toxicity and Enhances Virulence on Tobacco. mBio 2016; 7:e00656-16. [PMID: 27329752 PMCID: PMC4916378 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00656-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Plants use the signaling molecule salicylic acid (SA) to trigger defenses against diverse pathogens, including the bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum SA can also inhibit microbial growth. Most sequenced strains of the heterogeneous R. solanacearum species complex can degrade SA via gentisic acid to pyruvate and fumarate. R. solanacearum strain GMI1000 expresses this SA degradation pathway during tomato pathogenesis. Transcriptional analysis revealed that subinhibitory SA levels induced expression of the SA degradation pathway, toxin efflux pumps, and some general stress responses. Interestingly, SA treatment repressed expression of virulence factors, including the type III secretion system, suggesting that this pathogen may suppress virulence functions when stressed. A GMI1000 mutant lacking SA degradation activity was much more susceptible to SA toxicity but retained the wild-type colonization ability and virulence on tomato. This may be because SA is less important than gentisic acid in tomato defense signaling. However, another host, tobacco, responds strongly to SA. To test the hypothesis that SA degradation contributes to virulence on tobacco, we measured the effect of adding this pathway to the tobacco-pathogenic R. solanacearum strain K60, which lacks SA degradation genes. Ectopic addition of the GMI1000 SA degradation locus, including adjacent genes encoding two porins and a LysR-type transcriptional regulator, significantly increased the virulence of strain K60 on tobacco. Together, these results suggest that R. solanacearum degrades plant SA to protect itself from inhibitory levels of this compound and also to enhance its virulence on plant hosts like tobacco that use SA as a defense signal molecule. IMPORTANCE Plant pathogens such as the bacterial wilt agent Ralstonia solanacearum threaten food and economic security by causing significant losses for small- and large-scale growers of tomato, tobacco, banana, potato, and ornamentals. Like most plants, these crop hosts use salicylic acid (SA) both indirectly as a signal to activate defenses and directly as an antimicrobial chemical. We found that SA inhibits growth of R. solanacearum and induces a general stress response that includes repression of multiple bacterial wilt virulence factors. The ability to degrade SA reduces the pathogen's sensitivity to SA toxicity and increases its virulence on tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M Lowe-Power
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jonathan M Jacobs
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement, Montpellier, France
| | - Florent Ailloud
- UMR Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical, CIRAD-INRA, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux, Agence Nationale Sécurité Sanitaire Alimentaire Nationale, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Brianna Fochs
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Philippe Prior
- UMR Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical, CIRAD-INRA, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Caitilyn Allen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Isaacs M, Carella P, Faubert J, Champigny MJ, Rose JKC, Cameron RK. Orthology Analysis and In Vivo Complementation Studies to Elucidate the Role of DIR1 during Systemic Acquired Resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana and Cucumis sativus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:566. [PMID: 27200039 PMCID: PMC4854023 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
AtDIR1 (Defective in Induced Resistance1) is an acidic lipid transfer protein essential for systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Upon SAR induction, DIR1 moves from locally infected to distant uninfected leaves to activate defense priming; however, a molecular function for DIR1 has not been elucidated. Bioinformatic analysis and in silico homology modeling identified putative AtDIR1 orthologs in crop species, revealing conserved protein motifs within and outside of DIR1's central hydrophobic cavity. In vitro assays to compare the capacity of recombinant AtDIR1 and targeted AtDIR1-variant proteins to bind the lipophilic probe TNS (6,P-toluidinylnaphthalene-2-sulfonate) provided evidence that conserved leucine 43 and aspartic acid 39 contribute to the size of the DIR1 hydrophobic cavity and possibly hydrophobic ligand binding. An Arabidopsis-cucumber SAR model was developed to investigate the conservation of DIR1 function in cucumber (Cucumis sativus), and we demonstrated that phloem exudates from SAR-induced cucumber rescued the SAR defect in the Arabidopsis dir1-1 mutant. Additionally, an AtDIR1 antibody detected a protein of the same size as AtDIR1 in SAR-induced cucumber phloem exudates, providing evidence that DIR1 function during SAR is conserved in Arabidopsis and cucumber. In vitro TNS displacement assays demonstrated that recombinant AtDIR1 did not bind the SAR signals azelaic acid (AzA), glycerol-3-phosphate or pipecolic acid. However, recombinant CsDIR1 and CsDIR2 interacted weakly with AzA and pipecolic acid. Bioinformatic and functional analyses using the Arabidopsis-cucumber SAR model provide evidence that DIR1 orthologs exist in tobacco, tomato, cucumber, and soybean, and that DIR1-mediated SAR signaling is conserved in Arabidopsis and cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Isaacs
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Philip Carella
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer Faubert
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Marc J. Champigny
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jocelyn K. C. Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Robin K. Cameron
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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25
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Zhang FP, Yang QY, Zhang SB. Dual Effect of Phenolic Nectar on Three Floral Visitors of Elsholtzia rugulosa (Lamiaceae) in SW China. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154381. [PMID: 27105024 PMCID: PMC4841526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Some plants secrete toxic nectar to appeal to most effective pollinators and deter non-pollinators or nectar thieves; however available information about ecological function of toxic nectar remains scarce. Elsholtzia rugulosa stands out as a plant with toxic nectar recorded in SW China. We focused on the functional significance of the phenolic compound that imparts toxic to the nectar of E. rugulosa. The effects of phenolic nectar were studied in three visitors of the flowers of the winter-blooming E. rugulosa Hemsl. (Lamiaceae) in SW China. The pollinating species Apis cerana Fabricius (Apidae; Asian honey bee) and two occasional visitors, Vespa velutina Lepeletier (Vespidae; yellow-legged Asian hornet) and Bombus eximius Smith (Apidae; a bumble bee) were tested for their preferences for low and high concentrations of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid in hexose and sucrose solutions. The pollinator is important for the plant, which is dependent on pollinator visits to attain a higher seed production and it is most likely that the combination of phenolic toxic nectar and the adaptation to phenolic nectar by A. cerana delivers an evolutionary advantage to both actors. The low and high concentrations of the phenolic acid were nearly totally refused by both occasional visitors V. velutina and B. eximius and were preferred by the pollinator A. cerana. E. rugulosa gains by having a much higher seed production and the pollinating honey bee by having an exclusive and reliable food source during the winter season at high altitudes in SW China. We found that the function of the toxic phenolic compound has dual roles by appealing to legitimate pollinators and deterring non-pollinators of E. rugulosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiu-Yun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Shi-Bao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
- * E-mail:
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26
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Mostafa I, Zhu N, Yoo MJ, Balmant KM, Misra BB, Dufresne C, Abou-Hashem M, Chen S, El-Domiaty M. New nodes and edges in the glucosinolate molecular network revealed by proteomics and metabolomics of Arabidopsis myb28/29 and cyp79B2/B3 glucosinolate mutants. J Proteomics 2016; 138:1-19. [PMID: 26915584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Glucosinolates present in Brassicales are important for human health and plant defense against insects and pathogens. Here we investigate the proteomes and metabolomes of Arabidopsis myb28/29 and cyp79B2/B3 mutants deficient in aliphatic glucosinolates and indolic glucosinolates, respectively. Quantitative proteomics of the myb28/29 and cyp79B2/B3 mutants led to the identification of 2785 proteins, of which 142 proteins showed significant changes in the two mutants compared to wild type (WT). By mapping the differential proteins using STRING, we detected 59 new edges in the glucosinolate metabolic network. These connections can be classified as primary with direct roles in glucosinolate metabolism, secondary related to plant stress responses, and tertiary involved in other biological processes. Gene Ontology analysis of the differential proteins showed high level of enrichment in the nodes belonging to metabolic process including glucosinolate biosynthesis and response to stimulus. Using metabolomics, we quantified 292 metabolites covering a broad spectrum of metabolic pathways, and 89 exhibited differential accumulation patterns between the mutants and WT. The changing metabolites (e.g., γ-glutamyl amino acids, auxins and glucosinolate hydrolysis products) complement our proteomics findings. This study contributes toward engineering and breeding of glucosinolate profiles in plants in efforts to improve human health, crop quality and productivity. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Glucosinolates in Brassicales constitute an important group of natural metabolites important for plant defense and human health. Its biosynthetic pathways and transcriptional regulation have been well-studied. Using Arabidopsis mutants of important genes in glucosinolate biosynthesis, quantitative proteomics and metabolomics led to identification of many proteins and metabolites that are potentially related to glucosinolate metabolism. This study provides a comprehensive insight into the molecular networks of glucosinolate metabolism, and will facilitate efforts toward engineering and breeding of glucosinolate profiles for enhanced crop defense, and nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Mostafa
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Ning Zhu
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Mi-Jeong Yoo
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kelly M Balmant
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Biswapriya B Misra
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Craig Dufresne
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, West Palm Beach, FL 33407, USA
| | - Maged Abou-Hashem
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Maher El-Domiaty
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus', Causal Agent of Citrus Huanglongbing, Is Reduced by Treatment with Brassinosteroids. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146223. [PMID: 26731660 PMCID: PMC4701442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) constitutes the most destructive disease of citrus worldwide, yet no established efficient management measures exist for it. Brassinosteroids, a family of plant steroidal compounds, are essential for plant growth, development and stress tolerance. As a possible control strategy for HLB, epibrassinolide was applied to as a foliar spray to citrus plants infected with the causal agent of HLB, ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’. The bacterial titers were reduced after treatment with epibrassinolide under both greenhouse and field conditions but were stronger in the greenhouse. Known defense genes were induced in leaves by epibrassinolide. With the SuperSAGE technology combined with next generation sequencing, induction of genes known to be associated with defense response to bacteria and hormone transduction pathways were identified. The results demonstrate that epibrassinolide may provide a useful tool for the management of HLB.
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28
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Killiny N, Hijaz F. Amino acids implicated in plant defense are higher in Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus-tolerant citrus varieties. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1171449. [PMID: 27057814 PMCID: PMC4883877 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1171449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening, has been threatening the citrus industry since the early 1900's and up to this date there are no effective cures for this disease. Field observations and greenhouse controlled studies demonstrated that some citrus genotypes are more tolerant to Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) pathogen than others. However, the mechanisms underpinning tolerance has not been determined yet. The phloem sap composition of CLas-tolerant and sensitive citrus varieties was studied to identify metabolites that could be responsible for their tolerance to CLas. The citrus phloem sap was collected by centrifugation and was analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after methyl chloroformate derivatization. Thirty-three metabolites were detected in the phloem sap of the studied varieties: twenty 20 amino acids, eight 8 organic acids, and five 5 fatty acids. Interestingly, the levels of most amino acids, especially those implicated in plantdefense to pathogens such as phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, lysine, and asparagine were higher in tolerant varieties. Although the level of organic acids varied between cultivars, this variation was not correlated with citrus resistance to CLas and could be cultivar specific. The fatty acids were found in trace amounts and in most cases their levels were not significantly different among varieties. Better understanding of the mechanisms underpinning citrus tolerance to CLas will help in developing economically tolerant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Killiny
- Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA
| | - Faraj Hijaz
- Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA
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29
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Şirin S, Aydaş SB, Aslım B. Biochemical Evaluation of Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase from Endemic Plant Cyathobasis fruticulosa (Bunge) Aellen. for the Dietary Treatment of Phenylketonuria. Food Technol Biotechnol 2016; 54:296-303. [PMID: 27956861 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.54.03.16.4519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme substitution therapy with the phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) is a new approach to the treatment of patients with phenylketonuria (PKU). This enzyme is responsible for the conversion of phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid. We assessed the PAL enzyme of the endemic plant Cyathobasis fruticulosa (Bunge) Aellen. for its possible role in the dietary treatment of PKU. The enzyme was found to have a high activity of (64.9±0.1) U/mg, with the optimum pH, temperature and buffer (Tris-HCl and l-phenylalanine) concentration levels of pH=8.8, 37 °C and 100 mM, respectively. Optimum enzyme activity was achieved at pH=4.0 and 7.5, corresponding to pH levels of gastric and intestinal juice, and NaCl concentration of 200 mM. The purification of the enzyme by 1.87-fold yielded an activity of 98.6 U/mg. PAL activities determined by HPLC analyses before and after purification were similar. Two protein bands, one at 70 and the other at 23 kDa, were determined by Western blot analysis of the enzyme. This enzyme is a potential candidate for serial production of dietary food and biotechnological products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Şirin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, TR-06500 Teknikokullar, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selcen Babaoğlu Aydaş
- Gazi University, Vocational High School of Health Services, TR-06830 Gölbaşı, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Belma Aslım
- Gazi University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, TR-06500 Teknikokullar, Ankara, Turkey
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30
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Whiteflies glycosylate salicylic acid and secrete the conjugate via their honeydew. J Chem Ecol 2015; 41:52-8. [PMID: 25563984 PMCID: PMC4303718 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0543-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During insect feeding, a complex interaction takes place at the feeding site, with plants deciphering molecular information associated with the feeding herbivore, resulting in the upregulation of the appropriate defenses, and the herbivore avoiding or preventing these defenses from taking effect. Whiteflies can feed on plants without causing significant damage to mesophyll cells, making their detection extra challenging for the plant. However, whiteflies secrete honeydew that ends up on the plant surface at the feeding site and on distal plant parts below the feeding site. We reasoned that this honeydew, since it is largely of plant origin, may contain molecular information that alerts the plant, and we focused on the defense hormone salicylic acid (SA). First, we analyzed phloem sap from tomato plants, on which the whiteflies are feeding, and found that it contained salicylic acid (SA). Subsequently, we determined that in honeydew more than 80 % of SA was converted to its glycoside (SAG). When whiteflies were allowed to feed from an artificial diet spiked with labeled SA, labeled SAG also was produced. However, manually depositing honeydew on undamaged plants resulted still in a significant increase in endogenous free SA. Accordingly, transcript levels of PR1a, an SA marker gene, increased whereas those of PI-II, a jasmonate marker gene, decreased. Our results indicate that whiteflies manipulate the SA levels within their secretions, thus influencing the defense responses in those plant parts that come into contact with honeydew.
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31
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Kroflič A, Šarac B, Cerkovnik J, Bešter-Rogač M. Hydrophobicity of counterions as a driving force in the self-assembly process: Dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride and parabens. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Suzuki H, Takashima Y, Ishiguri F, Yoshizawa N, Yokota S. Proteomic Analysis of Responsive Proteins Induced in Japanese Birch Plantlet Treated with Salicylic Acid. Proteomes 2014; 2:323-340. [PMID: 28250384 PMCID: PMC5302753 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes2030323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was performed to unravel the mechanisms of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) establishment and resistance signaling pathways against the canker-rot fungus (Inonotus obliquus strain IO-U1) infection in Japanese birch plantlet No.8. Modulation of protein-profile induced by salicylic acid (SA)-administration was analyzed, and SA-responsive proteins were identified. In total, 5 specifically expressed, 3 significantly increased, and 3 significantly decreased protein spots were identified using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and the sequence tag method. These proteins were malate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase, diaminopimalate decarboxylase, arginase, chorismate mutase, cyclophilin, aminopeptidase, and unknown function proteins. These proteins are considered to be involved in SAR-establishment mechanisms in the Japanese birch plantlet No 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Suzuki
- Department of Forest Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan.
| | - Yuya Takashima
- Department of Forest Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan.
| | - Futoshi Ishiguri
- Department of Forest Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan.
| | - Nobuo Yoshizawa
- Department of Forest Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Shinso Yokota
- Department of Forest Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan.
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33
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Gao QM, Kachroo A, Kachroo P. Chemical inducers of systemic immunity in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1849-55. [PMID: 24591049 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a highly desirable form of resistance that protects against a broad-spectrum of related or unrelated pathogens. SAR involves the generation of multiple signals at the site of primary infection, which arms distal portions against subsequent secondary infections. The last decade has witnessed considerable progress, and a number of chemical signals contributing to SAR have been isolated and characterized. The diverse chemical nature of these chemicals had led to the growing belief that SAR might involve interplay of multiple diverse and independent signals. However, recent results suggest that coordinated signalling from diverse signalling components facilitates SAR in plants. This review mainly discusses organized signalling by two such chemicals, glycerol-3-phoshphate and azelaic acid, and the role of basal salicylic acid levels in G3P-conferred SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ming Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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34
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Furch ACU, Zimmermann MR, Kogel KH, Reichelt M, Mithöfer A. Direct and individual analysis of stress-related phytohormone dispersion in the vascular system of Cucurbita maxima after flagellin 22 treatment. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:1176-1182. [PMID: 24387138 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
• The stress-related phytohormones, salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA), and the three jasmonates, jasmonic acid (JA), cis-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (cis-OPDA), and (+)-7-iso-jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile), were investigated in phloem and xylem exudates of Cucurbita maxima. • Phloem and xylem exudates were separately collected and analysed via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. • We show direct evidence for all three jasmonates, ABA, and SA in both phloem and xylem exudates of C. maxima. JA and JA-Ile concentrations are higher in xylem (JA: c(xylem) ≈ 199.5 nM, c(phloem) ≈ 43.9 nM; JA-Ile: c(xylem) ≈ 7.9 nM, c(phloem) ≈ 1.6 nM), whereas ABA and SA concentrations are higher in phloem exudates (ABA: c(xylem) ≈ 37.1 nM, c(phloem) ≈ 142.6 nM; SA: c(xylem) ≈ 61.6 nM, c(phloem) ≈ 1319 nM). During bacteria-derived flagellin 22 (flg22)-triggered remote root-to-shoot signalling, phytohormone concentration changed rapidly both in phloem and xylem. • The unequal distribution of phytohormones suggests that phloem and xylem have distinct roles in defence responses. Our data shed light on systemic phytohormone signalling and help explain how plants cope with environmental challenges by lateral exchange between phloem and xylem. Our analysis is a starting point for further investigations of how phytohormones contribute to phloem- and xylem-based defence signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C U Furch
- Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Matthias R Zimmermann
- Institute for Botany, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 38, D-35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Kogel
- Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
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Xia Y, Yu K, Gao QM, Wilson EV, Navarre D, Kachroo P, Kachroo A. Acyl CoA Binding Proteins are Required for Cuticle Formation and Plant Responses to Microbes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:224. [PMID: 23060893 PMCID: PMC3465942 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FA) and lipids are well known regulators of plant defense. Our previous studies have shown that components of prokaryotic (plastidal) FA biosynthesis pathway regulate various aspects of plant defense. Here, we investigated the defense related roles of the soluble acyl CoA binding proteins (ACBPs), which are thought to facilitate the intracellular transport of FA/lipids. We show that ACBP3 and 4 are required for maintaining normal lipid levels and that ACBP3 contributes to the lipid flux between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathways. We also show that loss of ACBP3, 4, or 6 impair normal development of the cuticle and affect both basal and resistance protein-mediated defense against bacterial and fungal pathogens. Loss of ACBP3, 4, or 6 also inhibits the induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) due to the plants inability to generate SAR inducing signal(s). Together, these data show that ACBP3, ACBP4, and ACBP6 are required for cuticle development as well as defense against microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xia
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA
| | - Keshun Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA
| | - Qing-ming Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA
| | - Ella V. Wilson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA
| | - Duroy Navarre
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washington State UniversityProsser, WA, USA
| | - Pradeep Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA
| | - Aardra Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA
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Abd El-Rahman SS, Mazen MM, Mohamed HI, Mahmoud NM. Induction of defence related enzymes and phenolic compounds in lupin (Lupinus albus L.) and their effects on host resistance against Fusarium wilt. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY 2012; 134:105-116. [DOI: 10.1007/s10658-012-0028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Chanda B, Xia Y, Mandal MK, Yu K, Sekine KT, Gao QM, Selote D, Hu Y, Stromberg A, Navarre D, Kachroo A, Kachroo P. Glycerol-3-phosphate is a critical mobile inducer of systemic immunity in plants. Nat Genet 2011; 43:421-7. [PMID: 21441932 DOI: 10.1038/ng.798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) is an important metabolite that contributes to the growth and disease-related physiologies of prokaryotes, plants, animals and humans alike. Here we show that G3P serves as the inducer of an important form of broad-spectrum immunity in plants, termed systemic acquired resistance (SAR). SAR is induced upon primary infection and protects distal tissues from secondary infections. Genetic mutants defective in G3P biosynthesis cannot induce SAR but can be rescued when G3P is supplied exogenously. Radioactive tracer experiments show that a G3P derivative is translocated to distal tissues, and this requires the lipid transfer protein, DIR1. Conversely, G3P is required for the translocation of DIR1 to distal tissues, which occurs through the symplast. These observations, along with the fact that dir1 plants accumulate reduced levels of G3P in their petiole exudates, suggest that the cooperative interaction of DIR1 and G3P orchestrates the induction of SAR in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Chanda
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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38
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Zhou X, Zhong JJ. Intracellular salicylic acid is involved in signal cascade regulating low ammonium-induced taxoid biosynthesis in suspension cultures of Taxus chinensis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 90:1027-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Xia Y, Yu K, Navarre D, Seebold K, Kachroo A, Kachroo P. The glabra1 mutation affects cuticle formation and plant responses to microbes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 154:833-46. [PMID: 20699396 PMCID: PMC2949009 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.161646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a form of defense that provides resistance against a broad spectrum of pathogens in plants. Previous work indicates a role for plastidial glycerolipid biosynthesis in SAR. Specifically, mutations in FATTY ACID DESATURASE7 (FAD7), which lead to reduced trienoic fatty acid levels and compromised plastidial lipid biosynthesis, have been associated with defective SAR. We show that the defective SAR in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) fad7-1 plants is not associated with a mutation in FAD7 but rather with a second-site mutation in GLABRA1 (GL1), a gene well known for its role in trichome formation. The compromised SAR in gl1 plants is associated with impairment in their cuticles. Furthermore, mutations in two other components of trichome development, GL3 and TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1, also impaired cuticle development and SAR. This suggests an overlap in the biochemical pathways leading to cuticle and trichome development. Interestingly, exogenous application of gibberellic acid (GA) not only enhanced SAR in wild-type plants but also restored SAR in gl1 plants. In contrast to GA, the defense phytohoromes salicylic acid and jasmonic acid were unable to restore SAR in gl1 plants. GA application increased levels of cuticular components but not trichome formation on gl1 plants, thus implicating cuticle, but not trichomes, as an important component of SAR. Our findings question the prudence of using mutant backgrounds for genetic screens and underscore a need to reevaluate phenotypes previously studied in the gl1 background.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pradeep Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546 (Y.X., K.Y., K.S., A.K., P.K.); United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University, Prosser, Washington 99350 (D.N.)
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Heil M, Ton J. Systemic Resistance Induction by Vascular and Airborne Signaling. PROGRESS IN BOTANY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-02167-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Olczak-Woltman H, Schollenberger M, Niemirowicz-Szczytt K. Genetic background of host-pathogen interaction between Cucumis sativus L. and Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans. J Appl Genet 2009; 50:1-7. [PMID: 19193976 DOI: 10.1007/bf03195645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The interplay of plant resistance mechanisms and bacterial pathogenicity is very complex. This applies also to the interaction that takes place between the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans (Smith et Bryan) and the cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as its host plant. Research on P. syringae pv. lachrymans has led to the discovery of specific factors produced during pathogenesis, i.e. toxins or enzymes. Similarly, studies on cucumber have identified the specific types of plant resistance expressed, namely Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) or Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR). This paper presents a summary of the current state of knowledge about this particular host-pathogen interaction, with reference to general information about interactions of P. syringae pathovars with host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Olczak-Woltman
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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Xia Y, Gao QM, Yu K, Lapchyk L, Navarre D, Hildebrand D, Kachroo A, Kachroo P. An Intact Cuticle in Distal Tissues Is Essential for the Induction of Systemic Acquired Resistance in Plants. Cell Host Microbe 2009; 5:151-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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44
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Evtushenko EV, Saprykin VA, Galitsyn MY, Chekurov VM. The effect of biologically active substances from coniferous plants on the L-phenylalanine ammonia lyase and peroxidase activities in wheat leaves. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683808010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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45
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Gaupels F, Furch ACU, Will T, Mur LAJ, Kogel KH, van Bel AJE. Nitric oxide generation in Vicia faba phloem cells reveals them to be sensitive detectors as well as possible systemic transducers of stress signals. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 178:634-46. [PMID: 18312539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Vascular tissue was recently shown to be capable of producing nitric oxide (NO), but the production sites and sources were not precisely determined. Here, NO synthesis was analysed in the phloem of Vicia faba in response to stress- and pathogen defence-related compounds. The chemical stimuli were added to shallow paradermal cortical cuts in the main veins of leaves attached to intact plants. NO production in the bare-lying phloem area was visualized by real-time confocal laser scanning microscopy using the NO-specific fluorochrome 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate (DAF-2 DA). Abundant NO generation in companion cells was induced by 500 microm salicylic acid (SA) and 10 microm hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), but the fungal elicitor chitooctaose was much less effective. Phloem NO production was found to be dependent on Ca(2+) and mitochondrial electron transport and pharmacological approaches found evidence for activity of a plant NO synthase but not a nitrate reductase. DAF fluorescence increased most strongly in companion cells and was occasionally observed in phloem parenchyma cells. Significantly, accumulation of NO in sieve elements could be demonstrated. These findings suggest that the phloem perceives and produces stress-related signals and that one mechanism of distal signalling involves the production and transport of NO in the phloem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Gaupels
- Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, IFZ, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Glyan’ko AK, Akimova GP, Makarova LE, Sokolova MG, Vasil’eva GG. Oxidative processes at initial stages of interaction of nodule bacteria (Rhizobium leguminosarum) and pea (Pisum sativum L.): A review. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683807050043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ravirala RS, Barabote RD, Wheeler DM, Reverchon S, Tatum O, Malouf J, Liu H, Pritchard L, Hedley PE, Birch PRJ, Toth IK, Payton P, San Francisco MJD. Efflux pump gene expression in Erwinia chrysanthemi is induced by exposure to phenolic acids. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2007; 20:313-20. [PMID: 17378434 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-20-3-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an important signaling molecule in local and systemic plant resistance. Following infection by microbial pathogens and the initial oxidative burst in plants, SA accumulation functions in the amplification of defense gene expression. Production of pathogenesis-related proteins and toxic antimicrobial chemicals serves to protect the plant from infection. Successful microbial pathogens utilize a variety of mechanisms to rid themselves of toxic antimicrobial compounds. Important among these mechanisms are multidrug-resistance pumps that bring about the active efflux of toxic compounds from microbial cells. Here, we show that a combination SA and its precursors, t-cinnamic acid and benzoic acid, can activate expression of specific multidrug efflux pump-encoding genes in the plant pathogen Erwinia chrysanthemi and enhance survival of the bacterium in the presence of model as well as plant-derived antimicrobial chemicals. This ability of plant-pathogenic bacteria to co-opt plant defense-signaling molecules to activate multidrug efflux pumps may have evolved to ensure bacterial survival in susceptible host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramani S Ravirala
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409, UA
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Ahn IP, Kim S, Lee YH, Suh SC. Vitamin B1-induced priming is dependent on hydrogen peroxide and the NPR1 gene in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 143:838-48. [PMID: 17158583 PMCID: PMC1803731 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.092627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Thiamine confers systemic acquired resistance (SAR) on susceptible plants through priming, leading to rapid counterattack against pathogen invasion and perturbation of disease progress. Priming reduces the metabolic cost required for constitutive expression of acquired resistance. To investigate the effects of priming by thiamine on defense-related responses, Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) was treated with thiamine and effects of pathogen challenge on the production of active oxygen species, callose deposition, hypersensitive cell death, and pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1)/Phe ammonia-lyase 1 (PAL1) gene expression was analyzed. Thiamine did not induce cellular and molecular defense responses except for transient expression of PR1 per se; however, subsequent Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato challenge triggered pronounced cellular defense responses and advanced activation of PR1/PAL1 gene transcription. Thiamine treatment and subsequent pathogen invasion triggered hydrogen peroxide accumulation, callose induction, and PR1/PAL1 transcription activation in Arabidopsis mutants insensitive to jasmonic acid (jar1), ethylene (etr1), or abscisic acid (abi3-3), but not in plants expressing bacterial NahG and lacking regulation of SAR (npr1 [nonexpressor of PR genes 1]). Moreover, removal of hydrogen peroxide by catalase almost completely nullified cellular and molecular defense responses as well as SAR abolishing bacterial propagation within plants. Our results indicated that priming is an important cellular mechanism in SAR by thiamine and requires hydrogen peroxide and intact NPR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Pyung Ahn
- National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Suwon 441-100, Korea.
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Kubota M, Nishi K. Salicylic acid accumulates in the roots and hypocotyl after inoculation of cucumber leaves with Colletotrichum lagenarium. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 163:1111-7. [PMID: 17032616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2005] [Accepted: 09/26/2005] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Increased amounts of salicylic acid (SA) were detected in the roots and hypocotyl of cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus) using high-performance liquid chromatography following inoculation of the leaves with the anthracnose pathogen, Colletotrichum lagenarium. The concentrations of SA in the internodes immediately below the infected leaves increased to more than 1microg/g fresh weight. In contrast, the concentrations of SA in stems distant from, or above the infected leaves increased to 100-300ng/g. An increase in SA levels was observed in the upper stem 2d after inoculation, followed by the hypocotyl with an increase detected 4d after inoculation. An initial increase in the SA levels was detected in the stem, followed by an increase in SA levels in the root from a basal level of approximately 300ng/g to more than 1microg/g. The increased level of SA in the lower leaves was less than 100ng/g. These results indicate that the levels of SA in the hypocotyl and root increased significantly following inoculation of the leaves with a microorganism capable of inducing SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Kubota
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Fruit Vegetables, National Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science (NIVTS), 360 Kusawa, Ano, Mie 514-2392 Japan.
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Conrath U. Systemic acquired resistance. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2006; 1:179-84. [PMID: 19521483 PMCID: PMC2634024 DOI: 10.4161/psb.1.4.3221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Upon infection with necrotizing pathogens many plants develop an enhanced resistance to further pathogen attack also in the uninoculated organs. This type of enhanced resistance is referred to as systemic acquired resistance (SAR). In the SAR state, plants are primed (sensitized) to more quickly and more effectively activate defense responses the second time they encounter pathogen attack. Since SAR depends on the ability to access past experience, acquired disease resistance is a paradigm for the existence of a form of "plant memory". Although the phenomenon has been known since the beginning of the 20th century, major progress in the understanding of SAR was made over the past sixteen years. This review covers the current knowledge of molecular, biochemical and physiological mechanisms that are associated with SAR.
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