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Plackett ARG, Hibberd JM. Rice bundle sheath cell shape is regulated by the timing of light exposure during leaf development. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2597-2613. [PMID: 38549236 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Plant leaves contain multiple cell types which achieve distinct characteristics whilst still coordinating development within the leaf. The bundle sheath possesses larger individual cells and lower chloroplast content than the adjacent mesophyll, but how this morphology is achieved remains unknown. To identify regulatory mechanisms determining bundle sheath cell morphology we tested the effects of perturbing environmental (light) and endogenous signals (hormones) during leaf development of Oryza sativa (rice). Total chloroplast area in bundle sheath cells was found to increase with cell size as in the mesophyll but did not maintain a 'set-point' relationship, with the longest bundle sheath cells demonstrating the lowest chloroplast content. Application of exogenous cytokinin and gibberellin significantly altered the relationship between cell size and chloroplast biosynthesis in the bundle sheath, increasing chloroplast content of the longest cells. Delayed exposure to light reduced the mean length of bundle sheath cells but increased corresponding leaf length, whereas premature light reduced final leaf length but did not affect bundle sheath cells. This suggests that the plant hormones cytokinin and gibberellin are regulators of the bundle sheath cell-chloroplast relationship and that final bundle sheath length may potentially be affected by light-mediated control of exit from the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julian M Hibberd
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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2
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Gong X, Chen J, Chen Y, He Y, Jiang D. Advancements in Rice Leaf Development Research. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:904. [PMID: 38592944 PMCID: PMC10976080 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Rice leaf morphology is a pivotal component of the ideal plant architecture, significantly impacting rice yield. The process of leaf development unfolds through three distinct stages: the initiation of leaf primordia, the establishment and maintenance of polarity, and leaf expansion. Genes regulating leaf morphology encompass transcription factors, hormones, and miRNAs. An in-depth synthesis and categorization of genes associated with leaf development, particularly those successfully cloned, hold paramount importance in unraveling the complexity of rice leaf development. Furthermore, it provides valuable insights into the potential for molecular-level manipulation of rice leaf types. This comprehensive review consolidates the stages of rice leaf development, the genes involved, molecular regulatory pathways, and the influence of plant hormones. Its objective is to establish a foundational understanding of the creation of ideal rice leaf forms and their practical application in molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dagang Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.G.); (J.C.); (Y.C.); (Y.H.)
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3
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Chen W, Tang L, Li Q, Cai Y, Ahmad S, Wang Y, Tang S, Guo N, Wei X, Tang S, Shao G, Jiao G, Xie L, Hu S, Sheng Z, Hu P. YGL3 Encoding an IPP and DMAPP Synthase Interacts with OsPIL11 to Regulate Chloroplast Development in Rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 17:8. [PMID: 38228921 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-024-00687-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
As the source of isoprenoid precursors, the plastidial methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway plays an essential role in plant development. Here, we report a novel rice (Oryza sativa L.) mutant ygl3 (yellow-green leaf3) that exhibits yellow-green leaves and lower photosynthetic efficiency compared to the wild type due to abnormal chloroplast ultrastructure and reduced chlorophyll content. Map-based cloning showed that YGL3, one of the major genes involved in the MEP pathway, encodes 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase, which is localized in the thylakoid membrane. A single base substitution in ygl3 plants resulted in lower 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase activity and lower contents of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) compared to the wild type. The transcript levels of genes involved in the syntheses of chlorophyll and thylakoid membrane proteins were significantly reduced in the ygl3 mutant compared to the wild type. The phytochrome interacting factor-like gene OsPIL11 regulated chlorophyll synthesis during the de-etiolation process by directly binding to the promoter of YGL3 to activate its expression. The findings provides a theoretical basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms by which the MEP pathway regulate chloroplast development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology/Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/China National Rice improvement Centre, National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, P. R. China
- Jiangxi Super-Rice Research and Development Center, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Engineering Center for Rice, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Liqun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology/Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/China National Rice improvement Centre, National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, P. R. China
| | - Qianlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology/Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/China National Rice improvement Centre, National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, P. R. China
| | - Yicong Cai
- Key Labora tory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Research Center of Super Rice Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Education/Collaboration Center for Double-season Rice Modernization Production, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330045, P. R. China
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology/Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/China National Rice improvement Centre, National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, P. R. China
| | - Yakun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology/Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/China National Rice improvement Centre, National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, P. R. China
| | - Shengjia Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology/Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/China National Rice improvement Centre, National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, P. R. China
| | - Naihui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology/Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/China National Rice improvement Centre, National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, P. R. China
| | - Xiangjin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology/Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/China National Rice improvement Centre, National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, P. R. China
| | - Shaoqing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology/Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/China National Rice improvement Centre, National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, P. R. China
| | - Gaoneng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology/Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/China National Rice improvement Centre, National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, P. R. China
| | - Guiai Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology/Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/China National Rice improvement Centre, National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, P. R. China
| | - Lihong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology/Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/China National Rice improvement Centre, National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, P. R. China
| | - Shikai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology/Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/China National Rice improvement Centre, National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, P. R. China
| | - Zhonghua Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology/Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/China National Rice improvement Centre, National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, P. R. China.
| | - Peisong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology/Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/China National Rice improvement Centre, National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, P. R. China.
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4
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Xiao Y, Sloan J, Hepworth C, Fradera‐Soler M, Mathers A, Thorley R, Baillie A, Jones H, Chang T, Chen X, Yaapar N, Osborne CP, Sturrock C, Mooney SJ, Fleming AJ, Zhu X. Defining the scope for altering rice leaf anatomy to improve photosynthesis: a modelling approach. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:441-453. [PMID: 36271620 PMCID: PMC10099902 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Leaf structure plays an important role in photosynthesis. However, the causal relationship and the quantitative importance of any single structural parameter to the overall photosynthetic performance of a leaf remains open to debate. In this paper, we report on a mechanistic model, eLeaf, which successfully captures rice leaf photosynthetic performance under varying environmental conditions of light and CO2 . We developed a 3D reaction-diffusion model for leaf photosynthesis parameterised using a range of imaging data and biochemical measurements from plants grown under ambient and elevated CO2 and then interrogated the model to quantify the importance of these elements. The model successfully captured leaf-level photosynthetic performance in rice. Photosynthetic metabolism underpinned the majority of the increased carbon assimilation rate observed under elevated CO2 levels, with a range of structural elements making positive and negative contributions. Mesophyll porosity could be varied without any major outcome on photosynthetic performance, providing a theoretical underpinning for experimental data. eLeaf allows quantitative analysis of the influence of morphological and biochemical properties on leaf photosynthesis. The analysis highlights a degree of leaf structural plasticity with respect to photosynthesis of significance in the context of attempts to improve crop photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xiao
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Science, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyCASShanghai200032China
| | - Jen Sloan
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Chris Hepworth
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Marc Fradera‐Soler
- Division of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington Campus, LoughboroughLeicestershireLE12 5RDUK
| | - Andrew Mathers
- Division of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington Campus, LoughboroughLeicestershireLE12 5RDUK
| | - Rachel Thorley
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Alice Baillie
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Hannah Jones
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Tiangen Chang
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Science, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyCASShanghai200032China
| | - Xingyuan Chen
- Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWA99354USA
| | - Nazmin Yaapar
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of AgricultureUniversiti Putra Malaysia43400SerdangMalaysia
| | - Colin P. Osborne
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Craig Sturrock
- Division of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington Campus, LoughboroughLeicestershireLE12 5RDUK
| | - Sacha J. Mooney
- Division of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington Campus, LoughboroughLeicestershireLE12 5RDUK
| | - Andrew J. Fleming
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldWestern BankSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Xin‐Guang Zhu
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Science, Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyCASShanghai200032China
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5
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Ito K, Ito D, Goto M, Suzuki S, Masuda S, Iba K, Kusumi K. Regulation of ppGpp Synthesis and Its Impact on Chloroplast Biogenesis during Early Leaf Development in Rice. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:919-931. [PMID: 35428891 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) is known as an alarmone that mediates bacterial stress responses. In plants, ppGpp is synthesized in chloroplasts from GTP and ATP and functions as a regulator of chloroplast gene expression to affect photosynthesis and plant growth. This observation indicates that ppGpp metabolism is closely related to chloroplast function, but the regulation of ppGpp and its role in chloroplast differentiation are not well understood. In rice, ppGpp directly inhibits plastidial guanylate kinase (GKpm), a key enzyme in GTP biosynthesis. GKpm is highly expressed during early leaf development in rice, and the GKpm-deficient mutant, virescent-2 (v2), develops chloroplast-deficient chlorotic leaves under low-temperature conditions. To examine the relationship between GTP synthesis and ppGpp homeostasis, we generated transgenic rice plants over-expressing RSH3, a protein known to act as a ppGpp synthase. When RSH3 was overexpressed in v2, the leaf chlorosis was more severe. Although the RSH3 overexpression in the wild type caused no visible effects, pulse amplitude modulation fluorometer measurements indicated that photosynthetic rates were reduced in this line. This finding implies that the regulation of ppGpp synthesis in rice is involved in the maintenance of the GTP pool required to regulate plastid gene expression during early chloroplast biogenesis. We further investigated changes in the expressions of RelA/SpoT Homolog (RSH) genes encoding ppGpp synthases and hydrolases during the same period. Comparing the expression of these genes with the cellular ppGpp content suggests that the basal ppGpp level is determined by the antagonistic action of multiple RSH enzymatic activities during early leaf development in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Ito
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Doshun Ito
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501 Japan
| | - Mina Goto
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501 Japan
| | - Sae Suzuki
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501 Japan
| | - Shinji Masuda
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501 Japan
| | - Koh Iba
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Kensuke Kusumi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
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6
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Hughes TE, Langdale JA. SCARECROW is deployed in distinct contexts during rice and maize leaf development. Development 2022; 149:dev200410. [PMID: 35293577 PMCID: PMC8995083 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The flexible deployment of developmental regulators is an increasingly appreciated aspect of plant development and evolution. The GRAS transcription factor SCARECROW (SCR) regulates the development of the endodermis in Arabidopsis and maize roots, but during leaf development it regulates the development of distinct cell types; bundle-sheath in Arabidopsis and mesophyll in maize. In rice, SCR is implicated in stomatal patterning, but it is unknown whether this function is additional to a role in inner leaf patterning. Here, we demonstrate that two duplicated SCR genes function redundantly in rice. Contrary to previous reports, we show that these genes are necessary for stomatal development, with stomata virtually absent from leaves that are initiated after germination of mutants. The stomatal regulator OsMUTE is downregulated in Osscr1;Osscr2 mutants, indicating that OsSCR acts early in stomatal development. Notably, Osscr1;Osscr2 mutants do not exhibit the inner leaf patterning perturbations seen in Zmscr1;Zmscr1h mutants, and Zmscr1;Zmscr1h mutants do not exhibit major perturbations in stomatal patterning. Taken together, these results indicate that SCR was deployed in different developmental contexts after the divergence of rice and maize around 50 million years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Hughes
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Jane A. Langdale
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
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7
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Miya M, Yoshikawa T, Sato Y, Itoh JI. Genome-wide analysis of spatiotemporal expression patterns during rice leaf development. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:169. [PMID: 33750294 PMCID: PMC7941727 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07494-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice leaves consist of three distinct regions along a proximal-distal axis, namely the leaf blade, sheath, and blade-sheath boundary region. Each region has a unique morphology and function, but the genetic programs underlying the development of each region are poorly understood. To fully elucidate rice leaf development and discover genes with unique functions in rice and grasses, it is crucial to explore genome-wide transcriptional profiles during the development of the three regions. RESULTS In this study, we performed microarray analysis to profile the spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression in the rice leaf using dissected parts of leaves sampled in broad developmental stages. The dynamics in each region revealed that the transcriptomes changed dramatically throughout the progress of tissue differentiation, and those of the leaf blade and sheath differed greatly at the mature stage. Cluster analysis of expression patterns among leaf parts revealed groups of genes that may be involved in specific biological processes related to rice leaf development. Moreover, we found novel genes potentially involved in rice leaf development using a combination of transcriptome data and in situ hybridization, and analyzed their spatial expression patterns at high resolution. We successfully identified multiple genes that exhibit localized expression in tissues characteristic of rice or grass leaves. CONCLUSIONS Although the genetic mechanisms of leaf development have been elucidated in several eudicots, direct application of that information to rice and grasses is not appropriate due to the morphological and developmental differences between them. Our analysis provides not only insights into the development of rice leaves but also expression profiles that serve as a valuable resource for gene discovery. The genes and gene clusters identified in this study may facilitate future research on the unique developmental mechanisms of rice leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Miya
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takanori Yoshikawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sato
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, 305-8518, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Itoh
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
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Najeeb S, Ali J, Mahender A, Pang Y, Zilhas J, Murugaiyan V, Vemireddy LR, Li Z. Identification of main-effect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for low-temperature stress tolerance germination- and early seedling vigor-related traits in rice ( Oryza sativa L.). MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2020; 40:10. [PMID: 31975784 PMCID: PMC6944268 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-019-1090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
An attempt was made in the current study to identify the main-effect and co-localized quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for germination and early seedling growth traits under low-temperature stress (LTS) conditions in rice. The plant material used in this study was an early backcross population of 230 introgression lines (ILs) in BCIF7 generation derived from the Weed Tolerant Rice-1 (WTR-1) (as the recipient) and Haoannong (HNG) (as the donor). Genetic analyses of LTS tolerance revealed a total of 27 main-effect quantitative trait loci (M-QTLs) mapped on 12 chromosomes. These QTLs explained more than 10% of phenotypic variance (PV), and average PV of 12.71% while employing 704 high-quality SNP markers. Of these 27 QTLs distributed on 12 chromosomes, 11 were associated with low-temperature germination (LTG), nine with low-temperature germination stress index (LTGS), five with root length stress index (RLSI), and two with biomass stress index (BMSI) QTLs, shoot length stress index (SLSI) and root length stress index (RLSI), seven with seed vigor index (SVI), and single QTL with root length (RL). Among them, five significant major QTLs (qLTG(I) 1 , qLTGS(I) 1-2 , qLTG(I) 5 , qLTGS(I) 5 , and qLTG(I) 7 ) mapped on chromosomes 1, 5, and 7 were associated with LTG and LTGS traits and the PV explained ranged from 16 to 23.3%. The genomic regions of these QTLs were co-localized with two to six QTLs. Most of the QTLs were growth stage-specific and found to harbor QTLs governing multiple traits. Eight chromosomes had more than four QTLs and were clustered together and designated as promising LTS tolerance QTLs (qLTTs), as qLTT 1 , qLTT 2 , qLTT 3 , qLTT 5 , qLTT 6 , qLTT 8 , qLTT 9 , and qLTT 11 . A total of 16 putative candidate genes were identified in the major M-QTLs and co-localized QTL regions distributed on different chromosomes. Overall, these significant genomic regions of M-QTLs are responsible for multiple traits and this suggested that these could serve as the best predictors of LTS tolerance at germination and early seedling growth stages. Furthermore, it is necessary to fine-map these regions and to find functional markers for marker-assisted selection in rice breeding programs for cold tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Najeeb
- Rice Breeding Platform, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), 4031 Los Baños, Laguna Philippines
- Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Science & Technology (SKAUST), Khudwani, Kashmir 190025 India
| | - J. Ali
- Rice Breeding Platform, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), 4031 Los Baños, Laguna Philippines
| | - A. Mahender
- Rice Breeding Platform, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), 4031 Los Baños, Laguna Philippines
| | - Y.L. Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018 People’s Republic of China
| | - J. Zilhas
- Rice Breeding Platform, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), 4031 Los Baños, Laguna Philippines
| | - V. Murugaiyan
- Rice Breeding Platform, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), 4031 Los Baños, Laguna Philippines
- Plant Nutrition, Institute of Crop Sciences and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53012 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lakshminarayana R. Vemireddy
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517502 India
| | - Z. Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081 People’s Republic of China
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9
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Caine RS, Yin X, Sloan J, Harrison EL, Mohammed U, Fulton T, Biswal AK, Dionora J, Chater CC, Coe RA, Bandyopadhyay A, Murchie EH, Swarup R, Quick WP, Gray JE. Rice with reduced stomatal density conserves water and has improved drought tolerance under future climate conditions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:371-384. [PMID: 30043395 PMCID: PMC6492113 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Much of humanity relies on rice (Oryza sativa) as a food source, but cultivation is water intensive and the crop is vulnerable to drought and high temperatures. Under climate change, periods of reduced water availability and high temperature are expected to become more frequent, leading to detrimental effects on rice yields. We engineered the high-yielding rice cultivar 'IR64' to produce fewer stomata by manipulating the level of a developmental signal. We overexpressed the rice epidermal patterning factor OsEPF1, creating plants with substantially reduced stomatal density and correspondingly low stomatal conductance. Low stomatal density rice lines were more able to conserve water, using c. 60% of the normal amount between weeks 4 and 5 post germination. When grown at elevated atmospheric CO2 , rice plants with low stomatal density were able to maintain their stomatal conductance and survive drought and high temperature (40°C) for longer than control plants. Low stomatal density rice gave equivalent or even improved yields, despite a reduced rate of photosynthesis in some conditions. Rice plants with fewer stomata are drought tolerant and more conservative in their water use, and they should perform better in the future when climate change is expected to threaten food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Caine
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Xiaojia Yin
- International Rice Research InstituteDAPO 7777Metro ManilaPhilippines
| | - Jennifer Sloan
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Emily L. Harrison
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Umar Mohammed
- Division of Plant and Crop ScienceUniversity of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington CampusLoughboroughLE12 5RDUK
| | - Timothy Fulton
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 3EHUK
| | - Akshaya K. Biswal
- International Rice Research InstituteDAPO 7777Metro ManilaPhilippines
- Department of BiologyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599‐3280USA
| | | | - Caspar C. Chater
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de PlantasInstituto de BiotecnologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MexicoCuernavaca62210Mexico
| | - Robert A. Coe
- International Rice Research InstituteDAPO 7777Metro ManilaPhilippines
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational PhotosynthesisAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | | | - Erik H. Murchie
- Division of Plant and Crop ScienceUniversity of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington CampusLoughboroughLE12 5RDUK
| | - Ranjan Swarup
- Division of Plant and Crop ScienceUniversity of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington CampusLoughboroughLE12 5RDUK
| | - W. Paul Quick
- International Rice Research InstituteDAPO 7777Metro ManilaPhilippines
| | - Julie E. Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
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10
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Shi X, Chen S, Peng Y, Wang Y, Chen J, Hu Z, Wang B, Li A, Chao D, Li Y, Teng S. TSC1 enables plastid development under dark conditions, contributing to rice adaptation to transplantation shock. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:112-129. [PMID: 29210524 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Since its domestication from wild rice thousands of years ago, rice has been cultivated largely through transplantation. During transplantation from the nursery to the paddy field, rice seedlings experience transplantation shock which affects their physiology and production. However, the mechanisms underlying transplantation shock and rice adaptation to this shock are largely unknown. Here, we isolated a transplant-sensitive chloroplast-deficient (tsc1) rice mutant that produces albino leaves after transplantation. Blocking light from reaching the juvenile leaves and leaf primordia caused chloroplast deficiencies in transplanted tsc1 seedlings. TSC1 encodes a noncanonical adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transporter homologous to AtNAP14 and is of cyanobacterial origin. We demonstrate that TSC1 controls plastid development in rice under dark conditions, and functions independently of light signaling. However, light rescued the tsc1 mutant phenotype in a spectrum-independent manner. TSC1 was upregulated following transplantation, and modulated the iron and copper levels, thereby regulating prolamellar body formation during the early P4 stage of leaf development. Therefore, TSC1 is indispensable for plastid development in the absence of light, and contributes to adaptation to transplantation shock. Our study provides insight into the regulation of plastid development and establishes a framework for improving recovery from transplantation shock in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Shi
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Sunlu Chen
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiugeng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhanghua Hu
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Baohe Wang
- Rice Breeding Center, Lixiahe Agricultural Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou 225007, China
| | - Aihong Li
- Rice Breeding Center, Lixiahe Agricultural Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou 225007, China
| | - Daiyin Chao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Rice Breeding Center, Lixiahe Agricultural Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou 225007, China
| | - Sheng Teng
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200032, China
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11
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Schuler ML, Sedelnikova OV, Walker BJ, Westhoff P, Langdale JA. SHORTROOT-Mediated Increase in Stomatal Density Has No Impact on Photosynthetic Efficiency. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:757-772. [PMID: 29127261 PMCID: PMC5761779 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The coordinated positioning of veins, mesophyll cells, and stomata across a leaf is crucial for efficient gas exchange and transpiration and, therefore, for overall function. In monocot leaves, stomatal cell files are positioned at the flanks of underlying longitudinal leaf veins, rather than directly above or below. This pattern suggests either that stomatal formation is inhibited in epidermal cells directly in contact with the vein or that specification is induced in cell files beyond the vein. The SHORTROOT pathway specifies distinct cell types around the vasculature in subepidermal layers of both root and shoots, with cell type identity determined by distance from the vein. To test whether the pathway has the potential to similarly pattern epidermal cell types, we expanded the expression domain of the rice (Oryza sativa ssp japonica) OsSHR2 gene, which we show is restricted to developing leaf veins, to include bundle sheath cells encircling the vein. In transgenic lines, which were generated using the orthologous ZmSHR1 gene to avoid potential silencing of OsSHR2, stomatal cell files were observed both in the normal position and in more distant positions from the vein. Contrary to theoretical predictions, and to phenotypes observed in eudicot leaves, the increase in stomatal density did not enhance photosynthetic capacity or increase mesophyll cell density. Collectively, these results suggest that the SHORTROOT pathway may coordinate the positioning of veins and stomata in monocot leaves and that distinct mechanisms may operate in monocot and eudicot leaves to coordinate stomatal patterning with the development of underlying mesophyll cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara L Schuler
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Olga V Sedelnikova
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom
| | - Berkley J Walker
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Westhoff
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Jane A Langdale
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom
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12
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Lv Y, Shao G, Qiu J, Jiao G, Sheng Z, Xie L, Wu Y, Tang S, Wei X, Hu P. White Leaf and Panicle 2, encoding a PEP-associated protein, is required for chloroplast biogenesis under heat stress in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5147-5160. [PMID: 29045742 PMCID: PMC5853965 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) plays an important role in the transcription machinery of mature chloroplasts, yet details of its function remain elusive in rice. Here, we identified a novel PEP-associated protein (PAP), WLP2, based on its two allelic white leaf and panicle mutants, wlp2s and wlp2w. The two mutants were albino lethal at high temperatures and showed decreased chlorophyll accumulation, abnormal chloroplast ultrastructure, and attenuated photosynthetic activity. Map-based cloning suggested that WLP2 encodes a putative pfkB-type carbohydrate kinase family protein, which is homologous to fructokinase-like 1 (AtFLN1) in Arabidopsis. WLP2 is mainly expressed in green tissues and its protein localizes in chloroplasts. Expression levels of PEP-encoded genes, chloroplast development genes and photosynthesis-related genes were compromised in wlp2 mutants, indicating that WLP2 is essential for normal chloroplast biogenesis. Moreover, WLP2 and its paralog OsFLN2 can physically interact with thioredoxin OsTRXz to form a TRX-FLN regulatory module, which not only regulates transcription of the PEP-encoded genes but also maintains the redox balance in chloroplasts under heat stress. Furthermore, the wlp2w mutant gene represents a potential advantage in enhancing seed purity and high-throughput breeding. Our results strongly indicate that WLP2 protects chloroplast development from heat stress via a TRX-FLN regulatory module in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusong Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gaoneng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiehua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guiai Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhonghua Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yawen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaoqing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangjin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- Correspondence: ,
| | - Peisong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- Correspondence: ,
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13
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Mathan J, Bhattacharya J, Ranjan A. Enhancing crop yield by optimizing plant developmental features. Development 2017; 143:3283-94. [PMID: 27624833 DOI: 10.1242/dev.134072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A number of plant features and traits, such as overall plant architecture, leaf structure and morphological features, vascular architecture and flowering time are important determinants of photosynthetic efficiency and hence the overall performance of crop plants. The optimization of such developmental traits thus has great potential to increase biomass and crop yield. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of these developmental traits in crop plants, summarizing their genetic regulation and highlighting the potential of manipulating these traits for crop improvement. We also briefly review the effects of domestication on the developmental features of crop plants. Finally, we discuss the potential of functional genomics-based approaches to optimize plant developmental traits to increase yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotirmaya Mathan
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Juhi Bhattacharya
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Aashish Ranjan
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi 110067, India
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14
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Yin X, Biswal AK, Dionora J, Perdigon KM, Balahadia CP, Mazumdar S, Chater C, Lin HC, Coe RA, Kretzschmar T, Gray JE, Quick PW, Bandyopadhyay A. CRISPR-Cas9 and CRISPR-Cpf1 mediated targeting of a stomatal developmental gene EPFL9 in rice. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:745-757. [PMID: 28349358 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2118-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas9/Cpf1 system with its unique gene targeting efficiency, could be an important tool for functional study of early developmental genes through the generation of successful knockout plants. The introduction and utilization of systems biology approaches have identified several genes that are involved in early development of a plant and with such knowledge a robust tool is required for the functional validation of putative candidate genes thus obtained. The development of the CRISPR-Cas9/Cpf1 genome editing system has provided a convenient tool for creating loss of function mutants for genes of interest. The present study utilized CRISPR/Cas9 and CRISPR-Cpf1 technology to knock out an early developmental gene EPFL9 (Epidermal Patterning Factor like-9, a positive regulator of stomatal development in Arabidopsis) orthologue in rice. Germ-line mutants that were generated showed edits that were carried forward into the T2 generation when Cas9-free homozygous mutants were obtained. The homozygous mutant plants showed more than an eightfold reduction in stomatal density on the abaxial leaf surface of the edited rice plants. Potential off-target analysis showed no significant off-target effects. This study also utilized the CRISPR-LbCpf1 (Lachnospiracae bacterium Cpf1) to target the same OsEPFL9 gene to test the activity of this class-2 CRISPR system in rice and found that Cpf1 is also capable of genome editing and edits get transmitted through generations with similar phenotypic changes seen with CRISPR-Cas9. This study demonstrates the application of CRISPR-Cas9/Cpf1 to precisely target genomic locations and develop transgene-free homozygous heritable gene edits and confirms that the loss of function analysis of the candidate genes emerging from different systems biology based approaches, could be performed, and therefore, this system adds value in the validation of gene function studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Yin
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO, 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Akshaya K Biswal
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO, 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jacqueline Dionora
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO, 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Kristel M Perdigon
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO, 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Shamik Mazumdar
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO, 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Caspar Chater
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
- Departamento de Biologıá Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnologıá, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico Cuernavaca, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Hsiang-Chun Lin
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO, 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Robert A Coe
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO, 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Tobias Kretzschmar
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO, 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Julie E Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Paul W Quick
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO, 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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