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Roussin-Léveillée C, Mackey D, Ekanayake G, Gohmann R, Moffett P. Extracellular niche establishment by plant pathogens. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:360-372. [PMID: 38191847 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00999-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The plant extracellular space, referred to as the apoplast, is inhabited by a variety of microorganisms. Reflecting the crucial nature of this compartment, both plants and microorganisms seek to control, exploit and respond to its composition. Upon sensing the apoplastic environment, pathogens activate virulence programmes, including the delivery of effectors with well-established roles in suppressing plant immunity. We posit that another key and foundational role of effectors is niche establishment - specifically, the manipulation of plant physiological processes to enrich the apoplast in water and nutritive metabolites. Facets of plant immunity counteract niche establishment by restricting water, nutrients and signals for virulence activation. The complex competition to control and, in the case of pathogens, exploit the apoplast provides remarkable insights into the nature of virulence, host susceptibility, host defence and, ultimately, the origin of phytopathogenesis. This novel framework focuses on the ecology of a microbial niche and highlights areas of future research on plant-microorganism interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Mackey
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Gayani Ekanayake
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Reid Gohmann
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Peter Moffett
- Centre SÈVE, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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2
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Pavlovic T, Margarit E, Müller GL, Saenz E, Ruzzo AI, Drincovich MF, Borrás L, Saigo M, Wheeler MCG. Differential metabolic reprogramming in developing soybean embryos in response to nutritional conditions and abscisic acid. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:89-103. [PMID: 37702897 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-023-01377-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Seed storage compound deposition is influenced by both maternal and filial tissues. Within this framework, we analyzed strategies that operate during the development and filling of soybean embryos, using in vitro culture systems combined with metabolomics and proteomics approaches. The carbon:nitrogen ratio (C:N) of the maternal supply and the hormone abscisic acid (ABA) are specific and interacting signals inducing differential metabolic reprogrammings linked to changes in the accumulation of storage macromolecules like proteins or oils. Differences in the abundance of sugars, amino acids, enzymes, transporters, transcription factors, and proteins involved in signaling were detected. Embryos adapted to the nutritional status by enhancing the metabolism of both carbon and nitrogen under lower C:N ratio condition or only carbon under higher C:N ratio condition. ABA turned off multiple pathways especially in high availability of amino acids, prioritizing the storage compounds biosynthesis. Common responses induced by ABA involved increased sucrose uptake (to increase the sink force) and oleosin (oil body structural component) accumulation. In turn, ABA differentially promoted protein degradation under lower nitrogen supply in order to sustain the metabolic demands. Further, the operation of a citrate shuttle was suggested by transcript quantification and enzymatic activity measurements. The results obtained are useful to help define biotechnological tools and technological approaches to improve oil and protein yields, with direct impact on human and animal nutrition as well as in green chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Pavlovic
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 570, S2000LRJ, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Margarit
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 570, S2000LRJ, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Leticia Müller
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 570, S2000LRJ, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Saenz
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario (IICAR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Campo Experimental Villarino CC14, S2125ZAA, Zavalla, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Andrés Iván Ruzzo
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 570, S2000LRJ, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Fabiana Drincovich
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 570, S2000LRJ, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Lucas Borrás
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario (IICAR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Campo Experimental Villarino CC14, S2125ZAA, Zavalla, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Mariana Saigo
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 570, S2000LRJ, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Mariel Claudia Gerrard Wheeler
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 570, S2000LRJ, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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3
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Fan W, Liao X, Tan Y, Wang X, Schroeder JI, Li Z. Arabidopsis PLANT U-BOX44 down-regulates osmotic stress signaling by mediating Ca2+-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE4 degradation. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:3870-3888. [PMID: 37338064 PMCID: PMC10533340 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+)-dependent protein kinases (CPKs) are essential regulators of plant responses to diverse environmental stressors, including osmotic stress. CPKs are activated by an increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels triggered by osmotic stress. However, how the levels of active CPK protein are dynamically and precisely regulated has yet to be determined. Here, we demonstrate that NaCl/mannitol-induced osmotic stress promoted the accumulation of CPK4 protein by disrupting its 26S proteasome-mediated CPK4 degradation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We isolated PLANT U-BOX44 (PUB44), a U-box type E3 ubiquitin ligase that ubiquitinates CPK4 and triggers its degradation. A calcium-free or kinase-inactive CPK4 variant was preferentially degraded compared to the Ca2+-bound active form of CPK4. Furthermore, PUB44 exhibited a CPK4-dependent negative role in the response of plants to osmotic stress. Osmotic stress induced the accumulation of CPK4 protein by inhibiting PUB44-mediated CPK4 degradation. The present findings reveal a mechanism for regulating CPK protein levels and establish the relevance of PUB44-dependent CPK4 regulation in modulating plant osmotic stress responses, providing insights into osmotic stress signal transduction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fan
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiliang Liao
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yanqiu Tan
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiruo Wang
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zixing Li
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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4
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Ma J, Geng Y, Liu H, Zhang M, Liu S, Hao C, Hou J, Zhang Y, Zhang D, Zhang W, Zhang X, Li T. TaTIP41 and TaTAP46 positively regulate drought tolerance in wheat by inhibiting PP2A activity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:2056-2070. [PMID: 37310066 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a major environmental stress limiting global wheat (Triticum aestivum) production. Exploring drought tolerance genes is important for improving drought adaptation in this crop. Here, we cloned and characterized TaTIP41, a novel drought tolerance gene in wheat. TaTIP41 is a putative conserved component of target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling, and the TaTIP41 homoeologs were expressed in response to drought stress and abscisic acid (ABA). The overexpression of TaTIP41 enhanced drought tolerance and the ABA response, including ABA-induced stomatal closure, while its downregulation using RNA interference (RNAi) had the opposite effect. Furthermore, TaTIP41 physically interacted with TaTAP46, another conserved component of TOR signaling. Like TaTIP41, TaTAP46 positively regulated drought tolerance. Furthermore, TaTIP41 and TaTAP46 interacted with type-2A protein phosphatase (PP2A) catalytic subunits, such as TaPP2A-2, and inhibited their enzymatic activities. Silencing TaPP2A-2 improved drought tolerance in wheat. Together, our findings provide new insights into the roles of TaTIP41 and TaTAP46 in the drought tolerance and ABA response in wheat, and their potential application in improving wheat environmental adaptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Yuke Geng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Shujuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chenyang Hao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jian Hou
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Youfu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Daijing Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- Crop Research Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, China
| | - Xueyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tian Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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5
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Tulva I, Välbe M, Merilo E. Plants lacking OST1 show conditional stomatal closure and wildtype-like growth sensitivity at high VPD. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14030. [PMID: 37882302 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Climate change-associated rise in VPD (atmospheric vapor pressure deficit) results in increased plant transpiration and reduced stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, biomass, and yield. High VPD-induced stomatal closure of Arabidopsis is an active process regulated via the kinase SnRK2.6 (OPEN STOMATA 1, OST1). Here, we performed gas exchange, leaf water potential and rosette growth measurements to study, whether (1) high VPD-induced stomatal closure is detected in plants carrying loss-of-function mutations in OST1 (ost1-3) when they are grown at reduced soil water content or measured at increased air temperature; (2) ost1-3 plants expressing OST1 construct with no ABA-activation domain, but intact ABA-independent activation, show stronger stomatal VPD response compared with ost1-3 plants; and (3) rosette area and biomass of ost1-3 are more affected by growth at high VPD compared with Col-0. The stomata of well-watered ost1-3 plants were insensitive to high VPD regardless of air temperature, but in deficit-irrigated ost1-3, leaf water potential decreased the most and stomata closed at high VPD. Differences between VPD-induced stomatal closures of ost1-3 plants and ost1-3 plants expressing OST1 with no ABA-activation domain point at gradual VPD-induced ABA-independent activation of OST1. High VPD conditions led to similar reductions in rosette area and specific leaf area of well-watered Col-0 and ost1-3 plants. Rosette dry mass was unaffected by high VPD. Our results show that OST1 loss-of-function plants display conditional stomatal closure and no extra sensitivity of rosette area growth compared with Col-0 wildtype under high VPD conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingmar Tulva
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mikk Välbe
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ebe Merilo
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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6
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Heidari B, Nemie-Feyissa D, Lillo C. Distinct Clades of Protein Phosphatase 2A Regulatory B'/B56 Subunits Engage in Different Physiological Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12255. [PMID: 37569631 PMCID: PMC10418862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a strongly conserved and major protein phosphatase in all eukaryotes. The canonical PP2A complex consists of a catalytic (C), scaffolding (A), and regulatory (B) subunit. Plants have three groups of evolutionary distinct B subunits: B55, B' (B56), and B''. Here, the Arabidopsis B' group is reviewed and compared with other eukaryotes. Members of the B'α/B'β clade are especially important for chromatid cohesion, and dephosphorylation of transcription factors that mediate brassinosteroid (BR) signaling in the nucleus. Other B' subunits interact with proteins at the cell membrane to dampen BR signaling or harness immune responses. The transition from vegetative to reproductive phase is influenced differentially by distinct B' subunits; B'α and B'β being of little importance, whereas others (B'γ, B'ζ, B'η, B'θ, B'κ) promote transition to flowering. Interestingly, the latter B' subunits have three motifs in a conserved manner, i.e., two docking sites for protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), and a POLO consensus phosphorylation site between these motifs. This supports the view that a conserved PP1-PP2A dephosphorelay is important in a variety of signaling contexts throughout eukaryotes. A profound understanding of these regulators may help in designing future crops and understand environmental issues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cathrine Lillo
- IKBM, Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway; (B.H.); (D.N.-F.)
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Née G, Krüger T. Dry side of the core: a meta-analysis addressing the original nature of the ABA signalosome at the onset of seed imbibition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1192652. [PMID: 37476171 PMCID: PMC10354442 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1192652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The timing of seedling emergence is a major agricultural and ecological fitness trait, and seed germination is controlled by a complex molecular network including phytohormone signalling. One such phytohormone, abscisic acid (ABA), controls a large array of stress and developmental processes, and researchers have long known it plays a crucial role in repressing germination. Although the main molecular components of the ABA signalling pathway have now been identified, the molecular mechanisms through which ABA elicits specific responses in distinct organs is still enigmatic. To address the fundamental characteristics of ABA signalling during germination, we performed a meta-analysis focusing on the Arabidopsis dry seed proteome as a reflexion basis. We combined cutting-edge proteome studies, comparative functional analyses, and protein interaction information with genetic and physiological data to redefine the singular composition and operation of the ABA core signalosome from the onset of seed imbibition. In addition, we performed a literature survey to integrate peripheral regulators present in seeds that directly regulate core component function. Although this may only be the tip of the iceberg, this extended model of ABA signalling in seeds already depicts a highly flexible system able to integrate a multitude of information to fine-tune the progression of germination.
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Máthé C, Freytag C, Kelemen A, M-Hamvas M, Garda T. "B" Regulatory Subunits of PP2A: Their Roles in Plant Development and Stress Reactions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065147. [PMID: 36982222 PMCID: PMC10049431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase PP2A is an enzyme complex consisting of C (catalytic), A (scaffold) and B (regulatory) subunits. B subunits are a large family of proteins that regulate activity, substrate specificity and subcellular localization of the holoenzyme. Knowledge on the molecular functions of PP2A in plants is less than for protein kinases, but it is rapidly increasing. B subunits are responsible for the large diversity of PP2A functioning. This paper intends to give a survey on their multiple regulatory mechanisms. Firstly, we give a short description on our current knowledge in terms of "B"-mediated regulation of metabolic pathways. Next, we present their subcellular localizations, which extend from the nucleus to the cytosol and membrane compartments. The next sections show how B subunits regulate cellular processes from mitotic division to signal transduction pathways, including hormone signaling, and then the emerging evidence for their regulatory (mostly modulatory) roles in both abiotic and biotic stress responses in plants. Knowledge on these issues should be increased in the near future, since it contributes to a better understanding of how plant cells work, it may have agricultural applications, and it may have new insights into how vascular plants including crops face diverse environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Máthé
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csongor Freytag
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Kelemen
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Márta M-Hamvas
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Garda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Freytag C, Garda T, Kónya Z, M-Hamvas M, Tóth-Várady B, Juhász GP, Ujlaky-Nagy L, Kelemen A, Vasas G, Máthé C. B" and C subunits of PP2A regulate the levels of reactive oxygen species and superoxide dismutase activities in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 195:182-192. [PMID: 36640685 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The serine-threonine protein phosphatases PP2A regulate many cellular processes, however their role in oxidative stress responses and defence is less known. We show the involvement of its C (catalytic) and B" (a regulatory) subunits. The c3c4 (C subunit) and fass (B") subunit mutants and Col wt of Arabidopsis were used. Controls and treatments with the PP2A inhibitor microcystin-LR (MCY-LR) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) inducer diquat (DQ) were employed. ROS levels of primary roots were largely genotype dependent and both C and B" subunit mutants had increased sensitivity to MCY-LR and DQ indicating the involvement of these subunits in oxidative stress induction. Superoxide dismutases (SOD), mainly the Cu/Zn-SOD isoform, as key enzymes involved in ROS scavenging are also showing altered (mostly increased) activities in both c3c4 and fass mutants and have opposite relations to ROS induction. This indicates that the two types of subunits involved have partially different regulatory roles. In relation to this, control and MCY-LR/DQ treated B" subunit mutants were proven to have altered levels of phosphorylation of histone H2AX. γH2AX, the phosphorylated form indicates double stranded DNA damage during oxidative stress. Overall we point out the probable pivotal role of several PP2A subunits in the regulation of oxidative stress responses in plants and pave the way for future research to reveal the signaling pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csongor Freytag
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Garda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Kónya
- Department of Medical Chemisty, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Márta M-Hamvas
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Balázs Tóth-Várady
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Gabriella Petra Juhász
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - László Ujlaky-Nagy
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Adrienn Kelemen
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Vasas
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Csaba Máthé
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
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10
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Subodh, Ravina, Priyanka, Narang J, Mohan H. Biosensors for phytohormone Abscisic acid and its role in humans: A review. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2023.100234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
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11
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Chen L. Emerging roles of protein phosphorylation in regulation of stomatal development. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 280:153882. [PMID: 36493667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Stomata, tiny epidermal spores, control gas exchange between plants and their external environment, thereby playing essential roles in plant development and physiology. Stomatal development requires rapid regulation of components in signaling pathways to respond flexibly to numerous intrinsic and extrinsic signals. In support of this, reversible phosphorylation, which is particularly suitable for rapid signal transduction, has been implicated in this process. This review highlights the current understanding of the essential roles of reversible phosphorylation in the regulation of stomatal development, most of which comes from the dicot Arabidopsis thaliana. Protein phosphorylation tightly controls the activity of SPEECHLESS (SPCH)-SCREAM (SCRM), the stomatal lineage switch, and the activity of several mitogen-activated protein kinases and receptor kinases upstream of SPCH-SCRM, thereby regulating stomatal cell differentiation and patterning. In addition, protein phosphorylation is involved in the establishment of cell polarity during stomatal asymmetric cell division. Finally, cyclin-dependent kinase-mediated protein phosphorylation plays essential roles in cell cycle control during stomatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China.
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12
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Saini LK, Bheri M, Pandey GK. Protein phosphatases and their targets: Comprehending the interactions in plant signaling pathways. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 134:307-370. [PMID: 36858740 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a vital reversible post-translational modification. This process is established by two classes of enzymes: protein kinases and protein phosphatases. Protein kinases phosphorylate proteins while protein phosphatases dephosphorylate phosphorylated proteins, thus, functioning as 'critical regulators' in signaling pathways. The eukaryotic protein phosphatases are classified as phosphoprotein phosphatases (PPP), metallo-dependent protein phosphatases (PPM), protein tyrosine (Tyr) phosphatases (PTP), and aspartate (Asp)-dependent phosphatases. The PPP and PPM families are serine (Ser)/threonine (Thr) specific phosphatases (STPs) that dephosphorylate Ser and Thr residues. The PTP family dephosphorylates Tyr residues while dual-specificity phosphatases (DsPTPs/DSPs) dephosphorylate Ser, Thr, and Tyr residues. The composition of these enzymes as well as their substrate specificity are important determinants of their functional significance in a number of cellular processes and stress responses. Their role in animal systems is well-understood and characterized. The functional characterization of protein phosphatases has been extensively covered in plants, although the comprehension of their mechanistic basis is an ongoing pursuit. The nature of their interactions with other key players in the signaling process is vital to our understanding. The substrates or targets determine their potential as well as magnitude of the impact they have on signaling pathways. In this article, we exclusively overview the various substrates of protein phosphatases in plant signaling pathways, which are a critical determinant of the outcome of various developmental and stress stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh K Saini
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Malathi Bheri
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Girdhar K Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India.
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13
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Chen Z, Wang L. ALA Upregulates MdPTPA Expression to Increase the PP2A Activity and Promote Stomatal Opening in Apple Leaves. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 325:111490. [PMID: 36216297 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a new natural plant growth regulator that inhibits abscisic acid (ABA)-induced stomatal closure. Studies have shown that protein phosphatase 2 A (PP2A) is involved in ALA-ABA antagonistically regulating stomatal movement; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying remain unclear. Here, we report that ALA promoted MdPP2A activity and the MdPP2AC expression in the epidermis of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh. cv. Fuji) leaves. Y2H (Yeast two hybrid), BiFC (Bimolecular fluorescence complement), and FLC (Firefly luciferase complementation imaging assay) analysis showed that MdPP2AC interacted with MdPTPA, a phosphortyrosyl phosphatase activator. Furthermore, the transient overexpression or interference-expression of MdPTPA transgenic apple leaves were developed. The results showed that overexpression of MdPTPA promoted stomatal opening by reducing Ca2+ and H2O2 but increasing flavonols in guard cells. Conversely, when the MdPTPA was silenced in transient transgenic apple leaves, the Ca2+, H2O2 and flavonols in guard cells and stomatal movement were completely conversed. In the transgenic apple leaves, exogenous ALA stimulated PP2A but repressed SnRK2.6 activity, while the responses are the same as that in the wild type. Therefore, we propose that MdPTPA, which increases the PP2A activity, mediates ALA signaling to promote stomatal opening in apple leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Liangju Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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14
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Shao Z, Zhao B, Kotla P, Burns JG, Tran J, Ke M, Chen X, Browning KS, Qiao H. Phosphorylation status of Bβ subunit acts as a switch to regulate the function of phosphatase PP2A in ethylene-mediated root growth inhibition. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1762-1778. [PMID: 36073540 PMCID: PMC9828452 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The various combinations and regulations of different subunits of phosphatase PP2A holoenzymes underlie their functional complexity and importance. However, molecular mechanisms governing the assembly of PP2A complex in response to external or internal signals remain largely unknown, especially in Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that the phosphorylation status of Bβ of PP2A acts as a switch to regulate the activity of PP2A. In the absence of ethylene, phosphorylated Bβ leads to an inactivation of PP2A; the substrate EIR1 remains to be phosphorylated, preventing the EIR1-mediated auxin transport in epidermis, leading to normal root growth. Upon ethylene treatment, the dephosphorylated Bβ mediates the formation of the A2-C4-Bβ protein complex to activate PP2A, resulting in the dephosphorylation of EIR1 to promote auxin transport in epidermis of elongation zone, leading to root growth inhibition. Altogether, our research revealed a novel molecular mechanism by which the dephosphorylation of Bβ subunit switches on PP2A activity to dephosphorylate EIR1 to establish EIR1-mediated auxin transport in the epidermis in elongation zone for root growth inhibition in response to ethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyao Shao
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular BiologyThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTX78712USA
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTX78712USA
| | - Bo Zhao
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular BiologyThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTX78712USA
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTX78712USA
| | - Prashanth Kotla
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular BiologyThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTX78712USA
| | - Jackson G. Burns
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular BiologyThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTX78712USA
| | - Jaclyn Tran
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular BiologyThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTX78712USA
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTX78712USA
| | - Meiyu Ke
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics CenterFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian350002China
| | - Xu Chen
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics CenterFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian350002China
| | - Karen S. Browning
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular BiologyThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTX78712USA
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTX78712USA
| | - Hong Qiao
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular BiologyThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTX78712USA
- Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTX78712USA
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15
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Li K, Cheng K, Wang H, Zhang Q, Yang Y, Jin Y, He X, Wu R. Disentangling leaf-microbiome interactions in Arabidopsis thaliana by network mapping. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:996121. [PMID: 36275601 PMCID: PMC9583167 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.996121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The leaf microbiota plays a key role in plant development, but a detailed mechanism of microbe-plant relationships remains elusive. Many genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have begun to map leaf microbes, but few have systematically characterized the genetics of how microbes act and interact. Previously, we integrated behavioral ecology and game theory to define four types of microbial interactions - mutualism, antagonism, aggression, and altruism, in a microbial community assembly. Here, we apply network mapping to identify specific plant genes that mediate the topological architecture of microbial networks. Analyzing leaf microbiome data from an Arabidopsis GWAS, we identify several heritable hub microbes for leaf microbial communities and detect 140-728 SNPs (Single nucleotide polymorphisms) responsible for emergent properties of microbial network. We reconstruct Bayesian genetic networks from which to identify 22-43 hub genes found to code molecular pathways related to leaf growth, abiotic stress responses, disease resistance and nutrition uptake. A further path analysis visualizes how genetic variants of Arabidopsis affect its fecundity through the internal workings of the leaf microbiome. We find that microbial networks and their genetic control vary along spatiotemporal gradients. Our study provides a new avenue to reveal the "endophenotype" role of microbial networks in linking genotype to end-point phenotypes in plants. Our integrative theory model provides a powerful tool to understand the mechanistic basis of structural-functional relationships within the leaf microbiome and supports the need for future research on plant breeding and synthetic microbial consortia with a specific function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihang Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Cheng
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Haochen Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Jin
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqing He
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Rongling Wu
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Departments of Public Health Sciences and Statistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
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16
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Jin X. Regulatory Network of Serine/Arginine-Rich (SR) Proteins: The Molecular Mechanism and Physiological Function in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710147. [PMID: 36077545 PMCID: PMC9456285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins are a type of splicing factor. They play significant roles in constitutive and alternative pre-mRNA splicing, and are involved in post-splicing activities, such as mRNA nuclear export, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, mRNA translation, and miRNA biogenesis. In plants, SR proteins function under a complex regulatory network by protein–protein and RNA–protein interactions between SR proteins, other splicing factors, other proteins, or even RNAs. The regulatory networks of SR proteins are complex—they are regulated by the SR proteins themselves, they are phosphorylated and dephosphorylated through interactions with kinase, and they participate in signal transduction pathways, whereby signaling cascades can link the splicing machinery to the exterior environment. In a complex network, SR proteins are involved in plant growth and development, signal transduction, responses to abiotic and biotic stresses, and metabolism. Here, I review the current status of research on plant SR proteins, construct a model of SR proteins function, and ask many questions about SR proteins in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Jin
- Departmeng of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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17
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Overexpression of PpSnRK1α in Tomato Increased Autophagy Activity under Low Nutrient Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105464. [PMID: 35628273 PMCID: PMC9141306 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants suffer from a variety of environmental stresses during their growth and development. The evolutionarily conserved sucrose nonfermenting kinase 1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) plays a central role in the regulation of energy homeostasis in response to stresses. In plant cells, autophagy is a degradation process occurring during development or under stress, such as nutrient starvation. In recent years, SnRK1 signaling has been reported to be an upstream activator of autophagy. However, these studies all focused on the regulatory effect of SnRK1 on TOR signaling and the autophagy-related gene 1 (ATG1) complex. In this study, overexpression of the gene encoding the Prunus persica SnRK1 α subunit (PpSnRK1α) in tomato improved the photosynthetic rates and enhanced the resistance to low nutrient stress (LNS). Overexpression of PpSnRK1α increased autophagy activity and upregulated the expression of seven autophagy-related genes (ATGs). The transcriptional levels of SlSnRK2 family genes were altered significantly by PpSnRK1α, signifying that PpSnRK1α may be involved in the ABA signaling pathway. Further analysis showed that PpSnRK1α not only activated autophagy by inhibiting target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling but also enhanced ABA-induced autophagy. This indicates that PpSnRK1α regulates the photosynthetic rate and induces autophagy, and then responds to low nutrient stress.
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18
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Phosphorylation of DUF1639 protein by osmotic stress/ABA-activated protein kinase 10 regulates abscisic acid-induced antioxidant defense in rice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 604:30-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Zhu X, Shen G, Wijewardene I, Cai Y, Esmaeili N, Sun L, Zhang H. The B'ζ subunit of protein phosphatase 2A negatively regulates ethylene signaling in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 169:81-91. [PMID: 34773805 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene is a major plant hormone that regulates plant growth, development, and defense responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. The major pieces of the ethylene signaling pathway have been put together, although several details still need to be elucidated. For instance, the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation processes controlling the ethylene responses are poorly understood and need to be further explored. The type 2A protein phosphatase (PP2A) was suggested to play an important role in the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis, where the A1 subunit of PP2A was shown to be involved in the regulation of the rate-limiting enzyme of the ethylene biosynthetic pathway. However, whether other subunits of PP2A play roles in the ethylene signal transduction pathway is yet to be answered. In this study, we demonstrate that a B subunit, PP2A-B'ζ, positively regulates plant germination and seedling development, as a pp2a-b'ζ mutant is very sensitive to ethylene treatment. Furthermore, PP2A-B'ζ interacts with and stabilizes the kinase CTR1 (Constitutive Triple Response 1), a key enzyme in the ethylene signal transduction pathway, and like CTR1, PP2A-B'ζ negatively regulates ethylene signaling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunlu Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Guoxin Shen
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Inosha Wijewardene
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Yifan Cai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Nardana Esmaeili
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
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20
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Lee BR, Zaman R, La VH, Bae DW, Kim TH. Ethephon-Induced Ethylene Enhances Starch Degradation and Sucrose Transport with an Interactive Abscisic Acid-Mediated Manner in Mature Leaves of Oilseed rape ( Brassica napus L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1670. [PMID: 34451716 PMCID: PMC8400741 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The leaf senescence process is characterized by the degradation of macromolecules in mature leaves and the remobilization of degradation products via phloem transport. The phytohormone ethylene mediates leaf senescence. This study aimed to investigate the ethephon-induced ethylene effects on starch degradation and sucrose remobilization through their interactive regulation with other hormones. Ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) was used as an ethylene-generating agent. Endogenous hormonal status, carbohydrate compounds, starch degradation-related gene expression, sucrose transporter gene expression, and phloem sucrose loading were compared between the ethephon-treated plants and controls. Foliar ethephon spray enhanced the endogenous ethylene concentration and accelerated leaf senescence, as evidenced by reduced chlorophyll content and enhanced expression of the senescence-related gene SAG12. Ethephon-enhanced ethylene prominently enhanced the endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) level. accompanied with upregulation of ABA synthesis gene 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED3), ABA receptor gene pyrabactin resistance 1 (PYR1), and ABA signaling genes sucrose non-fermenting 1 (Snf1)-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2), ABA-responsive element binding 2 (AREB2), and basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor (MYC2).) Ethephon treatment decreased starch content by enhancing expression of the starch degradation-related genes α-amylase 3 (AMY3) and β-amylase 1 (BAM1), resulting in an increase in sucrose content in phloem exudates with enhanced expression of sucrose transporters, SUT1, SUT4, and SWEET11. These results suggest that a synergistic interaction between ethylene and ABA might account for sucrose accumulation, mainly due to starch degradation in mature leaves and sucrose phloem loading in the ethephon-induced senescent leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bok-Rye Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (B.-R.L.); (R.Z.); (V.H.L.)
- Asian Pear Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Rashed Zaman
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (B.-R.L.); (R.Z.); (V.H.L.)
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Van Hien La
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (B.-R.L.); (R.Z.); (V.H.L.)
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Quyet Thang, Thai Nguyen 24119, Vietnam
| | - Dong-Won Bae
- Central Instrument Facility, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (B.-R.L.); (R.Z.); (V.H.L.)
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21
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Zhang Y, Xia G, Zhu Q. Conserved and Unique Roles of Chaperone-Dependent E3 Ubiquitin Ligase CHIP in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:699756. [PMID: 34305988 PMCID: PMC8299108 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.699756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Protein quality control (PQC) is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis by reducing protein misfolding and aggregation. Major PQC mechanisms include protein refolding assisted by molecular chaperones and the degradation of misfolded and aggregated proteins using the proteasome and autophagy. A C-terminus of heat shock protein (Hsp) 70-interacting protein [carboxy-terminal Hsp70-interacting protein (CHIP)] is a chaperone-dependent and U-box-containing E3 ligase. CHIP is a key molecule in PQC by recognizing misfolded proteins through its interacting chaperones and targeting their degradation. CHIP also ubiquitinates native proteins and plays a regulatory role in other cellular processes, including signaling, development, DNA repair, immunity, and aging in metazoans. As a highly conserved ubiquitin ligase, plant CHIP plays an important role in response to a broad spectrum of biotic and abiotic stresses. CHIP protects chloroplasts by coordinating chloroplast PQC both outside and inside the important photosynthetic organelle of plant cells. CHIP also modulates the activity of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a crucial component in a network of plant signaling, including abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. In this review, we discuss the structure, cofactors, activities, and biological function of CHIP with an emphasis on both its conserved and unique roles in PQC, stress responses, and signaling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qianggen Zhu
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, China
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22
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Vu LD, Xu X, Zhu T, Pan L, van Zanten M, de Jong D, Wang Y, Vanremoortele T, Locke AM, van de Cotte B, De Winne N, Stes E, Russinova E, De Jaeger G, Van Damme D, Uauy C, Gevaert K, De Smet I. The membrane-localized protein kinase MAP4K4/TOT3 regulates thermomorphogenesis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2842. [PMID: 33990595 PMCID: PMC8121802 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to mild warm temperature conditions by increased elongation growth of organs to enhance cooling capacity, in a process called thermomorphogenesis. To this date, the regulation of thermomorphogenesis has been exclusively shown to intersect with light signalling pathways. To identify regulators of thermomorphogenesis that are conserved in flowering plants, we map changes in protein phosphorylation in both dicots and monocots exposed to warm temperature. We identify MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASE KINASE KINASE4 (MAP4K4)/TARGET OF TEMPERATURE3 (TOT3) as a regulator of thermomorphogenesis that impinges on brassinosteroid signalling in Arabidopsis thaliana. In addition, we show that TOT3 plays a role in thermal response in wheat, a monocot crop. Altogether, the conserved thermal regulation by TOT3 expands our knowledge of thermomorphogenesis beyond the well-studied pathways and can contribute to ensuring food security under a changing climate. Plants respond to warmth via growth processes termed thermomorphogenesis. Here, via a phosphoproteomics approach, the authors show that the mitogen activated protein kinase TOT3 regulates thermomorphogenesis in both wheat and Arabidopsis and modifies brassinosteroid signaling in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam Dai Vu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xiangyu Xu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lixia Pan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martijn van Zanten
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3584CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dorrit de Jong
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yaowei Wang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim Vanremoortele
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anna M Locke
- Soybean & Nitrogen Fixation Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture- Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.,Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Brigitte van de Cotte
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nancy De Winne
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Stes
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Headquarters, 9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert De Jaeger
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniël Van Damme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cristobal Uauy
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium. .,VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Ive De Smet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium. .,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium.
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23
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Sirko A, Wawrzyńska A, Brzywczy J, Sieńko M. Control of ABA Signaling and Crosstalk with Other Hormones by the Selective Degradation of Pathway Components. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4638. [PMID: 33924944 PMCID: PMC8125534 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid and appropriate genetic and metabolic acclimation, which is crucial for plants' survival in a changing environment, is maintained due to the coordinated action of plant hormones and cellular degradation mechanisms influencing proteostasis. The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) rapidly accumulates in plants in response to environmental stress and plays a pivotal role in the reaction to various stimuli. Increasing evidence demonstrates a significant role of autophagy in controlling ABA signaling. This field has been extensively investigated and new discoveries are constantly being provided. We present updated information on the components of the ABA signaling pathway, particularly on transcription factors modified by different E3 ligases. Then, we focus on the role of selective autophagy in ABA pathway control and review novel evidence on the involvement of autophagy in different parts of the ABA signaling pathway that are important for crosstalk with other hormones, particularly cytokinins and brassinosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Sirko
- Laboratory of Plant Protein Homeostasis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Anna Wawrzyńska
- Laboratory of Plant Protein Homeostasis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.B.); (M.S.)
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24
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SPEECHLESS and MUTE Mediate Feedback Regulation of Signal Transduction during Stomatal Development. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030432. [PMID: 33668323 PMCID: PMC7996297 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal density, spacing, and patterning greatly influence the efficiency of gas exchange, photosynthesis, and water economy. They are regulated by a complex of extracellular and intracellular factors through the signaling pathways. After binding the extracellular epidermal patterning factor 1 (EPF1) and 2 (EPF2) as ligands, the receptor-ligand complexes activate by phosphorylation through the MAP-kinase cascades, regulating basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors SPEECHLESS (SPCH), MUTE, and FAMA. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms and signal transduction pathways running within the transition of the protodermal cell into a pair of guard cells with a space (aperture) between them, called a stoma, comprising asymmetric and symmetric cell divisions and draw several functional models. The feedback mechanisms involving the bHLH factors SPCH and MUTE are not fully recognized yet. We show the feedback mechanisms driven by SPCH and MUTE in the regulation of EPF2 and the ERECTA family. Intersections of the molecular mechanisms for fate determination of stomatal lineage cells with the role of core cell cycle-related genes and stabilization of SPCH and MUTE are also reported.
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Pang Q, Zhang T, Zhang A, Lin C, Kong W, Chen S. Proteomics and phosphoproteomics revealed molecular networks of stomatal immune responses. PLANTA 2020; 252:66. [PMID: 32979085 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03474-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic protein and phosphoprotein profiles uncovered the overall regulation of stomata movement against pathogen invasion and phosphorylation states of proteins involved in ABA, SA, calcium and ROS signaling, which may modulate the stomatal immune response. Stomatal openings represent a major route of pathogen entry into the plant, and plants have evolved mechanisms to regulate stomatal aperture as innate immune response against bacterial invasion. However, the mechanisms underlying stomatal immunity are not fully understood. Taking advantage of high-throughput liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), we performed label-free proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses of enriched guard cells in response to a bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000. In total, 495 proteins and 1229 phosphoproteins were identified as differentially regulated. These proteins are involved in a variety of signaling pathways, including abscisic acid and salicylic acid hormone signaling, calcium and reactive oxygen species signaling. We also showed that dynamic changes of phosphoprotein WRKY transcription factors may play a crucial role in regulating stomata movement in plant immunity. The identified proteins/phosphoproteins and the pathways form interactive molecular networks to regulate stomatal immunity. This study has provided new insights into the multifaceted mechanisms of stomatal immunity. The differential proteins and phosphoproteins are potential targets for engineering or breeding of crops for enhanced pathogen defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuying Pang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Aiqin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Chuwei Lin
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Wenwen Kong
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Bheri M, Mahiwal S, Sanyal SK, Pandey GK. Plant protein phosphatases: What do we know about their mechanism of action? FEBS J 2020; 288:756-785. [PMID: 32542989 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a major reversible post-translational modification. Protein phosphatases function as 'critical regulators' in signaling networks through dephosphorylation of proteins, which have been phosphorylated by protein kinases. A large understanding of their working has been sourced from animal systems rather than the plant or the prokaryotic systems. The eukaryotic protein phosphatases include phosphoprotein phosphatases (PPP), metallo-dependent protein phosphatases (PPM), protein tyrosine (Tyr) phosphatases (PTP), and aspartate (Asp)-dependent phosphatases. The PPP and PPM families are serine(Ser)/threonine(Thr)-specific phosphatases (STPs), while PTP family is Tyr specific. Dual-specificity phosphatases (DsPTPs/DSPs) dephosphorylate Ser, Thr, and Tyr residues. PTPs lack sequence homology with STPs, indicating a difference in catalytic mechanisms, while the PPP and PPM families share a similar structural fold indicating a common catalytic mechanism. The catalytic cysteine (Cys) residue in the conserved HCX5 R active site motif of the PTPs acts as a nucleophile during hydrolysis. The PPP members require metal ions, which coordinate the phosphate group of the substrate, followed by a nucleophilic attack by a water molecule and hydrolysis. The variable holoenzyme assembly of protein phosphatase(s) and the overlap with other post-translational modifications like acetylation and ubiquitination add to their complexity. Though their functional characterization is extensively reported in plants, the mechanistic nature of their action is still being explored by researchers. In this review, we exclusively overview the plant protein phosphatases with an emphasis on their mechanistic action as well as structural characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malathi Bheri
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Swati Mahiwal
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Sibaji K Sanyal
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Girdhar K Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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Bian C, Guo X, Zhang Y, Wang L, Xu T, DeLong A, Dong J. Protein phosphatase 2A promotes stomatal development by stabilizing SPEECHLESS in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:13127-13137. [PMID: 32434921 PMCID: PMC7293623 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1912075117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stomatal guard cells control gas exchange that allows plant photosynthesis but limits water loss from plants to the environment. In Arabidopsis, stomatal development is mainly controlled by a signaling pathway comprising peptide ligands, membrane receptors, a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, and a set of transcription factors. The initiation of the stomatal lineage requires the activity of the bHLH transcription factor SPEECHLESS (SPCH) with its partners. Multiple kinases were found to regulate SPCH protein stability and function through phosphorylation, yet no antagonistic protein phosphatase activities have been identified. Here, we identify the conserved PP2A phosphatases as positive regulators of Arabidopsis stomatal development. We show that mutations in genes encoding PP2A subunits result in lowered stomatal production in Arabidopsis Genetic analyses place the PP2A function upstream of SPCH. Pharmacological treatments support a role for PP2A in promoting SPCH protein stability. We further find that SPCH directly binds to the PP2A-A subunits in vitro. In plants, nonphosphorylatable SPCH proteins are less affected by PP2A activity levels. Thus, our research suggests that PP2A may function to regulate the phosphorylation status of the master transcription factor SPCH in stomatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Bian
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Yi Zhang
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University-Joint Centre, Horticulture and Metabolic Biology Centre, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Tongda Xu
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University-Joint Centre, Horticulture and Metabolic Biology Centre, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Alison DeLong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Juan Dong
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854;
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
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28
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Zhang L, Takahashi Y, Hsu PK, Kollist H, Merilo E, Krysan PJ, Schroeder JI. FRET kinase sensor development reveals SnRK2/OST1 activation by ABA but not by MeJA and high CO 2 during stomatal closure. eLife 2020; 9:e56351. [PMID: 32463362 PMCID: PMC7289597 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sucrose-non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase-2s (SnRK2s) are critical for plant abiotic stress responses, including abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Here, we develop a genetically encoded reporter for SnRK2 kinase activity. This sensor, named SNACS, shows an increase in the ratio of yellow to cyan fluorescence emission by OST1/SnRK2.6-mediated phosphorylation of a defined serine residue in SNACS. ABA rapidly increases FRET efficiency in N. benthamiana leaf cells and Arabidopsis guard cells. Interestingly, protein kinase inhibition decreases FRET efficiency in guard cells, providing direct experimental evidence that basal SnRK2 activity prevails in guard cells. Moreover, in contrast to ABA, the stomatal closing stimuli, elevated CO2 and MeJA, did not increase SNACS FRET ratios. These findings and gas exchange analyses of quintuple/sextuple ABA receptor mutants show that stomatal CO2 signaling requires basal ABA and SnRK2 signaling, but not SnRK2 activation. A recent model that CO2 signaling is mediated by PYL4/PYL5 ABA-receptors could not be supported here in two independent labs. We report a potent approach for real-time live-cell investigations of stress signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Yohei Takahashi
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Po-Kai Hsu
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Hannes Kollist
- Institute of Technology, University of TartuTartuEstonia
| | - Ebe Merilo
- Institute of Technology, University of TartuTartuEstonia
| | - Patrick J Krysan
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
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A massively parallel barcoded sequencing pipeline enables generation of the first ORFeome and interactome map for rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:11836-11842. [PMID: 32398372 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918068117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systematic mappings of protein interactome networks have provided invaluable functional information for numerous model organisms. Here we develop PCR-mediated Linkage of barcoded Adapters To nucleic acid Elements for sequencing (PLATE-seq) that serves as a general tool to rapidly sequence thousands of DNA elements. We validate its utility by generating the ORFeome for Oryza sativa covering 2,300 genes and constructing a high-quality protein-protein interactome map consisting of 322 interactions between 289 proteins, expanding the known interactions in rice by roughly 50%. Our work paves the way for high-throughput profiling of protein-protein interactions in a wide range of organisms.
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Chen J, Wang X, Zhang W, Zhang S, Zhao FJ. Protein phosphatase 2A alleviates cadmium toxicity by modulating ethylene production in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1008-1022. [PMID: 31916592 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is phytotoxic and detoxified primarily via phytochelatin (PC) complexation in Arabidopsis. Here, we explore Cd toxicity responses and defence mechanisms beyond the PC pathway using forward genetics approach. We isolated an Arabidopsis thaliana Cd-hypersensitive mutant, Cd-induced short root 1 (cdsr1) in the PC synthase mutant (cad1-3) background. Using genomic resequencing and complementation, we identified PP2A-4C as the causal gene for the mutant phenotype, which encodes a catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Root and shoot growth of cdsr1 cad1-3 and cdsr1 were more sensitive to Cd than their respective wild-type cad1-3 and Col-0. A mutant of the PP2A scaffolding subunit 1A was also more sensitive to Cd. PP2A-4C was localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus and PP2A-4C expression was downregulated by Cd in cad1-3. PP2A enzyme activity was decreased in cdsr1 and cdsr1 cad1-3 under Cd stress. The expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase genes ACS2 and ACS6 was upregulated by Cd more in cad1-3 and cdsr1 cad1-3 than in Col-0 and the double mutant had a higher ACS activity. cdsr1 cad1-3 and cdsr1 overproduced ethylene under Cd stress. The results suggest that PP2A containing 1A and 4C subunits alleviates Cd-induced growth inhibition by modulating ethylene production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuqun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - Fang-Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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31
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An Y, Xiong L, Hu S, Wang L. PP2A and microtubules function in 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated H 2 O 2 signaling in Arabidopsis guard cells. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 168:709-724. [PMID: 31381165 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a plant growth regulator with great application potential in agriculture and horticulture, induces stomatal opening and inhibits stomatal closure by decreasing guard cell H2 O2 . However, the mechanisms behind ALA-decreased H2 O2 in guard cells are not fully understood. Here, using type 2A protein phosphatase (PP2A) inhibitors, microtubule-stabilizing/disrupting drugs and green fluorescent protein-tagged α-tubulin 6 transgenic Arabidopsis (GFP-TUA6), we find that PP2A and cortical microtubules (MTs) are involved in ALA-regulated stomatal movement. Then, we analyze stomatal responses of Arabidopsis overexpressing C2 catalytic subunit of PP2A (PP2A-C2) and pp2a-c2 mutant to ALA and abscisic acid (ABA) under both light and dark conditions, and show that PP2A-C2 participates in ALA-induced stomatal movement. Furthermore, using pharmacological methods and confocal studies, we reveal that PP2A and MTs function upstream and downstream, respectively, of H2 O2 in guard cell signaling. Finally, we demonstrate the role of H2 O2 -mediated microtubule arrangement in ALA inhibiting ABA-induced stomatal closure. Our findings indicate that MTs regulated by PP2A-mediated H2 O2 decreasing play an important role in ALA guard cell signaling, revealing new insights into stomatal movement regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan An
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lijun Xiong
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shu Hu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Liangju Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Li Y, Wang Y, Tan S, Li Z, Yuan Z, Glanc M, Domjan D, Wang K, Xuan W, Guo Y, Gong Z, Friml J, Zhang J. Root Growth Adaptation is Mediated by PYLs ABA Receptor-PP2A Protein Phosphatase Complex. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1901455. [PMID: 32042554 PMCID: PMC7001640 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant root architecture dynamically adapts to various environmental conditions, such as salt-containing soil. The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is involved among others also in these developmental adaptations, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here, a novel branch of the ABA signaling pathway in Arabidopsis involving PYR/PYL/RCAR (abbreviated as PYLs) receptor-protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) complex that acts in parallel to the canonical PYLs-protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) mechanism is identified. The PYLs-PP2A signaling modulates root gravitropism and lateral root formation through regulating phytohormone auxin transport. In optimal conditions, PYLs ABA receptor interacts with the catalytic subunits of PP2A, increasing their phosphatase activity and thus counteracting PINOID (PID) kinase-mediated phosphorylation of PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin transporters. By contrast, in salt and osmotic stress conditions, ABA binds to PYLs, inhibiting the PP2A activity, which leads to increased PIN phosphorylation and consequently modulated directional auxin transport leading to adapted root architecture. This work reveals an adaptive mechanism that may flexibly adjust plant root growth to withstand saline and osmotic stresses. It occurs via the cross-talk between the stress hormone ABA and the versatile developmental regulator auxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Yaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Shutang Tan
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaAm Campus 13400KlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Zhi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Matouš Glanc
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaAm Campus 13400KlosterneuburgAustria
| | - David Domjan
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaAm Campus 13400KlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Wei Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower‐Middle Reaches of the Yangtze RiverNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Zhizhong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaAm Campus 13400KlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
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Mao X, Li Y, Rehman SU, Miao L, Zhang Y, Chen X, Yu C, Wang J, Li C, Jing R. The Sucrose Non-Fermenting 1-Related Protein Kinase 2 (SnRK2) Genes Are Multifaceted Players in Plant Growth, Development and Response to Environmental Stimuli. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:225-242. [PMID: 31834400 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Reversible protein phosphorylation orchestrated by protein kinases and phosphatases is a major regulatory event in plants and animals. The SnRK2 subfamily consists of plant-specific protein kinases in the Ser/Thr protein kinase superfamily. Early observations indicated that SnRK2s are mainly involved in response to abiotic stress. Recent evidence shows that SnRK2s are multifarious players in a variety of biological processes. Here, we summarize the considerable knowledge of SnRK2s, including evolution, classification, biological functions and regulatory mechanisms at the epigenetic, post-transcriptional and post-translation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinguo Mao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Yuying Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450016, P. R. China
| | - Shoaib Ur Rehman
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Lili Miao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yanfei Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450016, P. R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Chunmei Yu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Chaonan Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Ruilian Jing
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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Lim CW, Lee SC. ABA-Dependent and ABA-Independent Functions of RCAR5/PYL11 in Response to Cold Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:587620. [PMID: 33101352 PMCID: PMC7545830 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.587620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana has 14 abscisic acid (ABA) receptors-PYR1/PYLs/RCARs-which have diverse and redundant functions in ABA signaling; however, the precise role of these ABA receptors remains to be elucidated. Here, we report the functional characterization of RCAR5/PYL11 in response to cold stress. Expression of RCAR5 gene in dry seeds and leaves was ABA-dependent and ABA-independent, respectively. Under cold stress conditions, seed germination was negatively affected by the level of RCAR5 expression, which was dependent on ABA and was regulated by HAB1, OST1, and ABI5-downstream components of RCAR5 in ABA signaling. Leaves of RCAR5-overexpressing plants showed enhanced stomatal closure-independent of ABA-and high expression levels of cold, dehydration, and/or ABA-responsive genes compared to those of wild-type; these traits conferred enhanced freezing tolerance. Our data suggest that RCAR5 functions in response to cold stress by delaying seed germination and inducing rapid stomatal closure via ABA-dependent and ABA-independent pathways, respectively.
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Ding X, Zheng Y, Qiu T, Wang J. The SAUR41 subfamily of cell expansion-promoting genes modulates abscisic acid sensitivity and root touch response: a possible connection to ion homeostasis regulation. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 15:1702239. [PMID: 31822155 PMCID: PMC7012171 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1702239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Most primary auxin response genes are classified into three families, namely AUX/IAAs, GH3s, and SAURs. As a rapidly developing field of plant biology, recent studies have begun to address the function and mechanism of plant SAURs. We found that, in Arabidopsis, the SAUR41 subfamily genes were ABA-inducible, and overexpression of SAUR41 induced the biosynthesis of ABA. The saur41/40/71/72 quadruple mutants and the SAUR41 overexpression lines had an altered expression of ABA and calcium homeostasis/signaling genes, but not the AUX/IAAs and GH3s. Here, we reported that the quadruple mutants showed an increased sensitivity to ABA treatment, in terms of cotyledon greening/expansion rate, while for the overexpression lines, this was decreased. With respect to the root touch response, the overexpression of SAUR41 led to an extensive root looping phenotype, while the quadruple mutations of saur41s led to a relaxed root looping. As reported, the ion content (Na+, K+ and Fe2+), apoplast acidification ability, and salt tolerance were also abnormal in the quadruple mutants and/or the SAUR41 overexpression lines. Our work supports an emerging concept that ABA and calcium are integrated together to modulate ion homeostasis. In addition, our work demonstrates that SAUR41s might be new components for the regulation of ion homeostasis by ABA and calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Ding
- Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Zheng
- Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Qiu
- Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junhui Wang
- Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Gao J, Wang P, Hu T, Wang Z, Hou YJ, Wan Y, Liu W, Xie S, Lu T, Xue L, Liu Y, Macho AP, Tao WA, Bressan RA, Zhu JK. Arabidopsis Duodecuple Mutant of PYL ABA Receptors Reveals PYL Repression of ABA-Independent SnRK2 Activity. Cell Rep 2019; 23:3340-3351.e5. [PMID: 29898403 PMCID: PMC6085104 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is an important phytohormone controlling responses to abiotic stresses and is sensed by proteins from the PYR/PYL/RCAR family. To explore the genetic contribution of PYLs toward ABA-dependent and ABA-independent processes, we generated and characterized high-order Arabidopsis mutants with mutations in the PYL family. We obtained a pyl quattuordecuple mutant and found that it was severely impaired in growth and failed to produce seeds. Thus, we carried out a detailed characterization of a pyl duodecuple mutant, pyr1pyl1/2/3/4/5/7/8/9/10/11/12. The duo-decuple mutant was extremely insensitive to ABA effects on seed germination, seedling growth, stomatal closure, leaf senescence, and gene expression. The activation of SnRK2 protein kinases by ABA was blocked in the duodecuple mutant, but, unexpectedly, osmotic stress activation of SnRK2s was enhanced. Our results demonstrate an important role of basal ABA signaling in growth, senescence, and abscission and reveal that PYLs antagonize ABA-independent activation of SnRK2s by osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, and CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Zhengjing Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, and CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinghui Gao
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaan'xi 712100, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, and CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Tao Hu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, and CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Science, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Zegang Wang
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yueh-Ju Hou
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yizhen Wan
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Wenshan Liu
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Shaojun Xie
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Tianjiao Lu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, and CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liang Xue
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yajie Liu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, and CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Alberto P Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, and CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - W Andy Tao
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ray A Bressan
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, and CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Rodriguez M, Parola R, Andreola S, Pereyra C, Martínez-Noël G. TOR and SnRK1 signaling pathways in plant response to abiotic stresses: Do they always act according to the "yin-yang" model? PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 288:110220. [PMID: 31521220 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants are sessile photo-autotrophic organisms continuously exposed to a variety of environmental stresses. Monitoring the sugar level and energy status is essential, since this knowledge allows the integration of external and internal cues required for plant physiological and developmental plasticity. Most abiotic stresses induce severe metabolic alterations and entail a great energy cost, restricting plant growth and producing important crop losses. Therefore, balancing energy requirements with supplies is a major challenge for plants under unfavorable conditions. The conserved kinases target of rapamycin (TOR) and sucrose-non-fermenting-related protein kinase-1 (SnRK1) play central roles during plant growth and development, and in response to environmental stresses; these kinases affect cellular processes and metabolic reprogramming, which has physiological and phenotypic consequences. The "yin-yang" model postulates that TOR and SnRK1 act in opposite ways in the regulation of metabolic-driven processes. In this review, we describe and discuss the current knowledge about the complex and intricate regulation of TOR and SnRK1 under abiotic stresses. We especially focus on the physiological perspective that, under certain circumstances during the plant stress response, the TOR and SnRK1 kinases could be modulated differently from what is postulated by the "yin-yang" concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela Rodriguez
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales (IFRGV), Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CIAP), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Camino 60 Cuadras km 5.5, X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina; Unidad de Estudios Agropecuarios (UDEA- CONICET), Camino 60 Cuadras km 5.5 X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Rodrigo Parola
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales (IFRGV), Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CIAP), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Camino 60 Cuadras km 5.5, X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina; Unidad de Estudios Agropecuarios (UDEA- CONICET), Camino 60 Cuadras km 5.5 X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Sofia Andreola
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales (IFRGV), Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CIAP), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Camino 60 Cuadras km 5.5, X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina; Unidad de Estudios Agropecuarios (UDEA- CONICET), Camino 60 Cuadras km 5.5 X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Cintia Pereyra
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC-CONICET), y Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), Vieytes 3103, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| | - Giselle Martínez-Noël
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC-CONICET), y Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), Vieytes 3103, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
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Munemasa S, Hirao Y, Tanami K, Mimata Y, Nakamura Y, Murata Y. Ethylene Inhibits Methyl Jasmonate-Induced Stomatal Closure by Modulating Guard Cell Slow-Type Anion Channel Activity via the OPEN STOMATA 1/SnRK2.6 Kinase-Independent Pathway in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:2263-2271. [PMID: 31241163 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Signal crosstalk between jasmonate and ethylene is crucial for a proper maintenance of defense responses and development. Although previous studies reported that both jasmonate and ethylene also function as modulators of stomatal movements, the signal crosstalk mechanism in stomatal guard cells remains unclear. Here, we show that the ethylene signaling inhibits jasmonate signaling as well as abscisic acid (ABA) signaling in guard cells of Arabidopsis thaliana and reveal the signaling crosstalk mechanism. Both an ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and an ethylene-releasing compound ethephon induced transient stomatal closure, and also inhibited methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-induced stomatal closure as well as ABA-induced stomatal closure. The ethylene inhibition of MeJA-induced stomatal closure was abolished in the ethylene-insensitive mutant etr1-1, whereas MeJA-induced stomatal closure was impaired in the ethylene-overproducing mutant eto1-1. Pretreatment with ACC inhibited MeJA-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as well as ABA-induced ROS production in guard cells but did not suppress ABA activation of OPEN STOMATA 1 (OST1) kinase in guard cell-enriched epidermal peels. The whole-cell patch-clamp analysis revealed that ACC attenuated MeJA and ABA activation of S-type anion channels in guard cell protoplasts. However, MeJA and ABA inhibitions of Kin channels were not affected by ACC pretreatment. These results suggest that ethylene signaling inhibits MeJA signaling and ABA signaling by targeting S-type anion channels and ROS but not OST1 kinase and K+ channels in Arabidopsis guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Munemasa
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yukari Hirao
- Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kasumi Tanami
- Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Mimata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Nakamura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
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Zhao JL, Zhang LQ, Liu N, Xu SL, Yue ZL, Zhang LL, Deng ZP, Burlingame AL, Sun DY, Wang ZY, Sun Y, Zhang SW. Mutual Regulation of Receptor-Like Kinase SIT1 and B'κ-PP2A Shapes the Early Response of Rice to Salt Stress. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:2131-2151. [PMID: 31221736 PMCID: PMC6751134 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The receptor-like kinase SIT1 acts as a sensor in rice (Oryza sativa) roots, relaying salt stress signals via elevated kinase activity to enhance salt sensitivity. Here, we demonstrate that Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) regulatory subunit B'κ constrains SIT1 activity under salt stress. B'κ-PP2A deactivates SIT1 directly by dephosphorylating the kinase at Thr515/516, a salt-induced phosphorylation site in the activation loop that is essential for SIT1 activity. B'κ overexpression suppresses the salt sensitivity of rice plants expressing high levels of SIT1, thereby contributing to salt tolerance. B'κ functions in a SIT1 kinase-dependent manner. During early salt stress, activated SIT1 phosphorylates B'κ; this not only enhances its binding with SIT1, it also promotes B'κ protein accumulation via Ser502 phosphorylation. Consequently, by blocking SIT1 phosphorylation, B'κ inhibits and fine-tunes SIT1 activity to balance plant growth and stress adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Long Zhao
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| | - Li-Qing Zhang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| | - Ning Liu
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| | - Shou-Ling Xu
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Zhi-Liang Yue
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| | - Lu-Lu Zhang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Deng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Da-Ye Sun
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Ying Sun
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| | - Sheng-Wei Zhang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
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40
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Jamsheer K M, Jindal S, Laxmi A. Evolution of TOR-SnRK dynamics in green plants and its integration with phytohormone signaling networks. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2239-2259. [PMID: 30870564 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The target of rapamycin (TOR)-sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1)-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) signaling is an ancient regulatory mechanism that originated in eukaryotes to regulate nutrient-dependent growth. Although the TOR-SnRK1 signaling cascade shows highly conserved functions among eukaryotes, studies in the past two decades have identified many important plant-specific innovations in this pathway. Plants also possess SnRK2 and SnRK3 kinases, which originated from the ancient SnRK1-related kinases and have specialized roles in controlling growth, stress responses and nutrient homeostasis in plants. Recently, an integrative picture has started to emerge in which different SnRKs and TOR kinase are highly interconnected to control nutrient and stress responses of plants. Further, these kinases are intimately involved with phytohormone signaling networks that originated at different stages of plant evolution. In this review, we highlight the evolution and divergence of TOR-SnRK signaling components in plants and their communication with each other as well as phytohormone signaling to fine-tune growth and stress responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Jamsheer K
- Amity Food & Agriculture Foundation, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Sunita Jindal
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashverya Laxmi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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Bheri M, Pandey GK. PP2A Phosphatases Take a Giant Leap in the Post-Genomics Era. Curr Genomics 2019; 20:154-171. [PMID: 31929724 PMCID: PMC6935955 DOI: 10.2174/1389202920666190517110605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein phosphorylation is an important reversible post-translational modifica-tion, which regulates a number of critical cellular processes. Phosphatases and kinases work in a con-certed manner to act as a "molecular switch" that turns-on or - off the regulatory processes driving the growth and development under normal circumstances, as well as responses to multiple stresses in plant system. The era of functional genomics has ushered huge amounts of information to the framework of plant systems. The comprehension of who's who in the signaling pathways is becoming clearer and the investigations challenging the conventional functions of signaling components are on a rise. Protein phosphatases have emerged as key regulators in the signaling cascades. PP2A phosphatases due to their diverse holoenzyme compositions are difficult to comprehend. CONCLUSION In this review, we highlight the functional versatility of PP2A members, deciphered through the advances in the post-genomic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malathi Bheri
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi-110021, India
| | - Girdhar K. Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi-110021, India
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Duarte KE, de Souza WR, Santiago TR, Sampaio BL, Ribeiro AP, Cotta MG, da Cunha BADB, Marraccini PRR, Kobayashi AK, Molinari HBC. Identification and characterization of core abscisic acid (ABA) signaling components and their gene expression profile in response to abiotic stresses in Setaria viridis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4028. [PMID: 30858491 PMCID: PMC6411973 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40623-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is an essential phytohormone that regulates growth, development and adaptation of plants to environmental stresses. In Arabidopsis and other higher plants, ABA signal transduction involves three core components namely PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors (PYLs), type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) and class III SNF-1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2s). In the present study, we reported the identification and characterization of the core ABA signaling components in Setaria viridis, an emerging model plant for cereals and feedstock crops presenting C4 metabolism, leading to the identification of eight PYL (SvPYL1 to 8), twelve PP2C (SvPP2C1 to 12) and eleven SnRK2 (SvSnRK2.1 through SvSnRK2.11) genes. In order to study the expression profiles of these genes, two different S. viridis accessions (A10.1 and Ast-1) were submitted to drought, salinity and cold stresses, in addition to application of exogenous ABA. Differential gene expression profiles were observed in each treatment and plant genotype, demonstrating variations of ABA stress responses within the same species. These differential responses to stresses were also assessed by physiological measurements such as photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate. This study allows a detailed analysis of gene expression of the core ABA signaling components in Setaria viridis submitted to different treatments and provides suitable targets for genetic engineering of C4 plants aiming tolerance to abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Estefani Duarte
- Plant Biotechnology Program, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil.,Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Embrapa Agroenergy (CNPAE), Brasilia, DF, 70770-901, Brazil
| | - Wagner Rodrigo de Souza
- Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Embrapa Agroenergy (CNPAE), Brasilia, DF, 70770-901, Brazil.,Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), São Bernardo do Campo, Santo André, SP, 09606-045, Brazil
| | - Thaís Ribeiro Santiago
- Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Embrapa Agroenergy (CNPAE), Brasilia, DF, 70770-901, Brazil
| | - Bruno Leite Sampaio
- Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Embrapa Agroenergy (CNPAE), Brasilia, DF, 70770-901, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Ribeiro
- Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Embrapa Agroenergy (CNPAE), Brasilia, DF, 70770-901, Brazil
| | - Michelle Guitton Cotta
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | | | - Pierre Roger René Marraccini
- Plant Biotechnology Program, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil.,CIRAD, UMR AGAP (University Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, INRA), Montpellier, 34398, France.,CIRAD, UMR IPME (University Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier), Agricultural Genetics Institute, LMI RICE2, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Adilson Kenji Kobayashi
- Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Embrapa Agroenergy (CNPAE), Brasilia, DF, 70770-901, Brazil
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Ahn CS, Lee DH, Pai HS. Characterization of Maf1 in Arabidopsis: function under stress conditions and regulation by the TOR signaling pathway. PLANTA 2019; 249:527-542. [PMID: 30293201 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Maf1 repressor activity is critical for plant survival during environmental stresses, and is regulated by its phosphorylation/dephosphorylation through the activity of TOR and PP4/PP2A phosphatases. Maf1 is a global repressor of RNA polymerase III (Pol III), and is conserved in eukaryotes. Pol III synthesizes small RNAs, 5S rRNA, and tRNAs that are essential for protein translation and cell growth. Maf1 is a phosphoprotein and dephosphorylation of Maf1 promotes its repressor activity in yeast and mammals. Plant Maf1 was identified in citrus plants as a canker elicitor-binding protein, and citrus Maf1 represses cell growth associated with canker development. However, functions of plant Maf1 under diverse stress conditions and its regulation by the target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling components are poorly understood. In this study, the Arabidopsis maf1 mutants were more susceptible to diverse stresses and treatment with the TOR inhibitor Torin-1 than wild-type plants. The maf1 mutants expressed higher levels of Maf1 target RNAs, including 5S rRNA and pre-tRNAs in leaf cells, supporting Pol III repressor activity of Arabidopsis Maf1. Cellular stresses and Torin-1 treatment induced dephosphorylation of Maf1, suggesting Maf1 activation under diverse stress conditions. TOR silencing also stimulated Maf1 dephosphorylation, while silencing of catalytic subunit genes of PP4 and PP2A repressed it. Thus, TOR kinase and PP4/PP2A phosphatases appeared to oppositely modulate the Maf1 phosphorylation status. TOR silencing decreased the abundance of the target RNAs, while silencing of the PP4 and PP2A subunit genes increased it, supporting the positive correlation between Maf1 dephosphorylation and its repressor activity. Taken together, these results suggest that repressor activity of Maf1, regulated by the TOR signaling pathway, is critical for plant cell survival during environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Sook Ahn
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- Future Technology Research Center, Corporate R&D, LG Chem/LG Science Park, Seoul, 07796, Korea
| | - Du-Hwa Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Hyun-Sook Pai
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
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Yoon JT, Ahn HK, Pai HS. The subfamily II catalytic subunits of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) are involved in cortical microtubule organization. PLANTA 2018; 248:1551-1567. [PMID: 30191298 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3000-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The subfamily II catalytic subunits of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) regulate the cortical microtubule dynamics in Arabidopsis, through interaction with TONNEAU2 (TON2)/FASS and modulation of α-tubulin dephosphorylation. Protein phosphatase 2A is a major protein phosphatase in eukaryotes that dephosphorylates many different substrates to regulate their function. PP2A is assembled into a heterotrimeric complex of scaffolding A subunit, regulatory B subunit, and catalytic C subunit. Plant PP2A catalytic C subunit (PP2AC) isoforms are classified into two subfamilies. In this study, we investigated the cellular functions of the Arabidopsis PP2AC subfamily II genes PP2AC-3 and PP2AC-4, particularly regarding the cortical microtubule (MT) organization. PP2AC-3 and PP2AC-4 strongly interacted with the B'' regulatory subunit TON2. Simultaneous silencing of PP2AC-3 and PP2AC-4 by virus-induced gene silencing (PP2AC-3,4 VIGS) significantly altered plant morphology in Arabidopsis, increasing cell numbers in leaves and stems. The leaf epidermis of PP2AC-3,4 VIGS plants largely lost its jigsaw-puzzle shape and exhibited reduced trichome branch numbers. VIGS of PP2AC-3,4 in Arabidopsis transgenic plants that expressed GFP-fused β-tubulin 6 isoform (GFP-TUB6) for the visualization of MTs caused a reduction in the cortical MT array density in the pavement cells. VIGS of TON2 also led to similar cellular phenotypes and cortical MT patterns compared with those after VIGS of PP2AC-3,4, suggesting that PP2AC-3,4 and their interaction partner TON2 play a role in cortical MT organization in leaf epidermal cells. Furthermore, silencing of PP2AC-3,4 did not affect salt-induced phosphorylation of α-tubulin but delayed its dephosphorylation after salt removal. The reappearance of cortical MT arrays after salt removal was impaired in PP2AC-3,4 VIGS plants. These results suggest an involvement of PP2AC subfamily II in the regulation of cortical MT dynamics under normal and salt-stress conditions in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joong-Tak Yoon
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Hee-Kyung Ahn
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- The Sainsbury Laboratory (TSL), Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Hyun-Sook Pai
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
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Abscisic acid-independent stomatal CO 2 signal transduction pathway and convergence of CO 2 and ABA signaling downstream of OST1 kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018. [PMID: 30282744 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.180920411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Stomatal pore apertures are narrowing globally due to the continuing rise in atmospheric [CO2]. CO2 elevation and the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) both induce rapid stomatal closure. However, the underlying signal transduction mechanisms for CO2/ABA interaction remain unclear. Two models have been considered: (i) CO2 elevation enhances ABA concentrations and/or early ABA signaling in guard cells to induce stomatal closure and (ii) CO2 signaling merges with ABA at OST1/SnRK2.6 protein kinase activation. Here we use genetics, ABA-reporter imaging, stomatal conductance, patch clamp, and biochemical analyses to investigate these models. The strong ABA biosynthesis mutants nced3/nced5 and aba2-1 remain responsive to CO2 elevation. Rapid CO2-triggered stomatal closure in PYR/RCAR ABA receptor quadruple and hextuple mutants is not disrupted but delayed. Time-resolved ABA concentration monitoring in guard cells using a FRET-based ABA-reporter, ABAleon2.15, and ABA reporter gene assays suggest that CO2 elevation does not trigger [ABA] increases in guard cells, in contrast to control ABA exposures. Moreover, CO2 activates guard cell S-type anion channels in nced3/nced5 and ABA receptor hextuple mutants. Unexpectedly, in-gel protein kinase assays show that unlike ABA, elevated CO2 does not activate OST1/SnRK2 kinases in guard cells. The present study points to a model in which rapid CO2 signal transduction leading to stomatal closure occurs via an ABA-independent pathway downstream of OST1/SnRK2.6. Basal ABA signaling and OST1/SnRK2 activity are required to facilitate the stomatal response to elevated CO2 These findings provide insights into the interaction between CO2/ABA signal transduction in light of the continuing rise in atmospheric [CO2].
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Abscisic acid-independent stomatal CO 2 signal transduction pathway and convergence of CO 2 and ABA signaling downstream of OST1 kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E9971-E9980. [PMID: 30282744 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1809204115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stomatal pore apertures are narrowing globally due to the continuing rise in atmospheric [CO2]. CO2 elevation and the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) both induce rapid stomatal closure. However, the underlying signal transduction mechanisms for CO2/ABA interaction remain unclear. Two models have been considered: (i) CO2 elevation enhances ABA concentrations and/or early ABA signaling in guard cells to induce stomatal closure and (ii) CO2 signaling merges with ABA at OST1/SnRK2.6 protein kinase activation. Here we use genetics, ABA-reporter imaging, stomatal conductance, patch clamp, and biochemical analyses to investigate these models. The strong ABA biosynthesis mutants nced3/nced5 and aba2-1 remain responsive to CO2 elevation. Rapid CO2-triggered stomatal closure in PYR/RCAR ABA receptor quadruple and hextuple mutants is not disrupted but delayed. Time-resolved ABA concentration monitoring in guard cells using a FRET-based ABA-reporter, ABAleon2.15, and ABA reporter gene assays suggest that CO2 elevation does not trigger [ABA] increases in guard cells, in contrast to control ABA exposures. Moreover, CO2 activates guard cell S-type anion channels in nced3/nced5 and ABA receptor hextuple mutants. Unexpectedly, in-gel protein kinase assays show that unlike ABA, elevated CO2 does not activate OST1/SnRK2 kinases in guard cells. The present study points to a model in which rapid CO2 signal transduction leading to stomatal closure occurs via an ABA-independent pathway downstream of OST1/SnRK2.6. Basal ABA signaling and OST1/SnRK2 activity are required to facilitate the stomatal response to elevated CO2 These findings provide insights into the interaction between CO2/ABA signal transduction in light of the continuing rise in atmospheric [CO2].
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Li C, Bian B, Gong T, Liao W. Comparative proteomic analysis of key proteins during abscisic acid-hydrogen peroxide-induced adventitious rooting in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under drought stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 229:185-194. [PMID: 30082096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Previous results have shown that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is involved in abscisic acid (ABA)-induced adventitious root development under drought stress. In this study, a comparative proteomic analysis was conducted to explore the key proteins during ABA-H2O2-induced adventitious rooting in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under drought stress. The results revealed that 48 of 56 detected proteins spots were confidently matched to NCBI database entries. Among them, 10 protein spots were up-regulated while 4 protein spots were down-regulated under drought stress; 22 protein spots were up-regulated by ABA under drought stress; treatment with ABA plus H2O2 scavenger catalase (CAT) up-regulated 6 protein spots and down-regulated 6 protein spots under drought stress. The identified proteins were divided into three categories: biological process, molecular function, and cellular component. According to their functions, the 48 identified proteins were grouped into 10 categories, including photosynthesis, stress response, protein folding, modification, and degradation, etc. According to subcellular localization, about 24 proteins (half of the total) were predicted to be localized in chloroplasts. ABA significantly up-regulated the expression of photosynthesis-related proteins (SBPase, OEE1), stress-defense-related proteins (2-Cys-Prx, HBP2), and folding-, modification-, and degradation-related proteins (TPal) under drought stress. However, the effects of ABA were inhibited by CAT. The proteins were further analyzed at the transcription level, and the expression of four of five genes (except 2-Cys-Prx) was in accordance with the corresponding protein expression. The protein abundance changes of OEE1 and SBPase were also supported by western blot analysis. Therefore, H2O2 may be involved in ABA-induced adventitious root development under drought stress by regulating photosynthesis-related proteins, stress defense-related proteins, and folding-, modification-, and degradation-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxia Li
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 1 Yinmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Biting Bian
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 1 Yinmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Tingyu Gong
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 1 Yinmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Weibiao Liao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 1 Yinmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China.
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Daumann M, Hickl D, Zimmer D, DeTar RA, Kunz HH, Möhlmann T. Characterization of filament-forming CTP synthases from Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:316-328. [PMID: 30030857 PMCID: PMC6821390 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cytidine triphosphate (CTP) is essential for DNA, RNA and phospholipid biosynthesis. De novo synthesis is catalyzed by CTP synthases (CTPS). Arabidopsis encodes five CTPS isoforms that unanimously share conserved motifs found across kingdoms, suggesting all five are functional enzymes. Whereas CTPS1-4 are expressed throughout Arabidopsis tissues, CTPS5 reveals exclusive expression in developing embryos. CTPS activity and substrates affinities were determined for a representative plant enzyme on purified recombinant CTPS3 protein. As demonstrated in model organisms such as yeast, fruit fly and mammals, CTPS show the capacity to assemble into large filaments called cytoophidia. Transient expression of N- and C-terminal YFP-CTPS fusion proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana allowed to monitor such filament formation. Interestingly, CTPS1 and 2 always appeared as soluble proteins, whereas filaments were observed for CTPS3, 4 and 5 independent of the YFP-tag location. However, when similar constructs were expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, no filaments were observed, pointing to a requirement for organism-specific factors in vivo. Indications for filament assembly were also obtained in vitro when recombinant CTPS3 protein was incubated in the presence of CTP. T-DNA-insertion mutants in four CTPS loci revealed no apparent phenotypical alteration. In contrast, CTPS2 T-DNA-insertion mutants did not produce homozygous progenies. An initial characterization of the CTPS protein family members from Arabidopsis is presented. We provide evidence for their involvement in nucleotide de novo synthesis and show that only three of the five CTPS isoforms were able to form filamentous structures in the transient tobacco expression system. This represents a striking difference from previous observations in prokaryotes, yeast, Drosophila and mammalian cells. This finding will be highly valuable to further understand the role of filament formation to regulate CTPS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Daumann
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrodinger-Straße, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany, and
| | - Daniel Hickl
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrodinger-Straße, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany, and
| | - David Zimmer
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrodinger-Straße, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany, and
| | - Rachael A. DeTar
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
| | - Hans-Henning Kunz
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
| | - Torsten Möhlmann
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrodinger-Straße, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany, and
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Punzo P, Ruggiero A, Possenti M, Nurcato R, Costa A, Morelli G, Grillo S, Batelli G. The PP2A-interactor TIP41 modulates ABA responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:991-1009. [PMID: 29602224 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of growth in response to environmental cues is a fundamental aspect of plant adaptation to abiotic stresses. TIP41 (TAP42 INTERACTING PROTEIN OF 41 kDa) is the Arabidopsis thaliana orthologue of proteins isolated in mammals and yeast that participate in the Target-of-Rapamycin (TOR) pathway, which modifies cell growth in response to nutrient status and environmental conditions. Here, we characterized the function of TIP41 in Arabidopsis. Expression analyses showed that TIP41 is constitutively expressed in vascular tissues, and is induced following long-term exposure to NaCl, polyethylene glycol and abscisic acid (ABA), suggesting a role of TIP41 in adaptation to abiotic stress. Visualization of a fusion protein with yellow fluorescent protein indicated that TIP41 is localized in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Abolished expression of TIP41 results in smaller plants with a lower number of rosette leaves and lateral roots, and an increased sensitivity to treatments with chemical TOR inhibitors, indicating that TOR signalling is affected in these mutants. In addition, tip41 mutants are hypersensitive to ABA at germination and seedling stage, whereas over-expressing plants show higher tolerance. Several TOR- and ABA-responsive genes are differentially expressed in tip41, including iron homeostasis, senescence and ethylene-associated genes. In yeast and mammals, TIP41 provides a link between the TOR pathway and the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), which in plants participates in several ABA-mediated mechanisms. Here, we showed an interaction of TIP41 with the catalytic subunit of PP2A. Taken together, these results offer important insights into the function of Arabidopsis TIP41 in the modulation of plant growth and ABA responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Punzo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (CNR-IBBR), Via Università 133, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ruggiero
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (CNR-IBBR), Via Università 133, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Marco Possenti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics (CREA-GB), Via Ardeatina 546, 00178, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Nurcato
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (CNR-IBBR), Via Università 133, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Antonello Costa
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (CNR-IBBR), Via Università 133, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Giorgio Morelli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics (CREA-GB), Via Ardeatina 546, 00178, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Grillo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (CNR-IBBR), Via Università 133, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Giorgia Batelli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (CNR-IBBR), Via Università 133, Portici, NA, Italy
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Konrad KR, Maierhofer T, Hedrich R. Spatio-temporal Aspects of Ca2+ Signalling: Lessons from Guard Cells and Pollen Tubes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4986225. [PMID: 29701811 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Changes in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) serve to transmit information in eukaryotic cells. The involvement of this second messenger in plant cell growth as well as osmotic- and water relations is well established. After almost 40 years of intense research on the coding and decoding of plant Ca2+ signals, numerous proteins involved in Ca2+ action have been identified. However, we are still far from understanding the complexity of Ca2+ networks. New in vivo Ca2+ imaging techniques combined with molecular genetics allow visualisation of spatio-temporal aspects of Ca2+ signalling. In parallel, cell biology together with protein biochemistry and electrophysiology are able to dissect information processing by this second messenger in space and time. Here we focus on the time-resolved changes in cellular events upon Ca2+ signals, concentrating on the two best-studied cell types, pollen tubes and guard cells. We put their signalling networks side by side, compare them with those of other cell types and discuss rapid signalling in the context of Ca2+ transients and oscillations to regulate ion homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Konrad
- University of Wuerzburg, Julius-Von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Department of Botany I, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - T Maierhofer
- University of Wuerzburg, Julius-Von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Department of Botany I, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - R Hedrich
- University of Wuerzburg, Julius-Von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Department of Botany I, Wuerzburg, Germany
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