1
|
Kim M, Choi M, Kwon YD, Ohe JY, Jung J. The Potential of Enamel Matrix Derivative in Countering Bisphosphonate-Induced Effects in Osteoblasts. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:1088. [PMID: 39337872 PMCID: PMC11432935 DOI: 10.3390/life14091088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The suppressive effect of bisphosphonates (BPs) on bone metabolism is considered to be a major cause of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) stimulates and activates growth factors, leading to the regeneration of periodontal tissues. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential of EMD in reversing the detrimental effects of BPs on human fetal osteoblasts (hFOBs) and osteosarcoma-derived immature osteoblasts (MG63s) by assessing cell viability, apoptosis, migration, gene expression, and protein synthesis. While the suppressive effect of zoledronate (Zol) on cell viability and migration was observed, the addition of EMD significantly mitigated this effect and enhanced cell viability and migration. Furthermore, an increased apoptosis rate induced by Zol was decreased with the addition of EMD. The decreased gene expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OC), and the receptor activator of nuclear factors kappa-B ligand (RANKL) caused by BP treatment was reversed by the co-addition of EMD to hFOB cells. This trend was also observed for ALP and bone sialoprotein (BSP) levels in MG63 cells. Furthermore, suppressed protein levels of OC, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), BSP, and type 1 collagen (COL1) were recovered following the addition of EMD. This finding suggests that EMD could mitigate the effects of BPs, resulting in the recovery of cell survival, migration, and gene and protein expression. However, the behavior of the osteoblasts was not fully restored, and further studies are necessary to confirm their effects at the cellular level and to assess their clinical usefulness in vivo for the prevention and treatment of MRONJ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minah Kim
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Kyung Hee University College of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Division of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, Saint Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon 16247, Republic of Korea
- Department of Dentistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Choi
- Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Dae Kwon
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Kyung Hee University College of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Young Ohe
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Kyung Hee University College of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Jung
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Kyung Hee University College of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yu G, Jia L, Yu N, Feng M, Qu Y. Cloning and Functional Analysis of CsROP5 and CsROP10 Genes Involved in Cucumber Resistance to Corynespora cassiicola. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:308. [PMID: 38785790 PMCID: PMC11117962 DOI: 10.3390/biology13050308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The cloning of resistance-related genes CsROP5/CsROP10 and the analysis of their mechanism of action provide a theoretical basis for the development of molecular breeding of disease-resistant cucumbers. The structure domains of two Rho-related guanosine triphosphatases from plant (ROP) genes were systematically analyzed using the bioinformatics method in cucumber plants, and the genes CsROP5 (Cucsa.322750) and CsROP10 (Cucsa.197080) were cloned. The functions of the two genes were analyzed using reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), transient overexpression, cucumber genetic transformation, and histochemical staining technology. The conserved elements of the CsROP5/CsROP10 proteins include five sequence motifs (G1-G5), a recognition site for serine/threonine kinases, and a hypervariable region (HVR). The knockdown of CsROP10 through VIGS affected the transcript levels of ABA-signaling-pathway-related genes (CsPYL, CsPP2Cs, CsSnRK2s, and CsABI5), ROS-signaling-pathway-related genes (CsRBOHD and CsRBOHF), and defense-related genes (CsPR2 and CsPR3), thereby improving cucumber resistance to Corynespora cassiicola. Meanwhile, inhibiting the expression of CsROP5 regulated the expression levels of ROS-signaling-pathway-related genes (CsRBOHD and CsRBOHF) and defense-related genes (CsPR2 and CsPR3), thereby enhancing the resistance of cucumber to C. cassiicola. Overall, CsROP5 and CsROP10 may participate in cucumber resistance to C. cassiicola through the ROS and ABA signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangchao Yu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Anshan Normal University, Anshan 114007, China; (L.J.); (N.Y.); (M.F.); (Y.Q.)
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization for Natural Products Active Molecules, Anshan Normal University, Anshan 114007, China
| | - Lian Jia
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Anshan Normal University, Anshan 114007, China; (L.J.); (N.Y.); (M.F.); (Y.Q.)
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization for Natural Products Active Molecules, Anshan Normal University, Anshan 114007, China
| | - Ning Yu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Anshan Normal University, Anshan 114007, China; (L.J.); (N.Y.); (M.F.); (Y.Q.)
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization for Natural Products Active Molecules, Anshan Normal University, Anshan 114007, China
| | - Miao Feng
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Anshan Normal University, Anshan 114007, China; (L.J.); (N.Y.); (M.F.); (Y.Q.)
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization for Natural Products Active Molecules, Anshan Normal University, Anshan 114007, China
| | - Yue Qu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Anshan Normal University, Anshan 114007, China; (L.J.); (N.Y.); (M.F.); (Y.Q.)
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization for Natural Products Active Molecules, Anshan Normal University, Anshan 114007, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Baales J, Zeisler-Diehl VV, Kreszies T, Klaus A, Hochholdinger F, Schreiber L. Transcriptomic changes in barley leaves induced by alcohol ethoxylates indicate potential pathways of surfactant detoxification. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4535. [PMID: 38402319 PMCID: PMC10894278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54806-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Hardly anything is known regarding the detoxification of surfactants in crop plants, although they are frequently treated with agrochemical formulations. Therefore, we studied transcriptomic changes in barley leaves induced in response to spraying leaf surfaces with two alcohol ethoxylates (AEs). As model surfactants, we selected the monodisperse tetraethylene glycol monododecyl (C12E4) ether and the polydisperse BrijL4. Barley plants were harvested 8 h after spraying with a 0.1% surfactant solution and changes in gene expression were analysed by RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq). Gene expression was significantly altered in response to both surfactants. With BrijL4 more genes (9724) were differentially expressed compared to C12E4 (6197). Gene families showing pronounced up-regulation were cytochrome P450 enzymes, monooxygenases, ABC-transporters, acetyl- and methyl- transferases, glutathione-S-transferases and glycosyltransferases. These specific changes in gene expression and the postulated function of the corresponding enzymes allowed hypothesizing three potential metabolic pathways of AE detoxification in barley leaves. (i) Up-regulation of P450 cytochrome oxidoreductases suggested a degradation of the lipophilic alkyl residue (dodecyl chain) of the AEs by ω- and β- oxidation. (ii) Alternatively, the polar PEG-chain of AEs could be degraded. (iii) Instead of surfactant degradation, a further pathway of detoxification could be the sequestration of AEs into the vacuole or the apoplast (cell wall). Thus, our results show that AEs lead to pronounced changes in the expression of genes coding for proteins potentially being involved in the detoxification of surfactants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Baales
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Viktoria V Zeisler-Diehl
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tino Kreszies
- Department of Crop Science, Plant Nutrition and Crop Physiology, University of Göttingen, Carl-Sprengel-Weg 1, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alina Klaus
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Crop Functional Genomics, University of Bonn, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank Hochholdinger
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Crop Functional Genomics, University of Bonn, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
García-Soto I, Formey D, Mora-Toledo A, Cárdenas L, Aragón W, Tromas A, Duque-Ortiz A, Jiménez-Bremont JF, Serrano M. AtRAC7/ROP9 Small GTPase Regulates A. thaliana Immune Systems in Response to B. cinerea Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:591. [PMID: 38203762 PMCID: PMC10779071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungus that can cause gray mold in over 1400 plant species. Once it is detected by Arabidopsis thaliana, several defense responses are activated against this fungus. The proper activation of these defenses determines plant susceptibility or resistance. It has been proposed that the RAC/ROP small GTPases might serve as a molecular link in this process. In this study, we investigate the potential role of the Arabidopsis RAC7 gene during infection with B. cinerea. For that, we evaluated A. thaliana RAC7-OX lines, characterized by the overexpression of the RAC7 gene. Our results reveal that these RAC7-OX lines displayed increased susceptibility to B. cinerea infection, with enhanced fungal colonization and earlier lesion development. Additionally, they exhibited heightened sensitivity to bacterial infections caused by Pseudomonas syringae and Pectobacterium brasiliense. By characterizing plant canonical defense mechanisms and performing transcriptomic profiling, we determined that RAC7-OX lines impaired the plant transcriptomic response before and during B. cinerea infection. Global pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes suggested that RAC7 influences pathogen perception, cell wall homeostasis, signal transduction, and biosynthesis and response to hormones and antimicrobial compounds through actin filament modulation. Herein, we pointed out, for first time, the negative role of RAC7 small GTPase during A. thaliana-B. cinerea interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivette García-Soto
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (D.F.); (A.M.-T.)
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Damien Formey
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (D.F.); (A.M.-T.)
| | - Angélica Mora-Toledo
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (D.F.); (A.M.-T.)
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Luis Cárdenas
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico;
| | - Wendy Aragón
- Instituto de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Blvd. Príncipe Akishino s/n, Tapachula 30798, Chiapas, Mexico;
| | - Alexandre Tromas
- La Cité College, Bureau de la Recherche et de l’Innovation, Ottawa, ON K1K 4R3, Canada;
| | - Arianna Duque-Ortiz
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT), San Luis Potosí 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico; (A.D.-O.); (J.F.J.-B.)
| | - Juan Francisco Jiménez-Bremont
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT), San Luis Potosí 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico; (A.D.-O.); (J.F.J.-B.)
| | - Mario Serrano
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (D.F.); (A.M.-T.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yuan G, Gao H, Yang T. Exploring the Role of the Plant Actin Cytoskeleton: From Signaling to Cellular Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15480. [PMID: 37895158 PMCID: PMC10607326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant actin cytoskeleton is characterized by the basic properties of dynamic array, which plays a central role in numerous conserved processes that are required for diverse cellular functions. Here, we focus on how actins and actin-related proteins (ARPs), which represent two classical branches of a greatly diverse superfamily of ATPases, are involved in fundamental functions underlying signal regulation of plant growth and development. Moreover, we review the structure, assembly dynamics, and biological functions of filamentous actin (F-actin) from a molecular perspective. The various accessory proteins known as actin-binding proteins (ABPs) partner with F-actin to finely tune actin dynamics, often in response to various cell signaling pathways. Our understanding of the significance of the actin cytoskeleton in vital cellular activities has been furthered by comparison of conserved functions of actin filaments across different species combined with advanced microscopic techniques and experimental methods. We discuss the current model of the plant actin cytoskeleton, followed by examples of the signaling mechanisms under the supervision of F-actin related to cell morphogenesis, polar growth, and cytoplasmic streaming. Determination of the theoretical basis of how the cytoskeleton works is important in itself and is beneficial to future applications aimed at improving crop biomass and production efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tao Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (G.Y.); (H.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xiang X, Zhang S, Li E, Shi XL, Zhi JY, Liang X, Yin GM, Qin Z, Li S, Zhang Y. RHO OF PLANT proteins are essential for pollen germination in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:140-155. [PMID: 36974907 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pollen germination is a process of polarity establishment, through which a single and unique growth axis is established. Although most of the intracellular activities associated with pollen germination are controlled by RHO OF PLANTs (ROPs) and increased ROP activation accompanies pollen germination, a critical role of ROPs in this process has not yet been demonstrated. Here, by genomic editing of all 4 Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ROPs that are preferentially expressed in pollen, we showed that ROPs are essential for polarity establishment during pollen germination. We further identified and characterized 2 ROP effectors in pollen germination (REGs) through genome-wide interactor screening, boundary of ROP domain (BDR) members BDR8 and BDR9, whose functional loss also resulted in no pollen germination. BDR8 and BDR9 were distributed in the cytosol and the vegetative nucleus of mature pollen grains but redistributed to the plasma membrane (PM) of the germination site and to the apical PM of growing pollen tubes. We demonstrated that the PM redistribution of BDR8 and BDR9 during pollen germination relies on ROPs but not vice versa. Furthermore, enhanced expression of BDR8 partially restored germination of rop1 pollen but had no effects on that of the quadruple rop pollen, supporting their genetic epistasis. Results presented here demonstrate an ROP signaling route essential for pollen germination, which supports evolutionarily conserved roles of Rho GTPases in polarity establishment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiao Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Shuzhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - En Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Xue-Lian Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Jing-Yu Zhi
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tian'jin 300071, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tian'jin 300071, China
| | - Gui-Min Yin
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tian'jin 300071, China
| | - Zheng Qin
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tian'jin 300071, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tian'jin 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang R, Xu Y, Yi R, Shen J, Huang S. Actin cytoskeleton in the control of vesicle transport, cytoplasmic organization, and pollen tube tip growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:9-25. [PMID: 37002825 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Pollen tubes extend rapidly via tip growth. This process depends on a dynamic actin cytoskeleton, which has been implicated in controlling organelle movements, cytoplasmic streaming, vesicle trafficking, and cytoplasm organization in pollen tubes. In this update review, we describe the progress in understanding the organization and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and the function of the actin cytoskeleton in controlling vesicle traffic and cytoplasmic organization in pollen tubes. We also discuss the interplay between ion gradients and the actin cytoskeleton that regulates the spatial arrangement and dynamics of actin filaments and the organization of the cytoplasm in pollen tubes. Finally, we describe several signaling components that regulate actin dynamics in pollen tubes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruihui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanan Xu
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ran Yi
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiangfeng Shen
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shanjin Huang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang R, Lin Z, Zhou L, Chen C, Yu X, Zhang J, Zou Z, Lu Z. Rho 1 participates in parasitoid wasp eggs maturation and host cellular immunity inhibition. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:677-692. [PMID: 36271788 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Endoparasitoid wasps introduce venom into their host insects during the egg-laying stage. Venom proteins play various roles in the host physiology, development, immunity, and behavior manipulation and regulation. In this study, we identified a venom protein, MmRho1, a small guanine nucleotide-binding protein derived from ovary in the endoparasitoid wasp Microplitis mediator and found that knockdown of its expression by RNA interference caused down-regulation of vitellogenin and juvenile hormone, egg production, and cocoons formation in the female wasps. We demonstrated that MmRho1 entered the cotton bollworm's (host) hemocytes and suppressed cellular immune responses after parasitism using immunofluorescence staining. Furthermore, wasp MmRho1 interacted with the cotton bollworm's actin cytoskeleton rearrangement regulator diaphanous by yeast 2-hybrid and glutathione s-transferase pull-down. In conclusion, this study indicates that MmRho1 plays dual roles in wasp development and the suppression of the host insect cellular immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhe Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lizhen Zhou
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Caihua Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xianhao Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Enemies, Institute of Biological Control, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Enemies, Institute of Biological Control, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sran S, Bedrosian TA. RAS pathway: The new frontier of brain mosaicism in epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 180:106074. [PMID: 36907520 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
As cells divide during development, errors in DNA replication and repair lead to somatic mosaicism - a phenomenon in which different cell lineages harbor unique constellations of genetic variants. Over the past decade, somatic variants that disrupt mTOR signaling, protein glycosylation, and other functions during brain development have been linked to cortical malformations and focal epilepsy. More recently, emerging evidence points to a role for Ras pathway mosaicism in epilepsy. The Ras family of proteins is a critical driver of MAPK signaling. Disruption of the Ras pathway is most known for its association with tumorigenesis; however, developmental disorders known as RASopathies commonly have a neurological component that sometimes includes epilepsy, offering evidence for Ras involvement in brain development and epileptogenesis. Brain somatic variants affecting the Ras pathway (e.g., KRAS, PTPN11, BRAF) are now strongly associated with focal epilepsy through genotype-phenotype association studies as well as mechanistic evidence. This review summarizes the Ras pathway and its involvement in epilepsy and neurodevelopmental disorders, focusing on new evidence regarding Ras pathway mosaicism and the potential future clinical implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahibjot Sran
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Tracy A Bedrosian
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Uyehara AN, Rasmussen CG. Redundant mechanisms in division plane positioning. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151308. [PMID: 36921356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Redundancies in plant cell division contribute to the maintenance of proper division plane orientation. Here we highlight three types of redundancy: 1) Temporal redundancy, or correction of earlier defects that results in proper final positioning, 2) Genetic redundancy, or functional compensation by homologous genes, and 3) Synthetic redundancy, or redundancy within or between pathways that contribute to proper division plane orientation. Understanding the types of redundant mechanisms involved provides insight into current models of division plane orientation and opens up new avenues for exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aimee N Uyehara
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, USA
| | - Carolyn G Rasmussen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhu L, Fu Y. Investigation of ROP GTPase Activity and Cytoskeleton Dynamics During Tip Growth in Root Hairs and Pollen Tubes. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2604:227-235. [PMID: 36773237 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2867-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Pollen tubes and root hairs are typical tip-growing cells and are employed as model systems to study plant cell polarity. Previous studies have shown that the Rho family ROP GTPase plays a critical role in the regulation of pollen tube and root hair growth. Periodically, activated ROP GTPase coordinates with the tip-focused calcium gradient, to regulate actin dynamics and vesicle trafficking. Moreover, microtubules are also involved in organelle movement and growth directionality. Here, we describe methods for analyzing the spatiotemporal localization and activity of ROP, cortical microtubule organization, and F-actin dynamics in pollen tubes and/or root hairs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Malambane G, Madumane K, Sewelo LT, Batlang U. Drought stress tolerance mechanisms and their potential common indicators to salinity, insights from the wild watermelon (Citrullus lanatus): A review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1074395. [PMID: 36815012 PMCID: PMC9939662 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1074395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Climate change has escalated the effect of drought on crop production as it has negatively altered the environmental condition. Wild watermelon grows abundantly in the Kgalagadi desert even though the environment is characterized by minimal rainfall, high temperatures and intense sunshine during growing season. This area is also characterized by sandy soils with low water holding capacity, thus bringing about drought stress. Drought stress affects crop productivity through its effects on development and physiological functions as dictated by molecular responses. Not only one or two physiological process or genes are responsible for drought tolerance, but a combination of various factors do work together to aid crop tolerance mechanism. Various studies have shown that wild watermelon possess superior qualities that aid its survival in unfavorable conditions. These mechanisms include resilient root growth, timely stomatal closure, chlorophyll fluorescence quenching under water deficit as key physiological responses. At biochemical and molecular level, the crop responds through citrulline accumulation and expression of genes associated with drought tolerance in this species and other plants. Previous salinity stress studies involving other plants have identified citrulline accumulation and expression of some of these genes (chloroplast APX, Type-2 metallothionein), to be associated with tolerance. Emerging evidence indicates that the upstream of functional genes are the transcription factor that regulates drought and salinity stress responses as well as adaptation. In this review we discuss the drought tolerance mechanisms in watermelons and some of its common indicators to salinity at physiological, biochemical and molecular level.
Collapse
|
13
|
Analysis of Rac/Rop Small GTPase Family Expression in Santalum album L. and Their Potential Roles in Drought Stress and Hormone Treatments. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12121980. [PMID: 36556345 PMCID: PMC9787843 DOI: 10.3390/life12121980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant-specific Rac/Rop small GTPases, also known as Rop, belong to the Rho subfamily. Rac proteins can be divided into two types according to their C-terminal motifs: Type I Rac proteins have a typical CaaL motif at the C-terminal, whereas type II Rac proteins lack this motif but retain a cysteine-containing element for membrane anchoring. The Rac gene family participates in diverse signal transduction events, cytoskeleton morphogenesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and hormone responses in plants as molecular switches. S. album is a popular semiparasitic plant that absorbs nutrients from the host plant through the haustoria to meet its own growth and development needs. Because the whole plant has a high use value, due to the high production value of its perfume oils, it is known as the "tree of gold". Based on the full-length transcriptome data of S. album, nine Rac gene members were named SaRac1-9, and we analyzed their physicochemical properties. Evolutionary analysis showed that SaRac1-7, AtRac1-6, AtRac9 and AtRac11 and OsRac5, OsRacB and OsRacD belong to the typical plant type I Rac/Rop protein, while SaRac8-9, AtRac7, AtRac8, AtRac10 and OsRac1-4 belong to the type II Rac/ROP protein. Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that nine genes were expressed in roots, stems, leaves and haustoria, and SaRac7/8/9 expression in stems, haustoria and roots was significantly higher than that in leaves. The expression levels of SaRac1, SaRac4 and SaRac6 in stems were very low, and the expression levels of SaRac2 and SaRac5 in roots and SaRac2/3/7 in haustoria were very high, which indicated that these genes were closely related to the formation of S. album haustoria. To further analyze the function of SaRac, nine Rac genes in sandalwood were subjected to drought stress and hormone treatments. These results establish a preliminary foundation for the regulation of growth and development in S. album by SaRac.
Collapse
|
14
|
Meng Y, Zhang A, Ma Q, Xing L. Functional Characterization of Tomato ShROP7 in Regulating Resistance against Oidium neolycopersici. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158557. [PMID: 35955691 PMCID: PMC9369182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
ROPs (Rho-like GTPases from plants) are a unique family of small GTP-binding proteins in plants and play vital roles in numerous cellular processes, including growth and development, abiotic stress signaling, and plant defense. In the case of the latter, the role of ROPs as response regulators to obligate parasitism remains largely enigmatic. Herein, we isolated and identified ShROP7 and show that it plays a critical role in plant immune response to pathogen infection. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the expression of ShROP7 was significantly increased during incompatible interactions. To establish its requirement for resistance, we demonstrate that virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of ShROP7 resulted in increased susceptibility of tomato to Oidium neolycopersici (On) Lanzhou strain (On-Lz). Downstream resistance signaling through H2O2 and the induction of the hypersensitive response (HR) in ShROP7-silenced plants were significantly reduced after inoculating with On-Lz. Taken together, with the identification of ShROP7-interacting candidates, including ShSOBIR1, we demonstrate that ShROP7 plays a positive regulatory role in tomato powdery mildew resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Meng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China;
| | - Ancheng Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China (Q.M.)
| | - Qing Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China (Q.M.)
| | - Lianxi Xing
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China;
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Han G, Li Y, Yang Z, Wang C, Zhang Y, Wang B. Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Trichome Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:910228. [PMID: 35720574 PMCID: PMC9198495 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.910228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plant trichomes, protrusions formed from specialized aboveground epidermal cells, provide protection against various biotic and abiotic stresses. Trichomes can be unicellular, bicellular or multicellular, with multiple branches or no branches at all. Unicellular trichomes are generally not secretory, whereas multicellular trichomes include both secretory and non-secretory hairs. The secretory trichomes release secondary metabolites such as artemisinin, which is valuable as an antimalarial agent. Cotton trichomes, also known as cotton fibers, are an important natural product for the textile industry. In recent years, much progress has been made in unraveling the molecular mechanisms of trichome formation in Arabidopsis thaliana, Gossypium hirsutum, Oryza sativa, Cucumis sativus, Solanum lycopersicum, Nicotiana tabacum, and Artemisia annua. Here, we review current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying fate determination and initiation, elongation, and maturation of unicellular, bicellular and multicellular trichomes in several representative plants. We emphasize the regulatory roles of plant hormones, transcription factors, the cell cycle and epigenetic modifications in different stages of trichome development. Finally, we identify the obstacles and key points for future research on plant trichome development, and speculated the development relationship between the salt glands of halophytes and the trichomes of non-halophytes, which provides a reference for future studying the development of plant epidermal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Han
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying, China
| | - Yuxia Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Zongran Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Chengfeng Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Baoshan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhao Z, Li M, Zhang H, Yu Y, Ma L, Wang W, Fan Y, Huang N, Wang X, Liu K, Dong S, Tang H, Wang J, Zhang H, Bao Y. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Plasma Membrane Proteins in Rice Leaves Reveals a Vesicle Trafficking Network in Plant Immunity That Is Provoked by Blast Fungi. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:853195. [PMID: 35548300 PMCID: PMC9083198 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.853195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rice blast, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, is one of the most devastating diseases in rice and can affect rice production worldwide. Rice plasma membrane (PM) proteins are crucial for rapidly and precisely establishing a defense response in plant immunity when rice and blast fungi interact. However, the plant-immunity-associated vesicle trafficking network mediated by PM proteins is poorly understood. In this study, to explore changes in PM proteins during M. oryzae infection, the PM proteome was analyzed via iTRAQ in the resistant rice landrace Heikezijing. A total of 831 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified, including 434 upregulated and 397 downregulated DEPs. In functional analyses, DEPs associated with vesicle trafficking were significantly enriched, including the "transport" term in a Gene Ontology enrichment analysis, the endocytosis and phagosome pathways in a Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis, and vesicle-associated proteins identified via a protein-protein interaction network analysis. OsNPSN13, a novel plant-specific soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) 13 protein, was identified as an upregulated DEP, and transgenic plants overexpressing this gene showed enhanced blast resistance, while transgenic knockdown plants were more susceptible than wild-type plants. The changes in abundance and putative functions of 20 DEPs revealed a possible vesicle trafficking network in the M. oryzae-rice interaction. A comparative proteomic analysis of plasma membrane proteins in rice leaves revealed a plant-immunity-associated vesicle trafficking network that is provoked by blast fungi; these results provide new insights into rice resistance responses against rice blast fungi.
Collapse
|
17
|
Arabidopsis pavement cell shape formation involves spatially confined ROPGAP regulators. Curr Biol 2022; 32:532-544.e7. [PMID: 35085497 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In many plant species, pavement cell development relies on the coordinated formation of interdigitating lobes and indentations. Polarity signaling via the activity of antagonistic Rho-related GTPases from plants (ROPs) was implicated in pavement cell development, but the spatiotemporal regulation remained unclear. Here, we report on the role of the PLECKSTRIN HOMOLOGY GTPase ACTIVATING PROTEINS (PHGAPS) during multipolar growth in pavement cell shape establishment. Loss of function in phgap1phgap2 double mutants severely affected the shape of Arabidopsis leaf epidermal pavement cells. Predominantly, PHGAPs interacted with ROP2 and displayed a distinct and microtubule-dependent enrichment along the anticlinal cell face and transfacial boundary of pavement cell indentation regions. This localization was established upon undulation initiation and was maintained throughout the expansion of the cell. Our data suggest that PHGAP1/REN2 and PHGAP2/REN3 are key players in the establishment of ROP2 activity gradients and underscore the importance of locally controlled ROP activity for the orchestrated establishment of multipolarity in epidermal cells.
Collapse
|
18
|
Katano K, Suzuki N. What are the key mechanisms that alter the morphology of stigmatic papillae in Arabidopsis thaliana? PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1980999. [PMID: 34549683 PMCID: PMC9208798 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1980999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Pollination is one of the critical processes that determines crop yield and quality. Thus, it is an urgent need to elucidate the mechanisms underlying pollination. Our previous research has revealed a novel phenomenon that pollen attachment to stigma caused stigma shrinkage, whereas failure of pollen attachment to stigma due to the environmental stress induced elongation of stigmatic papillae. However, little is known about the mechanisms of these morphological alterations in stigmatic papillae. Since the RLK-ROPGEF-ROP network is a common mechanism for the elongation of pollen tubes and root hairs, this network may be also involved in the elongation of papillae in the stigma. In this review, we will discuss the known mechanisms regulating pollen tube growth and root hair elongation and attempt to propose an elongation mechanism of stigmatic papillae. In addition, we will suggest that the degradation of F-actin by a significant increase in Ca2+ induced by the components of pollen coat might be a putative molecular mechanism of stigmatic papillae shrinkage during pollen adhesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Katano
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Chiyoda, Japan
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bibeau JP, Galotto G, Wu M, Tüzel E, Vidali L. Quantitative cell biology of tip growth in moss. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:227-244. [PMID: 33825083 PMCID: PMC8492783 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Here we review, from a quantitative point of view, the cell biology of protonemal tip growth in the model moss Physcomitrium patens. We focus on the role of the cytoskeleton, vesicle trafficking, and cell wall mechanics, including reviewing some of the existing mathematical models of tip growth. We provide a primer for existing cell biological tools that can be applied to the future study of tip growth in moss. Polarized cell growth is a ubiquitous process throughout the plant kingdom in which the cell elongates in a self-similar manner. This process is important for nutrient uptake by root hairs, fertilization by pollen, and gametophyte development by the protonemata of bryophytes and ferns. In this review, we will focus on the tip growth of moss cells, emphasizing the role of cytoskeletal organization, cytoplasmic zonation, vesicle trafficking, cell wall composition, and dynamics. We compare some of the existing knowledge on tip growth in protonemata against what is known in pollen tubes and root hairs, which are better-studied tip growing cells. To fully understand how plant cells grow requires that we deepen our knowledge in a variety of forms of plant cell growth. We focus this review on the model plant Physcomitrium patens, which uses tip growth as the dominant form of growth at its protonemal stage. Because mosses and vascular plants shared a common ancestor more than 450 million years ago, we anticipate that both similarities and differences between tip growing plant cells will provide mechanistic information of tip growth as well as of plant cell growth in general. Towards this mechanistic understanding, we will also review some of the existing mathematical models of plant tip growth and their applicability to investigate protonemal morphogenesis. We attempt to integrate the conclusions and data across cell biology and physical modeling to our current state of knowledge of polarized cell growth in P. patens and highlight future directions in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Bibeau
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Giulia Galotto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Erkan Tüzel
- Bioengineering Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Luis Vidali
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang M, Feng H, Xu P, Xie Q, Gao J, Wang Y, Zhang X, Yang J, Murray JD, Sun F, Wang C, Wang E, Yu N. Phosphorylation of MtRopGEF2 by LYK3 mediates MtROP activity to regulate rhizobial infection in Medicago truncatula. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1787-1800. [PMID: 34236765 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The formation of nitrogen-fixing no dules on legume roots requires the coordination of infection by rhizobia at the root epidermis with the initiation of cell divisions in the root cortex. During infection, rhizobia attach to the tip of elongating root hairs which then curl to entrap the rhizobia. However, the mechanism of root hair deformation and curling in response to symbiotic signals is still elusive. Here, we found that small GTPases (MtRac1/MtROP9 and its homologs) are required for root hair development and rhizobial infection in Medicago truncatula. Our results show that the Nod factor receptor LYK3 phosphorylates the guanine nucleotide exchange factor MtRopGEF2 at S73 which is critical for the polar growth of root hairs. In turn, phosphorylated MtRopGEF2 can activate MtRac1. Activated MtRac1 was found to localize at the tips of root hairs and to strongly interact with LYK3 and NFP. Taken together, our results support the hypothesis that MtRac1, LYK3, and NFP form a polarly localized receptor complex that regulates root hair deformation during rhizobial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Wang
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Huan Feng
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Peng Xu
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Qiujin Xie
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Jinpeng Gao
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yanzhang Wang
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jun Yang
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jeremy D Murray
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fengli Sun
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Ertao Wang
- National key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Nan Yu
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gao H, Wang T, Zhang Y, Li L, Wang C, Guo S, Zhang T, Wang C. GTPase ROP6 negatively modulates phosphate deficiency through inhibition of PHT1;1 and PHT1;4 in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1775-1786. [PMID: 34288396 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus, an essential macroelement for plant growth and development, is a major limiting factor for sustainable crop yield. The Rho of plant (ROP) GTPase is involved in regulating multiple signal transduction processes in plants, but potentially including the phosphate deficiency signaling pathway remains unknown. Here, we identified that the rop6 mutant exhibited a dramatic tolerant phenotype under Pi-deficient conditions, with higher phosphate accumulation and lower anthocyanin content. In contrast, the rop6 mutant was more sensitive to arsenate (As(V)) toxicity, the analog of Pi. Immunoblot analysis displayed that the ROP6 protein was rapidly degraded through ubiquitin/26S proteasome pathway under Pi-deficient conditions. In addition, pull-down assay using GST-RIC1 demonstrated that the ROP6 activity was decreased obviously under Pi-deficient conditions. Strikingly, protein-protein interaction and two-voltage clamping assays demonstrated that ROP6 physically interacted with and inhibited the key phosphate uptake transporters PHT1;1 and PHT1;4 in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, genetic analysis showed that ROP6 functioned upstream of PHT1;1 and PHT1;4. Thus, we conclude that GTPase ROP6 modulates the uptake of phosphate by inhibiting the activities of PHT1;1 and PHT1;4 in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Tian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yanting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Lili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Chuanqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Shiyuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Cun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gao JP, Xu P, Wang M, Zhang X, Yang J, Zhou Y, Murray JD, Song CP, Wang E. Nod factor receptor complex phosphorylates GmGEF2 to stimulate ROP signaling during nodulation. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3538-3550.e5. [PMID: 34216556 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of the symbiotic interaction between rhizobia and legumes involves the Nod factor signaling pathway. Nod factor recognition occurs through two plant receptors, NFR1 and NFR5. However, the signal transduction mechanisms downstream of NFR1-NFR5-mediated Nod factor perception remain largely unknown. Here, we report that a small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase), GmROP9, and a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, GmGEF2, are involved in the soybean-rhizobium symbiosis. We show that GmNFR1α phosphorylates GmGEF2a at its N-terminal S86, which stimulates guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-to-GTP exchange to activate GmROP9 and that the active form of GmROP9 can associate with both GmNFR1α and GmNFR5α. We further show that a scaffold protein, GmRACK1, interacts with active GmROP9 and contributes to root nodule symbiosis. Collectively, our results highlight the symbiotic role of GmROP9-GmRACK1 and support the hypothesis that rhizobial signals promote the formation of a protein complex comprising GmNFR1, GmNFR5, GmROP9, and GmRACK1 for symbiotic signal transduction in soybean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Peng Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China; CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Peng Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Mingxing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Jeremy D Murray
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Chun-Peng Song
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Ertao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ritis D, Boulougouris GC. On the hierarchical design of biochemical-based digital computations. Comput Biol Med 2021; 135:104630. [PMID: 34311298 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of the biochemical processes underpinning various biological systems has significantly increased in recent decades and has even prompted reverse engineering of certain of life's more complex processes. The most prominent example is modern computers designed to mimic neuron activity. This work forms part of growing endeavors to return advances in the theory of computation and electronics to biology. In this context, we present a set of requirements sufficient for the design of biochemical analogs of modern electronics in a hierarchical, modular fashion that mimics the design of modern computational devices. This theoretical approach is based on a simple enzymatic analog of the transistor and supported by numerical simulations of biochemical models of enzymatic networks equivalent to complex, and modular, interconnecting electronic circuitry (including clocks, Flip-Flops, adders, decoders, and multiplexers). Furthermore, the proposed approach has been implemented in the form of a Python library capable of creating and testing models of complex bio-analog digital computations based on the execution of an elementary universal logic gate. In tribute to Claude Shannon, our biochemical network materializes his example of a "password" recognition that moves the language of the modern theory of automata beyond combinatorial logic and towards sequential logic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Ritis
- Laboratory of Computational Physical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece
| | - Georgios C Boulougouris
- Laboratory of Computational Physical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Singhatanadgit W, Hankamolsiri W, Janvikul W. Geranylgeraniol prevents zoledronic acid-mediated reduction of viable mesenchymal stem cells via induction of Rho-dependent YAP activation. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:202066. [PMID: 34113452 PMCID: PMC8187992 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.202066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Long-term use of zoledronic acid (ZA) increases the risk of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). This may be attributed to ZA-mediated reduction of viable mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). ZA inhibits protein geranylgeranylation, thus suppressing cell viability and proliferation. Geranylgeraniol (GGOH), which is a naturally found intermediate compound in the mevalonate pathway, has positive effects against ZA. However, precise mechanisms by which GGOH may help preserve stem cell viability against ZA are not fully understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the cytoprotective mechanisms of GGOH against ZA. The results showed that while ZA dramatically decreased the number of viable MSCs, GGOH prevented this negative effect. GGOH-rescued ZA-exposed MSCs formed mineralization comparable to that produced by normal MSCs. Mechanistically, GGOH preserved the number of viable MSCs by its reversal of ZA-mediated Ki67+ MSC number reduction, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Moreover, GGOH prevented ZA-suppressed RhoA activity and YAP activation. The results also established the involvement of Rho-dependent YAP and YAP-mediated CDK6 in the cytoprotective ability of GGOH against ZA. In conclusion, GGOH preserves a pool of viable MSCs with osteogenic potency against ZA by rescuing the activity of Rho-dependent YAP activation, suggesting GGOH as a promising agent and YAP as a potential therapeutic target for MRONJ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weerachai Singhatanadgit
- Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, 12121, Thailand
- Research Unit in Mineralized Tissue Reconstruction, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, 12121, Thailand
| | - Weerawan Hankamolsiri
- Biofunctional Materials and Devices Research Group, National Metal and Materials Technology Center, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Wanida Janvikul
- Biofunctional Materials and Devices Research Group, National Metal and Materials Technology Center, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lin Y, Zeng Y, Zhu Y, Shen J, Ye H, Jiang L. Plant Rho GTPase signaling promotes autophagy. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:905-920. [PMID: 33794369 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The roles of Rho family guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) of plants (ROPs) in modulating plant growth and development have been well characterized. However, little is known about the roles of ROP signaling pathways in regulating plant autophagy and autophagosome formation. In this study, we identify a unique ROP signaling mechanism, which mediates developmental to autophagic transition under stress conditions in the model plant Arabidopsis. Loss-of-function mutants of ROP8 showed stress-induced hypersensitive phenotypes and compromised autophagic flux. Similar to other ROPs in the ROP/RAC family, ROP8 exhibits both plasma membrane and cytosolic punctate localization patterns. Upon autophagic induction, active ROP8 puncta colocalize with autophagosomal markers and are degraded inside the vacuole. In human cells, RalB, an RAS subfamily GTPase, engages its effector Exo84 for autophagosome assembly. However, a RalB counterpart is missing in the plant lineage. Intriguingly, we discovered that plant ROP8 promotes autophagy via its downstream effector Sec5. Live-cell super-resolution imaging showed that ROP8 and Sec5 reside on phagophores for autophagosome formation. Taken together, our findings highlight a previously unappreciated role of an ROP8-Sec5 signaling axis in autophagy promotion, providing new insights into how plants utilize versatile ROP signaling networks to coordinate developmental and autophagic responses depending on environmental changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youshun Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yonglun Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinbo Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Hao Ye
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Plant Molecular Biology and Agricultural Biotechnology, CUHK, Hong Kong, China; CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Shenzhen, Hong Kong, 518057, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kim EJ, Hong WJ, Tun W, An G, Kim ST, Kim YJ, Jung KH. Interaction of OsRopGEF3 Protein With OsRac3 to Regulate Root Hair Elongation and Reactive Oxygen Species Formation in Rice ( Oryza sativa). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:661352. [PMID: 34113363 PMCID: PMC8185220 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.661352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs are tip-growing cells that emerge from the root epidermis and play a role in water and nutrient uptake. One of the key signaling steps for polar cell elongation is the formation of Rho-GTP by accelerating the intrinsic exchange activity of the Rho-of-plant (ROP) or the Rac GTPase protein; this step is activated through the interaction with the plant Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RopGEFs). The molecular players involved in root hair growth in rice are largely unknown. Here, we performed the functional analysis of OsRopGEF3, which is highly expressed in the root hair tissues among the OsRopGEF family genes in rice. To reveal the role of OsRopGEF3, we analyzed the phenotype of loss-of-function mutants of OsRopGEF3, which were generated using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. The mutants had reduced root hair length and increased root hair width. In addition, we confirmed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) were highly reduced in the root hairs of the osropgef3 mutant. The pairwise yeast two-hybrid experiments between OsRopGEF3 and OsROP/Rac proteins in rice revealed that the OsRopGEF3 protein interacts with OsRac3. This interaction and colocalization at the same subcellular organelles were again verified in tobacco leaf cells and rice root protoplasts via bimolecular functional complementation (BiFC) assay. Furthermore, among the three respiratory burst oxidase homolog (OsRBOH) genes that are highly expressed in rice root hair cells, we found that OsRBOH5 can interact with OsRac3. Our results demonstrate an interaction network model wherein OsRopGEF3 converts the GDP of OsRac3 into GTP, and OsRac3-GTP then interacts with the N-terminal of OsRBOH5 to produce ROS, thereby suggesting OsRopGEF3 as a key regulating factor in rice root hair growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Jung Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Woo-Jong Hong
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Win Tun
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Gynheung An
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Sun-Tae Kim
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Department of Life Science and Environmental Biochemistry, and Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea
| | - Ki-Hong Jung
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Huang M, Wang Y. GLOBAL AND TARGETED PROFILING OF GTP-BINDING PROTEINS IN BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES BY MASS SPECTROMETRY. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:215-235. [PMID: 32519381 PMCID: PMC7725852 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
GTP-binding proteins are among the most important enzyme families that are involved in a plethora of biological processes. However, owing to the enormous diversity of the nucleotide-binding protein family, comprehensive analyses of the expression level, structure, activity, and regulatory mechanisms of GTP-binding proteins remain challenging with the use of conventional approaches. The many advances in mass spectrometry (MS) instrumentation and data acquisition methods, together with a variety of enrichment approaches in sample preparation, render MS a powerful tool for the comprehensive characterizations of the activities and expression levels of various GTP-binding proteins. We review herein the recent developments in the application of MS-based techniques, together with general and widely used affinity enrichment approaches, for the proteome-wide and targeted capture, identification, and quantification of GTP-binding proteins. The working principles, advantages, and limitations of various strategies for profiling the expression level, activity, posttranslational modifications, and interactome of GTP-binding proteins are discussed. It can be envisaged that future applications of MS-based proteomics will lead to a better understanding about the roles of GTP-binding proteins in different biological processes and human diseases. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Huang
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Yinsheng Wang
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Correspondence author: Yinsheng Wang. Telephone: (951)827-2700;
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tripathy MK, Deswal R, Sopory SK. Plant RABs: Role in Development and in Abiotic and Biotic Stress Responses. Curr Genomics 2021; 22:26-40. [PMID: 34045922 PMCID: PMC8142350 DOI: 10.2174/1389202922666210114102743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosomal trafficking plays an integral role in various eukaryotic cellular activities and is vital for higher-order functions in multicellular organisms. RAB GTPases are important proteins that influence various aspects of membrane traffic, which consequently influence many cellular functions and responses. Compared to yeast and mammals, plants have evolved a unique set of plant-specific RABs that play a significant role in their development. RABs form the largest family of small guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins, and are divided into eight sub-families named RAB1, RAB2, RAB5, RAB6, RAB7, RAB8, RAB11 and RAB18. Recent studies on different species suggest that RAB proteins play crucial roles in intracellular trafficking and cytokinesis, in autophagy, plant microbe interactions and in biotic and abiotic stress responses. This review recaptures and summarizes the roles of RABs in plant cell functions and in enhancing plant survival under stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manas K Tripathy
- 1International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; 2Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Renu Deswal
- 1International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; 2Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Sudhir K Sopory
- 1International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; 2Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Han CW, Jeong MS, Jang SB. Understand KRAS and the Quest for Anti-Cancer Drugs. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040842. [PMID: 33917906 PMCID: PMC8068306 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The KRAS oncogene is mutated in approximately ~30% of human cancers, and the targeting of KRAS has long been highlighted in many studies. Nevertheless, attempts to target KRAS directly have been ineffective. This review provides an overview of the structure of KRAS and its characteristic signaling pathways. Additionally, we examine the problems associated with currently available KRAS inhibitors and discuss promising avenues for drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Woo Han
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea;
| | - Mi Suk Jeong
- Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials and Sustainable Utilization of Photovoltaic Energy Research Center, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.S.J.); (S.B.J.); Tel.: +82-51-510-2523 (M.S.J. & S.B.J.)
| | - Se Bok Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.S.J.); (S.B.J.); Tel.: +82-51-510-2523 (M.S.J. & S.B.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Li E, Zhang YL, Shi X, Li H, Yuan X, Li S, Zhang Y. A positive feedback circuit for ROP-mediated polar growth. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:395-410. [PMID: 33271334 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tip growth is a special type of polarized growth in which a single and unique polarization site is established and maintained. Rho of Plants (ROP) proteins, which represent the only class of Rho GTPases in plants, regulate tip growth. The dynamic and asymmetric distribution of ROPs is critical for the establishment and maintenance of tip growth, and requires at least one positive feedback loop, which is still elusive. Here, we report a positive feedback circuit essential for tip growth of root hairs, in which ROPs, ROP activators and effectors, and AGC1.5 subfamily kinases are interconnected by sequential oligomerization and phosphorylation. AGC1.5 subfamily kinases interact with and phosphorylate two guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) of ROPs, RopGEF4 and RopGEF10. They also interact with two ROP effectors, ICR2/RIP3 and MIDD1/RIP4, which bridge active ROPs with AGC1.5. Functional loss of the AGC1.5 subfamily kinases or ICR2 and MIDD1 compromised root hair growth due to reduced ROP signaling. We found that asymmetric targeting of RopGEF4 and RopGEF10 is controlled by AGC1.5-dependent phosphorylation. Interestingly, we discovered that the ROP effectors recruit AGC1.5 to active ROP domains at the plasma membrane during root hair growth and are critical for AGC1.5-dependent phosphorylation of RopGEFs. Given the large number of AGC kinases in plants, this positive feedback circuit may be a universal theme for plant cell polar growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- En Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yu-Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Xuelian Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Han Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Xuefeng Yuan
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Genome-wide identification of Ran GTPase family genes from wheat (T. aestivum) and their expression profile during developmental stages and abiotic stress conditions. Funct Integr Genomics 2021; 21:239-250. [PMID: 33609188 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-021-00773-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of growth is important for sustaining yield under stress conditions. Hence, identification of genes involved in cell division and growth under abiotic stress is utmost important. Ras-related nuclear protein (Ran) is a small GTPase required for nucleocytoplasmic transport, mitotic progression, and nuclear envelope assembly in plants. In the present study, two Ran GTPase genes TaRAN1 and TaRAN2 were identified though genome-wide analysis in wheat (T. aestivum). Comparative analysis of Ran GTPases from wheat, barley, rice, maize, sorghum, and Arabidopsis revealed similar gene structure within phylogenetic clades and highly conserved protein structure. Expression analysis from expVIP platform showed ubiquitous expression of TaRAN genes across tissues and developmental stages. Under biotic and abiotic stresses, TaRAN1 expression was largely unaltered, while TaRAN2 showed stress specific response. In qRT-PCR analysis, TaRAN1 showed significantly higher expression as compared to TaRAN2 in shoot and root at seedling, vegetative, and reproductive stages. During progressive drought stress, TaRAN1 and TaRAN2 expression increase during early stress and restored to control level expression at higher stress levels in shoot. The steady-state level of transcripts was maintained to that of control in roots under drought stress. Under cold stress, expression of both the TaRAN genes decreased significantly at 3 h and became similar to control at 6 h in shoots, while salt stress significantly reduced the expression of TaRAN genes in shoots. The analysis suggests differential regulation of TaRAN genes under developmental stages and abiotic stresses. Delineating the molecular functions of Ran GTPases will help unravel the mechanism of stress induced growth inhibition in wheat.
Collapse
|
32
|
García-Soto I, Boussageon R, Cruz-Farfán YM, Castro-Chilpa JD, Hernández-Cerezo LX, Bustos-Zagal V, Leija-Salas A, Hernández G, Torres M, Formey D, Courty PE, Wipf D, Serrano M, Tromas A. The Lotus japonicus ROP3 Is Involved in the Establishment of the Nitrogen-Fixing Symbiosis but Not of the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:696450. [PMID: 34868100 PMCID: PMC8636059 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.696450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Legumes form root mutualistic symbioses with some soil microbes promoting their growth, rhizobia, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). A conserved set of plant proteins rules the transduction of symbiotic signals from rhizobia and AMF in a so-called common symbiotic signaling pathway (CSSP). Despite considerable efforts and advances over the past 20 years, there are still key elements to be discovered about the establishment of these root symbioses. Rhizobia and AMF root colonization are possible after a deep cell reorganization. In the interaction between the model legume Lotus japonicus and Mesorhizobium loti, this reorganization has been shown to be dependent on a SCAR/Wave-like signaling module, including Rho-GTPase (ROP in plants). Here, we studied the potential role of ROP3 in the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis (NFS) as well as in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (AMS). We performed a detailed phenotypic study on the effects of the loss of a single ROP on the establishment of both root symbioses. Moreover, we evaluated the expression of key genes related to CSSP and to the rhizobial-specific pathway. Under our experimental conditions, rop3 mutant showed less nodule formation at 7- and 21-days post inoculation as well as less microcolonies and a higher frequency of epidermal infection threads. However, AMF root colonization was not affected. These results suggest a role of ROP3 as a positive regulator of infection thread formation and nodulation in L. japonicus. In addition, CSSP gene expression was neither affected in NFS nor in AMS condition in rop3 mutant. whereas the expression level of some genes belonging to the rhizobial-specific pathway, like RACK1, decreased in the NFS. In conclusion, ROP3 appears to be involved in the NFS, but is neither required for intra-radical growth of AMF nor arbuscule formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivette García-Soto
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Ivette García-Soto,
| | - Raphael Boussageon
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | | | | | | | - Victor Bustos-Zagal
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Leija-Salas
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Georgina Hernández
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Martha Torres
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Damien Formey
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Courty
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Daniel Wipf
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Mario Serrano
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- Mario Serrano,
| | - Alexandre Tromas
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- La Cité College, Bureau de la Recherche et de l’Innovation, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Alexandre Tromas,
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Liu J, Liu MX, Qiu LP, Xie F. SPIKE1 Activates the GTPase ROP6 to Guide the Polarized Growth of Infection Threads in Lotus japonicus. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:3774-3791. [PMID: 33023954 PMCID: PMC7721321 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In legumes, rhizobia attach to root hair tips and secrete nodulation factor to activate rhizobial infection and nodule organogenesis. Endosymbiotic rhizobia enter nodule primordia via a specialized transcellular compartment known as the infection thread (IT). The IT elongates by polar tip growth, following the path of the migrating nucleus along and within the root hair cell. Rho-family ROP GTPases are known to regulate the polarized growth of cells, but their role in regulating polarized IT growth is poorly understood. Here, we show that LjSPK1, a DOCK family guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), interacts with three type I ROP GTPases. Genetic analyses showed that these three ROP GTPases are involved in root hair development, but only LjROP6 is required for IT formation after rhizobia inoculation. Misdirected ITs formed in the root hairs of Ljspk1 and Ljrop6 mutants. We show that LjSPK1 functions as a GEF that activates LjROP6. LjROP6 enhanced the plasma membrane localization LjSPK1 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf cells and Lotus japonicus root hairs, and LjSPK1 and LjROP6 interact at the plasma membrane. Taken together, these results shed light on how the LjROP6-LjSPK1 module mediates the polarized growth of ITs in L. japonicus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
| | - Miao Xia Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li Ping Qiu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fang Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bomblies K. When everything changes at once: finding a new normal after genome duplication. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20202154. [PMID: 33203329 PMCID: PMC7739491 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome duplication (WGD), which leads to polyploidy, is implicated in adaptation and speciation. But what are the immediate effects of WGD and how do newly polyploid lineages adapt to them? With many studies of new and evolved polyploids now available, along with studies of genes under selection in polyploids, we are in an increasingly good position to understand how polyploidy generates novelty. Here, I will review consistent effects of WGD on the biology of plants, such as an increase in cell size, increased stress tolerance and more. I will discuss how a change in something as fundamental as cell size can challenge the function of some cell types in particular. I will also discuss what we have learned about the short- to medium-term evolutionary response to WGD. It is now clear that some of this evolutionary response may 'lock in' traits that happen to be beneficial, while in other cases, it might be more of an 'emergency response' to work around physiological changes that are either deleterious, or cannot be undone in the polyploid context. Yet, other traits may return rapidly to a diploid-like state. Polyploids may, by re-jigging many inter-related processes, find a new, conditionally adaptive, normal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Bomblies
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Stress-Sensitive Protein Rac1 and Its Involvement in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:8894372. [PMID: 33299404 PMCID: PMC7707960 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8894372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) is a small GTPase that is well known for its sensitivity to the environmental stress of a cell or an organism. It senses the external signals which are transmitted from membrane-bound receptors and induces downstream signaling cascades to exert its physiological functions. Rac1 is an important regulator of a variety of cellular processes, such as cytoskeletal organization, generation of oxidative products, and gene expression. In particular, Rac1 has a significant influence on certain brain functions like neuronal migration, synaptic plasticity, and memory formation via regulation of actin dynamics in neurons. Abnormal Rac1 expression and activity have been observed in multiple neurological diseases. Here, we review recent findings to delineate the role of Rac1 signaling in neurodevelopmental disorders associated with abnormal spine morphology, synaptogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. Moreover, certain novel inhibitors of Rac1 and related pathways are discussed as potential avenues toward future treatment for these diseases.
Collapse
|
36
|
Cheng X, Mwaura BW, Chang Stauffer SR, Bezanilla M. A Fully Functional ROP Fluorescent Fusion Protein Reveals Roles for This GTPase in Subcellular and Tissue-Level Patterning. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:3436-3451. [PMID: 32917738 PMCID: PMC7610296 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rho of Plants (ROPs) are GTPases that regulate polarity and patterned wall deposition in plants. As these small, globular proteins have many interactors, it has been difficult to ensure that methods to visualize ROP in live cells do not affect ROP function. Here, motivated by work in fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), we generated a fluorescent moss (Physcomitrium [Physcomitrella] patens) ROP4 fusion protein by inserting mNeonGreen after Gly-134. Plants harboring tagged ROP4 and no other ROP genes were phenotypically normal. Plants lacking all four ROP genes comprised an unpatterned clump of spherical cells that were unable to form gametophores, demonstrating that ROP is essentially for spatial patterning at the cellular and tissue levels. The functional ROP fusion protein formed a steep gradient at the apical plasma membranes of growing tip cells. ROP also predicted the site of branch formation in the apical cell at the onset of mitosis, which occurs one to two cell cycles before a branch cell emerges. While fluorescence recovery after photobleaching studies demonstrated that ROP dynamics do not depend on the cytoskeleton, acute depolymerization of the cytoskeleton removed ROP from the membrane only in recently divided cells, pointing to a feedback mechanism between the cell cycle, cytoskeleton, and ROP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohang Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Bethany W Mwaura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | | | - Magdalena Bezanilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Osmani Z, Sabet MS, Nakahara KS, Mokhtassi-Bidgoli A, Vahabi K, Moieni A, Shams-Bakhsh M. Identification of a defense response gene involved in signaling pathways against PVA and PVY in potato. GM CROPS & FOOD 2020; 12:86-105. [PMID: 33028148 PMCID: PMC7553743 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2020.1823776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Potato is the most important non-grain food crop in the world. Viruses, particularly potato virus Y (PVY) and potato virus A (PVA), are among the major agricultural pathogens causing severe reduction in potato yield and quality worldwide. Virus infection induces host factors to interfere with its infection cycle. Evaluation of these factors facilitates the development of intrinsic resistance to plant viruses. In this study, a small G-protein as one of the critical signaling factors was evaluated in plant response to PVY and PVA to enhance resistance. For this purpose, the gene expression dataset of G-proteins in potato plant under five biotic (viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and insects) and four abiotic (cold, heat, salinity, and drought) stress conditions were collected from gene expression databases. We reduced the number of the selected G-proteins to a single protein, StSAR1A, which is possibly involved in virus inhibition. StSAR1A overexpressed transgenic plants were created via the Agrobacterium-mediated method. Real-time PCR and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests of transgenic plants mechanically inoculated with PVY and PVA indicated that the overexpression of StSAR1A gene enhanced resistance to both viruses. The virus-infected transgenic plants exhibited a greater stem length, a larger leaf size, a higher fresh/dry weight, and a greater node number than those of the wild-type plants. The maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, stomatal conductivity, and net photosynthetic rate in the virus-infected transgenic plants were also obviously higher than those of the control. The present study may help to understand aspects of resistance against viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhila Osmani
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Sabet
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
| | - Kenji S Nakahara
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University , Sapporo Japan
| | - Ali Mokhtassi-Bidgoli
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
| | - Khabat Vahabi
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Friedrich-Schiller- University , Jena, Germany
| | - Ahmad Moieni
- Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Shams-Bakhsh
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhang Z, Zhang X, Na R, Yang S, Tian Z, Zhao Y, Zhao J. StRac1 plays an important role in potato resistance against Phytophthora infestans via regulating H 2O 2 production. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 253:153249. [PMID: 32829122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ROP GTPases (Rho-related GTPases from plant), a unique subgroup of the Rho family in plants, is a group of key regulators of different signaling pathways controlling plant growth and development, cell polarity and differentiation, and plant response against biotic and abiotic stresses. The present study determined the potential regulatory mechanism of potato ROP GTPase (StRac1) against Phytophthora infestans (P. infestans) infection. Protein secondary structure analysis indicated that StRAC1 is a Rho GTPase. The expression level of StRac1 was variable in different tissues of potato, with the highest expression in young leaves of both Shepody and Hutou potato varieties. After challenging with P. infestans, the expression level of StRac1was higher in resistance varieties Zihuabai and Longshu 7 than in susceptible varieties Shepody and Desiree. StRAC1 fusion with GFP subcellularly localized at the plasma membrane (PM) in tobacco epidermal cells. The potato with transient or stable over-expression of CA-StRac1 (constitutively active form of StRac1)exhibited a dramatic enhancement of its resistance against P. infestans infections. The increased resistance level in transgenic potato was accompanied with elevated H2O2 levels. Importantly, silencing StRac1 via virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in potato resulted in higher susceptibility to P. infestans infection than in control plants. In summary, our data reveal that StRac1 regulates potato resistance against P. infestans via positively modulating the accumulation of H2O2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia, 010019 China.
| | - Xiaoluo Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia, 010019 China.
| | - Ren Na
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050035 China.
| | - Shuqing Yang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia, 010019 China.
| | - Zaimin Tian
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia, 010019 China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- Institutes of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101 China.
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia, 010019 China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ge FR, Chai S, Li S, Zhang Y. Targeting and signaling of Rho of plants guanosine triphosphatases require synergistic interaction between guanine nucleotide inhibitor and vesicular trafficking. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:1484-1499. [PMID: 32198818 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Most eukaryotic cells are polarized. Common toolbox regulating cell polarization includes Rho guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases), in which spatiotemporal activation is regulated by a plethora of regulators. Rho of plants (ROPs) are the only Rho GTPases in plants. Although vesicular trafficking was hinted in the regulation of ROPs, it was unclear where vesicle-carried ROP starts, whether it is dynamically regulated, and which components participate in vesicle-mediated ROP targeting. In addition, although vesicle trafficking and guanine nucleotide inhibitor (GDI) pathways in Rho signaling have been extensively studied in yeast, it is unknown whether the two pathways interplay. Unclear are also cellular and developmental consequences of their interaction in multicellular organisms. Here, we show that the dynamic targeting of ROP through vesicles requires coat protein complex II and ADP-ribosylation factor 1-mediated post-Golgi trafficking. Trafficking of vesicle-carried ROPs between the plasma membrane and the trans-Golgi network is mediated through adaptor protein 1 and sterol-mediated endocytosis. Finally, we show that GDI and vesicle trafficking synergistically regulate cell polarization and ROP targeting, suggesting that the establishment and maintenance of cell polarity is regulated by an evolutionarily conserved mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Rong Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Sen Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Li H, Hu J, Pang J, Zhao L, Yang B, Kang X, Wang A, Xu T, Yang Z. Rho GTPase ROP1 Interactome Analysis Reveals Novel ROP1-Associated Pathways for Pollen Tube Polar Growth in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197033. [PMID: 32987815 PMCID: PMC7582345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
ROP (Rho-like GTPases from plants) GTPases are polarly localized key regulators of polar growth in pollen tubes and other cells in plants. However, how ROP GTPases are regulated and how they control polar growth remains to be fully understood. To gain new insights into ROP-dependent mechanisms underlying polar cell growth, we characterized the interactome of ROP1 GTPase that controls Arabidopsis pollen tube (PT) tip growth, an extreme form of polar cell growth. We established an efficient method for culturing Arabidopsis pollen tubes in liquid medium, which was used for immunoprecipitation/mass spectrometry-based identification of ROP1-associated proteins. A total of 654 candidates were isolated from the ROP1 interactome in Arabidopsis pollen tubes, and GO (Gene Ontology) classification and pathway analysis revealed multiple uncharacterized ROP1-dependent processes including translation, cell wall modification, post transcriptional modification, and ion homeostasis, in addition to known ROP1-dependent pathways. The ROP1-interactome data was further supported by the co-expression of the candidate interactors in highly mature pollen with PT germination and growth defects being discovered in 25% (8/32) of the candidate mutant genes. Taken together, our work uncovers valuable information for the identification and functional elucidation of ROP-associated proteins in the regulation of polar growth, and provides a reliable reference to identify critical regulators of polar cell growth in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China; (J.H.); (L.Z.); (B.Y.); (X.K.); (T.X.)
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92508, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jinbo Hu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China; (J.H.); (L.Z.); (B.Y.); (X.K.); (T.X.)
- Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Pang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; (J.P.); (A.W.)
| | - Liangtao Zhao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China; (J.H.); (L.Z.); (B.Y.); (X.K.); (T.X.)
| | - Bing Yang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China; (J.H.); (L.Z.); (B.Y.); (X.K.); (T.X.)
| | - Xinlei Kang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China; (J.H.); (L.Z.); (B.Y.); (X.K.); (T.X.)
| | - Aimin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; (J.P.); (A.W.)
| | - Tongda Xu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China; (J.H.); (L.Z.); (B.Y.); (X.K.); (T.X.)
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92508, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Yang A, Li Q, Chen L, Zhang WH. A rice small GTPase, Rab6a, is involved in the regulation of grain yield and iron nutrition in response to CO2 enrichment. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:5680-5688. [PMID: 32525991 PMCID: PMC7501819 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive studies on the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) on rice, the molecular mechanisms and signaling events underlying the adaptation of plants remain largely elusive. Here, we report that OsRab6a, which encodes a small GTPase, is involved in the regulation of rice growth, grain yield, and accumulation of iron (Fe) in response to elevated [CO2] (e[CO2]). We generated transgenic plants with OsRab6a-overexpression (-OE) together with OsRab6a-RNAi lines, and found no differences in growth and grain yield among them and wild-type (WT) plants under ambient [CO2] conditions. Under e[CO2] conditions, growth and grain yield of the WT and OsRab6a-OE plants were enhanced, with a greater effect being observed in the latter. In contrast, there were no effects of e[CO2] on growth and grain yield of the OsRab6a-RNAi plants. Photosynthetic rates in both the WT and OsRab6a-OE plants were stimulated by e[CO2], with the magnitude of the increase being higher in OsRab6a-OE plants. Fe concentrations in vegetative tissues and the grain of the WT and transgenic plants were reduced by e[CO2], and the magnitude of the decrease was lower in the OE plants than in the WT and RNAi plants. Genes associated with Fe acquisition in the OsRab6a-OE lines exhibited higher levels of expression than those in the WT and the RNAi lines under e[CO2]. Analysis of our data using Dunnett's multiple comparison test suggested that OsRab6a is an important molecular regulator that underlies the adaptation of rice to e[CO2] by controlling photosynthesis and Fe accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Yang S, Yan N, Bouwmeester K, Na R, Zhang Z, Zhao J. Genome-wide identification of small G protein ROPs and their potential roles in Solanaceous family. Gene 2020; 753:144809. [PMID: 32470503 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Small GTPases function as molecular switches to active or inactive signaling cascades via binding or hydrolyzing GTP. A type of plant specific small GTPases, the ROPs are known to be involved in plant growth, development and immunity. We determined whether ROPs are conserved in Solanaceous species and whether they are involved in plant growth, development and resistance against Phytophthora capsisi. In genome-wide screening, a total of 66 ROPs in six Solanaceous species (SolROPs) were identified, including 16 ROPs in Solanum tuberosum L. (potato), 9 in Solanum lycopersicum L. (tomato), 5 in Solanum melongena L. (eggplant), 9 in Capsicum annuum L. (pepper), 13 in Nicotiana benthamiana Domin and 14 in Nicotiana tabacum L. (tobacco). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 11 AtROPs and 66 SolROPs fall into five distinct clades (I-V) and hence a novel and systematic gene nomenclature was proposed. In addition, a comprehensive expression analysis was performed by making use of an online database. This revealed that ROP genes are differentially expressed during plant growth and development. Moreover, gene expression of SlROP-II.1 in S. lycopersicum could be significantly induced by P. capsici. Subsequently, SlROP-II.1 and its homologues in N. benthamiana and C. annuum (NbROP-II.1 and CaROP-II.1) were selected for functional analysis using virus-induced gene silencing. Infection assays with P. capsici on silenced plants revealed that SlROP-II.1, NbROP-II.1 and CaROP-II.1 play a role in P. capsici resistance, suggesting conserved function of ROP-II clade across different Solanaceous species. In addition, NbROP-II.1 is also involved in regulating plant growth and development. This study signified the diversity of Solanaceous ROPs and their potential roles in plant growth, development and immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuqing Yang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010019 Hohhot, China; Vegetable Institute, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, 010031 Hohhot, China; Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Ningning Yan
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010019 Hohhot, China.
| | - Klaas Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands; Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ren Na
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, 050035 Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010019 Hohhot, China.
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010019 Hohhot, China.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Rajamäki ML, Sikorskaite-Gudziuniene S, Sarmah N, Varjosalo M, Valkonen JPT. Nuclear proteome of virus-infected and healthy potato leaves. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:355. [PMID: 32727361 PMCID: PMC7392702 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02561-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection of plants by viruses interferes with expression and subcellular localization of plant proteins. Potyviruses comprise the largest and most economically damaging group of plant-infecting RNA viruses. In virus-infected cells, at least two potyviral proteins localize to nucleus but reasons remain partly unknown. RESULTS In this study, we examined changes in the nuclear proteome of leaf cells from a diploid potato line (Solanum tuberosum L.) after infection with potato virus A (PVA; genus Potyvirus; Potyviridae) and compared the data with that acquired for healthy leaves. Gel-free liquid chromatography-coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify 807 nuclear proteins in the potato line v2-108; of these proteins, 370 were detected in at least two samples of healthy leaves. A total of 313 proteins were common in at least two samples of healthy and PVA-infected leaves; of these proteins, 8 showed differential accumulation. Sixteen proteins were detected exclusively in the samples from PVA-infected leaves, whereas other 16 proteins were unique to healthy leaves. The protein Dnajc14 was only detected in healthy leaves, whereas different ribosomal proteins, ribosome-biogenesis proteins, and RNA splicing-related proteins were over-represented in the nuclei of PVA-infected leaves. Two virus-encoded proteins were identified in the samples of PVA-infected leaves. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that PVA infection alters especially ribosomes and splicing-related proteins in the nucleus of potato leaves. The data increase our understanding of potyvirus infection and the role of nucleus in infection. To our knowledge, this is the first study of the nuclear proteome of potato leaves and one of the few studies of changes occurring in nuclear proteomes in response to plant virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minna-Liisa Rajamäki
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sidona Sikorskaite-Gudziuniene
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kaunas Street 30, Babtai, LT-54333, Kaunas District, Lithuania
| | - Nandita Sarmah
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari P T Valkonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Guo J, Yang Z. Exocytosis and endocytosis: coordinating and fine-tuning the polar tip growth domain in pollen tubes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2428-2438. [PMID: 32173729 PMCID: PMC7178420 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Pollen tubes rapidly elongate, penetrate, and navigate through multiple female tissues to reach ovules for sperm delivery by utilizing a specialized form of polar growth known as tip growth. This process requires a battery of cellular activities differentially occurring at the apical growing region of the plasma membrane (PM), such as the differential cellular signaling involving calcium (Ca2+), phospholipids, and ROP-type Rho GTPases, fluctuation of ions and pH, exocytosis and endocytosis, and cell wall construction and remodeling. There is an emerging understanding of how at least some of these activities are coordinated and/or interconnected. The apical active ROP modulates exocytosis to the cell apex for PM and cell wall expansion differentially occurring at the tip. The differentiation of the cell wall involves at least the preferential distribution of deformable pectin polymers to the apex and non-deformable pectin polymers to the shank of pollen tubes, facilitating the apical cell expansion driven by high internal turgor pressure. Recent studies have generated inroads into how the ROP GTPase-based intracellular signaling is coordinated spatiotemporally with the external wall mechanics to maintain the tubular cell shape and how the apical cell wall mechanics are regulated to allow rapid tip growth while maintaining the cell wall integrity under the turgor pressure. Evidence suggests that exocytosis and endocytosis play crucial but distinct roles in this spatiotemporal coordination. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the regulation and coordination of the differential pectin distribution and the apical domain of active ROP by exocytosis and endocytosis in pollen tubes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhe Guo
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Yang Y, Huang W, Wu E, Lin C, Chen B, Lin D. Cortical Microtubule Organization during Petal Morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4913. [PMID: 31623377 PMCID: PMC6801907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical microtubules guide the direction and deposition of cellulose microfibrils to build the cell wall, which in turn influences cell expansion and plant morphogenesis. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), petal is a relatively simple organ that contains distinct epidermal cells, such as specialized conical cells in the adaxial epidermis and relatively flat cells with several lobes in the abaxial epidermis. In the past two decades, the Arabidopsis petal has become a model experimental system for studying cell expansion and organ morphogenesis, because petals are dispensable for plant growth and reproduction. Recent advances have expanded the role of microtubule organization in modulating petal anisotropic shape formation and conical cell shaping during petal morphogenesis. Here, we summarize recent studies showing that in Arabidopsis, several genes, such as SPIKE1, Rho of plant (ROP) GTPases, and IPGA1, play critical roles in microtubule organization and cell expansion in the abaxial epidermis during petal morphogenesis. Moreover, we summarize the live-confocal imaging studies of Arabidopsis conical cells in the adaxial epidermis, which have emerged as a new cellular model. We discuss the microtubule organization pattern during conical cell shaping. Finally, we propose future directions regarding the study of petal morphogenesis and conical cell shaping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Yang
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Weihong Huang
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Endian Wu
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Chentao Lin
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Binqing Chen
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Deshu Lin
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
The Rho-family GTPase OsRac1 controls rice grain size and yield by regulating cell division. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:16121-16126. [PMID: 31320586 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902321116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Grain size is a key factor for determining grain yield in crops and is a target trait for both domestication and breeding, yet the mechanisms underlying the regulation of grain size are largely unclear. Here we show that the grain size and yield of rice (Oryza sativa) is positively regulated by ROP GTPase (Rho-like GTPase from plants), a versatile molecular switch modulating plant growth, development, and responses to the environment. Overexpression of rice OsRac1ROP not only increases cell numbers, resulting in a larger spikelet hull, but also accelerates grain filling rate, causing greater grain width and weight. As a result, OsRac1 overexpression improves grain yield in O. sativa by nearly 16%. In contrast, down-regulation or deletion of OsRac1 causes the opposite effects. RNA-seq and cell cycle analyses suggest that OsRac1 promotes cell division. Interestingly, OsRac1 interacts with and regulates the phosphorylation level of OsMAPK6, which is known to regulate cell division and grain size in rice. Thus, our findings suggest OsRac1 modulates rice grain size and yield by influencing cell division. This study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the control of rice grain size and suggests that OsRac1 could serve as a potential target gene for breeding high-yield crops.
Collapse
|
47
|
Scheible N, McCubbin A. Signaling in Pollen Tube Growth: Beyond the Tip of the Polarity Iceberg. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E156. [PMID: 31181594 PMCID: PMC6630365 DOI: 10.3390/plants8060156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The coordinated growth of pollen tubes through floral tissues to deliver the sperm cells to the egg and facilitate fertilization is a highly regulated process critical to the Angiosperm life cycle. Studies suggest that the concerted action of a variety of signaling pathways underlies the rapid polarized tip growth exhibited by pollen tubes. Ca2+ and small GTPase-mediated pathways have emerged as major players in the regulation of pollen tube growth. Evidence suggests that these two signaling pathways not only integrate with one another but also with a variety of other important signaling events. As we continue to elucidate the mechanisms involved in pollen tube growth, there is a growing importance in taking a holistic approach to studying these pathways in order to truly understand how tip growth in pollen tubes is orchestrated and maintained. This review considers our current state of knowledge of Ca2+-mediated and GTPase signaling pathways in pollen tubes, how they may intersect with one another, and other signaling pathways involved. There will be a particular focus on recent reports that have extended our understanding in these areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nolan Scheible
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA.
| | - Andrew McCubbin
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA.
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Qasim H, Karim ZA, Hernandez KR, Lozano D, Khasawneh FT, Alshbool FZ. Arhgef1 Plays a Vital Role in Platelet Function and Thrombogenesis. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e011712. [PMID: 30994039 PMCID: PMC6512111 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.011712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Platelets are the cellular mediators of hemostasis and thrombosis, and their function is regulated by a number of molecular mediators, such as small GTP ases. These small GTP ases are themselves regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors such as Arhgefs, several of which are found in platelets, including the highly expressed Arhgef1. However, the role of Arhgef1 in platelets has not yet been investigated. Methods and Results We employed mice with genetic deletion of Arhgef1 (ie, Arhgef1-/-) and investigated their platelet phenotype by employing a host of in vivo and in vitro platelet assays. Our results indicate that Arhgef1-/- mice had prolonged carotid artery occlusion and tail bleeding times. Moreover, platelets from these mice exhibited defective aggregation, dense and α granule secretion, α II bβ3 integrin activation, clot retraction and spreading, in comparison to their wild-type littermates. Finally, we also found that the mechanism by which Arhgef1 regulates platelets is mediated in part by a defect in the activation of the RhoA-Rho-associated kinase axis, but not Rap1b. Conclusions Our data demonstrate, for the first time, that Arhgef1 plays a critical role in platelet function, in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Qasim
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of PharmacyThe University of Texas El PasoEl PasoTX
| | - Zubair A. Karim
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of PharmacyThe University of Texas El PasoEl PasoTX
| | - Keziah R. Hernandez
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of PharmacyThe University of Texas El PasoEl PasoTX
| | | | - Fadi T. Khasawneh
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of PharmacyThe University of Texas El PasoEl PasoTX
| | - Fatima Z. Alshbool
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of PharmacyThe University of Texas El PasoEl PasoTX
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lee HG, Seo PJ. MYB96 recruits the HDA15 protein to suppress negative regulators of ABA signaling in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2019. [PMID: 30979883 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09417-9411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike activation of target genes in response to abscisic acid (ABA), how MYB96 transcription factor represses ABA-repressible genes to further enhance ABA responses remains unknown. Here, we show MYB96 interacts with the histone modifier HDA15 to suppress negative regulators of early ABA signaling. The MYB96-HDA15 complex co-binds to the promoters of a subset of RHO GTPASE OF PLANTS (ROP) genes, ROP6, ROP10, and ROP11, and represses their expression by removing acetyl groups of histone H3 and H4 from the cognate regions, particularly in the presence of ABA. In support, HDA15-deficient mutants display reduced ABA sensitivity and are susceptible to drought stress with derepression of the ROP genes, as observed in the myb96-1 mutant. Biochemical and genetic analyses show that MYB96 and HDA15 are interdependent in the regulation of ROP suppression. Thus, MYB96 confers maximal ABA sensitivity by regulating both positive and negative regulators of ABA signaling through distinctive molecular mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Gil Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil Joon Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lee HG, Seo PJ. MYB96 recruits the HDA15 protein to suppress negative regulators of ABA signaling in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1713. [PMID: 30979883 PMCID: PMC6461653 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09417-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike activation of target genes in response to abscisic acid (ABA), how MYB96 transcription factor represses ABA-repressible genes to further enhance ABA responses remains unknown. Here, we show MYB96 interacts with the histone modifier HDA15 to suppress negative regulators of early ABA signaling. The MYB96-HDA15 complex co-binds to the promoters of a subset of RHO GTPASE OF PLANTS (ROP) genes, ROP6, ROP10, and ROP11, and represses their expression by removing acetyl groups of histone H3 and H4 from the cognate regions, particularly in the presence of ABA. In support, HDA15-deficient mutants display reduced ABA sensitivity and are susceptible to drought stress with derepression of the ROP genes, as observed in the myb96-1 mutant. Biochemical and genetic analyses show that MYB96 and HDA15 are interdependent in the regulation of ROP suppression. Thus, MYB96 confers maximal ABA sensitivity by regulating both positive and negative regulators of ABA signaling through distinctive molecular mechanisms. MYB96 can regulate both positive and negative regulators of ABA signaling to maximize plant drought tolerance. Here, the authors show that MYB96 represses expression of ABA negative regulators in Arabidopsis by interacting with HDA15 and promoting histone deacetylation at the cognate regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Gil Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil Joon Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|