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Chanroj V, Rattanawong R, Phumichai T, Tangphatsornruang S, Ukoskit K. Genome-wide association mapping of latex yield and girth in Amazonian accessions of Hevea brasiliensis grown in a suboptimal climate zone. Genomics 2017; 109:475-484. [PMID: 28751185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Latex yield and growth are the key complex traits in commercial rubber production. The present study is the first to report genome-wide association mapping of latex yield and girth, for 170 Amazonian accessions grown in a suboptimal area characterized by limited rainfall and a lengthy dry season. Targeted sequence enrichment to capture gene transcripts generated 14,155 high quality filtered single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of which 94.3% resided in coding regions. The rapid decay of linkage disequilibrium over physical and genetic distance found in the accessions was comparable to those previously reported for several outcrossing species. A mixed linear model detected three significant SNPs in three candidate genes involved in plant adaptation to drought stress, individually explaining 12.7-15.7% of the phenotypic variance. The SNPs identified in the study will help to extend understanding, and to support genetic improvement of rubber trees grown in drought-affected regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipavee Chanroj
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Klong Luang, Pathumtani 12121, Thailand
| | - Ratchanee Rattanawong
- Nong Khai Rubber Research Center, Rubber Research Institute of Thailand, Rattanawapi District, Nong Khai, 43120, Thailand
| | | | - Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Phaholyothin Rd., Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kittipat Ukoskit
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Klong Luang, Pathumtani 12121, Thailand.
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Gururani MA, Mohanta TK, Bae H. Current Understanding of the Interplay between Phytohormones and Photosynthesis under Environmental Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:19055-85. [PMID: 26287167 PMCID: PMC4581286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160819055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abiotic stress accounts for huge crop losses every year across the globe. In plants, the photosynthetic machinery gets severely damaged at various levels due to adverse environmental conditions. Moreover, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated as a result of stress further promote the photosynthetic damage by inhibiting the repair system of photosystem II. Earlier studies have suggested that phytohormones are not only required for plant growth and development, but they also play a pivotal role in regulating plants’ responses to different abiotic stress conditions. Although, phytohormones have been studied in great detail in the past, their influence on the photosynthetic machinery under abiotic stress has not been studied. One of the major factors that limits researchers fromelucidating the precise roles of phytohormones is the highly complex nature of hormonal crosstalk in plants. Another factor that needs to be elucidated is the method used for assessing photosynthetic damage in plants that are subjected to abiotic stress. Here, we review the current understanding on the role of phytohormones in the photosynthetic machinery under various abiotic stress conditions and discuss the potential areas for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tapan Kumar Mohanta
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbook 712-749, Korea.
| | - Hanhong Bae
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbook 712-749, Korea.
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3
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Li L, Song Y, Wang K, Dong P, Zhang X, Li F, Li Z, Ren M. TOR-inhibitor insensitive-1 (TRIN1) regulates cotyledons greening in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:861. [PMID: 26557124 PMCID: PMC4617058 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Target of Rapamycin (TOR) is an eukaryotic protein kinase and evolutionally conserved from the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA) to humans. The growing evidences have shown that TOR signaling acts as a central controller of cell growth and development. The downstream effectors of TOR have been well-identified in yeast and animals by using the immunosuppression agent rapamycin. However, less is known about TOR in plants. This is largely due to the fact that plants are insensitive to rapamycin. In this study, AZD8055 (AZD), the novel ATP-competitive inhibitor of TOR, was employed to decipher the downstream effectors of TOR in Arabidopsis. One AZD insensitive mutant, T O R - i nhibitor i n sensitive- 1 (trin1), was screened from 10,000 EMS-induced mutation seeds. The cotyledons of trin1 can turn green when its seeds were germinated on ½ MS medium supplemented with 2 μM AZD, whereas the cotyledons greening of wild-type (WT) can be completely blocked at this concentration. Through genetic mapping, TRIN1 was mapped onto the long arm of chromosome 2, between markers SGCSNP26 and MI277. Positional cloning revealed that TRIN1 was an allele of ABI4, which encoded an ABA-regulated AP2 domain transcription factor. Plants containing P35S::TRIN1 or P35S::TRIN1-GUS were hypersensitive to AZD treatment and displayed the opposite phenotype observed in trin1. Importantly, GUS signaling was significantly enhanced in P35S::TRIN1-GUS transgenic plants in response to AZD treatment, indicating that suppression of TOR resulted in the accumulation of TRIN1. These observations revealed that TOR controlled seed-to-seedling transition by negatively regulating the stability of TRIN1 in Arabidopsis. For the first time, TRIN1, the downstream effector of TOR signaling, was identified through a chemical genetics approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxuan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing UniversityChongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Maozhi Ren
| | - Yun Song
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyHenan, China
- *Correspondence: Maozhi Ren
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Pan Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyHenan, China
| | - Fuguang Li
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyHenan, China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Maozhi Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing UniversityChongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Maozhi Ren
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Liu R, Xu YH, Jiang SC, Lu K, Lu YF, Feng XJ, Wu Z, Liang S, Yu YT, Wang XF, Zhang DP. Light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins, positively involved in abscisic acid signalling, require a transcription repressor, WRKY40, to balance their function. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:5443-56. [PMID: 24078667 PMCID: PMC3871805 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding (LHCB) proteins are the apoproteins of the light-harvesting complex of photosystem II. In the present study, we observed that downregulation of any of the six LHCB genes resulted in abscisic acid (ABA)-insensitive phenotypes in seed germination and post-germination growth, demonstrating that LHCB proteins are positively involved in these developmental processes in response to ABA. ABA was required for full expression of different LHCB members and physiologically high levels of ABA enhanced LHCB expression. The LHCB members were shown to be targets of an ABA-responsive WRKY-domain transcription factor, WRKY40, which represses LHCB expression to balance the positive function of the LHCBs in ABA signalling. These findings revealed that ABA is an inducer that fine-tunes LHCB expression at least partly through repressing the WRKY40 transcription repressor in stressful conditions in co-operation with light, which allows plants to adapt to environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Scholl of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
- * These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yan-Hong Xu
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Scholl of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, PR China
- * These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Shang-Chuan Jiang
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Scholl of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
- * These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Kai Lu
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Scholl of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yan-Fen Lu
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Scholl of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Xiu-Jing Feng
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Scholl of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Scholl of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Shan Liang
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Scholl of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yong-Tao Yu
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Scholl of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Xiao-Fang Wang
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Scholl of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: @biomed.tsinghua.edu.cn
| | - Da-Peng Zhang
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Scholl of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: @biomed.tsinghua.edu.cn
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Abstract
Photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes (PhANGs) are able to respond to multiple environmental and developmental signals, including light, sugar and abscisic acid (ABA). PhANGs have been extensively studied at the level of transcriptional regulation, and several cis-acting elements important for light responsiveness have been identified in their promoter sequences. However, the regulatory elements involved in sugar and ABA regulation of PhANGs have not been completely characterized. A ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit gene (rbcS) promoter (SSU5C promoter) was isolated from duckweed (Lemna gibba). A series of SSU5C promoter 5' deletion fragments were fused to an intron-gus gene, and transgenic tobacco suspension cell lines were generated. Assay of tobacco suspension cell line harbouring the complete promoter in the fusion construct indicated that SSU5C promoter was negatively regulated by sugar and ABA under the condition of regular photoperiod. 5' deletion analysis of SSU5C promoter in transgenic tobacco suspension cell lines confirmed that a region between positions -310 and -152 included the ABA-response region, and that sugar-response cis-acting elements might be located in the region between -152 and -117. Taken together, our results confirmed that the cis-regulatory region responsible for repression by ABA and sugar in the SSU5C promoter was located between -310 and -117.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youru Wang
- Life Science College, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Xu YH, Liu R, Yan L, Liu ZQ, Jiang SC, Shen YY, Wang XF, Zhang DP. Light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins are required for stomatal response to abscisic acid in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:1095-106. [PMID: 22143917 PMCID: PMC3276081 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding proteins (LHCB) are perhaps the most abundant membrane proteins in nature. It is reported here that the down-regulation or disruption of any member of the LHCB family, LHCB1, LHCB2, LHCB3, LHCB4, LHCB5, or LHCB6, reduces responsiveness of stomatal movement to ABA, and therefore results in a decrease in plant tolerance to drought stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. By contrast, over-expression of a LHCB member, LHCB6, enhances stomatal sensitivity to ABA. In addition, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and a set of ABA-responsive genes are altered in the lhcb mutants. These data demonstrate that LHCBs play a positive role in guard cell signalling in response to ABA and suggest that they may be involved in ABA signalling partly by modulating ROS homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Xu
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Scholl of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rui Liu
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Scholl of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lu Yan
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Scholl of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Scholl of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shang-Chuan Jiang
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Scholl of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuan-Yue Shen
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Scholl of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Wang
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Scholl of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Da-Peng Zhang
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Scholl of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Gray JC, Hansen MR, Shaw DJ, Graham K, Dale R, Smallman P, Natesan SKA, Newell CA. Plastid stromules are induced by stress treatments acting through abscisic acid. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 69:387-98. [PMID: 21951173 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04800.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Stromules are highly dynamic stroma-filled tubules that extend from the surface of all plastid types in all multi-cellular plants examined to date. The stromule frequency (percentage of plastids with stromules) has generally been regarded as characteristic of the cell and tissue type. However, the present study shows that various stress treatments, including drought and salt stress, are able to induce stromule formation in the epidermal cells of tobacco hypocotyls and the root hairs of wheat seedlings. Application of abscisic acid (ABA) to tobacco and wheat seedlings induced stromule formation very effectively, and application of abamine, a specific inhibitor of ABA synthesis, prevented stromule induction by mannitol. Stromule induction by ABA was dependent on cytosolic protein synthesis, but not plastid protein synthesis. Stromules were more abundant in dark-grown seedlings than in light-grown seedlings, and the stromule frequency was increased by transfer of light-grown seedlings to the dark and decreased by illumination of dark-grown seedlings. Stromule formation was sensitive to red and far-red light, but not to blue light. Stromules were induced by treatment with ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid), the first committed ethylene precursor, and by treatment with methyl jasmonate, but disappeared upon treatment of seedlings with salicylate. These observations indicate that abiotic, and most probably biotic, stresses are able to induce the formation of stromules in tobacco and wheat seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Gray
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
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8
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Rao SR, Ford KL, Cassin AM, Roessner U, Patterson JH, Bacic A. Proteomic and Metabolic Profiling of Rice Suspension Culture Cells as a Model to Study Abscisic Acid Signaling Response Pathways in Plants. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:6623-34. [DOI: 10.1021/pr100788m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sushma R. Rao
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kristina L. Ford
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew M. Cassin
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ute Roessner
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - John H. Patterson
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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9
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Gao WR, Wang XS, Liu QY, Peng H, Chen C, Li JG, Zhang JS, Hu SN, Ma H. Comparative analysis of ESTs in response to drought stress in chickpea (C. arietinum L.). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 376:578-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 09/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Choy MK, Sullivan JA, Theobald JC, Davies WJ, Gray JC. An Arabidopsis mutant able to green after extended dark periods shows decreased transcripts of seed protein genes and altered sensitivity to abscisic acid. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2008; 59:3869-84. [PMID: 18931353 PMCID: PMC2576634 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Revised: 08/10/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
An Arabidopsis mutant showing an altered ability to green on illumination after extended periods of darkness has been isolated in a screen for genomes uncoupled (gun) mutants. Following illumination for 24 h, 10-day-old dark-grown mutant seedlings accumulated five times more chlorophyll than wild-type seedlings and this was correlated with differences in plastid morphology observed by transmission electron microscopy. The mutant has been named greening after extended darkness 1 (ged1). Microarray analysis showed much lower amounts of transcripts of genes encoding seed storage proteins, oleosins, and late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins in 7-day-old seedlings of ged1 compared with the wild type. RNA gel-blot analyses confirmed very low levels of transcripts of seed protein genes in ged1 seedlings grown for 2-10 d in the dark, and showed higher amounts of transcripts of photosynthesis-related genes in illuminated 10-day-old dark-grown ged1 seedlings compared with the wild type. Consensus elements similar to abscisic acid (ABA) response elements (ABREs) were detected in the upstream regions of all genes highly affected in ged1. Germination of ged1 seeds was hypersensitive to ABA, although no differences in ABA content were detected in 7-day-old seedlings. This suggests the mutant may have an altered responsiveness to ABA, affecting expression of ABA-responsive genes and plastid development during extended darkness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun-Kit Choy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - James A. Sullivan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Julian C. Theobald
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - William J. Davies
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - John C. Gray
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
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11
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Staneloni RJ, Rodriguez-Batiller MJ, Casal JJ. Abscisic acid, high-light, and oxidative stress down-regulate a photosynthetic gene via a promoter motif not involved in phytochrome-mediated transcriptional regulation. MOLECULAR PLANT 2008; 1:75-83. [PMID: 20031916 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssm007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In etiolated seedlings, light perceived by phytochrome promotes the expression of light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein of photosystem II (Lhcb) genes. However, excess of photosynthetically active radiation can reduce Lhcb expression. Here, we investigate the convergence and divergence of phytochrome, high-light stress and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, which could connect these processes. Etiolated Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings bearing an Lhcb promoter fused to a reporter were exposed to continuous far-red light to activate phytochrome and not photosynthesis, and treated with ABA. We identified a cis-acting region of the promoter required for down-regulation by ABA. This region contains a CCAC sequence recently found to be necessary for ABI4-binding to an Lhcb promoter. However, we did not find a G-box-binding core motif often associated with the ABI4-binding site in genes promoted by light and repressed by ABI4. Mutations involving this motif also impaired the responses to reduced water potential, the response to high photosynthetic light and the response to methyl viologen but not the response to low temperature or to Norflurazon. We propose a model based on current and previous findings, in which hydrogen peroxide produced in the chloroplasts under high light conditions interacts with the ABA signaling network to regulate Lhcb expression. Since the mutation that affects high-light and methyl viologen responses does not affect phytochrome-mediated responses, the regulation by retrograde and phytochrome signaling can finally be separated at the target promoter level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto J Staneloni
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, and IIBBA-CONICET, C1405BWE-Buenos Aires, Argentina
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12
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Gonzalez DO, Vodkin LO. Specific elements of the glyoxylate pathway play a significant role in the functional transition of the soybean cotyledon during seedling development. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:468. [PMID: 18093333 PMCID: PMC2234262 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The soybean (Glycine max) cotyledon is a specialized tissue whose main function is to serve as a nutrient reserve that supplies the needs of the young plant throughout seedling development. During this process the cotyledons experience a functional transition to a mainly photosynthetic tissue. To identify at the genetic level the specific active elements that participate in the natural transition of the cotyledon from storage to photosynthetic activity, we studied the transcript abundance profile at different time points using a new soybean oligonucleotide chip containing 19,200 probes (70-mer long). RESULTS After normalization and statistical analysis we determined that 3,594 genes presented a statistically significant altered expression in relation to the imbibed seed in at least one of the time points defined for the study. Detailed analysis of this data identified individual, specific elements of the glyoxylate pathway that play a fundamental role during the functional transition of the cotyledon from nutrient storage to photosynthesis. The dynamics between glyoxysomes and peroxisomes is evident during these series of events. We also identified several other genes whose products could participate co-ordinately throughout the functional transition and the associated mechanisms of control and regulation and we described multiple unknown genetic elements that by association have the potential to make a major contribution to this biological process. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that the global transcript profile of the soybean cotyledon during seedling development is extremely active, highly regulated and dynamic. We defined the expression profiles of individual gene family members, enzymatic isoforms and protein subunits and classified them accordingly to their involvement in different functional activities relevant to seedling development and the cotyledonary functional transition in soybean, especially the ones associated with the glyoxylate cycle. Our data suggests that in the soybean cotyledon a very complex and synchronized system of control and regulation of several metabolic pathways is essential to carry out the necessary functions during this developmental process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delkin O Gonzalez
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Lila O Vodkin
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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13
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Spencer MWB, Casson SA, Lindsey K. Transcriptional profiling of the Arabidopsis embryo. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 143:924-40. [PMID: 17189330 PMCID: PMC1803724 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.087668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We have used laser-capture microdissection to isolate RNA from discrete tissues of globular, heart, and torpedo stage embryos of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). This was amplified and analyzed by DNA microarray using the Affymetrix ATH1 GeneChip, representing approximately 22,800 Arabidopsis genes. Cluster analysis showed that spatial differences in gene expression were less significant than temporal differences. Time course analysis reveals the dynamics and complexity of gene expression in both apical and basal domains of the developing embryo, with several classes of synexpressed genes identifiable. The transition from globular to heart stage is associated in particular with an up-regulation of genes involved in cell cycle control, transcriptional regulation, and energetics and metabolism. The transition from heart to torpedo stage is associated with a repression of cell cycle genes and an up-regulation of genes encoding storage proteins, and pathways of cell growth, energy, and metabolism. The torpedo stage embryo shows strong functional differentiation in the root and cotyledon, as inferred from the classes of genes expressed in these tissues. The time course of expression of the essential EMBRYO-DEFECTIVE genes shows that most are expressed at unchanging levels across all stages of embryogenesis. We show how identified genes can be used to generate cell type-specific markers and promoter activities for future application in cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W B Spencer
- Integrative Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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14
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Bonham-Smith PC, Gilmer S, Zhou R, Galka M, Abrams SR. Non-lethal freezing effects on seed degreening in Brassica napus. PLANTA 2006; 224:145-54. [PMID: 16404579 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 12/06/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of a non-lethal freezing stress on chlorophyll content, moisture level and distribution, and abscisic acid (ABA) levels were examined in siliques and seeds of Brassica napus (canola). A non-lethal freezing stress resulted in the retention of chlorophyll in seed at harvest that was most pronounced for seeds 28, 32 and 36 days after flowering (DAF). This increase was primarily due to an increased retention of chlorophyll a relative to chlorophyll b. Chlorophyll retention in seeds exposed to a non-lethal freezing stress correlated with an increased ABA catabolism, as measured 1, 3 or 7 days after the stress treatment. Although the non-lethal freezing stress had no significant effect on moisture content in seeds of siliques stressed at 28-44 DAF, moisture distribution, as viewed by magnetic resonance imaging, showed an uneven drying of 32 and 40 DAF siliques after exposure to the non-lethal freezing stress. Moisture was initially lost more rapidly from the silique wall between seeds, than in control non-stressed siliques. Increased moisture loss was not due to structural changes in the vasculature of the silique/seed of stressed tissues. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a non-lethal freezing stress-induced decrease in ABA level, during seed maturation, effects an inhibition of normal chlorophyll a catabolism resulting in mature but green B. napus seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Bonham-Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada.
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15
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Acevedo-Hernández GJ, León P, Herrera-Estrella LR. Sugar and ABA responsiveness of a minimal RBCS light-responsive unit is mediated by direct binding of ABI4. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 43:506-19. [PMID: 16098105 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2005.02468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes (PhANGs) are able to respond to multiple environmental and developmental signals, including light, sugars and abscisic acid (ABA). PhANGs have been extensively studied at the level of transcriptional regulation and several cis-acting elements important for light responsiveness have been identified in their promoter sequences. However, the regulatory elements involved in sugar and ABA regulation of PhANGs have not been completely characterized. Using conserved modular arrangement 5 (CMA5), a previously characterized minimal light-responsive unit, we show that in Arabidopsis thaliana this unit responds not only positively to light signals, but also negatively to sugars and ABA. The latter responses were found to be impaired in the abi4 mutant, indicating that ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE-4 (ABI4) is a regulator involved in sugar and ABA repression of this minimal regulatory unit. Furthermore, we report a new sequence element conserved in several rbcS promoters, herewith named S-box, which is important for the sugar and ABA responsiveness of CMA5. This sequence corresponds to a putative ABI4-binding site, which is in fact bound by the Arabidopsis ABI4 protein in vitro. The S-box is closely associated with the G-box present in CMA5, and this association is conserved in the promoters of several RBCS genes. This phylogenetically conserved promoter feature probably reflects a common regulatory mechanism and identifies a point of convergence between light- and sugar-signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Javier Acevedo-Hernández
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética de Plantas, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional - Unidad Irapuato, Apartado Postal 629, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36500, Mexico
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16
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Leonhardt N, Kwak JM, Robert N, Waner D, Leonhardt G, Schroeder JI. Microarray expression analyses of Arabidopsis guard cells and isolation of a recessive abscisic acid hypersensitive protein phosphatase 2C mutant. THE PLANT CELL 2004; 16:596-615. [PMID: 14973164 PMCID: PMC385275 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.019000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2003] [Accepted: 12/24/2003] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Oligomer-based DNA Affymetrix GeneChips representing about one-third of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genes were used to profile global gene expression in a single cell type, guard cells, identifying 1309 guard cell-expressed genes. Highly pure preparations of guard cells and mesophyll cells were isolated in the presence of transcription inhibitors that prevented induction of stress-inducible genes during cell isolation procedures. Guard cell expression profiles were compared with those of mesophyll cells, resulting in identification of 64 transcripts expressed preferentially in guard cells. Many large gene families and gene duplications are known to exist in the Arabidopsis genome, giving rise to redundancies that greatly hamper conventional genetic and functional genomic analyses. The presented genomic scale analysis identifies redundant expression of specific isoforms belonging to large gene families at the single cell level, which provides a powerful tool for functional genomic characterization of the many signaling pathways that function in guard cells. Reverse transcription-PCR of 29 genes confirmed the reliability of GeneChip results. Statistical analyses of promoter regions of abscisic acid (ABA)-regulated genes reveal an overrepresented ABA responsive motif, which is the known ABA response element. Interestingly, expression profiling reveals ABA modulation of many known guard cell ABA signaling components at the transcript level. We further identified a highly ABA-induced protein phosphatase 2C transcript, AtP2C-HA, in guard cells. A T-DNA disruption mutation in AtP2C-HA confers ABA-hypersensitive regulation of stomatal closing and seed germination. The presented data provide a basis for cell type-specific genomic scale analyses of gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Leonhardt
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, and Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
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17
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Leonhardt N, Kwak JM, Robert N, Waner D, Leonhardt G, Schroeder JI. Microarray expression analyses of Arabidopsis guard cells and isolation of a recessive abscisic acid hypersensitive protein phosphatase 2C mutant. THE PLANT CELL 2004; 16:596-615. [PMID: 14973164 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.019000.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Oligomer-based DNA Affymetrix GeneChips representing about one-third of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genes were used to profile global gene expression in a single cell type, guard cells, identifying 1309 guard cell-expressed genes. Highly pure preparations of guard cells and mesophyll cells were isolated in the presence of transcription inhibitors that prevented induction of stress-inducible genes during cell isolation procedures. Guard cell expression profiles were compared with those of mesophyll cells, resulting in identification of 64 transcripts expressed preferentially in guard cells. Many large gene families and gene duplications are known to exist in the Arabidopsis genome, giving rise to redundancies that greatly hamper conventional genetic and functional genomic analyses. The presented genomic scale analysis identifies redundant expression of specific isoforms belonging to large gene families at the single cell level, which provides a powerful tool for functional genomic characterization of the many signaling pathways that function in guard cells. Reverse transcription-PCR of 29 genes confirmed the reliability of GeneChip results. Statistical analyses of promoter regions of abscisic acid (ABA)-regulated genes reveal an overrepresented ABA responsive motif, which is the known ABA response element. Interestingly, expression profiling reveals ABA modulation of many known guard cell ABA signaling components at the transcript level. We further identified a highly ABA-induced protein phosphatase 2C transcript, AtP2C-HA, in guard cells. A T-DNA disruption mutation in AtP2C-HA confers ABA-hypersensitive regulation of stomatal closing and seed germination. The presented data provide a basis for cell type-specific genomic scale analyses of gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Leonhardt
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, and Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA
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18
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Tanaka SI, Nakamura S, Mochizuki N, Nagatani A. Phytochrome in cotyledons regulates the expression of genes in the hypocotyl through auxin-dependent and -independent pathways. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 43:1171-81. [PMID: 12407197 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcf133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the mechanism of plant responses to shading, we identified three promoter/enhancer trap lines (M812, J53, J59) that exhibited reporter expression in the hypocotyl in response to the end-of-day far-red light treatment. Interestingly, we found auxin-responsive genes in the vicinities of the reporter insertion sites in M812 and J53. We examined the effects of auxin on the reporter expression in these lines together with a previously identified N35 line. The results indicated that the reporter expression was induced by exogenous auxin in N35 and J53. Furthermore, an auxin transport inhibitor inhibited the responses of these lines to the end-of-day far-red light treatment, suggesting the involvement of auxin in the responses of plants to shading. By contrast, neither auxin nor the transport inhibitor affected the response in M812 and J59. Interestingly, J59 responded to ABA. Hence, ABA might be involved in the response as well. Analysis of the photoreceptive sites for the responses revealed the cotyledons, not the hypocotyl, are the major photoreceptive sites both in the auxin-responsive and ABA-responsive lines. Hence, some signals appeared to be transmitted from the cotyledons to the hypocotyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Tanaka
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
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19
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Yoshida KT, Fujiwara T, Naito S. The synergistic effects of sugar and abscisic acid on myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase expression. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2002; 114:581-587. [PMID: 11975732 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2002.1140411.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
1L-myo-inositol-1-phosphate [Ins(1)P1] synthase (EC 5.5.1.4) catalyses the formation of Ins(1)P1 from glucose-6-phosphate, the first step in the biosynthesis of myo-inositol. Ins(1)P1 is a precursor of phytin (inositol hexakisphosphate), a storage form of phosphate and cations in seeds. Since sucrose and abscisic acid (ABA) are known to affect synthesis of storage compounds in seeds, we investigated the effects of ABA and sucrose on Ins(1)P1 synthase gene (RINO1) expression in cultured cells derived from the scutellum of mature rice seeds. Higher levels of RINO1 transcript accumulation were evident after treatment with either sucrose (10-100 mM) or ABA (10-8 M to 10-4 M). Glucose was also effective in the upregulation, whereas mannitol was not, suggesting that sucrose and glucose acted as metabolizable sugars and not as osmotica. Treatment with ABA and sucrose together resulted in much higher levels of transcript accumulation, suggesting a synergistic induction of the Ins(1)P1 synthase gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru T Yoshida
- aGraduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan bGraduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
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20
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Huijser C, Kortstee A, Pego J, Weisbeek P, Wisman E, Smeekens S. The Arabidopsis SUCROSE UNCOUPLED-6 gene is identical to ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE-4: involvement of abscisic acid in sugar responses. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 23:577-85. [PMID: 10972884 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00822.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In plants, sugars act as signalling molecules that control many aspects of metabolism and development. Arabidopsis plants homozygous for the recessive sucrose uncoupled-6 (sun6) mutation show a reduced sensitivity to sugars for processes such as photosynthesis, gene expression and germination. The sun6 mutant is insensitive to sugars that are substrates for hexokinase, suggesting that SUN6 might play a role in hexokinase-dependent sugar responses. The SUN6 gene was cloned by transposon tagging and analysis showed it to be identical to the previously described ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE-4 (ABI4) gene. Our analysis suggests the involvement of abscisic acid and components of the abscisic acid signal transduction cascade in a hexokinase-dependent sugar response pathway. During the plant life cycle, SUN6/ABI4 may be involved in controlling metabolite availability in an abscisic acid- and sugar-dependent way.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Huijser
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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21
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Abstract
Sugars have important signaling functions throughout all stages of the plant's life cycle. This review presents our current understanding of the different mechanisms of sugar sensing and sugar-induced signal transduction, including the experimental approaches used. In plants separate sensing systems are present for hexose and sucrose. Hexokinase-dependent and -independent hexose sensing systems can further be distinguished. There has been progress in understanding the signal transduction cascade by analyzing the function of the SNF1 kinase complex and the regulatory PRL1 protein. The role of sugar signaling in seed development and in seed germination is discussed, especially with respect to the various mechanisms by which sugar signaling controls gene expression. Finally, recent literature on interacting signal transduction cascades is discussed, with particular emphasis on the ethylene and ABA signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjef Smeekens
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; e-mail:
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22
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Sheen J. Mutational analysis of protein phosphatase 2C involved in abscisic acid signal transduction in higher plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:975-80. [PMID: 9448270 PMCID: PMC18643 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.3.975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) is a class of ubiquitous and evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine PP involved in stress responses in yeasts, mammals, and plants. Here, I present mutational analysis of two Arabidopsis thaliana PP2Cs, encoded by ABI1 and AtPP2C, involved in the plant stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA) signaling in maize mesophyll protoplasts. Consistent with the crystal structure of the human PP2C, the mutation of two conserved motifs in ABI1, predicted to be involved in metal binding and catalysis, abolished PP2C activity. Surprisingly, although the DGH177-179KLN mutant lost the ability to be a negative regulator in ABA signaling, the MED141-143IGH mutant still inhibited ABA-inducible transcription, perhaps through a dominant interfering effect. Moreover, two G to D mutations near the DGH motif eliminated PP2C activity but displayed opposite effects on ABA signaling. The G174D mutant had no effect but the G180D mutant showed strong inhibitory effect on ABA-inducible transcription. Based on the results that a constitutive PP2C blocks but constitutive Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) activate ABA responses, the MED141-143IGH and G180D dominant mutants are unlikely to impede the wild-type PP2C and cause hyperphosphorylation of substrates. In contrast, these dominant mutants could trap cellular targets and prevent phosphorylation by PKs required for ABA signaling. The equivalent mutations in AtPP2C showed similar effects on ABA responses. This study suggests a mechanism for the action of dominant PP2C mutants that could serve as valuable tools to understand protein-protein interactions mediating ABA signal transduction in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sheen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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23
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Capel J, Jarillo JA, Madueño F, Jorquera MJ, Martínez-Zapater JM, Salinas J. Low temperature regulates Arabidopsis Lhcb gene expression in a light-independent manner. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1998; 13:411-418. [PMID: 9680990 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1998.00039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Low temperature treatment of dark-grown seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana results in a rapid increase in the amount of mRNAs encoding for the major polypeptides of the light-harvesting complex of photosystem II (Lhcb1 genes). This increase is transient and seems to be due mainly to the accumulation of Lhcb1*3 transcripts, indicating that low temperature differentially regulates the expression of the Arabidopsis Lhcb1 gene family in the dark. A 1.34 kb fragment of the Lhcb1*3 promoter is sufficient to confer low temperature regulation to a reporter gene in transgenic Arabidopsis etiolated seedlings, suggesting that the regulation is occurring at the transcriptional level. The cold-induced accumulation of Lhcb1*3 mRNA is not part of a general response to stressful conditions since no accumulation is detected in response to water stress, anaerobiosis or salt stress. The amount of Lhcb1*3 mRNA decrease in response to exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) suggesting that this phytohormone acts as a negative regulator. Moreover, the accumulation of Lhcb1*3 mRNAs in cold-treated ABA deficient etiolated seedlings is higher than that of wild-type and ABA insensitive etiolated seedlings, indicating that low temperature regulation of Lhcb1*3 is not mediated by ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Capel
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Virología Vegetal, CIT-INIA, Madrid, Spain
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24
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Anderson SL, Kay SA. Phototransduction and circadian clock pathways regulating gene transcription in higher plants. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 1997; 35:1-34. [PMID: 9348644 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S L Anderson
- National Science Foundation Center for Biological Timing, Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22903, USA
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25
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Wu Y, Kuzma J, Maréchal E, Graeff R, Lee HC, Foster R, Chua NH. Abscisic acid signaling through cyclic ADP-ribose in plants. Science 1997; 278:2126-30. [PMID: 9405349 DOI: 10.1126/science.278.5346.2126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is the primary hormone that mediates plant responses to stresses such as cold, drought, and salinity. Single-cell microinjection experiments in tomato were used to identify possible intermediates involved in ABA signal transduction. Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) was identified as a signaling molecule in the ABA response and was shown to exert its effects by way of calcium. Bioassay experiments showed that the amounts of cADPR in Arabidopsis thaliana plants increased in response to ABA treatment and before ABA-induced gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wu
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021-6399, USA
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26
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Weatherwax SC, Ong MS, Degenhardt J, Bray EA, Tobin EM. The interaction of light and abscisic acid in the regulation of plant gene expression. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1996; 111:363-70. [PMID: 8787022 PMCID: PMC157845 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.2.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Extended dark treatments of light-grown plants of both Lemna gibba and Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in substantial increases in abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations. The concentration of ABA could be negatively regulated by phytochrome action in Lemna. As has been noted in other species, ABA treatment reduced Lemna rbcS and Lhcb RNA levels, which are positively regulated by phytochrome in many species. In view of these observations, the possibility that phytochrome effects on gene expression may be mediated primarily by changes in ABA was tested using a transient assay in intact plants. The phytochrome responsiveness of the Lemna Lhcb2*1 promoter was still apparent in the presence of exogenous ABA. Additionally, when 2-bp mutations were introduced into this promoter so that phytochrome responsiveness was lost, a response to exogenous ABA was still present. We conclude that phytochrome- and ABA-response elements are separable in the Lhcb2*1 promoter. We tested whether the effects of ABA on RNA abundance could be inhibited by treatment with gibberellin and found no evidence for such an inhibition. We have also found that the ABA-responsive Em promoter of wheat can be negatively regulated by phytochrome action. It is likely that this regulation is mediated at least in part by phytochrome-induced changes in ABA levels. Our results demonstrate that it is essential to take into account that dark treatments and the phytochrome system can affect ABA levels when interpreting studies of light-regulated genes.
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27
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Williams SA, Weatherwax SC, Bray EA, Tobin EM. NPR genes, which are negatively regulated by phytochrome action in Lemna gibba L. G-3, can also be positively regulated by abscisic acid. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1994; 105:949-954. [PMID: 8058840 PMCID: PMC160745 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.3.949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We have found that NPR1 and NPR2, two genes from Lemna gibba L. G-3 that can be negatively regulated by phytochrome action, can also be positively regulated by the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA). Both genes were responsive to low concentrations of exogenous ABA; an increase in NPR1 RNA could be detected in response to concentrations as low as 10 nM. We have also tested phytochrome responsiveness of 5' promoter-deletion constructs of one of these genes, NPR1, in transient assays utilizing particle bombardment. This analysis demonstrated that DNA sequences important for phytochrome regulation are present downstream of -198 from the transcription start site. A response to ABA treatment could also be observed in the transient assay system. When intact plants were placed in darkness, there was an increase in ABA levels as well as increased levels of NPR1 and NPR2 RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Williams
- Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024-1606
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28
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Riesselmann S, Piechulla B. Diurnal and Circadian Light-Harvesting Complex and Quinone B-Binding Protein Synthesis in Leaves of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1992; 100:1840-5. [PMID: 16653206 PMCID: PMC1075873 DOI: 10.1104/pp.100.4.1840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In leaves of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), the synthesis of a light-harvesting complex (LHC) polypeptide of photosystem II and the quinone B (Q(B))-binding protein varies at different time points during the day. In vivo labeling with [(35)S]methionine revealed diurnal oscillations of synthesis of these thylakoid membrane proteins. Both proteins are synthesized at elevated levels right after the transition from darkness to light, a maximum is reached around noon, and decreasing levels were measured during the afternoon and night. In addition, in constant darkness both proteins were also synthesized to varied extents at different diurnal time points. Together, these results indicate that the synthesis of a LHC II and the Q(B)-binding protein is under the control of the circadian clock. This circadian oscillation of LHC II protein synthesis correlates with the very well documented circadian Lhc a/b mRNA accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Riesselmann
- Institut für Biochemie der Pflanze, Untere Karspüle 2, 3400 Göttingen, Germany
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29
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Brusslan JA, Tobin EM. Light-independent developmental regulation of cab gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:7791-5. [PMID: 1380166 PMCID: PMC49797 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.16.7791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We found a transient increase in the amount of mRNA for four nuclear genes encoding chloroplast proteins during early development of Arabidopsis thaliana. This increase began soon after germination as cotyledons emerged from the seed coat; it occurred in total darkness and was not affected by external factors, such as gibberellins or light treatments used to stimulate germination. Three members of the cab gene family and the rbcS-1A gene exhibited this expression pattern. Because timing of the increase coincided with cotyledon emergence and because it occurred independently of external stimuli, we suggest that this increase represents developmental regulation of these genes. Further, 1.34 kilobases of the cab1 promoter was sufficient to confer this expression pattern on a reporter gene in transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings. The ability of the cab genes to respond to phytochrome preceded this developmental increase, showing that these two types of regulation are independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Brusslan
- Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024-1606
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30
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McElwain EF, Bohnert HJ, Thomas JC. Light Moderates the Induction of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase by NaCl and Abscisic Acid in Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1992; 99:1261-4. [PMID: 16668999 PMCID: PMC1080613 DOI: 10.1104/pp.99.3.1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase is synthesized de novo in response to osmotic stress, as part of the switch from C(3)-photosynthesis to Crassulacean acid metabolism. To better understand the environmental signals involved in this pathway, we have investigated the effects of light on the induced expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase mRNA and protein in response to stress by 400 millimolar NaCl or 10 micromolar abscisic acid in hydroponically grown plants. When plants were grown in high-intensity fluorescent or incandescent light (850 microeinsteins per square meter per second), NaCl and abscisic acid induced approximately an eightfold accumulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase mRNA when compared to untreated controls. Levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase protein were high in these abscisic acid- and NaCl-treated plants, and detectable in the unstressed control. Growth in high-intensity incandescent (red) light resulted in approximately twofold higher levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase mRNA in the untreated plants when compared to control plants grown in high-intensity fluorescent light. In low light (300 microeinsteins per square meter per second fluorescent), only NaCl induced mRNA levels significantly above the untreated controls. Low light grown abscisic acid- and NaCl-treated plants contained a small amount of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase protein, whereas the (untreated) control plants did not contain detectable amounts of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. Environmental stimuli, such as light and osmotic stress, exert a combined effect on gene expression in this facultative halophyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F McElwain
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
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31
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Chang YC, Walling LL. Chlorophyll a/b-binding protein genes are differentially expressed during soybean development. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1992; 19:217-30. [PMID: 1352468 DOI: 10.1007/bf00027343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The levels of chlorophyll a/b-binding protein (Cab) gene polysomal poly(A)+ mRNA were quantitated throughout the development of Glycine max L. Cab mRNAs were abundant in young expanding leaves, representing 6.1% of the leaf mRNA population. Lower Cab mRNA levels were present in embryos, stems, and cotyledons of developing seedlings; the lowest levels were found in roots where they accounted for 0.04% of the polysomal poly(A)+ mRNA of this organ. To determine the contribution of different members of the Cab gene family to the Cab mRNA populations, a quantitative S1 nuclease reconstruction assay was developed. Cab3, Cab4, and Cab5 mRNAs were detected in all stages examined during soybean development but their levels underwent differential changes. Cab3 encodes the most abundant Cab mRNA in young leaves, developing embryos, and in Stage VII cotyledons from the developing soybean seedling. The levels of Cab mRNAs were compared to the levels of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit gene mRNA and differences in their patterns of accumulation were noted. Collectively these data indicate that during soybean embryogenesis developmental control mechanisms supersede light-regulatory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Chang
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside 92521
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32
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Chang YC, Walling LL. Spatial and temporal expression of Cab mRNAs in cotyledons of the developing soybean seedling. PLANTA 1992; 186:262-272. [PMID: 24186666 DOI: 10.1007/bf00196256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/1991] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the temporal and spatial distribution of the mRNAs for the chlorophyll-a/b-binding-protein gene (Cab) in cotyledons from developing soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seedlings were studied. Cab mRNAs could be detected in the polysomal polyadenylated poly(A)(+) mRNA population of cotyledons within 3 d after start of imbibition, prior to their emergence from soil, and declined prior to the onset of cotyledonary senescence. The Cab mRNA levels were compared to the levels of rbcS (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit) mRNAs in cotyledons and distinct differences in their expression programs were noted. Quantitative analyses with S1 nuclease were used to monitor the accumulation of the mRNAs of individual members of the Cab gene family. Cab 3, Cab 4, and Cab 5 mRNAs were differentially regulated in the cotyledons during post-germinative development. Cab 4 was the most abundant Cab gene mRNA representing approx. 4.3% of the cotyledonary polysomal poly(A)(+) mRNA population. In-situ hybridizations using methacrylate-imbedded tissue and (3)H-antisense- and -sense-strand RNA probes were used to determine the qualitative and quantitative distribution of Cab RNAs in cotyledonary cells. Cab RNAs were most abundant in the palisade cells. These results indicate an interaction of both developmental and environmental cues in modulating the expression of the Cab gene family in soybean cotyledons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Chang
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, 92521, Riverside, CA, USA
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