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Sgroi M, Hoey D, Medina Jimenez K, Bowden SL, Hope M, Wallington EJ, Schornack S, Bravo A, Paszkowski U. The receptor-like kinase ARK controls symbiotic balance across land plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318982121. [PMID: 39012828 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318982121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The mutualistic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis arose in land plants more than 450 million years ago and is still widely found in all major land plant lineages. Despite its broad taxonomic distribution, little is known about the molecular components underpinning symbiosis outside of flowering plants. The ARBUSCULAR RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE (ARK) is required for sustaining AM symbiosis in distantly related angiosperms. Here, we demonstrate that ARK has an equivalent role in symbiosis maintenance in the bryophyte Marchantia paleacea and is part of a broad AM genetic program conserved among land plants. In addition, our comparative transcriptome analysis identified evolutionarily conserved expression patterns for several genes in the core symbiotic program required for presymbiotic signaling, intracellular colonization, and nutrient exchange. This study provides insights into the molecular pathways that consistently associate with AM symbiosis across land plants and identifies an ancestral role for ARK in governing symbiotic balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Sgroi
- Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0LE, United Kingdom
| | - David Hoey
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sarah L Bowden
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Cambridge CB3 0LE, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Hope
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Cambridge CB3 0LE, United Kingdom
| | - Emma J Wallington
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Cambridge CB3 0LE, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Schornack
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom
| | - Armando Bravo
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132
| | - Uta Paszkowski
- Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0LE, United Kingdom
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2
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Duan S, Feng G, Limpens E, Bonfante P, Xie X, Zhang L. Cross-kingdom nutrient exchange in the plant-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus-bacterium continuum. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024:10.1038/s41579-024-01073-7. [PMID: 39014094 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-024-01073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
The association between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) affects plant performance and ecosystem functioning. Recent studies have identified AMF-associated bacteria as cooperative partners that participate in AMF-plant symbiosis: specific endobacteria live inside AMF, and hyphospheric bacteria colonize the soil that surrounds the extraradical hyphae. In this Review, we describe the concept of a plant-AMF-bacterium continuum, summarize current advances and provide perspectives on soil microbiology. First, we review the top-down carbon flow and the bottom-up mineral flow (especially phosphorus and nitrogen) in this continuum, as well as how AMF-bacteria interactions influence the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients (for example, carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen). Second, we discuss how AMF interact with hyphospheric bacteria or endobacteria to regulate nutrient exchange between plants and AMF, and the possible molecular mechanisms that underpin this continuum. Finally, we explore future prospects for studies on the hyphosphere to facilitate the utilization of AMF and hyphospheric bacteria in sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Gu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Erik Limpens
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - Xianan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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3
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Durney C, Boussageon R, El-Mjiyad N, Wipf D, Courty PE. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis with Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM197198 modifies the root transcriptome of walnut trees. MYCORRHIZA 2024; 34:341-350. [PMID: 38801470 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-024-01152-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Walnut trees are cultivated and exploited worldwide for commercial timber and nut production. They are heterografted plants, with the rootstock selected to grow in different soil types and conditions and to provide the best anchorage, vigor, and resistance or tolerance to soil borne pests and diseases. However, no individual rootstock is tolerant of all factors that impact walnut production. In Europe, Juglans regia is mainly used as a rootstock. Like most terrestrial plants, walnut trees form arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses, improving water and nutrient uptake and providing additional ecosystem services. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis on root gene regulation, however, has never been assessed. We analyzed the response of one rootstock of J. regia to colonization by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM197198. Plant growth as well as the nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in roots and shoots were significantly increased in mycorrhizal plants versus non-colonized plants. In addition, we have shown that 1,549 genes were differentially expressed, with 832 and 717 genes up- and down-regulated, respectively. The analysis also revealed that some rootstock genes involved in plant nutrition through the mycorrhizal pathway, are regulated similarly as in other mycorrhizal woody species: Vitis vinifera and Populus trichocarpa. In addition, an enrichment analysis performed on GO and KEGG pathways revealed some regulation specific to J. regia (i.e., the juglone pathway). This analysis reinforces the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis on root gene regulation and on the need to finely study the effects of diverse arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on root gene regulation, but also of the scion on the functioning of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus in heterografted plants such as walnut tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célien Durney
- Agroécologie INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Raphael Boussageon
- Plant-Soil Interactions, Department of Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Noureddine El-Mjiyad
- Agroécologie INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Daniel Wipf
- Agroécologie INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Courty
- Agroécologie INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France.
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4
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Fukuda H, Mamiya R, Akamatsu A, Takeda N. Two LysM receptor-like kinases regulate arbuscular mycorrhiza through distinct signaling pathways in Lotus japonicus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:519-525. [PMID: 38796729 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Fukuda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Rin Mamiya
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Akira Akamatsu
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Naoya Takeda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
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5
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Jyoti SD, Singh G, Pradhan AK, Tarpley L, Septiningsih EM, Talukder SK. Rice breeding for low input agriculture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1408356. [PMID: 38974981 PMCID: PMC11224470 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1408356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
A low-input-based farming system can reduce the adverse effects of modern agriculture through proper utilization of natural resources. Modern varieties often need to improve in low-input settings since they are not adapted to these systems. In addition, rice is one of the most widely cultivated crops worldwide. Enhancing rice performance under a low input system will significantly reduce the environmental concerns related to rice cultivation. Traits that help rice to maintain yield performance under minimum inputs like seedling vigor, appropriate root architecture for nutrient use efficiency should be incorporated into varieties for low input systems through integrated breeding approaches. Genes or QTLs controlling nutrient uptake, nutrient assimilation, nutrient remobilization, and root morphology need to be properly incorporated into the rice breeding pipeline. Also, genes/QTLs controlling suitable rice cultivars for sustainable farming. Since several variables influence performance under low input conditions, conventional breeding techniques make it challenging to work on many traits. However, recent advances in omics technologies have created enormous opportunities for rapidly improving multiple characteristics. This review highlights current research on features pertinent to low-input agriculture and provides an overview of alternative genomics-based breeding strategies for enhancing genetic gain in rice suitable for low-input farming practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subroto Das Jyoti
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Gurjeet Singh
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center, Beaumont, TX, United States
| | | | - Lee Tarpley
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center, Beaumont, TX, United States
| | - Endang M. Septiningsih
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Shyamal K. Talukder
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center, Beaumont, TX, United States
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6
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Inoue K, Tsuchida N, Saijo Y. Modulation of plant immunity and biotic interactions under phosphate deficiency. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2024; 137:343-357. [PMID: 38693461 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-024-01546-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for plant life and growth. P is primarily acquired in the form of inorganic phosphate (Pi) from soil. To cope with Pi deficiency, plants have evolved an elaborate system to improve Pi acquisition and utilization through an array of developmental and physiological changes, termed Pi starvation response (PSR). Plants also assemble and manage mutualistic microbes to enhance Pi uptake, through integrating PSR and immunity signaling. A trade-off between plant growth and defense favors the notion that plants lower a cellular state of immunity to accommodate host-beneficial microbes for nutrition and growth at the cost of infection risk. However, the existing data indicate that plants selectively activate defense responses against pathogens, but do not or less against non-pathogens, even under nutrient deficiency. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the principles and mechanisms with which plants balance immunity and growth-related processes to optimize their adaptation to Pi deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Inoue
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Natsuki Tsuchida
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yusuke Saijo
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan.
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7
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Aparicio Chacón MV, Hernández Luelmo S, Devlieghere V, Robichez L, Leroy T, Stuer N, De Keyser A, Ceulemans E, Goossens A, Goormachtig S, Van Dingenen J. Exploring the potential role of four Rhizophagus irregularis nuclear effectors: opportunities and technical limitations. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1384496. [PMID: 38736443 PMCID: PMC11085264 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1384496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate symbionts that interact with the roots of most land plants. The genome of the AMF model species Rhizophagus irregularis contains hundreds of predicted small effector proteins that are secreted extracellularly but also into the plant cells to suppress plant immunity and modify plant physiology to establish a niche for growth. Here, we investigated the role of four nuclear-localized putative effectors, i.e., GLOIN707, GLOIN781, GLOIN261, and RiSP749, in mycorrhization and plant growth. We initially intended to execute the functional studies in Solanum lycopersicum, a host plant of economic interest not previously used for AMF effector biology, but extended our studies to the model host Medicago truncatula as well as the non-host Arabidopsis thaliana because of the technical advantages of working with these models. Furthermore, for three effectors, the implementation of reverse genetic tools, yeast two-hybrid screening and whole-genome transcriptome analysis revealed potential host plant nuclear targets and the downstream triggered transcriptional responses. We identified and validated a host protein interactors participating in mycorrhization in the host.S. lycopersicum and demonstrated by transcriptomics the effectors possible involvement in different molecular processes, i.e., the regulation of DNA replication, methylglyoxal detoxification, and RNA splicing. We conclude that R. irregularis nuclear-localized effector proteins may act on different pathways to modulate symbiosis and plant physiology and discuss the pros and cons of the tools used.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Aparicio Chacón
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Sofía Hernández Luelmo
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Viktor Devlieghere
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Louis Robichez
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Toon Leroy
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Naomi Stuer
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Annick De Keyser
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Evi Ceulemans
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Goormachtig
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Judith Van Dingenen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
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8
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Zeng H, Chen H, Zhang M, Ding M, Xu F, Yan F, Kinoshita T, Zhu Y. Plasma membrane H +-ATPases in mineral nutrition and crop improvement. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024:S1360-1385(24)00052-9. [PMID: 38582687 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Plasma membrane H+-ATPases (PMAs) pump H+ out of the cytoplasm by consuming ATP to generate a membrane potential and proton motive force for the transmembrane transport of nutrients into and out of plant cells. PMAs are involved in nutrient acquisition by regulating root growth, nutrient uptake, and translocation, as well as the establishment of symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizas. Under nutrient stresses, PMAs are activated to pump more H+ and promote organic anion excretion, thus improving nutrient availability in the rhizosphere. Herein we review recent progress in the physiological functions and the underlying molecular mechanisms of PMAs in the efficient acquisition and utilization of various nutrients in plants. We also discuss perspectives for the application of PMAs in improving crop production and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houqing Zeng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kharkiv Institute at Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Huiying Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kharkiv Institute at Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Maoxing Zhang
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Ming Ding
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Feiyun Xu
- Center for Plant Water-Use and Nutrition Regulation, College of JunCao Science and Ecology (College of Carbon Neutrality), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Institute of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya 4660824, Japan.
| | - Yiyong Zhu
- College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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9
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Serrano K, Bezrutczyk M, Goudeau D, Dao T, O'Malley R, Malmstrom RR, Visel A, Scheller HV, Cole B. Spatial co-transcriptomics reveals discrete stages of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:673-688. [PMID: 38589485 PMCID: PMC11035146 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01666-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The symbiotic interaction of plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is ancient and widespread. Plants provide AM fungi with carbon in exchange for nutrients and water, making this interaction a prime target for crop improvement. However, plant-fungal interactions are restricted to a small subset of root cells, precluding the application of most conventional functional genomic techniques to study the molecular bases of these interactions. Here we used single-nucleus and spatial RNA sequencing to explore both Medicago truncatula and Rhizophagus irregularis transcriptomes in AM symbiosis at cellular and spatial resolution. Integrated, spatially registered single-cell maps revealed infected and uninfected plant root cell types. We observed that cortex cells exhibit distinct transcriptome profiles during different stages of colonization by AM fungi, indicating dynamic interplay between both organisms during establishment of the cellular interface enabling successful symbiosis. Our study provides insight into a symbiotic relationship of major agricultural and environmental importance and demonstrates a paradigm combining single-cell and spatial transcriptomics for the analysis of complex organismal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Serrano
- Joint Bioenergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Margaret Bezrutczyk
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Danielle Goudeau
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Thai Dao
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ronan O'Malley
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rex R Malmstrom
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Axel Visel
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- Joint Bioenergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Cole
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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10
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Ivanov S, Harrison MJ. Receptor-associated kinases control the lipid provisioning program in plant-fungal symbiosis. Science 2024; 383:443-448. [PMID: 38271524 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade1124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The mutualistic association between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi requires intracellular accommodation of the fungal symbiont and maintenance by means of lipid provisioning. Symbiosis signaling through lysin motif (LysM) receptor-like kinases and a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase DOES NOT MAKE INFECTIONS 2 (DMI2) activates transcriptional programs that underlie fungal passage through the epidermis and accommodation in cortical cells. We show that two Medicago truncatula cortical cell-specific, membrane-bound proteins of a CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE-LIKE (CKL) family associate with, and are phosphorylation substrates of, DMI2 and a subset of the LysM receptor kinases. CKL1 and CKL2 are required for AM symbiosis and control expression of transcription factors that regulate part of the lipid provisioning program. Onset of lipid provisioning is coupled with arbuscule branching and with the REDUCED ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA 1 (RAM1) regulon for complete endosymbiont accommodation.
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11
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Wang Q, Liu M, Wang Z, Li J, Liu K, Huang D. The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in plant abiotic stress. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1323881. [PMID: 38312502 PMCID: PMC10835807 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1323881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can penetrate plant root cortical cells, establish a symbiosis with most land plant species, and form branched structures (known as arbuscules) for nutrient exchange. Plants have evolved a complete plant-AMF symbiosis system to sustain their growth and development under various types of abiotic stress. Here, we highlight recent studies of AM symbiosis and the regulation of symbiosis process. The roles of mycorrhizal symbiosis and host plant interactions in enhancing drought resistance, increasing mineral nutrient uptake, regulating hormone synthesis, improving salt resistance, and alleviating heavy metal stress were also discussed. Overall, studies of AM symbiosis and a variety of abiotic stresses will aid applications of AMF in sustainable agriculture and can improve plant production and environmental safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhifan Wang
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou Engineering Research Center for Fruit Crops, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Junrong Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Dong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou Engineering Research Center for Fruit Crops, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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12
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Slimani A, Ait-El-Mokhtar M, Ben-Laouane R, Boutasknit A, Anli M, Abouraicha EF, Oufdou K, Meddich A, Baslam M. Molecular and Systems Biology Approaches for Harnessing the Symbiotic Interaction in Mycorrhizal Symbiosis for Grain and Oil Crop Cultivation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:912. [PMID: 38255984 PMCID: PMC10815302 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycorrhizal symbiosis, the mutually beneficial association between plants and fungi, has gained significant attention in recent years due to its widespread significance in agricultural productivity. Specifically, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) provide a range of benefits to grain and oil crops, including improved nutrient uptake, growth, and resistance to (a)biotic stressors. Harnessing this symbiotic interaction using molecular and systems biology approaches presents promising opportunities for sustainable and economically-viable agricultural practices. Research in this area aims to identify and manipulate specific genes and pathways involved in the symbiotic interaction, leading to improved cereal and oilseed crop yields and nutrient acquisition. This review provides an overview of the research frontier on utilizing molecular and systems biology approaches for harnessing the symbiotic interaction in mycorrhizal symbiosis for grain and oil crop cultivation. Moreover, we address the mechanistic insights and molecular determinants underpinning this exchange. We conclude with an overview of current efforts to harness mycorrhizal diversity to improve cereal and oilseed health through systems biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiman Slimani
- Centre d’Agrobiotechnologie et Bioingénierie, Unité de Recherche Labellisée CNRST (Centre AgroBiotech-URL-CNRST-05), Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
- Laboratory of Agro-Food, Biotechnologies and Valorization of Plant Bioresources (AGROBIOVAL), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences, and Environment, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Ait-El-Mokhtar
- Laboratory Biochemistry, Environment & Agri-Food URAC 36, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Techniques—Mohammedia, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Mohammedia 28800, Morocco
| | - Raja Ben-Laouane
- Laboratory of Environment and Health, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Techniques, Errachidia 52000, Morocco
| | - Abderrahim Boutasknit
- Centre d’Agrobiotechnologie et Bioingénierie, Unité de Recherche Labellisée CNRST (Centre AgroBiotech-URL-CNRST-05), Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
- Laboratory of Agro-Food, Biotechnologies and Valorization of Plant Bioresources (AGROBIOVAL), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
- Department of Biology, Multidisciplinary Faculty of Nador, Mohamed First University, Nador 62700, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Anli
- Laboratory of Agro-Food, Biotechnologies and Valorization of Plant Bioresources (AGROBIOVAL), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
- Department of Life, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Comoros, Patsy University Center, Moroni 269, Comoros
| | - El Faiza Abouraicha
- Centre d’Agrobiotechnologie et Bioingénierie, Unité de Recherche Labellisée CNRST (Centre AgroBiotech-URL-CNRST-05), Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
- Laboratory of Agro-Food, Biotechnologies and Valorization of Plant Bioresources (AGROBIOVAL), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
- Higher Institute of Nursing and Health Techniques (ISPITS), Essaouira 44000, Morocco
| | - Khalid Oufdou
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences, and Environment, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
| | - Abdelilah Meddich
- Centre d’Agrobiotechnologie et Bioingénierie, Unité de Recherche Labellisée CNRST (Centre AgroBiotech-URL-CNRST-05), Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
- Laboratory of Agro-Food, Biotechnologies and Valorization of Plant Bioresources (AGROBIOVAL), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
| | - Marouane Baslam
- Centre d’Agrobiotechnologie et Bioingénierie, Unité de Recherche Labellisée CNRST (Centre AgroBiotech-URL-CNRST-05), Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
- Laboratory of Agro-Food, Biotechnologies and Valorization of Plant Bioresources (AGROBIOVAL), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
- GrowSmart, Seoul 03129, Republic of Korea
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Lin WY, Yang HN, Hsieh CY, Deng C. Differential Responses of Medicago truncatula NLA Homologs to Nutrient Deficiency and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4129. [PMID: 38140456 PMCID: PMC10748377 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
NITROGEN LIMITATION ADAPTATION (NLA), a plasma-membrane-associated ubiquitin E3 ligase, plays a negative role in the control of the phosphate transporter family 1 (PHT1) members in Arabidopsis and rice. There are three NLA homologs in the Medicago truncatula genome, but it has been unclear whether the function of these homologs is conserved in legumes. Here we investigated the subcellular localization and the responses of MtNLAs to external phosphate and nitrate status. Similar to AtNLA1, MtNLA1/MtNLA2 was localized in the plasma membrane and nucleus. MtNLA3 has three alternative splicing variants, and intriguingly, MtNLA3.1, the dominant variant, was not able to target the plasma membrane, whereas MtNLA3.2 and MtNLA3.3 were capable of associating with the plasma membrane. In contrast with AtNLA1, we found that MtNLAs were not affected or even upregulated by low-phosphate treatment. We also found that MtNLA3 was upregulated by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, and overexpressing MtNLA3.1 in Medicago roots resulted in a decrease in the transcription levels of STR, an essential gene for arbuscule development. Taken together, our results highlight the difference between MtNLA homologs and AtNLA1. Further characterization will be required to reveal the regulation of these genes and their roles in the responses to external nutrient status and AM symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yi Lin
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan; (H.-N.Y.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Hsin-Ni Yang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan; (H.-N.Y.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Chen-Yun Hsieh
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan; (H.-N.Y.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Chen Deng
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan;
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14
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Sportes A, Hériché M, Mounier A, Durney C, van Tuinen D, Trouvelot S, Wipf D, Courty PE. Comparative RNA sequencing-based transcriptome profiling of ten grapevine rootstocks: shared and specific sets of genes respond to mycorrhizal symbiosis. MYCORRHIZA 2023; 33:369-385. [PMID: 37561219 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-023-01119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis improves water and nutrient uptake by plants and provides them other ecosystem services. Grapevine is one of the major crops in the world. Vitis vinifera scions generally are grafted onto a variety of rootstocks that confer different levels of resistance against different pests, tolerance to environmental stress, and influence the physiology of the scions. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are involved in the root architecture and in the immune response to soil-borne pathogens. However, the fine-tuned regulation and the transcriptomic plasticity of rootstocks in response to mycorrhization are still unknown. We compared the responses of 10 different grapevine rootstocks to arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (AMS) formed with Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM197198 using RNA sequencing-based transcriptome profiling. We have highlighted a few shared regulation mechanisms, but also specific rootstock responses to R. irregularis colonization. A set of 353 genes was regulated by AMS in all ten rootstocks. We also compared the expression level of this set of genes to more than 2000 transcriptome profiles from various grapevine varieties and tissues to identify a class of transcripts related to mycorrhizal associations in these 10 rootstocks. Then, we compared the response of the 351 genes upregulated by mycorrhiza in grapevine to their Medicago truncatula homologs in response to mycorrhizal colonization based on available transcriptomic studies. More than 97% of the 351 M. truncatula-homologous grapevine genes were expressed in at least one mycorrhizal transcriptomic study, and 64% in every single RNAseq dataset. At the intra-specific level, we described, for the first time, shared and specific grapevine rootstock genes in response to R. irregularis symbiosis. At the inter-specific level, we defined a shared subset of mycorrhiza-responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Sportes
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Mathilde Hériché
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Arnaud Mounier
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Célien Durney
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Diederik van Tuinen
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Sophie Trouvelot
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Daniel Wipf
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre Emmanuel Courty
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.
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Ovchinnikova E, Chiasson D, Wen Z, Wu Y, Tahaei H, Smith PMC, Perrine-Walker F, Kaiser BN. Arbuscular-Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in Medicago Regulated by the Transcription Factor MtbHLHm1;1 and the Ammonium Facilitator Protein MtAMF1;3. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14263. [PMID: 37762569 PMCID: PMC10532333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Root systems of most land plants are colonised by arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi. The symbiosis supports nutrient acquisition strategies predominantly associated with plant access to inorganic phosphate. The nutrient acquisition is enhanced through an extensive network of external fungal hyphae that extends out into the soil, together with the development of fungal structures forming specialised interfaces with root cortical cells. Orthologs of the bHLHm1;1 transcription factor, previously described in soybean nodules (GmbHLHm1) and linked to the ammonium facilitator protein GmAMF1;3, have been identified in Medicago (Medicago truncatula) roots colonised by AM fungi. Expression studies indicate that transcripts of both genes are also present in arbuscular containing root cortical cells and that the MtbHLHm1;1 shows affinity to the promoter of MtAMF1;3. Both genes are induced by AM colonisation. Loss of Mtbhlhm1;1 expression disrupts AM arbuscule abundance and the expression of the ammonium transporter MtAMF1;3. Disruption of Mtamf1;3 expression reduces both AM colonisation and arbuscule development. The respective activities of MtbHLHm1;1 and MtAMF1;3 highlight the conservation of putative ammonium regulators supporting both the rhizobial and AM fungal symbiosis in legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Ovchinnikova
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Road, Brownlow Hill, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - David Chiasson
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, Canada
| | - Zhengyu Wen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Road, Brownlow Hill, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Yue Wu
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Hero Tahaei
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Road, Brownlow Hill, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Penelope M. C. Smith
- Agribio, Centre for AgriBiosciences, La Trobe University, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Francine Perrine-Walker
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Road, Brownlow Hill, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Brent N. Kaiser
- Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Road, Brownlow Hill, NSW 2570, Australia
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Kalinina V, Berdieva M, Aksenov N, Skarlato S. Phosphorus deficiency induces sexual reproduction in the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum cordatum. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14191. [PMID: 37648777 PMCID: PMC10468533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41339-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are essential elements whose availability promotes successful growth of phytoplankton and governs aquatic primary productivity. In this study, we investigated the effect of N and/or P deficiency on the sexual reproduction of Prorocentrum cordatum, the dinoflagellate with the haplontic life cycle which causes harmful algal blooms worldwide. In P. cordatum cultures, N and the combined N and P deficiency led to the arrest of the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phases and attenuation of cell culture growth. We observed, that P, but not N deficiency triggered the transition in the life cycle of P. cordatum from vegetative to the sexual stage. This resulted in a sharp increase in percentage of cells with relative nuclear DNA content 2C (zygotes) and the appearance of cells with relative nuclear DNA content 4C (dividing zygotes). Subsequent supplementation with phosphate stimulated meiosis and led to a noticeable increase in the 4C cell number (dividing zygotes). Additionally, we performed transcriptomic data analysis and identified putative phosphate transporters and enzymes involved in the phosphate uptake and regulation of its metabolism by P. cordatum. These include high- and low-affinity inorganic phosphate transporters, atypical alkaline phosphatase, purple acid phosphatases and SPX domain-containing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Kalinina
- Laboratory of Cytology of Unicellular Organisms, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St.-Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
| | - Mariia Berdieva
- Laboratory of Cytology of Unicellular Organisms, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St.-Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Nikolay Aksenov
- Laboratory of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Sergei Skarlato
- Laboratory of Cytology of Unicellular Organisms, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St.-Petersburg, 194064, Russia
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Liu J, Zhou M, Li X, Li T, Jiang H, Zhao L, Chen S, Tian J, Han W. Phosphorus Addition Reduces Seedling Growth and Survival for the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Tree Cinnamomum camphora (Lauraceae) and Ectomycorrhizal Tree Castanopsis sclerophylla (Fagaceae) in Fragmented Forests in Eastern China. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2946. [PMID: 37631158 PMCID: PMC10458558 DOI: 10.3390/plants12162946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Global changes in nutrient deposition rates and habitat fragmentation are likely to have profound effects on plant communities, particularly in the nutrient-limited systems of the tropics and subtropics. However, it remains unclear how increased phosphorus (P) supply affects seedling growth in P-deficient subtropical fragmented forests. To explore this, we applied P to 11 islands in a subtropical Chinese archipelago and examined the results in combination with a contemporary greenhouse experiment to test the influence of P addition on seedling growth and survival. We measured the growth (i.e., base area) and mortality rate of seedlings for one arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and one ectomycorrhizal (EcM) tree species separately and calculated their relative growth rate and mortality when compared with P addition and control treatment on each island. We also measured three functional traits and the biomass of seedlings in the greenhouse experiment. Results showed that P addition significantly increased the mortality of AM and EcM seedlings and reduced the growth rate of EcM seedlings. The relative growth rate of AM seedlings, but not EcM seedlings, significantly decreased as the island area decreased, suggesting that P addition could promote the relative growth rate of AM seedlings on larger islands. The greenhouse experiment showed that P addition could reduce the specific root length of AM and EcM seedlings and reduce the aboveground and total biomass of seedlings, indicating that P addition may affect the resource acquisition of seedlings, thereby affecting their survival and growth. Our study reveals the synergistic influence of habitat fragmentation and P deposition, which may affect the regeneration of forest communities and biodiversity maintenance in fragmented habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinliang Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (J.L.); (M.Z.); (X.L.); (T.L.); (H.J.); (L.Z.); (S.C.); (J.T.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Mengsi Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (J.L.); (M.Z.); (X.L.); (T.L.); (H.J.); (L.Z.); (S.C.); (J.T.)
| | - Xue Li
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (J.L.); (M.Z.); (X.L.); (T.L.); (H.J.); (L.Z.); (S.C.); (J.T.)
| | - Tianxiang Li
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (J.L.); (M.Z.); (X.L.); (T.L.); (H.J.); (L.Z.); (S.C.); (J.T.)
| | - Haoyue Jiang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (J.L.); (M.Z.); (X.L.); (T.L.); (H.J.); (L.Z.); (S.C.); (J.T.)
| | - Luping Zhao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (J.L.); (M.Z.); (X.L.); (T.L.); (H.J.); (L.Z.); (S.C.); (J.T.)
| | - Shuman Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (J.L.); (M.Z.); (X.L.); (T.L.); (H.J.); (L.Z.); (S.C.); (J.T.)
| | - Jingying Tian
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (J.L.); (M.Z.); (X.L.); (T.L.); (H.J.); (L.Z.); (S.C.); (J.T.)
| | - Wenjuan Han
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (J.L.); (M.Z.); (X.L.); (T.L.); (H.J.); (L.Z.); (S.C.); (J.T.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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18
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Mortier E, Mounier A, Kreplak J, Martin-Laurent F, Recorbet G, Lamotte O. Evidence that a common arbuscular mycorrhizal network alleviates phosphate shortage in interconnected walnut sapling and maize plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1206047. [PMID: 37636112 PMCID: PMC10448772 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1206047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Under agroforestry practices, inter-specific facilitation between tree rows and cultivated alleys occurs when plants increase the growth of their neighbors especially under nutrient limitation. Owing to a coarse root architecture limiting soil inorganic phosphate (Pi) uptake, walnut trees (Juglans spp.) exhibit dependency on soil-borne symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi that extend extra-radical hyphae beyond the root Pi depletion zone. To investigate the benefits of mycorrhizal walnuts in alley cropping, we experimentally simulated an agroforestry system in which walnut rootstocks RX1 (J. regia x J. microcarpa) were connected or not by a common mycelial network (CMN) to maize plants grown under two contrasting Pi levels. Mycorrhizal colonization parameters showed that the inoculum reservoir formed by inoculated walnut donor saplings allowed the mycorrhization of maize recipient roots. Relative to non-mycorrhizal plants and whatever the Pi supply, CMN enabled walnut saplings to access maize Pi fertilization residues according to significant increases in biomass, stem diameter, and expression of JrPHT1;1 and JrPHT1;2, two mycorrhiza-inducible phosphate transporter candidates here identified by phylogenic inference of orthologs. In the lowest Pi supply, stem height, leaf Pi concentration, and biomass of RX1 were significantly higher than in non-mycorrhizal controls, showing that mycorrhizal connections between walnut and maize roots alleviated Pi deficiency in the mycorrhizal RX1 donor plant. Under Pi limitation, maize recipient plants also benefited from mycorrhization relative to controls, as inferred from larger stem diameter and height, biomass, leaf number, N content, and Pi concentration. Mycorrhization-induced Pi uptake generated a higher carbon cost for donor walnut plants than for maize plants by increasing walnut plant photosynthesis to provide the AM fungus with carbon assimilate. Here, we show that CMN alleviates Pi deficiency in co-cultivated walnut and maize plants, and may therefore contribute to limit the use of chemical P fertilizers in agroforestry systems.
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Rui W, Ma J, Wei N, Zhu X, Li Z. Genome-Wide Analysis of the PHT Gene Family and Its Response to Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in Tomatoes under Phosphate Starvation Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10246. [PMID: 37373390 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphate is one of the essential mineral nutrients. Phosphate transporter genes (PHTs) play an important role in Pi acquisition and homeostasis in tomato plants. However, basic biological information on PHT genes and their responses of symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal in the genome remains largely unknown. We analyzed the physiological changes and PHT gene expression in tomatoes (Micro-Tom) inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Funneliformis mosseae) under different phosphate conditions (P1: 0 µM, P2: 25 µM, and P3: 200 µM Pi). Twenty-three PHT genes were identified in the tomato genomics database. Protein sequence alignment further divided the 23 PHT genes into three groups, with similar classifications of exons and introns. Good colonization of plants was observed under low phosphate conditions (25 µM Pi), and Pi stress and AM fungi significantly affected P and N accumulation and root morphological plasticity. Moreover, gene expression data showed that genes in the SlPHT1 (SlPT3, SlPT4, and SlPT5) gene family were upregulated by Funneliformis mosseae under all conditions, which indicated that these gene levels were significantly increased with AM fungi inoculation. None of the analyzed SlPHT genes in the SlPH2, SlPHT3, SlPHT4, and SlPHO gene families were changed at any Pi concentration. Our results indicate that inoculation with AM fungi mainly altered the expression of the PHT1 gene family. These results will lay a foundation for better understanding the molecular mechanisms of inorganic phosphate transport under AM fungi inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Rui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University (CAU), Yuanmingyuan Xilu 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University (CAU), Yuanmingyuan Xilu 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ning Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University (CAU), Yuanmingyuan Xilu 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoya Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University (CAU), Yuanmingyuan Xilu 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhifang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University (CAU), Yuanmingyuan Xilu 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
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20
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Chang OC, Lin WY. Variation of growth and transcriptome responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in different foxtail millet lines. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2023; 64:16. [PMID: 37326894 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-023-00391-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been applied to promote the growth of different crop species, but knowledge about the impacts of symbiosis on foxtail millet at the physiological and molecular levels have remained limited. In this study, we compared the mycorrhization phenotypes of one cultivar and three different landraces and performed a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis to assess the effects of genetic variation on the responses to symbiosis. RESULTS Our results showed that colonization by AMF did not enhance biomass accumulation but significantly increased grain production only in three lines. More than 2,000 genes were affected by AMF colonization in all lines. Most AM symbiosis-conserved genes were induced, but the induction levels varied between lines. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that Biological Function terms related to nitrogen transport and assimilation were only enriched in TT8. Similarly, two of phosphate starvation-induced phosphate transporters were only simultaneously downregulated in TT8. In the other two lines, the enrichment of GO terms associated with cell wall reorganization and lignification was observed, though the effects were different. CONCLUSION This study reveals the impacts of genetic variation of millet lines on the responses to AM symbiosis and provides information regarding AMF application for millet production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ou-Chi Chang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106319, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yi Lin
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106319, Taiwan.
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Aparicio Chacón MV, Van Dingenen J, Goormachtig S. Characterization of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Effector Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119125. [PMID: 37298075 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are colonized by various fungi with both pathogenic and beneficial lifestyles. One type of colonization strategy is through the secretion of effector proteins that alter the plant's physiology to accommodate the fungus. The oldest plant symbionts, the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), may exploit effectors to their benefit. Genome analysis coupled with transcriptomic studies in different AMFs has intensified research on the effector function, evolution, and diversification of AMF. However, of the current 338 predicted effector proteins from the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis, only five have been characterized, of which merely two have been studied in detail to understand which plant proteins they associate with to affect the host physiology. Here, we review the most recent findings in AMF effector research and discuss the techniques used for the functional characterization of effector proteins, from their in silico prediction to their mode of action, with an emphasis on high-throughput approaches for the identification of plant targets of the effectors through which they manipulate their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- María V Aparicio Chacón
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Judith Van Dingenen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Goormachtig
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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22
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Kelly S, Hansen SB, Rübsam H, Saake P, Pedersen EB, Gysel K, Madland E, Wu S, Wawra S, Reid D, Sullivan JT, Blahovska Z, Vinther M, Muszynski A, Azadi P, Thygesen MB, Aachmann FL, Ronson CW, Zuccaro A, Andersen KR, Radutoiu S, Stougaard J. A glycan receptor kinase facilitates intracellular accommodation of arbuscular mycorrhiza and symbiotic rhizobia in the legume Lotus japonicus. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002127. [PMID: 37200394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptors that distinguish the multitude of microbes surrounding plants in the environment enable dynamic responses to the biotic and abiotic conditions encountered. In this study, we identify and characterise a glycan receptor kinase, EPR3a, closely related to the exopolysaccharide receptor EPR3. Epr3a is up-regulated in roots colonised by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and is able to bind glucans with a branching pattern characteristic of surface-exposed fungal glucans. Expression studies with cellular resolution show localised activation of the Epr3a promoter in cortical root cells containing arbuscules. Fungal infection and intracellular arbuscule formation are reduced in epr3a mutants. In vitro, the EPR3a ectodomain binds cell wall glucans in affinity gel electrophoresis assays. In microscale thermophoresis (MST) assays, rhizobial exopolysaccharide binding is detected with affinities comparable to those observed for EPR3, and both EPR3a and EPR3 bind a well-defined β-1,3/β-1,6 decasaccharide derived from exopolysaccharides of endophytic and pathogenic fungi. Both EPR3a and EPR3 function in the intracellular accommodation of microbes. However, contrasting expression patterns and divergent ligand affinities result in distinct functions in AM colonisation and rhizobial infection in Lotus japonicus. The presence of Epr3a and Epr3 genes in both eudicot and monocot plant genomes suggest a conserved function of these receptor kinases in glycan perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kelly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simon B Hansen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henriette Rübsam
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Pia Saake
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute of Plant Sciences, Cologne, Germany
| | - Emil B Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kira Gysel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eva Madland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Shunliang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Stephan Wawra
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute of Plant Sciences, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dugald Reid
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - John T Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Zuzana Blahovska
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maria Vinther
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Artur Muszynski
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mikkel B Thygesen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Finn L Aachmann
- NOBIPOL (Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory), Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Clive W Ronson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute of Plant Sciences, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kasper R Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simona Radutoiu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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23
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Paries M, Gutjahr C. The good, the bad, and the phosphate: regulation of beneficial and detrimental plant-microbe interactions by the plant phosphate status. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023. [PMID: 37145847 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate (Pi ) is indispensable for life on this planet. However, for sessile land plants it is poorly accessible. Therefore, plants have developed a variety of strategies for enhanced acquisition and recycling of Pi . The mechanisms to cope with Pi limitation as well as direct uptake of Pi from the substrate via the root epidermis are regulated by a conserved Pi starvation response (PSR) system based on a family of key transcription factors (TFs) and their inhibitors. Furthermore, plants obtain Pi indirectly through symbiosis with mycorrhiza fungi, which employ their extensive hyphal network to drastically increase the soil volume that can be explored by plants for Pi . Besides mycorrhizal symbiosis, there is also a variety of other interactions with epiphytic, endophytic, and rhizospheric microbes that can indirectly or directly influence plant Pi uptake. It was recently discovered that the PSR pathway is involved in the regulation of genes that promote formation and maintenance of AM symbiosis. Furthermore, the PSR system influences plant immunity and can also be a target of microbial manipulation. It is known for decades that the nutritional status of plants influences the outcome of plant-microbe interactions. The first molecular explanations for these observations are now emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Paries
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Caroline Gutjahr
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, Freising, 85354, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
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24
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Watts-Williams SJ, Wege S, Ramesh SA, Berkowitz O, Xu B, Gilliham M, Whelan J, Tyerman SD. The function of the Medicago truncatula ZIP transporter MtZIP14 is linked to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:1691-1704. [PMID: 36654510 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Soil micronutrient availability, including zinc (Zn), is a limiting factor for crop yield. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can improve host plant growth and nutrition through the mycorrhizal pathway of nutrient uptake. Although the physiology of Zn uptake through the mycorrhizal pathway is well established, the identity of the related molecular components are unknown. Here, RNA-seq analysis was used to identify genes differentially-regulated by AM colonization and soil Zn concentration in roots of Medicago truncatula. The putative Zn transporter gene MtZIP14 was markedly up-regulated in M. truncatula roots when colonized by Rhizophagus irregularis. MtZIP14 restored yeast growth under low Zn availability. Loss-of-function mutant plants (mtzip14) had reduced shoot biomass compared to the wild-type when colonized by AM fungi and grown under low and sufficient soil Zn concentration; at high soil Zn concentration, there were no genotypic differences in shoot biomass. The vesicular and arbuscular colonization of roots was lower in the mtzip14 plants regardless of soil Zn concentration. We propose that MtZIP14 is linked to AM colonization in M. truncatula plants, with the possibility that MtZIP14 function with AM colonization is linked to plant Zn nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Watts-Williams
- The Waite Research Institute and The School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Australia
| | - Stefanie Wege
- The Waite Research Institute and The School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Australia
| | - Sunita A Ramesh
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Oliver Berkowitz
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Australia
- Department of Animal Plant and Soil Science, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bo Xu
- The Waite Research Institute and The School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Australia
| | - Matthew Gilliham
- The Waite Research Institute and The School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Australia
| | - James Whelan
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Australia
| | - Stephen D Tyerman
- The Waite Research Institute and The School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Australia
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25
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Holland S, Roth R. Extracellular Vesicles in the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis: Current Understanding and Future Perspectives. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:235-244. [PMID: 36867731 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-22-0189-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is an ancient and highly conserved mutualism between plant and fungal symbionts, in which a highly specialized membrane-delimited fungal arbuscule acts as the symbiotic interface for nutrient exchange and signaling. As a ubiquitous means of biomolecule transport and intercellular communication, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are likely to play a role in this intimate cross-kingdom symbiosis, yet, there is a lack of research investigating the importance of EVs in AM symbiosis despite known roles in microbial interactions in both animal and plant pathosystems. Clarifying the current understanding of EVs in this symbiosis in light of recent ultrastructural observations is paramount to guiding future investigations in the field, and, to this end, this review summarizes recent research investigating these areas. Namely, this review discusses the available knowledge regarding biogenesis pathways and marker proteins associated with the various plant EV subclasses, EV trafficking pathways during symbiosis, and the endocytic mechanisms implicated in the uptake of these EVs. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Holland
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, U.K
| | - Ronelle Roth
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, U.K
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26
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Sardans J, Lambers H, Preece C, Alrefaei AF, Penuelas J. Role of mycorrhizas and root exudates in plant uptake of soil nutrients (calcium, iron, magnesium, and potassium): has the puzzle been completely solved? THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 36917083 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic global change is driving an increase in the frequency and intensity of drought and flood events, along with associated imbalances and limitation of several soil nutrients. In the context of an increasing human population, these impacts represent a global-scale challenge for biodiversity conservation and sustainable crop production to ensure food security. Plants have evolved strategies to enhance uptake of soil nutrients under environmental stress conditions; for example, symbioses with fungi (mycorrhization) in the rhizosphere and the release of exudates from roots. Although crop cultivation is managed for the effects of limited availability of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), there is increasing evidence for limitation of plant growth and fitness because of the low availability of other soil nutrients such as the metals potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe), which may become increasingly limiting for plant productivity under global change. The roles of mycorrhizas and plant exudates on N and P uptake have been studied intensively; however, our understanding of the effects on metal nutrients is less clear and still inconsistent. Here, we review the literature on the role of mycorrhizas and root exudates in plant uptake of key nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe) in the context of potential nutrient deficiencies in crop and non-crop terrestrial ecosystems, and identify knowledge gaps for future research to improve nutrient-uptake capacity in food crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Sardans
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Catherine Preece
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- Sustainability in Biosystems Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Torre Marimon, E-08140, Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Josep Penuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
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27
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Domingo G, Vannini C, Bracale M, Bonfante P. Proteomics as a tool to decipher plant responses in arbuscular mycorrhizal interactions: a meta-analysis. Proteomics 2023; 23:e2200108. [PMID: 36571480 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202200108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi leads to a deep reprogramming of plant metabolism, involving the regulation of several molecular mechanisms, many of which are poorly characterized. In this regard, proteomics is a powerful tool to explore changes related to plant-microbe interactions. This study provides a comprehensive proteomic meta-analysis conducted on AM-modulated proteins at local (roots) and systemic (shoots/leaves) level. The analysis was implemented by an in-depth study of root membrane-associated proteins and by a comparison with a transcriptome meta-analysis. A total of 4262 differentially abundant proteins were retrieved and, to identify the most relevant AM-regulated processes, a range of bioinformatic studies were conducted, including functional enrichment and protein-protein interaction network analysis. In addition to several protein transporters which are present in higher amounts in AM plants, and which are expected due to the well-known enhancement of AM-induced mineral uptake, our analysis revealed some novel traits. We detected a massive systemic reprogramming of translation with a central role played by the ribosomal translational apparatus. On one hand, these new protein-synthesis efforts well support the root cellular re-organization required by the fungal penetration, and on the other they have a systemic impact on primary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Domingo
- Biotechnology and Life Science Department, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Candida Vannini
- Biotechnology and Life Science Department, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Marcella Bracale
- Biotechnology and Life Science Department, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
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28
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Chen Z, Wang L, Cardoso JA, Zhu S, Liu G, Rao IM, Lin Y. Improving phosphorus acquisition efficiency through modification of root growth responses to phosphate starvation in legumes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1094157. [PMID: 36844096 PMCID: PMC9950756 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1094157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is one of the essential macronutrients for plant growth and development, and it is an integral part of the major organic components, including nucleic acids, proteins and phospholipids. Although total P is abundant in most soils, a large amount of P is not easily absorbed by plants. Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is the plant-available P, which is generally immobile and of low availability in soils. Hence, Pi starvation is a major constraint limiting plant growth and productivity. Enhancing plant P efficiency can be achieved by improving P acquisition efficiency (PAE) through modification of morpho-physiological and biochemical alteration in root traits that enable greater acquisition of external Pi from soils. Major advances have been made to dissect the mechanisms underlying plant adaptation to P deficiency, especially for legumes, which are considered important dietary sources for humans and livestock. This review aims to describe how legume root growth responds to Pi starvation, such as changes in the growth of primary root, lateral roots, root hairs and cluster roots. In particular, it summarizes the various strategies of legumes to confront P deficiency by regulating root traits that contribute towards improving PAE. Within these complex responses, a large number of Pi starvation-induced (PSI) genes and regulators involved in the developmental and biochemical alteration of root traits are highlighted. The involvement of key functional genes and regulators in remodeling root traits provides new opportunities for developing legume varieties with maximum PAE needed for regenerative agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Linjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | | | - Shengnan Zhu
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Guodao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Idupulapati M. Rao
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Institute of Bioengineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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29
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Zhang S, Nie Y, Fan X, Wei W, Chen H, Xie X, Tang M. A transcriptional activator from Rhizophagus irregularis regulates phosphate uptake and homeostasis in AM symbiosis during phosphorous starvation. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1114089. [PMID: 36741887 PMCID: PMC9895418 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1114089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Phosphorus (P) is one of the most important nutrient elements for plant growth and development. Under P starvation, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can promote phosphate (Pi) uptake and homeostasis within host plants. However, the underlying mechanisms by which AM fungal symbiont regulates the AM symbiotic Pi acquisition from soil under P starvation are largely unknown. Here, we identify a HLH domain containing transcription factor RiPho4 from Rhizophagus irregularis. Methods To investigate the biological functions of the RiPho4, we combined the subcellular localization and Yeast One-Hybrid (Y1H) experiments in yeasts with gene expression and virus-induced gene silencing approach during AM symbiosis. Results The approach during AM symbiosis. The results indicated that RiPho4 encodes a conserved transcription factor among different fungi and is induced during the in planta phase. The transcription of RiPho4 is significantly up-regulated by P starvation. The subcellular localization analysis revealed that RiPho4 is located in the nuclei of yeast cells during P starvation. Moreover, knock-down of RiPho4 inhibits the arbuscule development and mycorrhizal Pi uptake under low Pi conditions. Importantly, RiPho4 can positively regulate the downstream components of the phosphate (PHO) pathway in R. irregularis. Discussion In summary, these new findings reveal that RiPho4 acts as a transcriptional activator in AM fungus to maintain arbuscule development and regulate Pi uptake and homeostasis in the AM symbiosis during Pi starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xianan Xie
- *Correspondence: Xianan Xie, ; Ming Tang,
| | - Ming Tang
- *Correspondence: Xianan Xie, ; Ming Tang,
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30
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Jiang Q, Lin C, Guo R, Xiong D, Yao X, Wang X, Chen T, Jia L, Wu D, Fan A, Chen G, Yang Y. Root nitrogen uptake capacity of Chinese fir enhanced by warming and nitrogen addition. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:31-46. [PMID: 36049081 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is a knowledge gap in the effects of climate warming and nitrogen (N) deposition on root N absorption capacity, which limits our ability to predict how climate change alters the N cycling and its consequences for forest productivity especially in subtropical areas where soil N availability is already high. In order to explore the effects and mechanism of warming and the N deposition on root N absorption capacity of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata), a subtropical arbuscular mycorrhizal conifer, the fine root 15NH4+ and 15NO3- uptake kinetics at a reference temperature of 20 °C were measured across different seasons in a factorial soil warming (ambient, +5 °C) × N addition (ambient, +40 kg N ha-1 yr-1) experiment. The results showed that (i) compared with the control, warming increased the maximal uptake rate of NH4+ (Vmax,20 °C-NH4+) in summer, while N addition enhanced it in spring and summer; compared with non-warming treatments, warming treatments increased the uptake rate of NO3- at a reference concentration of 100 μmol (V100,20 °C-NO3-) in spring. (ii) The analysis of covariance showed that Vmax,20 °C-NH4+ was positively correlated with root mycorrhizal colonization rate (MCR) and V100,20 °C-NO3- was positively correlated with specific root respiration rate (SRR), whereas no N uptake kinetic parameter was correlated with specific root length, root N and non-structural carbon concentrations. Thus, our results demonstrate that warming-increased root NH4+ uptake might be related to warming-increased MCR, whereas warming-increased root NO3- uptake might be related to warming-increased SRR. We conclude that root NH4+ and NO3- uptake capacity of subtropical Chinese fir can be elevated under warming and N deposition, which could improve plantation productivity and mitigate N leaching loss and soil acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jiang
- Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Chengfang Lin
- Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Runquan Guo
- Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Decheng Xiong
- Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Xiaodong Yao
- Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Linqiao Jia
- Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Ailian Fan
- Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Guangshui Chen
- Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Yusheng Yang
- Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology (Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province Funded), School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
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31
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Duan S, Declerck S, Feng G, Zhang L. Hyphosphere interactions between Rhizophagus irregularis and Rahnella aquatilis promote carbon-phosphorus exchange at the peri-arbuscular space in Medicago truncatula. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:867-879. [PMID: 36588345 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form a continuum between roots and soil. One end of this continuum is comprised of the highly intimate plant-fungus interface with intracellular organelles for nutrient exchange, while on the other end the fungus interacts with bacteria to compensate for the AM fungus' inability to take up organic nutrients from soil. How both interfaces communicate in this highly complex tripartite mutualism is widely unknown. Here, the effects of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) Rahnella aquatilis dwelling at the surface of the extraradical hyphae of Rhizophagus irregularis was analysed based on the expression of genes involved in C-P exchange at the peri-arbuscular space (PAS) in Medicago truncatula. The interaction between AM fungus and PSB resulted in an increase in uptake and transport of Pi along the extraradical hyphae and its transfer from AM fungus to plant. In return, this was remunerated by a transfer of C from plant to AM fungus, improving the C-P exchange at the PAS. These results demonstrated that a microorganism (i.e., a PSB) developing at the hyphosphere interface can affect the C-P exchange at the PAS between plant and AM fungus, suggesting a fine-tuned communication operated between three organisms via two distantly connected interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong Duan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Stéphane Declerck
- Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology, Mycology, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Gu Feng
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Chang J, Duong TA, Schoeman C, Ma X, Roodt D, Barker N, Li Z, Van de Peer Y, Mizrachi E. The genome of the king protea, Protea cynaroides. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:262-276. [PMID: 36424853 PMCID: PMC10107735 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The king protea (Protea cynaroides), an early-diverging eudicot, is the most iconic species from the Megadiverse Cape Floristic Region, and the national flower of South Africa. Perhaps best known for its iconic flower head, Protea is a key genus for the South African horticulture industry and cut-flower market. Ecologically, the genus and the family Proteaceae are important models for radiation and adaptation, particularly to soils with limited phosphorus bio-availability. Here, we present a high-quality chromosome-scale assembly of the P. cynaroides genome as the first representative of the fynbos biome. We reveal an ancestral whole-genome duplication event that occurred in the Proteaceae around the late Cretaceous that preceded the divergence of all crown groups within the family and its extant diversity in all Southern continents. The relatively stable genome structure of P. cynaroides is invaluable for comparative studies and for unveiling paleopolyploidy in other groups, such as the distantly related sister group Ranunculales. Comparative genomics in sequenced genomes of the Proteales shows loss of key arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis genes likely ancestral to the family, and possibly the order. The P. cynaroides genome empowers new research in plant diversification, horticulture and adaptation, particularly to nutrient-poor soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyang Chang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent University and VIB Center for Plant Systems BiologyGhentBelgium
| | - Tuan A. Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Cassandra Schoeman
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent University and VIB Center for Plant Systems BiologyGhentBelgium
| | - Danielle Roodt
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Nigel Barker
- Department of Plant and Soil SciencesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent University and VIB Center for Plant Systems BiologyGhentBelgium
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent University and VIB Center for Plant Systems BiologyGhentBelgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and MicrobiologyCentre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, University of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
- College of Horticulture, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Eshchar Mizrachi
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
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Che X, Wang S, Ren Y, Xie X, Hu W, Chen H, Tang M. A Eucalyptus Pht1 Family Gene EgPT8 Is Essential for Arbuscule Elongation of Rhizophagus irregularis. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0147022. [PMID: 36227088 PMCID: PMC9769952 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01470-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of vascular flowering plants can establish arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis with AM fungi. These associations contribute to plant health and plant growth against various environmental stresses. In the mutualistic endosymbiosis, the AM fungi deliver phosphate (Pi) to the host root through highly branched hyphae called arbuscules. The molecular mechanisms of Pi transfer from AM fungi to the plant have been determined, which are dominated by AM-specific Pi transporters belonging to the PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER 1 (Pht1) family within the subfamily I. However, it is unknown whether Pht1 family proteins are involved in other regulations in AM symbiosis. Here, we report that the expression of EgPT8 is specifically activated by AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis and is localized in root cortical cells containing arbuscules. Interestingly, knockdown of EgPT8 function does not affect the Eucalyptus grandis growth, total phosphorous (P) concentration, and arbuscule formation; however, the size of mature arbuscules was significantly suppressed in the RNAi-EgPT8 lines. Heterogeneous expression of EgPT4, EgPT5, and EgPT8 in the Medicago truncatula mutant mtpt4-2 indicates that EgPT4 and EgPT5 can fully complement the defects of mutant mtpt4-2 in mycorrhizal Pi uptake and arbuscule formation, while EgPT8 cannot complement the defective AM phenotype of the mtpt4-2 mutant. Based on our results, we propose that the AM fungi-specific subfamily I transporter EgPT8 has novel functions and is essential to arbuscule elongation. IMPORTANCE Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) formation in host root cortical cells is initiated by exchanges of diffusible molecules, among which Pi uptake is known as the important feature of AM fungi on symbiosis functioning. Over the last two decades, it has been repeatedly proven that most vascular plants harbor two or more AM-specific Pht1 proteins; however, there is no direct evidence regarding the potential link among these Pi transporters at the symbiotic interface. This work revealed a novel function of a structurally conserved protein involved in lateral arbuscule development. In total, we confirmed that three AM-specific Pht1 family proteins are nonredundant in Eucalyptus grandis and that EgPT8 is responsible for fungal arbuscule elongation of Rhizophagus irregularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianrong Che
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wentao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Giovannini L, Sbrana C, Giovannetti M, Avio L, Lanubile A, Marocco A, Turrini A. Diverse mycorrhizal maize inbred lines differentially modulate mycelial traits and the expression of plant and fungal phosphate transporters. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21279. [PMID: 36482115 PMCID: PMC9732053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25834-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Food production is heavily dependent on soil phosphorus (P), a non-renewable mineral resource essential for plant growth and development. Alas, about 80% is unavailable for plant uptake. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi may promote soil P efficient use, although the mechanistic aspects are yet to be completely understood. In this study, plant and fungal variables involved in P acquisition were investigated in maize inbred lines, differing for mycorrhizal responsiveness and low-P tolerance, when inoculated with the symbiont Rhizoglomus irregulare (synonym Rhizophagus irregularis). The expression patterns of phosphate transporter (PT) genes in extraradical and intraradical mycelium (ERM/IRM) and in mycorrhizal and control maize roots were assessed, together with plant growth responses and ERM extent and structure. The diverse maize lines differed in plant and fungal accumulation patterns of PT transcripts, ERM phenotypic traits and plant performance. Mycorrhizal plants of the low-P tolerant maize line Mo17 displayed increased expression of roots and ERM PT genes, compared with the low-P susceptible line B73, which revealed larger ERM hyphal densities and interconnectedness. ERM structural traits showed significant correlations with plant/fungal expression levels of PT genes and mycorrhizal host benefit, suggesting that both structural and functional traits are differentially involved in the regulation of P foraging capacity in mycorrhizal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Giovannini
- grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristiana Sbrana
- grid.5326.20000 0001 1940 4177Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council of Italy, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Manuela Giovannetti
- grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luciano Avio
- grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Lanubile
- grid.8142.f0000 0001 0941 3192Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Adriano Marocco
- grid.8142.f0000 0001 0941 3192Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Alessandra Turrini
- grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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35
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Zeng M, Hause B, van Dam NM, Uthe H, Hoffmann P, Krajinski F, Martínez-Medina A. The mycorrhizal symbiosis alters the plant defence strategy in a model legume plant. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:3412-3428. [PMID: 35982608 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis modulates plant-herbivore interactions. Still, how it shapes the overall plant defence strategy and the mechanisms involved remain unclear. We investigated how AM symbiosis simultaneously modulates plant resistance and tolerance to a shoot herbivore, and explored the underlying mechanisms. Bioassays with Medicago truncatula plants were used to study the effect of the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis on plant resistance and tolerance to Spodoptera exigua herbivory. By performing molecular and chemical analyses, we assessed the impact of AM symbiosis on herbivore-triggered phosphate (Pi)- and jasmonate (JA)-related responses. Upon herbivory, AM symbiosis led to an increased leaf Pi content by boosting the mycorrhizal Pi-uptake pathway. This enhanced both plant tolerance and herbivore performance. AM symbiosis counteracted the herbivore-triggered JA burst, reducing plant resistance. To disentangle the role of the mycorrhizal Pi-uptake pathway in the plant's response to herbivory, we used the mutant line ha1-2, impaired in the H+ -ATPase gene HA1, which is essential for Pi-uptake via the mycorrhizal pathway. We found that mycorrhiza-triggered enhancement of herbivore performance was compromised in ha1-2 plants. AM symbiosis thus affects the defence pattern of M. truncatula by altering resistance and tolerance simultaneously. We propose that the mycorrhizal Pi-uptake pathway is involved in the modulation of the plant defence strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zeng
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, General and Applied Botany, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bettina Hause
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Moelcular Interaction Ecology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Henriette Uthe
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Moelcular Interaction Ecology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Petra Hoffmann
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Krajinski
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, General and Applied Botany, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ainhoa Martínez-Medina
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Moelcular Interaction Ecology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Plant-Microorganism Interactions Unit, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
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Kumar A, Lin H, Li Q, Ruan Y, Cousins D, Li F, Gao S, Jackson K, Wen J, Murray JD, Xu P. Anthocyanin pigmentation as a quantitative visual marker for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization of Medicago truncatula roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1988-1998. [PMID: 36128658 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Visualization of root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is the most elementary experiment in the field of mycorrhizal symbiosis. The most widely used approach for evaluating levels of AMF colonization is staining with trypan blue or ink, which is scored using the time-consuming grid intersection method. Here we demonstrate the use of an anthocyanin-based visual marker system for visualizing AMF colonization of Medicago truncatula roots. Expression of MtLAP1, a transcription factor which regulates the production of anthocyanins, from the AMF-induced Kunitz Protease Inhibitor 106 promoter, allowed the visualization of arbuscules in live plant tissues without microscopy or staining. This marker system allowed straightforward qualitative evaluation of the ram1, vpy and dmi3 AMF phenotypes using Agrobacterium rhizogenes hairy-root transformation. For the strigolactone biosynthesis mutant carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 8a and a novel mutant scooby, which show quantitative AMF symbiotic phenotypes, the amount of anthocyanins in the roots estimated by spectrophotometry correlated very well with colonization levels estimated by staining and scoring using the grid intersection method. The LAP1-based marker system therefore provides a highly efficient approach for mutant screening and monitoring of AMF colonization in live tissues by eye, or for quantitative assessment using a simple and quick photometric assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qiuju Li
- CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yiting Ruan
- CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Donna Cousins
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Fuyu Li
- CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shu Gao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Plant Germplasm Resource, College of Life Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Kirsty Jackson
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Jeremy D Murray
- CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ping Xu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Plant Germplasm Resource, College of Life Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
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Duret M, Zhan X, Belval L, Le Jeune C, Hussenet R, Laloue H, Bertsch C, Chong J, Deglène-Benbrahim L, Valat L. Use of a RT-qPCR Method to Estimate Mycorrhization Intensity and Symbiosis Vitality in Grapevine Plants Inoculated with Rhizophagus irregularis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3237. [PMID: 36501279 PMCID: PMC9741363 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the mycorrhization level in plant roots is essential to study the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on plant physiological responses. Common methods used to quantify the mycorrhization of roots are based on microscopic visualization of stained fungal structures within the cortical cells. While this method is readily accessible, it remains time-consuming and does not allow checking of the symbiosis vitality. The aim of this work is thus to develop an efficient method for assessing the intensity and vitality of mycorrhiza associated with grapevine through gene expression analyses by RT-qPCR. To this end, grapevine plants were inoculated with the AMF Rhizophagus irregularis (Ri). The relationship between mycorrhization level, assessed by microscopy, and expression of several fungus and grapevine genes involved in the symbiosis was investigated. In AMF-inoculated plants, transcript amounts of fungal constitutively-expressed genes Ri18S, RiTEF1α and RiαTub were significantly correlated to mycorrhization intensity, particularly Ri18S. Grapevine (VvPht1.1 and VvPht1.2) and AMF (GintPT, Ri14-3-3 and RiCRN1) genes, known to be specifically expressed during the mycorrhizal process, were significantly correlated to arbuscular level in the whole root system determined by microscopy. The best correlations were obtained with GintPT on the fungal side and VvPht1.2 on the plant side. Despite some minor discrepancies between microscopic and molecular techniques, the monitoring of Ri18S, GintPT and VvPht1.2 gene expression could be a rapid, robust and reliable method to evaluate the level of mycorrhization and to assess the vitality of AMF. It appears particularly useful to identify AMF-inoculated plants with very low colonization level, or with non-active fungal structures. Moreover, it can be implemented simultaneously with the expression analysis of other genes of interest, saving time compared to microscopic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Duret
- Laboratoire Vigne, Biotechnologies et Environnement, Université de Haute Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, E.A. 3991, 33 rue de Herrlisheim, BP 50568, CEDEX 008, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Xi Zhan
- Laboratoire Vigne, Biotechnologies et Environnement, Université de Haute Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, E.A. 3991, 33 rue de Herrlisheim, BP 50568, CEDEX 008, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Lorène Belval
- Laboratoire Vigne, Biotechnologies et Environnement, Université de Haute Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, E.A. 3991, 33 rue de Herrlisheim, BP 50568, CEDEX 008, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Christine Le Jeune
- Laboratoire Vigne, Biotechnologies et Environnement, Université de Haute Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, E.A. 3991, 33 rue de Herrlisheim, BP 50568, CEDEX 008, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Réjane Hussenet
- Département Génie Biologique, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, 29 rue de Herrlisheim, BP 50568, CEDEX 008, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Hélène Laloue
- Laboratoire Vigne, Biotechnologies et Environnement, Université de Haute Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, E.A. 3991, 33 rue de Herrlisheim, BP 50568, CEDEX 008, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Christophe Bertsch
- Laboratoire Vigne, Biotechnologies et Environnement, Université de Haute Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, E.A. 3991, 33 rue de Herrlisheim, BP 50568, CEDEX 008, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Julie Chong
- Laboratoire Vigne, Biotechnologies et Environnement, Université de Haute Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, E.A. 3991, 33 rue de Herrlisheim, BP 50568, CEDEX 008, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Laurence Deglène-Benbrahim
- Laboratoire Vigne, Biotechnologies et Environnement, Université de Haute Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, E.A. 3991, 33 rue de Herrlisheim, BP 50568, CEDEX 008, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Laure Valat
- Laboratoire Vigne, Biotechnologies et Environnement, Université de Haute Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, E.A. 3991, 33 rue de Herrlisheim, BP 50568, CEDEX 008, 68000 Colmar, France
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Che X, Lai W, Wang S, Wang X, Hu W, Chen H, Xie X, Tang M. Multiple PHT1 family phosphate transporters are recruited for mycorrhizal symbiosis in Eucalyptus grandis and conserved PHT1;4 is a requirement for the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:2020-2039. [PMID: 35512354 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Eucalypts engage in a mutualistic endosymbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi to acquire mineral nutrients from soils, particularly inorganic phosphate (Pi). In return, the host plant provides organic carbons to its fungal partners. However, the mechanism by which the Eucalyptus plants acquire Pi released from the AM fungi has remained elusive. In this study, we investigated the characterization of potential PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER1 (PHT1) family Pi transporters in AM symbiosis in Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden. We show that multiple PHT1 family Pi transporters were recruited for AM symbiosis in E. grandis. We further report that EgPT4, an E. grandis member of the PHT1 family, is conserved across angiosperms and is exclusively expressed in AM roots with arbuscule-containing cells and localizes to the periarbuscular membrane (PAM). EgPT4 was able to complement a yeast mutant strain defective in all inorganic Pi transporters and mediate Pi uptake. Importantly, EgPT4 is essential for improved E. grandis growth, total phosphorus concentration and arbuscule development during symbiosis. Moreover, silencing of EgPT4 led to the induction of polyphosphate accumulation relevant genes of Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM 197198. Collectively, our results unravel a pivotal role for EgPT4 in symbiotic Pi transport across the PAM required for arbuscule development in E. grandis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianrong Che
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Wenzhen Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Sijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Xinyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Wentao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Xianan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Ming Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
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Montero H, Paszkowski U. A simple and versatile fluorochrome-based procedure for imaging of lipids in arbuscule-containing cells. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:294-301. [PMID: 35934996 PMCID: PMC9804681 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is characterized by the reciprocal exchange of nutrients. AM fungi are oleaginous microorganisms that obtain essential fatty acids from host plants. A lipid biosynthesis and delivery pathway has been proposed to operate in inner root cortex cells hosting arbuscules, a cell type challenging to access microscopically. Despite the central role lipids play in the association, lipid distribution patterns during arbuscule development are currently unknown. We developed a simple co-staining method employing fluorophore-conjugated Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA) and a lipophilic blue fluorochrome, Ac-201, for the simultaneous imaging of arbuscules and lipids distributed within arbuscule-containing cells in high resolution. We observed lipid distribution patterns in wild-type root infection zones in a variety of plant species. In addition, we applied this methodology to mutants of the Lotus japonicus GRAS transcription factor RAM1 and the Oryza sativa half-size ABC transporter STR1, both proposed to be impaired in the symbiotic lipid biosynthesis-delivery pathway. We found that lipids accumulated in cortical cells hosting stunted arbuscules in Ljram1 and Osstr1, and observed lipids in the arbuscule body of Osstr1, suggesting that in the corresponding plant species, RAM1 and STR1 may not be essential for symbiotic lipid biosynthesis and transfer from arbuscule-containing cells, respectively. The versatility of this methodology has the potential to help elucidate key questions on the complex lipid dynamics fostering AM symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Montero
- Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0LEUK
- Present address:
Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-InstituteUniversity of WuerzburgWuerzburgD-97082Germany
| | - Uta Paszkowski
- Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0LEUK
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Deng C, Li CJ, Hsieh CY, Liu LY, Chen YA, Lin WY. MtNF-YC6 and MtNF-YC11 are involved in regulating the transcriptional program of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:976280. [PMID: 36247647 PMCID: PMC9554486 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.976280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are obligate symbionts that transfer mineral nutrients to host plants through arbuscules, a fungal structure specialized for exchange for photosynthetic products. MtNF-YC6 and MtNF-YC11, which encode the C subunits of nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) family in Medicago truncatula are induced specifically by arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (AMS). A previous study showed that MtNF-YC6 and MtNF-YC11 are activated in cortical cells of mycorrhizal roots, but the gene functions were unknown. Herein, we identified both MtNF-YB17 and MtNF-YB12 as the interacting partners of MtNF-YC6 and MtNF-YC11 in yeast and plants. MtNF-YB17 was highly induced by AMS and activated in cortical cells only in mycorrhizal roots but MtNF-YB12 was not affected. The formation of B/C heterodimers led the protein complexes to transfer from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Silencing MtNF-YC6 and C11 by RNA interference (RNAi) resulted in decreased colonization efficiency and arbuscule richness. Coincidently, genes associated with arbuscule development and degeneration in RNAi roots were also downregulated. In silico analysis showed CCAAT-binding motifs in the promoter regions of downregulated genes, further supporting the involvement of NF-Y complexes in transcriptional regulation of symbiosis. Taken together, this study identifies MtNF-YC6- or MtNF-YC11-containing protein complexes as novel transcriptional regulators of symbiotic program and provides a list of potential downstream target genes. These data will help to further dissect the AMS regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Deng
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape and Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jui Li
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yun Hsieh
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Daisy Liu
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-An Chen
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yi Lin
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Zhang X, Li C, Lu W, Wang X, Ma B, Fu K, Li C, Li C. Comparative analysis of combined phosphorus and drought stress-responses in two winter wheat. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13887. [PMID: 36168435 PMCID: PMC9509674 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus stress and drought stress are common abiotic stresses for wheat. In this study, two winter wheat varieties "Xindong20" and "Xindong23" were cultured in a hydroponic system using Hoagland nutrient solution and treated with drought stress under conventional (CP: 1.0 mmol/L) and low (LP: 0.05 mmol/L) phosphorus levels. Under drought stress, the root growth was better under LP than under CP. Under LP, root phosphorus content was increased by 94.2% in Xindong20 and decreased by 48.9% in Xindong23 at 3 d after re-watering, compared with those at 0 d under drought stress. However, the potassium (K) content was the highest among the four elements studied and the phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) content were reduced in the root of the two varieties. Under CP, the zinc (Zn) content was higher than that under LP in Xindong23. The GeneChip analysis showed that a total of 4,577 and 202 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected from the roots of Xindong20 and Xindong23, respectively. Among them, 89.9% of DEGs were involved in organelles and vesicles in Xindong20, and 69.8% were involved in root anatomical structure, respiratory chain, electron transport chain, ion transport, and enzyme activity in Xindong23. Overall, LP was superior to CP in mitigating drought stress on wheat, and the regulatory genes were also different in the two varieties. Xindong20 had higher drought tolerance for more up-regulated genes involved in the responses compared to Xindong23.
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Rui W, Mao Z, Li Z. The Roles of Phosphorus and Nitrogen Nutrient Transporters in the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911027. [PMID: 36232323 PMCID: PMC9570102 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 80% of land plant species can form symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, and nutrient transfer to plants is largely mediated through this partnership. Over the last few years, great progress has been made in deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the AM-mediated modulation of nutrient uptake progress, and a growing number of fungal and plant genes responsible for the uptake of nutrients from soil or transfer across the fungal–root interface have been identified. In this review, we outline the current concepts of nutrient exchanges within this symbiosis (mechanisms and regulation) and focus on P and N transfer from the fungal partner to the host plant, with a highlight on a possible interplay between P and N nutrient exchanges. Transporters belonging to the plant or AM fungi can synergistically process the transmembrane transport of soil nutrients to the symbiotic interface for further plant acquisition. Although much progress has been made to elucidate the complex mechanism for the integrated roles of nutrient transfers in AM symbiosis, questions still remain to be answered; for example, P and N transporters are less studied in different species of AM fungi; the involvement of AM fungi in plant N uptake is not as clearly defined as that of P; coordinated utilization of N and P is unknown; transporters of cultivated plants inoculated with AM fungi and transcriptomic and metabolomic networks at both the soil–fungi interface and fungi–plant interface have been insufficiently studied. These findings open new perspectives for fundamental research and application of AM fungi in agriculture.
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Wang X, Wei C, He F, Yang Q. MtPT5 phosphate transporter is involved in leaf growth and phosphate accumulation of Medicago truncatula. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1005895. [PMID: 36147231 PMCID: PMC9485599 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1005895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an indispensable mineral nutrient for plant growth and agricultural production. Plants acquire and redistribute inorganic phosphate (Pi) via Pi transporters (PHT1s/PTs). However, apart from MtPT4, functions of the M. truncatula (Medicago truncatula) PHT1s remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated the function of the PHT1 family transporter MtPT5 in M. truncatula. MtPT5 was closely related to AtPHT1; 1 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and GmPT7 in soybean (Glycine max). MtPT5 was highly expressed in leaves in addition to roots and nodules. Ectopic expression of MtPT5 complemented the Pi-uptake deficiency of Arabidopsis pht1;1Δ4Δ double mutant, demonstrating the Pi-transport activity of MtPT5 in plants. When overexpressing MtPT5 in M. truncatula, the transgenic plants showed larger leaves, accompanying with higher biomass and Pi enrichment compared with wild type. All these data demonstrate that MtPT5 is important for leaf growth and Pi accumulation of M. truncatula and provides a target for molecular breeding to improve forage productivity.
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Votta C, Fiorilli V, Haider I, Wang JY, Balestrini R, Petřík I, Tarkowská D, Novák O, Serikbayeva A, Bonfante P, Al‐Babili S, Lanfranco L. Zaxinone synthase controls arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization level in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:1688-1700. [PMID: 35877598 PMCID: PMC9543690 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The Oryza sativa (rice) carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase OsZAS was described to produce zaxinone, a plant growth-promoting apocarotenoid. A zas mutant line showed reduced arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization, but the mechanisms underlying this behavior are unknown. Here, we investigated how OsZAS and exogenous zaxinone treatment regulate mycorrhization. Micromolar exogenous supply of zaxinone rescued root growth but not the mycorrhizal defects of the zas mutant, and even reduced mycorrhization in wild-type and zas genotypes. The zas line did not display the increase in the level of strigolactones (SLs) that was observed in wild-type plants at 7 days post-inoculation with AM fungus. Moreover, exogenous treatment with the synthetic SL analog GR24 rescued the zas mutant mycorrhizal phenotype, indicating that the lower AM colonization rate of zas is caused by a deficiency in SLs at the early stages of the interaction, and indicating that during this phase OsZAS activity is required to induce SL production, possibly mediated by the Dwarf14-Like (D14L) signaling pathway. OsZAS is expressed in arbuscule-containing cells, and OsPT11prom::OsZAS transgenic lines, where OsZAS expression is driven by the OsPT11 promoter active in arbusculated cells, exhibit increased mycorrhization compared with the wild type. Overall, our results show that the genetic manipulation of OsZAS activity in planta leads to a different effect on AM symbiosis from that of exogenous zaxinone treatment, and demonstrate that OsZAS influences the extent of AM colonization, acting as a component of a regulatory network that involves SLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Votta
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TurinTurin10125Italy
| | - Valentina Fiorilli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TurinTurin10125Italy
| | - Imran Haider
- The BioActives Lab, Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environment Science and Engineering (BESE)King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal23955Saudi Arabia
| | - Jian You Wang
- The BioActives Lab, Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environment Science and Engineering (BESE)King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal23955Saudi Arabia
| | - Raffaella Balestrini
- National Research CouncilInstitute for Sustainable Plant ProtectionTurin10135Italy
| | - Ivan Petřík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of SciencePalacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of SciencesOlomouc78371Czech Republic
| | - Danuše Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of SciencePalacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of SciencesOlomouc78371Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of SciencePalacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of SciencesOlomouc78371Czech Republic
| | - Akmaral Serikbayeva
- The BioActives Lab, Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environment Science and Engineering (BESE)King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal23955Saudi Arabia
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TurinTurin10125Italy
| | - Salim Al‐Babili
- The BioActives Lab, Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), Biological and Environment Science and Engineering (BESE)King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal23955Saudi Arabia
| | - Luisa Lanfranco
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TurinTurin10125Italy
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Roy S, Müller LM. A rulebook for peptide control of legume-microbe endosymbioses. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:870-889. [PMID: 35246381 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants engage in mutually beneficial relationships with microbes, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi or nitrogen-fixing rhizobia, for optimized nutrient acquisition. In return, the microbial symbionts receive photosynthetic carbon from the plant. Both symbioses are regulated by the plant nutrient status, indicating the existence of signaling pathways that allow the host to fine-tune its interactions with the beneficial microbes depending on its nutrient requirements. Peptide hormones coordinate a plethora of developmental and physiological processes and, recently, various peptide families have gained special attention as systemic and local regulators of plant-microbe interactions and nutrient homeostasis. In this review, we identify five 'rules' or guiding principles that govern peptide function during symbiotic plant-microbe interactions, and highlight possible points of integration with nutrient acquisition pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Roy
- College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
| | - Lena Maria Müller
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
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Wu T, Pan L, Zipori I, Mao J, Li R, Li Y, Li Y, Jing Y, Chen H. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhanced the growth, phosphorus uptake and Pht expression of olive ( Olea europaea L.) plantlets. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13813. [PMID: 35966927 PMCID: PMC9373972 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Olive (Olea europaea L.) is a highly mycotrophic species that has been introduced and cultivated in China for half a century. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is extremely valuable as a kind of biofertilizer to promote the health and vigor of olive plants. However, it is still unclear how native AMF impact growth and mineral nutrients, especially phosphorus absorption in the area where olive trees were introduced in China. In the present study, through a pot experiment, the effects of native AMF on the growth, phosphorus uptake and expression levels of four phosphate transporter genes (Pht) of olive plantlets were characterized. We found that (1) typical AMF colonization was observed within the roots of inoculated olive plantlets, and the growth of plantlets was significantly promoted; (2) some indigenous consortia (AMF1 and AMF2) notably promoted the absorption of phosphorus, fertilizers significantly increased the foliar content of nitrogen, and both AMF inoculation and fertilization had no significant effect on the uptake of potassium; and (3) AMF inoculation enhanced the expression of phosphate transporter genes in inoculated olive roots. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of native AMF on the cultivation of robust olive plantlets and highlights the role of AMF in increasing phosphorus uptake. There is great potential in using native AMF consortia as inoculants for the production of healthy and robust olive plantlets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Li Pan
- Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Isaac Zipori
- Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Negev, Gilat, Israel
| | - Jihua Mao
- Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Rongbo Li
- Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yongpeng Li
- Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yongjie Li
- Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuebo Jing
- Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Haiyun Chen
- Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Wang X, Jain A, Cui M, Hu S, Zhao G, Cao Y, Hu F. Distribution of phenanthrene in the ospho2 reveals the involvement of phosphate on phenanthrene translocation and accumulation in rice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 240:113685. [PMID: 35636234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The intricate mechanisms involved in the acquisition and translocation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in plants have not been elucidated. Phosphate (Pi) is the bioavailable form of essential macronutrient phosphorus, which is acquired and subsequently assimilated for plant optimal growth and development. Rice phosphate overaccumulator 2 (OsPHO2) is a central constituent of the regulation of Pi homeostasis in rice. In the present study, the role of OsPHO2 in regulating the translocation and accumulation of phenanthrene (Phe) and the involvement of Pi in this process were investigated. The temporal study (1 d-35 d) revealed a significant and gradual increase of Phe accumulation in Pi-deprived roots of wild-type (WT) seedlings. Compared with the WT, the concentrations of Phe were significantly higher in the shoots of ospho2 (OsPHO2 mutant) grown hydroponically with Phe (1.5 mg/L) under +Pi (200 μM) and -Pi (10 μM) conditions. The sap experiment clearly showed the significant increases in levels of Phe in the xylem sap of ospho2 than the WT grown hydroponically with Phe and +Pi. Further, the concentrations of both Phe and P were coordinately higher in the culms and flag leaves of the mutants than WT at maturity in potting soil with LPhe (6 mg/kg) and HPhe (60 mg/kg). However, the concentrations of Phe in the seeds were comparable in the WT and mutants, suggesting a pivotal of OsPHO2 in attenuating Phe toxicity in the seed. In +Phe WT, the relative expression level of OsPHO2 in the shoots was significantly lower, while those of Pi transporters (PTs) OsPT4 and OsPT8 were significantly higher in the roots compared with -Phe. Together, the results provided evidence towards the involvement of Pi in OsPHO2-regulated translocation and accumulation of Phe in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ajay Jain
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Mengyuan Cui
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Siwen Hu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Gengmao Zhao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yue Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Feng Hu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Sugimura Y, Kawahara A, Maruyama H, Ezawa T. Plant Foraging Strategies Driven by Distinct Genetic Modules: Cross-Ecosystem Transcriptomics Approach. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:903539. [PMID: 35860530 PMCID: PMC9290524 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.903539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved diverse strategies for foraging, e.g., mycorrhizae, modification of root system architecture, and secretion of phosphatase. Despite extensive molecular/physiological studies on individual strategies under laboratory/greenhouse conditions, there is little information about how plants orchestrate these strategies in the field. We hypothesized that individual strategies are independently driven by corresponding genetic modules in response to deficiency/unbalance in nutrients. Roots colonized by mycorrhizal fungi, leaves, and root-zone soils were collected from 251 maize plants grown across the United States Corn Belt and Japan, which provided a large gradient of soil characteristics/agricultural practice and thus gene expression for foraging. RNA was extracted from the roots, sequenced, and subjected to gene coexpression network analysis. Nineteen genetic modules were defined and functionally characterized, from which three genetic modules, mycorrhiza formation, phosphate starvation response (PSR), and root development, were selected as those directly involved in foraging. The mycorrhizal module consists of genes responsible for mycorrhiza formation and was upregulated by both phosphorus and nitrogen deficiencies. The PSR module that consists of genes encoding phosphate transporter, secreted acid phosphatase, and enzymes involved in internal-phosphate recycling was regulated independent of the mycorrhizal module and strongly upregulated by phosphorus deficiency relative to nitrogen. The root development module that consists of regulatory genes for root development and cellulose biogenesis was upregulated by phosphorus and nitrogen enrichment. The expression of this module was negatively correlated with that of the mycorrhizal module, suggesting that root development is intrinsically an opposite strategy of mycorrhizae. Our approach provides new insights into understanding plant foraging strategies in complex environments at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Sugimura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ai Kawahara
- Health & Crop Sciences Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical, Co., Ltd., Takarazuka, Japan
| | - Hayato Maruyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Ezawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Hériché M, Arnould C, Wipf D, Courty PE. Imaging plant tissues: advances and promising clearing practices. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:601-615. [PMID: 35339361 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The study of the organ structure of plants and understanding their physiological complexity requires 3D imaging with subcellular resolution. Most plant organs are highly opaque to light, and their study under optical sectioning microscopes is therefore difficult. In animals, many protocols have been developed to make organs transparent to light using clearing protocols (CPs). By contrast, clearing plant tissues is challenging because of the presence of fibers and pigments. We describe progress in the development of plant CPs over the past 20 years through a modified taxonomy of CPs based on their physical and optical parameters that affect tissue properties. We also discuss successful approaches that combine CPs with new microscopy methods and their future applications in plant science research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Hériché
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bourgogne, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Christine Arnould
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bourgogne, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Daniel Wipf
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bourgogne, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Courty
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bourgogne, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.
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Zhang S, Daniels DA, Ivanov S, Jurgensen L, Müller LM, Versaw WK, Harrison MJ. A genetically encoded biosensor reveals spatiotemporal variation in cellular phosphate content in Brachypodium distachyon mycorrhizal roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1817-1831. [PMID: 35274313 PMCID: PMC9790424 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is accompanied by alterations to root cell metabolism and physiology, and to the pathways of orthophosphate (Pi) entry into the root, which increase with Pi delivery to cortical cells via arbuscules. How AM symbiosis influences the Pi content and Pi response dynamics of cells in the root cortex and epidermis is unknown. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based Pi biosensors, we mapped the relative cytosolic and plastidic Pi content of Brachypodium distachyon mycorrhizal root cells, analyzed responses to extracellular Pi and traced extraradical hyphae-mediated Pi transfer to colonized cells. Colonized cortical cells had a higher cytosolic Pi content relative to noncolonized cortical and epidermal cells, while plastidic Pi content was highest in cells at the infection front. Pi application to the entire mycorrhizal root resulted in transient changes in cytosolic Pi that differed in direction and magnitude depending on cell type and arbuscule status; cells with mature arbuscules showed a substantial transient increase in cytosolic Pi while those with collapsed arbuscules showed a decrease. Directed Pi application to extraradical hyphae resulted in measurable changes in cytosolic Pi of colonized cells 18 h after application. Our experiments reveal that cells within a mycorrhizal root vary in Pi content and Pi response dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Zhang
- Boyce Thompson Institute533 Tower RoadIthacaNY14853USA
| | | | - Sergey Ivanov
- Boyce Thompson Institute533 Tower RoadIthacaNY14853USA
| | | | | | - Wayne K. Versaw
- Department of BiologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX77843USA
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