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Zhao Y, Chen Y, Gao M, Wang Y. Alcohol dehydrogenases regulated by a MYB44 transcription factor underlie Lauraceae citral biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1674-1691. [PMID: 37831423 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Lineage-specific terpenoids have arisen throughout the evolution of land plants and are believed to play a role in interactions between plants and the environment. Species-specific gene clusters in plants have provided insight on the evolution of secondary metabolism. Lauraceae is an ecologically important plant family whose members are also of considerable economic value given their monoterpene contents. However, the gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of monoterpenes remains yet to be elucidated. Here, a Lauraceae-specific citral biosynthetic gene cluster (CGC) was identified and investigated using a multifaceted approach that combined phylogenetic, collinearity, and biochemical analyses. The CGC comprises MYB44 as a regulator and 2 alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) as modifying enzymes, which derived from species-specific tandem and proximal duplication events. Activity and substrate divergence of the ADHs has resulted in the fruit of mountain pepper (Litsea cubeba), a core Lauraceae species, consisting of more than 80% citral. In addition, MYB44 negatively regulates citral biosynthesis by directly binding to the promoters of the ADH-encoding genes. The aggregation of citral biosynthetic pathways suggests that they may form the basis of important characteristics that enhance adaptability. The findings of this study provide insights into the evolution of and the regulatory mechanisms involved in plant terpene biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Yicun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Yangdong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
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2
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Wei G, Xu Y, Xu M, Shi X, Wang J, Feng L. Identification of Volatile Compounds and Terpene Synthase ( TPS) Genes Reveals ZcTPS02 Involved in β-Ocimene Biosynthesis in Zephyranthes candida. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:185. [PMID: 38397175 PMCID: PMC10887521 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Zephyranthes candida is a frequently cultivated ornamental plant containing several secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, extensive research has been conducted only on non-VOCs found in the plant, whereas the production of VOCs and the molecular mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of terpenes remain poorly understood. In this study, 17 volatile compounds were identified from Z. candida flowers using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), with 16 of them being terpenoids. Transcriptome sequencing resulted in the identification of 17 terpene synthase (TPS) genes; two TPS genes, ZcTPS01 and ZcTPS02, had high expression levels. Biochemical characterization of two enzymes encoded by both genes revealed that ZcTPS02 can catalyze geranyl diphosphate (GPP) into diverse products, among which is β-ocimene, which is the second most abundant compound found in Z. candida flowers. These results suggest that ZcTPS02 plays a vital role in β-ocimene biosynthesis, providing valuable insights into terpene biosynthesis pathways in Z. candida. Furthermore, the expression of ZcTPS02 was upregulated after 2 h of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment and downregulated after 4 h of the same treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Liguo Feng
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (G.W.); (Y.X.); (M.X.); (X.S.); (J.W.)
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Wen H, Zhang S, Liu Y, Hu Z, Zhu C, Zeng J, Song Z, Chen J, Xu J. Screening Universal Stress-Response Terpenoids and Their Biosynthetic Genes via Volatile and Transcriptomic Profiling in Citrus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:351-362. [PMID: 38115585 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Volatile terpenoids accumulate in citrus and play important roles in plant defense against various stressors. However, the broad-spectrum response of terpenoid biosynthesis to ubiquitous stressors in citrus has not been comparatively investigated. In this study, volatile terpenoids were profiled under six stressors: high temperature, citrus miner, citrus red mite, citrus canker, Alternaria brown spot, and huanglongbing (HLB). Significant content changes in 15 terpenoids, including β-ocimene, were observed in more than four of the six stressors, implying their possibly universal stress-response effects. Notably, the emission of terpenoids, including β-caryophyllene, β-ocimene, and nerolidol glucoside, was significantly increased by HLB in HLB-tolerant "Shatian" pomelo leaves. The upregulation of CgTPS1 and CgTPS2 and their characterization in vivo identified them as mono- or sesquiterpenoid biosynthetic genes. This study provides a foundation for determining stress resistance mechanisms in citrus and biopesticide designations for future industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wen
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- Sensory Evaluation and Quality Analysis Centre of Horticultural Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Sining Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- Sensory Evaluation and Quality Analysis Centre of Horticultural Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- Sensory Evaluation and Quality Analysis Centre of Horticultural Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhehui Hu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- Sensory Evaluation and Quality Analysis Centre of Horticultural Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Congyi Zhu
- Guangdong Fruit Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiwu Zeng
- Guangdong Fruit Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhiqing Song
- Jiangxi Metallurgical Vocational and Technical College, Xinyu 338015, China
| | - Jiajing Chen
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- Sensory Evaluation and Quality Analysis Centre of Horticultural Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Juan Xu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- Sensory Evaluation and Quality Analysis Centre of Horticultural Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Zhao Y, Chen Y, Gao M, Wu L, Wang Y. LcMYB106 suppresses monoterpene biosynthesis by negatively regulating LcTPS32 expression in Litsea cubeba. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:2150-2161. [PMID: 37682081 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Litsea cubeba, the core species of the Lauraceae family, is valuable for the production of essential oils due to its high concentration of monoterpenes (90%). The key monoterpene synthase and metabolic regulatory network of monoterpene biosynthesis have provided new insights for improving essential oil content. However, there are few studies on the regulation mechanism of monoterpenes in L. cubeba. In this study, we investigated LcTPS32, a member of the TPS-b subfamily, and identified its function as an enzyme for the synthesis of monoterpenes, including geraniol, α-pinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, linalool and eucalyptol. The quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that LcTPS32 was highly expressed in the fruits of L. cubeba and contributed to the characteristic flavor of its essential oil. Overexpression of LcTPS32 resulted in a significant increase in the production of monoterpenes in L. cubeba by activating both the MVA and MEP pathways. Additionally, the study revealed that LcMYB106 played a negative regulatory role in monoterpenes biosynthesis by directly binding to the promoter of LcTPS32. Our study indicates that LcMYB106 could serve as a crucial target for metabolic engineering endeavors, aiming at enhancing the monoterpene biosynthesis in L. cubeba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Rd, Beijing 100091, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Daqiao Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Yicun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Rd, Beijing 100091, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Daqiao Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Rd, Beijing 100091, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Daqiao Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Liwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Rd, Beijing 100091, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Daqiao Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
| | - Yangdong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Xiangshan Rd, Beijing 100091, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Daqiao Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, China
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Claude SJ, Raman G, Park SJ. Comparative Analysis and Identification of Terpene Synthase Genes in Convallaria keiskei Leaf, Flower and Root Using RNA-Sequencing Profiling. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2797. [PMID: 37570951 PMCID: PMC10421360 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The 'Lilly of the Valley' species, Convallaria, is renowned for its fragrant white flowers and distinctive fresh and green floral scent, attributed to a rich composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of this floral scent remain poorly understood due to a lack of transcriptomic data. In this study, we conducted the first comparative transcriptome analysis of C. keiskei, encompassing the leaf, flower, and root tissues. Our aim was to investigate the terpene synthase (TPS) genes and differential gene expression (DEG) patterns associated with essential oil biosynthesis. Through de novo assembly, we generated a substantial number of unigenes, with the highest count in the root (146,550), followed by the flower (116,434) and the leaf (72,044). Among the identified unigenes, we focused on fifteen putative ckTPS genes, which are involved in the synthesis of mono- and sesquiterpenes, the key aromatic compounds responsible for the essential oil biosynthesis in C. keiskei. The expression of these genes was validated using quantitative PCR analysis. Both DEG and qPCR analyses revealed the presence of ckTPS genes in the flower transcriptome, responsible for the synthesis of various compounds such as geraniol, germacrene, kaurene, linalool, nerolidol, trans-ocimene and valencene. The leaf transcriptome exhibited genes related to the biosynthesis of kaurene and trans-ocimene. In the root, the identified unigenes were associated with synthesizing kaurene, trans-ocimene and valencene. Both analyses indicated that the genes involved in mono- and sesquiterpene biosynthesis are more highly expressed in the flower compared to the leaf and root. This comprehensive study provides valuable resources for future investigations aiming to unravel the essential oil-biosynthesis-related genes in the Convallaria genus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seon-Joo Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea;
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Han X, Zhang J, Han S, Chong SL, Meng G, Song M, Wang Y, Zhou S, Liu C, Lou L, Lou X, Cheng L, Lin E, Huang H, Yang Q, Tong Z. The chromosome-scale genome of Phoebe bournei reveals contrasting fates of terpene synthase (TPS)-a and TPS-b subfamilies. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100410. [PMID: 35841151 PMCID: PMC9700126 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids, including aromatic volatile monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids, function in defense against pathogens and herbivores. Phoebe trees are remarkable for their scented wood and decay resistance. Unlike other Lauraceae species investigated to date, Phoebe species predominantly accumulate sesquiterpenoids instead of monoterpenoids. Limited genomic data restrict the elucidation of terpenoid variation and functions. Here, we present a chromosome-scale genome assembly of a Lauraceae tree, Phoebe bournei, and identify 72 full-length terpene synthase (TPS) genes. Genome-level comparison shows pervasive lineage-specific duplication and contraction of TPS subfamilies, which have contributed to the extreme terpenoid variation within Lauraceae species. Although the TPS-a and TPS-b subfamilies were both expanded via tandem duplication in P. bournei, more TPS-a copies were retained and constitutively expressed, whereas more TPS-b copies were lost. The TPS-a genes on chromosome 8 functionally diverged to synthesize eight highly accumulated sesquiterpenes in P. bournei. The essential oil of P. bournei and its main component, β-caryophyllene, exhibited antifungal activities against the three most widespread canker pathogens of trees. The TPS-a and TPS-b subfamilies have experienced contrasting fates over the evolution of P. bournei. The abundant sesquiterpenoids produced by TPS-a proteins contribute to the excellent pathogen resistance of P. bournei trees. Overall, this study sheds light on the evolution and adaptation of terpenoids in Lauraceae and provides valuable resources for boosting plant immunity against pathogens in various trees and crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Shuang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Sun Li Chong
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | | | - Minyan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Shengcai Zhou
- Experimental Forest Farm of Qingyuan County, Qingyuan, Zhejiang 323800, China
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Luhuan Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Xiongzhen Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Longjun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Erpei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Huahong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Qi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China.
| | - Zaikang Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China.
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7
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Conneely LJ, Berkowitz O, Lewsey MG. Emerging trends in genomic and epigenomic regulation of plant specialised metabolism. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 203:113427. [PMID: 36087823 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of specialised metabolism genes is multilayered and complex, influenced by an array of genomic, epigenetic and epigenomic mechanisms. Here, we review the most recent knowledge in this field, drawing from discoveries in several plant species. Our aim is to improve understanding of how plant genome structure and function influence specialised metabolism. We also highlight key areas for future exploration. Gene regulatory mechanisms influencing specialised metabolism include gene duplication and neo-functionalization, conservation of operon-like clusters of specialised metabolism genes, local chromatin modifications, and the organisation of higher order chromatin structures within the nucleus. Genomic and epigenomic research to-date in the discipline have focused on a relatively small number of plant species, primarily at whole organ or tissue level. This is largely due to the technical demands of the experimental methods needed. However, a high degree of cell-type specificity of function exists in specialised metabolism, driven by similarly specific gene regulation. In this review we focus on the genomic characteristics of genes that are found in different types of clusters within the genome. We propose that acquisition of cell-resolution epigenomic datasets in emerging models, such as the glandular trichomes of Cannabis sativa, will yield important advances. Data such as chromatin accessibility and histone modification profiles can pinpoint which regulatory sequences are active in individual cell types and at specific times in development. These could provide fundamental biological insight as well as novel targets for genetic engineering and crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee J Conneely
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, AgriBio Building, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, La Trobe University, AgriBio Building, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Oliver Berkowitz
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, AgriBio Building, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, La Trobe University, AgriBio Building, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Mathew G Lewsey
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, AgriBio Building, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, La Trobe University, AgriBio Building, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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8
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Drummond CP, Renner T. Genomic insights into the evolution of plant chemical defense. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 68:102254. [PMID: 35777286 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant trait evolution can be impacted by common mechanisms of genome evolution, including whole-genome and small-scale duplication, rearrangement, and selective pressures. With the increasing accessibility of genome sequencing for non-model species, comparative studies of trait evolution among closely related or divergent lineages have supported investigations into plant chemical defense. Plant defensive compounds include major chemical classes, such as terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenolics, and are used in primary and secondary plant functions. These include the promotion of plant health, facilitation of pollination, defense against pathogens, and responses to a rapidly changing climate. We discuss mechanisms of genome evolution and use examples from recent studies to impress a stronger understanding of the link between genotype and phenotype as it relates to the evolution of plant chemical defense. We conclude with considerations for how to leverage genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and functional assays for studying the emergence and evolution of chemical defense systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe P Drummond
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Entomology, 501 ASI Building University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Tanya Renner
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Entomology, 501 ASI Building University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Qiao D, Tang M, Jin L, Mi X, Chen H, Zhu J, Liu S, Wei C. A monoterpene synthase gene cluster of tea plant (Camellia sinensis) potentially involved in constitutive and herbivore-induced terpene formation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 184:1-13. [PMID: 35613521 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes are the most abundant volatiles in tea plants and have dual functions in aroma quality formation and defense responses in tea plants. Terpene synthases (TPS) are the key enzymes for the synthesis of terpenes in plants; however, the functions of most of them in tea plants are still unknown. In this study, six putative terpene biosynthesis gene clusters were identified from the tea plant genome. Then we cloned three new TPS-b subfamily genes, CsTPS08, CsTPS10 and CsTPS58. In vitro enzyme assays showed that CsTPS08 and CsTPS58 are two multiple-product terpene synthases, with the former synthesizing linalool as the main product, and β-myrcene, α-phellandrene, α-terpinolene, D-limonene, cis-β-ocimene, trans-β-ocimene and (4E,6Z)-allo-ocimene as minor products are also detected, while the latter catalyzing the formation of α-pinene and D-limonene using GPP as the substrate. No product of CsTPS10 was detected in the prokaryotic expression system, but geraniol production was detected when transiently expressed in tobacco leaves. CsTPS08 and CsTPS10 are two functional members of a monoterpene synthase gene cluster, which were significantly induced during both Ectropis oblique feeding and fresh leaf spreading treatments, suggesting that they have dual functions involved in tea plant pest defense and tea aroma quality regulation. In addition, the differences in their expression levels in different tea plant cultivars provide a possibility for the subsequent screening of tea plant resources with a specific aroma flavor. Our results deepen the understanding of terpenoid synthesis in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahe Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization / Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/ Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China; Tea Research Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Jin'nong Road, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550006, China
| | - Mengsha Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization / Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/ Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Ling Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization / Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/ Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Xiaozeng Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization / Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/ Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Hongrong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization / Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/ Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Junyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization / Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/ Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Shengrui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization / Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/ Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Chaoling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization / Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization/ Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China.
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10
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Genome of Lindera glauca provides insights into the evolution of biosynthesis genes for aromatic compounds. iScience 2022; 25:104761. [PMID: 35942100 PMCID: PMC9356283 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lindera glauca is a crucial source of diverse industrial oil and medicines. The spicy aroma of tender leaves is caused by the presence of abundant aromatic compounds. Here, we present its chromosome-level genome assembly comprising 12 pseudochromosomes (2,092.2 Mb; scaffold N50: 186.5 Mb), which was predicted to have 65,145 protein-coding genes. Comparative genomic analyses indicated two whole-genome duplication (WGD) events in the Lauraceae family, contributing to the production of numerous terpene synthase (TPS) genes. We identified 138 TPS genes in L. glauca. Comparative transcriptomic analyses revealed high expression of genes Lg03G2346 and Lg08G140 in TPS-a and Lg07G2961 and Lg12G971 in TPS-b subfamilies, which regulated the biosynthesis of the monoterpenoid β-ocimene and sesquiterpenoid D-germacrene in L. glauca. The results suggested a molecular basis for species-specific terpenoid biosynthesis and provided a foundation for molecular breeding to produce desired characteristics and a valuable reference genome. We provide the first chromosome-level genome for Lindera glauca We explore the phylogenetic position and identify three WGD events of L. glauca We identify genes involved in the main aromatic compounds Analysis of metabolites in fruits and leaves by GC-MS is reported
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11
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Smit SJ, Lichman BR. Plant biosynthetic gene clusters in the context of metabolic evolution. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1465-1482. [PMID: 35441651 PMCID: PMC9298681 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00005a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2022Plants produce a wide range of structurally and biosynthetically diverse natural products to interact with their environment. These specialised metabolites typically evolve in limited taxonomic groups presumably in response to specific selective pressures. With the increasing availability of sequencing data, it has become apparent that in many cases the genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes for specialised metabolic pathways are not randomly distributed on the genome. Instead they are physically linked in structures such as arrays, pairs and clusters. The exact function of these clusters is debated. In this review we take a broad view of gene arrangement in plant specialised metabolism, examining types of structures and variation. We discuss the evolution of biosynthetic gene clusters in the wider context of metabolism, populations and epigenetics. Finally, we synthesise our observations to propose a new hypothesis for biosynthetic gene cluster formation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Smit
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Benjamin R Lichman
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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12
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Wang D, Dawadi B, Qu J, Ye J. Light-Engineering Technology for Enhancing Plant Disease Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:805614. [PMID: 35251062 PMCID: PMC8891579 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.805614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Insect vector-borne diseases are a major constraint to a wide variety of crops. Plants integrate environmental light and internal signalings to defend dual stresses both from the vector insects and vector-transmitted pathogens. In this review, we highlight a studies that demonstrate how light regulates plants deploying mechanisms against vector-borne diseases. Four major host defensive pathways involved in the host defense network against multiple biotic stresses are reviewed: innate immunity, phytohormone signaling, RNA interference, and protein degradation. The potential with light-engineering technology with light emitting diodes (LEDs) and genome engineering technology for fine-tuning crop defense and yield are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bishnu Dawadi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Qu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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Sharma R, Cockram J, Gardner KA, Russell J, Ramsay L, Thomas WTB, O'Sullivan DM, Powell W, Mackay IJ. Trends of genetic changes uncovered by Env- and Eigen-GWAS in wheat and barley. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:667-678. [PMID: 34778903 PMCID: PMC8866380 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03991-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Variety age and population structure detect novel QTL for yield and adaptation in wheat and barley without the need to phenotype. The process of crop breeding over the last century has delivered new varieties with increased genetic gains, resulting in higher crop performance and yield. However, in many cases, the alleles and genomic regions underpinning this success remain unknown. This is partly due to the difficulty of generating sufficient phenotypic data on large numbers of historical varieties to enable such analyses. Here we demonstrate the ability to circumvent such bottlenecks by identifying genomic regions selected over 100 years of crop breeding using age of a variety as a surrogate for yield. Rather than collecting phenotype data, we deployed 'environmental genome-wide association scans' (EnvGWAS) based on variety age in two of the world's most important crops, wheat and barley, and detected strong signals of selection across both genomes. EnvGWAS identified 16 genomic regions in barley and 10 in wheat with contrasting patterns between spring and winter types of the two crops. To further examine changes in genome structure, we used the genomic relationship matrix of the genotypic data to derive eigenvectors for analysis in EigenGWAS. This detected seven major chromosomal introgressions that contributed to adaptation in wheat. EigenGWAS and EnvGWAS based on variety age avoid costly phenotyping and facilitate the identification of genomic tracts that have been under selection during breeding. Our results demonstrate the potential of using historical cultivar collections coupled with genomic data to identify chromosomal regions under selection and may help guide future plant breeding strategies to maximise the rate of genetic gain and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Sharma
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
| | - James Cockram
- The John Bingham Laboratory, NIAB, 93 Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Keith A Gardner
- The John Bingham Laboratory, NIAB, 93 Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Joanne Russell
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Luke Ramsay
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | | | - Donal M O'Sullivan
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AR, UK
| | - Wayne Powell
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Ian J Mackay
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK.
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14
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Yang S, Wang N, Kimani S, Li Y, Bao T, Ning G, Li L, Liu B, Wang L, Gao X. Characterization of Terpene synthase variation in flowers of wild aquilegia species from Northeastern Asia. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab020. [PMID: 35039842 PMCID: PMC8771452 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
There are several causes for the great diversity in floral terpenes. The terpene products are determined by the catalytic fidelity, efficiency and plasticity of the active sites of terpene synthases (TPSs). However, the molecular mechanism of TPS in catalyzing terpene biosynthesis and its evolutionary fate in wild plant species remain largely unknown. In this study, the functionality of terpene synthases and their natural variants were assessed in two Northeastern Asia endemic columbine species and their natural hybrid. Synoptically, TPS7, TPS8, and TPS9 were highly expressed in these Aquilegia species from the Zuojia population. The in vitro and in vivo enzymatic assays revealed that TPS7 and TPS8 mainly produced (+)-limonene and β-sesquiphellandrene, respectively, whereas TPS9 produced pinene, similar to the major components released from Aquilegia flowers. Multiple sequence alignment of Aquilegia TPS7 and TPS8 in the Zuojia population revealed amino acid polymorphisms. Domain swapping and amino acid substitution assays demonstrated that 413A, 503I and 529D had impacts on TPS7 catalytic activity, whereas 420G, 538F and 545 L affected the ratio of β-sesquiphellandrene to β-bisabolene in TPS8. Moreover, these key polymorphic amino acid residues were found in Aquilegia species from the Changbai Mountain population. Interestingly, amino acid polymorphisms in TPSs were present in individuals with low expression levels, and nonsynonymous mutations could impact the catalytic activity or product specificity of these genes. The results of this study will shed new light on the function and evolution of TPS genes in wild plant species and are beneficial to the modification of plant fragrances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Shadrack Kimani
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Karatina University, Karatina, Kenya
| | - Yueqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Tingting Bao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Guogui Ning
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Linfeng Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Bao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE and Institute of Genetics & Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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15
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Wang Y, Yang Q, Zhu Y, Zhao L, Ju P, Wang G, Zhou C, Zhu C, Jia H, Jiao Y, Jia H, Gao Z. MrTPS3 and MrTPS20 Are Responsible for β-Caryophyllene and α-Pinene Production, Respectively, in Red Bayberry ( Morella rubra). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:798086. [PMID: 35069655 PMCID: PMC8777192 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.798086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Red bayberry is a sweet, tart fruit native to China and grown widely in the south. The key organic compounds forming the distinctive aroma in red bayberry, are terpenoids, mainly β-caryophyllene and α-pinene. However, the key genes responsible for different terpenoids are still unknown. Here, transcriptome analysis on samples from four cultivars, during fruit development, with different terpenoid production, provided candidate genes for volatile organic compound (VOC) production. Terpene synthases (TPS) are key enzymes regulating terpenoid biosynthesis, and 34 TPS family members were identified in the red bayberry genome. MrTPS3 in chromosome 2 and MrTPS20 in chromosome 7 were identified as key genes regulating β-caryophyllene and α-pinene synthesis, respectively, by qRT-PCR. Subcellular localization and enzyme activity assay showed that MrTPS3 was responsible for β-caryophyllene (sesquiterpenes) production and MrTPS20 for α-pinene (monoterpenes). Notably, one amino acid substitution between dark color cultivars and light color cultivars resulted in the loss of function of MrTPS3, causing the different β-caryophyllene production. Our results lay the foundation to study volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in red bayberry and provide potential genes for molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinsong Yang
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lan Zhao
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengju Ju
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoyun Wang
- Yuyao Agriculture Technology Extension Center, Ningbo, China
| | - Chaochao Zhou
- Yuyao Agriculture Technology Extension Center, Ningbo, China
| | - Changqing Zhu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Jia
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Jiao
- Institute of Forestry, Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Science, Ningbo, China
| | - Huimin Jia
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhongshan Gao
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Yang J, Chen Y, Gao M, Wu L, Xiong S, Wang S, Gao J, Zhao Y, Wang Y. Comprehensive identification of bHLH transcription factors in Litsea cubeba reveals candidate gene involved in the monoterpene biosynthesis pathway. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1081335. [PMID: 36618662 PMCID: PMC9811127 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1081335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Person, an economically important aromatic plant producing essential oils, has lemon-like fragrance and 96.44-98.44% monoterpene contents. bHLH transcription factor plays an important role in plant secondary metabolism and terpene biosynthesis. In this study, we used bioinformatics to identify bHLH transcription factors in L. cubeba, 173 bHLH genes were identified from L. cubeba and divided these into 26 subfamilies based on phylogenetic analysis. The majority of bHLHs in each subfamily shared comparable structures and motifs. While LcbHLHs were unevenly distributed across 12 chromosomes, 10 tandem repeats were discovered. Expression profiles of bHLH genes in different tissues demonstrated that LcbHLH78 is a potential candidate gene for regulating monoterpene biosynthesis. LcbHLH78 and the terpene synthase LcTPS42 showed comparable expression patterns in various tissues and fruit development stages of L. cubeba. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that LcbHLH78 protein localizes to the nucleus, consistent with a transcription factor function. Importantly, transient overexpression of LcbHLH78 increased geraniol and linalol contents. Our research demonstrates that LcbHLH78 enhances terpenoid biosynthesis. This finding will be beneficial for improving the quality of L. cubeba and provides helpful insights for further research into the control mechanism of LcbHLH genes over terpenoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangZhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yicun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangZhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangZhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangZhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shifa Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangZhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangZhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangZhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunxiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangZhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Yunxiao Zhao, ; Yangdong Wang,
| | - Yangdong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangZhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Yunxiao Zhao, ; Yangdong Wang,
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17
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Seeing the Forest through the (Phylogenetic) Trees: Functional Characterisation of Grapevine Terpene Synthase ( VviTPS) Paralogues and Orthologues. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081520. [PMID: 34451565 PMCID: PMC8401418 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gene families involved in specialised metabolism play a key role in a myriad of ecophysiological and biochemical functions. The Vitis vinifera sesquiterpene synthases represent the largest subfamily of grapevine terpene synthase (VviTPS) genes and are important volatile metabolites for wine flavour and aroma, as well as ecophysiological interactions. The functional characterisation of VviTPS genes is complicated by a reliance on a single reference genome that greatly underrepresents this large gene family, exacerbated by extensive duplications and paralogy. The recent release of multiple phased diploid grapevine genomes, as well as extensive whole-genome resequencing efforts, provide a wealth of new sequence information that can be utilised to overcome the limitations of the reference genome. A large cluster of sesquiterpene synthases, localised to chromosome 18, was explored by means of comparative sequence analyses using the publicly available grapevine reference genome, three PacBio phased diploid genomes and whole-genome resequencing data from multiple genotypes. Two genes, VviTPS04 and -10, were identified as putative paralogues and/or allelic variants. Subsequent gene isolation from multiple grapevine genotypes and characterisation by means of a heterologous in planta expression and volatile analysis resulted in the identification of genotype-specific structural variations and polymorphisms that impact the gene function. These results present novel insight into how grapevine domestication likely shaped the VviTPS landscape to result in genotype-specific functions.
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18
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Huang LM, Huang H, Chuang YC, Chen WH, Wang CN, Chen HH. Evolution of Terpene Synthases in Orchidaceae. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6947. [PMID: 34203299 PMCID: PMC8268431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids are the largest class of plant secondary metabolites and are one of the major emitted volatile compounds released to the atmosphere. They have functions of attracting pollinators or defense function, insecticidal properties, and are even used as pharmaceutical agents. Because of the importance of terpenoids, an increasing number of plants are required to investigate the function and evolution of terpene synthases (TPSs) that are the key enzymes in terpenoids biosynthesis. Orchidacea, containing more than 800 genera and 28,000 species, is one of the largest and most diverse families of flowering plants, and is widely distributed. Here, the diversification of the TPSs evolution in Orchidaceae is revealed. A characterization and phylogeny of TPSs from four different species with whole genome sequences is available. Phylogenetic analysis of orchid TPSs indicates these genes are divided into TPS-a, -b, -e/f, and g subfamilies, and their duplicated copies are increased in derived orchid species compared to that in the early divergence orchid, A. shenzhenica. The large increase of both TPS-a and TPS-b copies can probably be attributed to the pro-duction of different volatile compounds for attracting pollinators or generating chemical defenses in derived orchid lineages; while the duplications of TPS-g and TPS-e/f copies occurred in a species-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Min Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (L.-M.H.); (H.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (W.-H.C.)
| | - Hsin Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (L.-M.H.); (H.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (W.-H.C.)
| | - Yu-Chen Chuang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (L.-M.H.); (H.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (W.-H.C.)
| | - Wen-Huei Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (L.-M.H.); (H.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (W.-H.C.)
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Neng Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan;
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (L.-M.H.); (H.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (W.-H.C.)
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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19
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Wang P, Yu J, Jin S, Chen S, Yue C, Wang W, Gao S, Cao H, Zheng Y, Gu M, Chen X, Sun Y, Guo Y, Yang J, Zhang X, Ye N. Genetic basis of high aroma and stress tolerance in the oolong tea cultivar genome. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:107. [PMID: 33931633 PMCID: PMC8087695 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00542-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Tea plants (Camellia sinensis) are commercially cultivated in >60 countries, and their fresh leaves are processed into tea, which is the most widely consumed beverage in the world. Although several chromosome-level tea plant genomes have been published, they collapsed the two haplotypes and ignored a large number of allelic variations that may underlie important biological functions in this species. Here, we present a phased chromosome-scale assembly for an elite oolong tea cultivar, "Huangdan", that is well known for its high levels of aroma. Based on the two sets of haplotype genome data, we identified numerous genetic variations and a substantial proportion of allelic imbalance related to important traits, including aroma- and stress-related alleles. Comparative genomics revealed extensive structural variations as well as expansion of some gene families, such as terpene synthases (TPSs), that likely contribute to the high-aroma characteristics of the backbone parent, underlying the molecular basis for the biosynthesis of aroma-related chemicals in oolong tea. Our results uncovered the genetic basis of special features of this oolong tea cultivar, providing fundamental genomic resources to study evolution and domestication for the economically important tea crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjie Wang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University/Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Yu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Genetics, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shan Jin
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University/Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Genetics, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chuan Yue
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University/Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenling Wang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Genetics, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuilian Gao
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University/Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongli Cao
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University/Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yucheng Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University/Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mengya Gu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University/Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuejin Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University/Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yun Sun
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University/Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuqiong Guo
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University/Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiangfan Yang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University/Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xingtan Zhang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China.
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Genetics, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Naixing Ye
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University/Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, 350002, Fuzhou, China.
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20
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Li J, Wang Y, Dong Y, Zhang W, Wang D, Bai H, Li K, Li H, Shi L. The chromosome-based lavender genome provides new insights into Lamiaceae evolution and terpenoid biosynthesis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:53. [PMID: 33642593 PMCID: PMC7917091 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00490-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The aromatic shrub Lavandula angustifolia produces various volatile terpenoids that serve as resources for essential oils and function in plant-insect communication. To better understand the genetic basis of the terpenoid diversity in lavender, we present a high-quality reference genome for the Chinese lavender cultivar "Jingxun 2" using PacBio and Hi-C technologies to anchor the 894.50 Mb genome assembly into 27 pseudochromosomes. In addition to the γ triplication event, lavender underwent two rounds of whole-genome duplication (WGD) during the Eocene-Oligocene (29.6 MYA) and Miocene-Pliocene (6.9 MYA) transitions. As a result of tandem duplications and lineage-specific WGDs, gene families related to terpenoid biosynthesis in lavender are substantially expanded compared to those of five other species in Lamiaceae. Many terpenoid biosynthesis transcripts are abundant in glandular trichomes. We further integrated the contents of ecologically functional terpenoids and coexpressed terpenoid biosynthetic genes to construct terpenoid-gene networks. Typical gene clusters, including TPS-TPS, TPS-CYP450, and TPS-BAHD, linked with compounds that primarily function as attractants or repellents, were identified by their similar patterns of change during flower development or in response to methyl jasmonate. Comprehensive analysis of the genetic basis of the production of volatiles in lavender could serve as a foundation for future research into lavender evolution, phytochemistry, and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrui Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, 100093, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100015, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Yanmei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, 100093, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100015, Beijing, China
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, 100093, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100015, Beijing, China
| | - Di Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, 100093, Beijing, China
| | - Hongtong Bai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, 100093, Beijing, China
| | - Kui Li
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, 100083, Beijing, China.
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, 100093, Beijing, China.
| | - Lei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, 100093, Beijing, China.
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21
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Schneider GF, Salazar D, Hildreth SB, Helm RF, Whitehead SR. Comparative Metabolomics of Fruits and Leaves in a Hyperdiverse Lineage Suggests Fruits Are a Key Incubator of Phytochemical Diversification. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:693739. [PMID: 34527005 PMCID: PMC8435686 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.693739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between plants and leaf herbivores have long been implicated as the major driver of plant secondary metabolite diversity. However, other plant-animal interactions, such as those between fruits and frugivores, may also be involved in phytochemical diversification. Using 12 species of Piper, we conducted untargeted metabolomics and molecular networking with extracts of fruits and leaves. We evaluated organ-specific secondary metabolite composition and compared multiple dimensions of phytochemical diversity across organs, including richness, structural complexity, and variability across samples at multiple scales within and across species. Plant organ identity, species identity, and the interaction between the two all significantly influenced secondary metabolite composition. Leaves and fruit shared a majority of compounds, but fruits contained more unique compounds and had higher total estimated chemical richness. While the relative levels of chemical richness and structural complexity across organs varied substantially across species, fruit diversity exceeded leaf diversity in more species than the reverse. Furthermore, the variance in chemical composition across samples was higher for fruits than leaves. By documenting a broad pattern of high phytochemical diversity in fruits relative to leaves, this study lays groundwork for incorporating fruit into a comprehensive and integrative understanding of the ecological and evolutionary factors shaping secondary metabolite composition at the whole-plant level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald F. Schneider
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
- *Correspondence: Gerald F. Schneider,
| | - Diego Salazar
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Center for Tropical Botany, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Sherry B. Hildreth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Richard F. Helm
- Department of Biochemistry, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Susan R. Whitehead
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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22
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Xu S, Kreitzer C, McGale E, Lackus ND, Guo H, Köllner TG, Schuman MC, Baldwin IT, Zhou W. Allelic differences of clustered terpene synthases contribute to correlated intraspecific variation of floral and herbivory-induced volatiles in a wild tobacco. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1083-1096. [PMID: 32535930 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant volatile emissions can recruit predators of herbivores for indirect defense and attract pollinators to aid in pollination. Although volatiles involved in defense and pollinator attraction are primarily emitted from leaves and flowers, respectively, they will co-evolve if their underlying genetic basis is intrinsically linked, due either to pleiotropy or to genetic linkage. However, direct evidence of co-evolving defense and floral traits is scarce. We characterized intraspecific variation of herbivory-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), the key components of indirect defense against herbivores, and floral volatiles in wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata. We found that variation of (E)-β-ocimene and (E)-α-bergamotene contributed to the correlated changes in HIPVs and floral volatiles among N. attenuata natural accessions. Intraspecific variations of (E)-β-ocimene and (E)-α-bergamotene emissions resulted from allelic variation of two genetically co-localized terpene synthase genes, NaTPS25 and NaTPS38, respectively. Analyzing haplotypes of NaTPS25 and NaTPS38 revealed that allelic variations of NaTPS25 and NaTPS38 resulted in correlated changes of (E)-β-ocimene and (E)-α-bergamotene emission in HIPVs and floral volatiles in N. attenuata. Together, these results provide evidence that pleiotropy and genetic linkage result in correlated changes in defenses and floral signals in natural populations, and the evolution of plant volatiles is probably under diffuse selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqing Xu
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstrasse 1, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Christoph Kreitzer
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Erica McGale
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Nathalie D Lackus
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Han Guo
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Department of Geography & Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Wenwu Zhou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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23
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Booth JK, Yuen MMS, Jancsik S, Madilao LL, Page JE, Bohlmann J. Terpene Synthases and Terpene Variation in Cannabis sativa. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:130-147. [PMID: 32591428 PMCID: PMC7479917 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) resin is the foundation of a multibillion dollar medicinal and recreational plant bioproducts industry. Major components of the cannabis resin are the cannabinoids and terpenes. Variations of cannabis terpene profiles contribute much to the different flavor and fragrance phenotypes that affect consumer preferences. A major problem in the cannabis industry is the lack of proper metabolic characterization of many of the existing cultivars, combined with sometimes incorrect cultivar labeling. We characterized foliar terpene profiles of plants grown from 32 seed sources and found large variation both within and between sets of plants labeled as the same cultivar. We selected five plants representing different cultivars with contrasting terpene profiles for clonal propagation, floral metabolite profiling, and trichome-specific transcriptome sequencing. Sequence analysis of these five cultivars and the reference genome of cv Purple Kush revealed a total of 33 different cannabis terpene synthase (CsTPS) genes, as well as variations of the CsTPS gene family and differential expression of terpenoid and cannabinoid pathway genes between cultivars. Our annotation of the cv Purple Kush reference genome identified 19 complete CsTPS gene models, and tandem arrays of isoprenoid and cannabinoid biosynthetic genes. An updated phylogeny of the CsTPS gene family showed three cannabis-specific clades, including a clade of sesquiterpene synthases within the TPS-b subfamily that typically contains mostly monoterpene synthases. The CsTPSs described and functionally characterized here include 13 that had not been previously characterized and that collectively explain a diverse range of cannabis terpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith K Booth
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Macaire M S Yuen
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Sharon Jancsik
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Lufiani L Madilao
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Jonathan E Page
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Aurora Cannabis, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6B 3J5
| | - Jörg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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24
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Luck K, Chen X, Norris AM, Chen F, Gershenzon J, Köllner TG. The reconstruction and biochemical characterization of ancestral genes furnish insights into the evolution of terpene synthase function in the Poaceae. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:203-215. [PMID: 32683610 PMCID: PMC7417412 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Distinct catalytic features of the Poaceae TPS-a subfamily arose early in grass evolution and the reactions catalyzed have become more complex with time. The structural diversity of terpenes found in nature is mainly determined by terpene synthases (TPS). TPS enzymes accept ubiquitous prenyl diphosphates as substrates and convert them into the various terpene skeletons by catalyzing a carbocation-driven reaction. Based on their sequence similarity, terpene synthases from land plants can be divided into different subfamilies, TPS-a to TPS-h. In this study, we aimed to understand the evolution and functional diversification of the TPS-a subfamily in the Poaceae (the grass family), a plant family that contains important crops such as maize, wheat, rice, and sorghum. Sequence comparisons showed that aside from one clade shared with other monocot plants, the Poaceae TPS-a subfamily consists of five well-defined clades I-V, the common ancestor of which probably originated very early in the evolution of the grasses. A survey of the TPS literature and the characterization of representative TPS enzymes from clades I-III revealed clade-specific substrate and product specificities. The enzymes in both clade I and II function as sesquiterpene synthases with clade I enzymes catalyzing initial C10-C1 or C11-C1 ring closures and clade II enzymes catalyzing C6-C1 closures. The enzymes of clade III mainly act as monoterpene synthases, forming cyclic and acyclic monoterpenes. The reconstruction and characterization of clade ancestors demonstrated that the differences among clades I-III were already present in their ancestors. However, the ancestors generally catalyzed simpler reactions with less double-bond isomerization and fewer cyclization steps. Overall, our data indicate an early origin of key enzymatic features of TPS-a enzymes in the Poaceae, and the development of more complex reactions over the course of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Luck
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Xinlu Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Ayla M. Norris
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G. Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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