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Almaraz M, Simmonds M, Boudinot FG, Di Vittorio AV, Bingham N, Khalsa SDS, Ostoja S, Scow K, Jones A, Holzer I, Manaigo E, Geoghegan E, Goertzen H, Silver WL. Soil carbon sequestration in global working lands as a gateway for negative emission technologies. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:5988-5998. [PMID: 37476859 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing climate crisis merits an urgent need to devise management approaches and new technologies to reduce atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations (GHG) in the near term. However, each year that GHG concentrations continue to rise, pressure mounts to develop and deploy atmospheric CO2 removal pathways as a complement to, and not replacement for, emissions reductions. Soil carbon sequestration (SCS) practices in working lands provide a low-tech and cost-effective means for removing CO2 from the atmosphere while also delivering co-benefits to people and ecosystems. Our model estimates suggest that, assuming additive effects, the technical potential of combined SCS practices can provide 30%-70% of the carbon removal required by the Paris Climate Agreement if applied to 25%-50% of the available global land area, respectively. Atmospheric CO2 drawdown via SCS has the potential to last decades to centuries, although more research is needed to determine the long-term viability at scale and the durability of the carbon stored. Regardless of these research needs, we argue that SCS can at least serve as a bridging technology, reducing atmospheric CO2 in the short term while energy and transportation systems adapt to a low-C economy. Soil C sequestration in working lands holds promise as a climate change mitigation tool, but the current rate of implementation remains too slow to make significant progress toward global emissions goals by 2050. Outreach and education, methodology development for C offset registries, improved access to materials and supplies, and improved research networks are needed to accelerate the rate of SCS practice implementation. Herein, we present an argument for the immediate adoption of SCS practices in working lands and recommendations for improved implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Almaraz
- Institute of the Environment, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - F Garrett Boudinot
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | | | - Nina Bingham
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sat Darshan S Khalsa
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Steven Ostoja
- Institute of the Environment, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- USDA California Climate Hub, Agricultural Research Service, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kate Scow
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Andrew Jones
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Iris Holzer
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Erin Manaigo
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Emily Geoghegan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Heath Goertzen
- Institute of the Environment, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Whendee L Silver
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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Galvis DA, Jaimes-Suárez YY, Rojas Molina J, Ruiz R, Carvalho FEL. Cadmium up Taking and Allocation in Wood Species Associated to Cacao Agroforestry Systems and Its Potential Role for Phytoextraction. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:2930. [PMID: 37631142 PMCID: PMC10459764 DOI: 10.3390/plants12162930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Trees in cacao Agroforestry systems (AFS) may present a high potential for cadmium (Cd) phytoextraction, helping to reduce Cd in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) plants grown in contaminated soils. To assess this potential, four forest fine-woody species commonly found in cacao high-productive sites in Colombia (Tabebuia rosea, Terminalia superba, Albizia guachapele, and Cariniana pyriformis) were exposed to contrasting CdCl2 contamination levels (0, 6, and 12 ppm) on a hydroponic medium. Growth dynamics, tolerance index (TI), and Cd concentration and allocation in leaves, stems, and roots were evaluated for up to 90 days after initial exposure. T. superba, A. guachapele, and C. pyriformis were classified as moderately tolerant (TI > 0.6), and T. rosea was considered a sensitive species (TI < 0.35) under 12 ppm Cd contamination. Despite showing a high stem Cd concentration, C. pyriformis also showed the lowest relative growth rate. Among the evaluated forest species, A. guachapele exhibited the highest Cd accumulation capacity per plant (2.02 mg plant-1) but also exhibited a higher Cd allocation to leaves (4%) and a strong decrease in leaf and stem dry mass after 90 days of exposure (~75% and 50% respectively, compared to control treatments). Taking together all the favorable features exhibited by T. superba as compared to other CAFS tree species and recognized phytoextractor tree species in the literature, such as Cd hyperaccumulation, high tolerance index, low Cd concentration in leaves, and high Cd allocation to the stem (harvestable as wood), this species is considered to have a high potential for cadmium phytoextraction in cocoa agroforestry systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald A. Galvis
- Centro de Investigación La Suiza, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (Agrosavia), Rionegro 250047, Santander, Colombia
- Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Yeirme Y. Jaimes-Suárez
- Centro de Investigación La Suiza, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (Agrosavia), Rionegro 250047, Santander, Colombia
| | - Jairo Rojas Molina
- Centro de Investigación La Suiza, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (Agrosavia), Rionegro 250047, Santander, Colombia
| | - Rosalba Ruiz
- Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Fabricio Eulalio Leite Carvalho
- Centro de Investigación La Suiza, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (Agrosavia), Rionegro 250047, Santander, Colombia
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Mortier E, Mounier A, Kreplak J, Martin-Laurent F, Recorbet G, Lamotte O. Evidence that a common arbuscular mycorrhizal network alleviates phosphate shortage in interconnected walnut sapling and maize plants. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1206047. [PMID: 37636112 PMCID: PMC10448772 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1206047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Under agroforestry practices, inter-specific facilitation between tree rows and cultivated alleys occurs when plants increase the growth of their neighbors especially under nutrient limitation. Owing to a coarse root architecture limiting soil inorganic phosphate (Pi) uptake, walnut trees (Juglans spp.) exhibit dependency on soil-borne symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi that extend extra-radical hyphae beyond the root Pi depletion zone. To investigate the benefits of mycorrhizal walnuts in alley cropping, we experimentally simulated an agroforestry system in which walnut rootstocks RX1 (J. regia x J. microcarpa) were connected or not by a common mycelial network (CMN) to maize plants grown under two contrasting Pi levels. Mycorrhizal colonization parameters showed that the inoculum reservoir formed by inoculated walnut donor saplings allowed the mycorrhization of maize recipient roots. Relative to non-mycorrhizal plants and whatever the Pi supply, CMN enabled walnut saplings to access maize Pi fertilization residues according to significant increases in biomass, stem diameter, and expression of JrPHT1;1 and JrPHT1;2, two mycorrhiza-inducible phosphate transporter candidates here identified by phylogenic inference of orthologs. In the lowest Pi supply, stem height, leaf Pi concentration, and biomass of RX1 were significantly higher than in non-mycorrhizal controls, showing that mycorrhizal connections between walnut and maize roots alleviated Pi deficiency in the mycorrhizal RX1 donor plant. Under Pi limitation, maize recipient plants also benefited from mycorrhization relative to controls, as inferred from larger stem diameter and height, biomass, leaf number, N content, and Pi concentration. Mycorrhization-induced Pi uptake generated a higher carbon cost for donor walnut plants than for maize plants by increasing walnut plant photosynthesis to provide the AM fungus with carbon assimilate. Here, we show that CMN alleviates Pi deficiency in co-cultivated walnut and maize plants, and may therefore contribute to limit the use of chemical P fertilizers in agroforestry systems.
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Avelino J, Gagliardi S, Perfecto I, Isaac ME, Liebig T, Vandermeer J, Merle I, Hajian-Forooshani Z, Motisi N. Tree Effects on Coffee Leaf Rust at Field and Landscape Scales. Plant Dis 2023; 107:247-261. [PMID: 35698251 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-21-1804-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although integrating trees into agricultural systems (i.e., agroforestry systems) provides many valuable ecosystem services, the trees can also interact with plant diseases. We demonstrate that a detailed understanding of how plant diseases interact with trees in agroforestry systems is necessary to identify key tree canopy characteristics, leaf traits, spatial arrangements, and management options that can help control plant diseases at different spatial scales. We focus our analysis on how trees affect coffee leaf rust, a major disease affecting one of the world's most significant crop commodities. We show that trees can both promote and discourage the development of coffee leaf rust at the plot scale via microclimate modifications in the understory. Based on our understanding of the role of tree characteristics in shaping the microclimate, we identify several canopy characteristics and leaf traits that can help manage coffee leaf rust at the plot scale: namely, thin canopies with high openness, short base height, horizontal branching, and small, dentate leaves. In contrast, at the edge of coffee farms, having large trees with high canopy volume and small, thick, waxy leaves is more useful to reduce throughflow wind speeds and intercept the airborne dispersal of urediniospores, an important consideration to control disease at the landscape scale. Seasonal pruning can help shape trees into the desired form, and trees can be spatially arranged to optimize desired effects. This case study demonstrates the added value of combining process-based epidemiology studies with functional trait ecology to improve disease management in agroforestry systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Avelino
- CIRAD, UMR PHIM, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Ivette Perfecto
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, U.S.A
| | - Marney E Isaac
- University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Theresa Liebig
- Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT, CGIAR FOCUS Climate Security, 00054 Rome, Italy
| | - John Vandermeer
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, U.S.A
| | - Isabelle Merle
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Natacha Motisi
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR PHIM, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
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Audi L, Shallow G, Robertson E, Bobo D, Ragone D, Gardner EM, Jhurree-Dussoruth B, Wajer J, Zerega NJC. Linking breadfruit cultivar names across the globe connects histories after 230 years of separation. Curr Biol 2023; 33:287-297.e3. [PMID: 36608689 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Every crop has a story. The story of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), an increasingly valued staple crop in tropical agroforestry systems, is filled with intrigue, oppression, and remains incomplete. The Caribbean is a major producer and consumer of breadfruit, yet most breadfruit there came from a single 1793 introduction aimed at providing a cheap food source for slaves forced to work on British plantations. St. Vincent was the first significant point of Caribbean introduction and played a vital role in subsequent breadfruit distribution throughout the region. Hundreds of cultivars are documented in breadfruit's native Oceania. It remains a mystery, however, which ones were introduced to the Caribbean 230 years ago-still comprising the vast diversity found there today. Integrating local knowledge, historical documents and specimens, morphological data, and DNA, we identify eight major global breadfruit lineages-five of which are found in the Caribbean and likely represent the original 1793 introduction. Genetic data were able to match two Caribbean cultivar names confidently to their Oceania counterparts. Genetics and morphology together enabled additional possible matches. Many other named cultivars within lineages are too genetically similar to differentiate, highlighting difficulties of defining and identifying variation among clonally propagated triploid crops. Breadfruit is important in resilient agroforestry in tropical islands predicted to be especially affected by climate change. Findings reveal global links, building upon collective knowledge that can be used to inform breadfruit management. Results are also summarized in a brochure about breadfruit history and diversity in St. Vincent, and the Caribbean more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Audi
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL 60022, USA; Program in Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, USA; Institute for Comparative Genomics. American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Gordon Shallow
- St. Vincent Botanical Garden, Kingstown 5Q8C+4W2, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; The Ministry of Tourism, National Parks, Rivers and Beaches Authority, Kingstown 5Q6C+F6R, St. Vincent and the Grenadines
| | - Erasto Robertson
- The Ministry of Tourism, National Parks, Rivers and Beaches Authority, Kingstown 5Q6C+F6R, St. Vincent and the Grenadines
| | - Dean Bobo
- Institute for Comparative Genomics. American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA; The Department of Ecology Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Diane Ragone
- Breadfruit Institute, National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kalaheo, HI 96765, USA
| | - Elliot M Gardner
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33133, USA; National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kalaheo, HI 96765, USA
| | | | - Jacek Wajer
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Nyree J C Zerega
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL 60022, USA; Program in Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.
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Rehman B, Javed J, Rauf M, Khan SA, Arif M, Hamayun M, Gul H, Khilji SA, Sajid ZA, Kim WC, Lee IJ. ACC deaminase-producing endophytic fungal consortia promotes drought stress tolerance in M.oleifera by mitigating ethylene and H 2O 2. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:967672. [PMID: 36618664 PMCID: PMC9814162 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.967672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drought has become more prevalent due to dramatic climate change worldwide. Consequently, the most compatible fungal communities collaborate to boost plant development and ecophysiological responses under environmental constraints. However, little is known about the specific interactions between non-host plants and endophytic fungal symbionts that produce growth-promoting and stress-alleviating hormones during water deficits. METHODS The current research was rationalized and aimed at exploring the influence of the newly isolated, drought-resistant, ACC deaminase enzyme-producing endophytic fungi Trichoderma gamsii (TP), Fusarium proliferatum (TR), and its consortium (TP+TR) from a xerophytic plant Carthamus oxycantha L. on Moringa oleifera L. grown under water deficit induced by PEG-8000 (8% osmoticum solution). RESULTS The current findings revealed that the co-inoculation promoted a significant enhancement in growth traits such as dry weight (217%), fresh weight (123%), root length (65%), shoot length (53%), carotenoids (87%), and chlorophyll content (76%) in comparison to control plants under water deficit. Total soluble sugars (0.56%), proteins (132%), lipids (43%), flavonoids (52%), phenols (34%), proline (55%), GA3 (86%), IAA (35%), AsA (170%), SA (87%), were also induced, while H2O2 (-45%), ABA (-60%) and ACC level (-77%) was decreased by co-inoculation of TP and TR in M. oleifera plants, compared with the non-inoculated plants under water deficit. The co-inoculum (TP+TR) also induced the antioxidant potential and enzyme activities POX (325%), CAT activity (166%), and AsA (21%), along with a lesser decrease (-2%) in water potential in M. oleifera plants with co-inoculation under water deficit compared with non-inoculated control. The molecular analysis for gene expression unraveled the reduced expression of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling-related genes up to an optimal level, with an induction of antioxidant enzymatic genes by endophytic co-inoculation in M. oleifera plants under water deficit, suggesting their role in drought stress tolerance as an essential regulatory function. CONCLUSION The finding may alert scientists to consider the impacts of optimal reduction of ethylene and induction of antioxidant potential on drought stress tolerance in M. oleifera. Hence, the present study supports the use of compatible endophytic fungi to build a bipartite mutualistic symbiosis in M. oleifera non-host plants to mitigate the negative impacts of water scarcity in arid regions throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Rehman
- Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Javeria Javed
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Mamoona Rauf
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Sumera Afzal Khan
- Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hamayun
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Humaira Gul
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Sheza Ayaz Khilji
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Township, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Won-Chan Kim
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Jung Lee
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Chen D, Xiong K, Zhang J. Progress on the Integrity Protection in the Natural World Heritage Site and Agroforestry Development in the Buffer Zone: An Implications for the World Heritage Karst. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:16876. [PMID: 36554755 PMCID: PMC9779685 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the face of increasing development pressure, how to fulfill the obligations under the World Cultural and Natural Heritage Convention and maintain the integrity of the Natural World Heritage Site (NWHS) is a major problem to be solved at present. Agroforestry (AF) development in the buffer zone maintains the integrity of NWHS and promotes sustainable ecological and economic development in the buffer zone. Still, few studies on the knowledge system of integrity protection of NWHS and AF development in the buffer zone research have been conducted. To fill this gap, this study conducts a systematic literature review based on 128 related articles retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) database and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database. Firstly, quantitative studies were conducted to analyze the annual numbers, content and study regions of the published literature. Secondly, the main research progress and achievements of integrity protection of WNHS and AF development in the buffer zone are classified and summarized. On this basis, this paper proposed key scientific issues that remain to be addressed in future, as well as exploring the implications for the World Heritage (WH) karst. This study is a scientific reference for the balanced development of NWHS integrity protection and AF in the buffer zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chen
- School of Karst Science, State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Kangning Xiong
- School of Karst Science, State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- School of Karst Science, State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
- School of Management Science, Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, Guiyang 550025, China
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Thomas A, Marron N, Bonal D, Piutti S, Dallé E, Priault P. Leaf and tree water-use efficiencies of Populus deltoides × P. nigra in mixed forest and agroforestry plantations. Tree Physiol 2022; 42:2432-2445. [PMID: 35870129 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In a global context where water will become a scarce resource under temperate latitudes, managing tree plantations with species associations, i.e., forest mixture or agroforestry, could play a major role in optimizing the sustainable use of this resource. Conceptual frameworks in community ecology suggest that, in mixed plantations, environmental resources such as water may be more efficiently used for carbon acquisition and tree growth thanks to niche complementarity among species. To test the hypotheses behind these conceptual frameworks, we estimated water-use efficiency (WUE) for poplar trees grown in a monoculture, in association with alder trees (forest mixture) and in association with clover leys (agroforestry) in an experimental plantation located in northeastern France. Water-use efficiency was estimated (i) at leaf level through gas exchange measurements and analysis of carbon isotope composition, (ii) at wood level through carbon isotope composition and (iii) at tree level with sap flow sensors and growth increment data. We hypothesized that species interactions would increase WUE of poplars in mixtures due to a reduction in competition and/or facilitation effects due to the presence of the N2-fixing species in mixtures. Poplar trees in both mixture types showed higher WUE than those in the monoculture. The differences we found in WUE between the monoculture and the agroforestry treatment were associated to differences in stomatal conductance and light-saturated net CO2 assimilation rate (at the leaf level) and transpiration (at the tree level), while the differences between the monoculture and the forest mixture were more likely due to differences in stomatal conductance at the leaf level and both transpiration and biomass accumulation at the tree level. Moreover, the more WUE was integrated in time (instantaneous gas exchanges < leaf life span < seasonal wood core < whole tree), the more the differences among treatments were marked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Thomas
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Nicolas Marron
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Damien Bonal
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Séverine Piutti
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), 54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Erwin Dallé
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Pierrick Priault
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, 54000 Nancy, France
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Antora SA, Ho KV, Lin CH, Thomas AL, Lovell ST, Krishnaswamy K. Quantification of Vitamins, Minerals, and Amino Acids in Black Walnut ( Juglans nigra). Front Nutr 2022; 9:936189. [PMID: 35967790 PMCID: PMC9363771 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.936189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper aims to quantify the micronutrients in black walnut and address its human health benefits. The metabolic profiling of 11 black walnut cultivars was accomplished using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometer. Results revealed that the highest concentration of vitamin B9 was present in cultivar “Daniel” (avg. relative signal intensity 229.53 × 104 mAU). “Surprise” and “Daniel” cultivars had the highest amount of vitamin B5. However, vitamin A, D3, E, and K showed no significant difference among the cultivars. The vitamin content levels among the cultivars were compared by applying one way ANOVA method with (P < 0.05) significance level. Mineral analysis for the black walnut kernel, Persian walnut, and black walnut protein powder was done using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission spectroscopy. The experimental data for black walnut kernel is 0.04 mg/g for Fe and 0.03 mg/g for Zn, and for black walnut, protein powder is 0.07 mg/g for Fe and 0.07 mg/g for Zn. The amino acid analysis and comparison with black walnut kernel show that black walnut flour and protein powder have a higher amount of essential and non-essential amino acids. Therefore, researchers, food process engineers, and food product developers should consider the health benefits of black walnuts and explore the commercial potential of this native agroforestry crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Akter Antora
- Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Khanh-Van Ho
- Center for Agroforestry, School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Molecular Imaging and Theranostics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Department of Food Technology, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Chung-Ho Lin
- Center for Agroforestry, School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Andrew L Thomas
- Division of Plant Sciences, Southwest Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Sarah T Lovell
- Center for Agroforestry, School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Kiruba Krishnaswamy
- Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Division of Food, Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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Rurangwa ML, Niyigaba P, Tobias JA, Whittaker RJ. Functional and phylogenetic diversity of an agricultural matrix avifauna: The role of habitat heterogeneity in Afrotropical farmland. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9024. [PMID: 35822114 PMCID: PMC9259849 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Varied strategies to alleviate the loss of farmland biodiversity have been tested, yet there is still insufficient evidence supporting their effectiveness, especially when considering phylogenetic and functional diversity alongside traditional taxonomic diversity metrics. This conservation challenge is accentuated in the Afrotropics by the rapid agricultural expansion and intensification for the production of cash crops and by a comparative lack of research. In this study, we assessed how farming practices influence avian phylogenetic and functional diversity. We conducted point-count surveys to assess avian diversity in monocultures of tea and mixed crop farming systems surrounding the Nyungwe rainforest in south-west Rwanda, allowing us to investigate the drivers of avian diversity at farm level. Species composition was found to be moderately different between farm types, with mixed crop farms supporting higher phylogenetic diversity than tea plantations. There were no significant seasonal differences in species composition, functional or phylogenetic diversity. Overall, functional diversity did not differ between farm types, but the dispersion of trophic-related traits was significantly higher in mixed crop farms. Both functional and phylogenetic diversity were influenced by floristic diversity, vegetation height, tree number, and elevation to varying degrees. Our results also (i) highlight the role of farmland heterogeneity (e.g., crop species composition, height, and tree cover extent) in encouraging avian functional and phylogenetic diversity in the Afrotropics and (ii) indicate that the generally negative biodiversity impacts of monoculture agriculture can be partially alleviated by extensive agroforestry with an emphasis on indigenous tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph A Tobias
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Berks UK
| | - Robert J Whittaker
- School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Oxford UK.,Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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11
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Ortuño J, Traynor T, Campbell M, Theodoridou K. Using attenuated-total-reflection Fourier-transformed spectroscopy to reveal molecular structural differences among willow (Salix spp.) foliage cultivars in relation to their potential as fodders. J Sci Food Agric 2022; 102:3237-3249. [PMID: 34796978 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Willow trees represent a suitable species for the development of agroforestry systems, integrating bioenergy and animal feed production. However, there is a lack of information regarding the suitability of leaves and stems, considered a bioenergy by-product, as animal feed. The aim of this study was the employment of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (550-4000 cm-1 ) to investigate differences in the nutrient molecular structure profile of leaves and stems of selected willow cultivars to understand their utility for ruminant nutrition. RESULTS Univariate analysis of variance of leaves showed lower intensities of cellulosic compounds and higher of protein in comparison with stems, which suggests higher leaf dry matter and protein digestibility. Spectral analyses revealed differences in both plant parts between Salix cv. Terra Nova and Salix cv. Beagle, cv. Resolution, and cv. Olof. The higher α-helix to β-sheet ratio, which is related to a higher protein digestibility, was in correlation with the lower content of condensed tannins. Principal component and agglomerative hierarchical cluster analyses showed significant discrimination among willow cultivars in the cellulosic, structural carbohydrate, and amide regions, whereas differences were less evident for total carbohydrate and lipid-related regions. CONCLUSION The application of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared molecular spectroscopy is an effective tool to rapidly identify spectral features related to the nutritional composition of willow foliage and to discriminate between cultivars and parts of the plant. This information would be useful to optimize the use of willow fodders in agroforestry systems. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Ortuño
- Queen's University Belfast, Institute for Global Food Security, Belfast, UK
| | - Thomas Traynor
- Queen's University Belfast, Institute for Global Food Security, Belfast, UK
| | - Mairead Campbell
- Queen's University Belfast, Institute for Global Food Security, Belfast, UK
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12
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Las Casas G, Ciaccia C, Iovino V, Ferlito F, Torrisi B, Lodolini EM, Giuffrida A, Catania R, Nicolosi E, Bella S. Effects of Different Inter-Row Soil Management and Intra-Row Living Mulch on Spontaneous Flora, Beneficial Insects, and Growth of Young Olive Trees in Southern Italy. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11040545. [PMID: 35214877 PMCID: PMC8874694 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Conservation agriculture (i.e., minimized soil disturbance and permanent soil covering) and living mulches represent two agroecological practices that can improve soil fertility, spontaneous flora, and beneficial insect communities. This research studied the effect of these practices in a young olive orchard in the Mediterranean area. Two Sicilian olive cultivars ('Nocellara del Belice' and 'Nocellara etnea') were used for the field experiment; inter-row minimum and zero tillage and four species of aromatic plants as living mulch along the row were tested. Spontaneous flora and beneficial insect communities, as well as tree growth, were monitored. The inter-row management did not influence the spontaneous flora dynamics. The species adopted for living mulch showed a very different degree of development and soil cover; 69 insect species (pollinators and predators) belonging to five orders (Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Neuroptera, and Coleoptera) and 17 families were recorded. The growth of the olive trees was not affected by the conservative strategies.: In the inter-row, the growth of the spontaneous flora was limited by the high temperatures during the summer. Among the living mulch species, sage and lemongrass guaranteed an almost full soil cover, reducing the need for weed management along the row, as well as increasing the beneficial insects without influencing the young tree growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Las Casas
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA)—Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura, Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale, Italy; (G.L.C.); (V.I.); (B.T.); (A.G.); (R.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Corrado Ciaccia
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA)—Centro di Ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente, Via della Navicella 4, 00184 Roma, Italy;
| | - Valeria Iovino
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA)—Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura, Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale, Italy; (G.L.C.); (V.I.); (B.T.); (A.G.); (R.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Filippo Ferlito
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA)—Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura, Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale, Italy; (G.L.C.); (V.I.); (B.T.); (A.G.); (R.C.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence: (F.F.); (E.M.L.); Tel.: +39-09571-63111 (F.F.)
| | - Biagio Torrisi
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA)—Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura, Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale, Italy; (G.L.C.); (V.I.); (B.T.); (A.G.); (R.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Enrico Maria Lodolini
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA)—Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura, Via Fioranello 52, 00134 Roma, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.F.); (E.M.L.); Tel.: +39-09571-63111 (F.F.)
| | - Alessio Giuffrida
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA)—Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura, Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale, Italy; (G.L.C.); (V.I.); (B.T.); (A.G.); (R.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Roberto Catania
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA)—Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura, Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale, Italy; (G.L.C.); (V.I.); (B.T.); (A.G.); (R.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Elisabetta Nicolosi
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), Università di Catania, Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Bella
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA)—Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura, Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale, Italy; (G.L.C.); (V.I.); (B.T.); (A.G.); (R.C.); (S.B.)
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Dablin L, Lewis SL, Milliken W, Monro A, Lee MA. Browse from Three Tree Legumes Increases Forage Production for Cattle in a Silvopastoral System in the Southwest Amazon. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3585. [PMID: 34944360 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Unsustainable cattle ranching in the Amazon leads to land degradation and incentivizes deforestation. Planting trees in pastures (‘silvopasture’ or ‘silvopastoral systems’) is a novel approach that has the potential to increase the sustainability of cattle production in the Amazon. Trees provide additional feed whilst also enhancing biodiversity, capturing carbon and improving soil quality. We measured the potential contribution of tree forage to pasture-fed cattle at a trial farm in Peru. Three leguminous tree species (Erythrina berteroana, Inga edulis and Leucaena leucocephala) were planted with grass, and their productivity was compared to plots containing only grass. We compared destructive and non-destructive methodologies that estimated intake of tree forage by browsing cattle. We found that fresh tree foliage of the three tree species was palatable to cattle and could be directly browsed. Cattle mostly foraged below 1.6 m and consumed 99% of available foliage from E. berteroana, 75% of available forage from I. edulis and 80% of available forage from L. leucocephala. Plots containing trees and grass produced more forage biomass (mean > 2.2 Mg ha−1) than grass only plots (mean = 1.5 Mg ha−1). This research highlights the potential for sustainable intensification of livestock production in the Amazon. Abstract Assessing the palatability of forage from locally adapted trees could improve the sustainability of livestock production systems. However, grasses continue to dominate livestock feed across the Amazon. We established a silvopastoral cattle farming system in Peru, comparing three different forage tree species with grass monocultures using a randomised block design. Trees were arranged in alleys of 0.5 × 7.5 m, planted alongside grass, and were directly browsed by cattle. Browse removal was estimated by three methods: destructive sampling, canopy measurements and leaf counts. We found that all three tree species were palatable to cattle. Plots containing trees and grass produced more available forage (mean > 2.2 Mg ha−1) for cattle than the grass monocultures (mean = 1.5 Mg ha−1). Destructive sampling below 1.6 m demonstrated that cattle consumed 99% of the available Erythrina berteroana forage, 75% of the available Inga edulis forage and 80% of the available Leucaena leucocephala forage in 8 days. This research demonstrates methodologies to estimate the intake of locally adapted browse species by cattle and highlights the potential benefits of silvopastoral systems in the Amazon. Planting trees could also benefit animal health and provide ecosystem services such as soil regeneration, enhanced nutrient cycling and carbon capture.
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Richards JH. Assessing the strength of climate and land-use influences on montane epiphyte communities. Conserv Biol 2021; 35:1496-1506. [PMID: 33294988 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Epiphytes, air plants that are structurally dependent on trees, are a keystone group in tropical forests; they support the food and habitat needs of animals and influence water and nutrient cycles. They reach peak diversity in humid montane forests. Climate predictions for Central American mountains include increased temperatures, altered precipitation seasonality, and increased cloud base heights, all of which may challenge epiphytes. Although remaining montane forests are highly fragmented, many tropical agricultural systems include trees that host epiphytes, allowing epiphyte communities to persist even in landscapes with lower forest connectivity. I used structural equations models to test the relative effects of climate, land use, tree characteristics, and biotic interactions on vascular epiphyte diversity with data from 31 shade coffee farms and 2 protected forests in northern Nicaragua. I also tested substrate preferences of common species with randomization tests. Tree size, tree diversity, and climate all affected epiphyte richness, but the effect of climate was almost entirely mediated by bryophyte cover. Bryophytes showed strong sensitivity to mean annual temperature and insolation. Many ferns and some orchids were positively associated with bryophyte mats, whereas bromeliads tended to establish among lichen or on bare bark. The tight relationships between bryophytes and climate and between bryophytes and vascular epiphytes indicated that relatively small climate changes could result in rapid, cascading losses of montane epiphyte communities. Currently, shade coffee farms can support high bryophyte cover and diverse vascular epiphyte assemblages when larger, older trees are present. Agroforests serve as valuable reservoirs for epiphyte biodiversity and may be important early-warning systems as the climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine H Richards
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, U.S.A
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Beillouin D, Ben-Ari T, Malézieux E, Seufert V, Makowski D. Positive but variable effects of crop diversification on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:4697-4710. [PMID: 34114719 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Ecological theory suggests that biodiversity has a positive and stabilizing effect on the delivery of ecosystem services. Yet, the impacts of increasing the diversity of cultivated crop species or varieties in agroecosystems are still under scrutiny. The available empirical evidence is scattered in scope, agronomic and geographic contexts, and impacts on ecosystem services may depend on the type of diversification strategy used. To robustly assess the effects of crop diversification in agroecosystems, we compiled the results of 95 meta-analyses integrating 5156 experiments conducted over 84 experimental years and representing more than 54,500 paired observations on 120 crop species in 85 countries. Overall, our synthesis of experimental data from across the globe shows that crop diversification enhances not only crop production (median effect +14%) but also the associated biodiversity (+24%, i.e., the biodiversity of non-cultivated plants and animals), and several supporting and regulating ecosystem services including water quality (+51%), pest and disease control (+63%) and soil quality (+11%). However, there was substantial variability in the results for each individual ecosystem service between different diversification strategies such as agroforestry, intercropping, cover crops, crop rotation or variety mixtures. Agroforestry is particularly effective in delivering multiple ecosystem services, that is, water regulation and quality, pest and diseases regulation, associated biodiversity, long-term soil productivity and quality. Variety mixtures, instead, provide the lowest benefits, whereas the other strategies show intermediate results. Our results highlight that while increasing the diversity of cultivated crop species or varieties in agroecosystems represents a very promising strategy for more sustainable land management, contributing to enhanced yields, enhanced biodiversity and ecosystem services, some crop diversification strategies are more effective than others in supporting key ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Beillouin
- CIRAD, UPR HORTSYS, Montpellier, France
- HortSys, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Tamara Ben-Ari
- UMR 211, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
- Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES), Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Eric Malézieux
- CIRAD, UPR HORTSYS, Montpellier, France
- HortSys, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Verena Seufert
- Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Makowski
- UMR MIA 518, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
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Chaiya L, Gavinlertvatana P, Teaumroong N, Pathom-aree W, Chaiyasen A, Sungthong R, Lumyong S. Enhancing Teak ( Tectona grandis) Seedling Growth by Rhizosphere Microbes: A Sustainable Way to Optimize Agroforestry. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091990. [PMID: 34576884 PMCID: PMC8465541 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With its premium wood quality and resistance to pests, teak is a valuable tree species remarkably required for timber trading and agroforestry. The nursery stage of teak plantation needs critical care to warrant its long-term productivity. This study aimed to search for beneficial teak rhizosphere microbes and assess their teak-growth-promoting potentials during nursery stock preparation. Three teak rhizosphere/root-associated microbes, including two teak rhizobacteria (a nitrogen-fixing teak root endophyte-Agrobacterium sp. CGC-5 and a teak rhizosphere actinobacterium-Kitasatospora sp. TCM1-050) and an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Claroideoglomus sp. PBT03), were isolated and used in this study. Both teak rhizobacteria could produce in vitro phytohormones (auxins) and catalase. With the pot-scale assessments, applying these rhizosphere microbes in the form of consortia offered better teak-growth-promoting activities than the individual applications, supported by significantly increased teak seedling biomass. Moreover, teak-growth-promoting roles of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus were highly dependent upon the support by other teak rhizobacteria. Based on our findings, establishing the synergistic interactions between beneficial rhizosphere microbes and teak roots was a promising sustainable strategy to enhance teak growth and development at the nursery stage and reduce chemical inputs in agroforestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leardwiriyakool Chaiya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (L.C.); (W.P.-a.)
| | | | - Neung Teaumroong
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand;
| | - Wasu Pathom-aree
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (L.C.); (W.P.-a.)
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Amornrat Chaiyasen
- Soil Science Research Group, Agricultural Production Science Research and Development Division, Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Rungroch Sungthong
- Laboratory of Hydrology and Geochemistry of Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, UMR 7517 CNRS/EOST, 67084 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (L.C.); (W.P.-a.)
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (S.L.)
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Toledo-Hernández M, Lander TA, Bao C, Xie K, Atta-Boateng A, Wanger TC. Genome-edited tree crops: mind the socioeconomic implementation gap. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:972-975. [PMID: 34503839 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The discussion about CRISPR/Cas genome editing is focused mostly on technical aspects to improve productivity and climate resilience in major tree crops such as cocoa, coffee, and citrus. We suggest a solution to the largely ignored socioeconomic impacts for farmers, when new genome-edited varieties are introduced from the laboratory to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Toledo-Hernández
- Sustainability, Agriculture, and Technology Laboratory, School of Engineering, Westlake University, China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Zhejiang Province, China; Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Zhejiang Province, China; Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Germany; GlobalAgroforestryNetwork.org, China.
| | | | - Chen Bao
- Sustainability, Agriculture, and Technology Laboratory, School of Engineering, Westlake University, China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Zhejiang Province, China; Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kabin Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Thomas Cherico Wanger
- Sustainability, Agriculture, and Technology Laboratory, School of Engineering, Westlake University, China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Zhejiang Province, China; Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Zhejiang Province, China; Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Germany; GlobalAgroforestryNetwork.org, China.
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Piato K, Subía C, Pico J, Calderón D, Norgrove L, Lefort F. Organic Farming Practices and Shade Trees Reduce Pest Infestations in Robusta Coffee Systems in Amazonia. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:413. [PMID: 33946556 DOI: 10.3390/life11050413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coffee agroforestry systems could reconcile agricultural and environmental objectives. While pests and diseases can reduce yield, their interactions with shade and nutrition have been rarely researched, and are particularly lacking in perennial systems. We hypothesized that intermediate shade levels could reduce coffee pests while excess shade could favor fungal diseases. We hypothesized that organic rather than mineral fertilization would better synchronize with nutrient uptake and higher nutrient inputs would be associated with reduced pest and disease damage due to higher plant vigor, yet effects would be less obvious in shaded plots as coffee growth would be light-limited. Using three-year-old trees of Coffea canephora var. Robusta (robusta coffee) in the Ecuadorian Amazon, we compared a full-sun system with four shading methods creating different shade levels: (1) Myroxylon balsamum; (2) Inga edulis; (3) Erythrina spp.; or, (4) Erythrina spp. plus Myroxylon balsamum. Conventional farming at either (1) moderate or (2) intensified input and organic farming at (3) low or (4) intensified input were compared in a split-plot design with shade as the main plot factor and farming practice as the sub-plot factor. The infestation of the following pests and disease incidences were evaluated monthly during the dry season: brown twig beetle (Xylosandrus morigerus), coffee leaf miner (Leucoptera coffeella), coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei), anthracnose disease (Colletotrichum spp.), thread blight (Pellicularia koleroga), and cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora coffeicola). Coffee berry borer and brown twig beetle infestation were both reduced by 7% in intensified organic treatments compared to intensified conventional treatments. Colonization of coffee berry borer holes in coffee berries by the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana was also assessed. Brown twig beetle infestation was significantly higher under full sun than under Inga edulis, yet no other shade effects were detected. We demonstrate for the first time how intensified input use might promote pest populations and thus ultimately lead to robusta coffee yield losses.
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Wolske E, Chatham L, Juvik J, Branham B. Berry Quality and Anthocyanin Content of 'Consort' Black Currants Grown under Artificial Shade. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10040766. [PMID: 33919695 PMCID: PMC8069785 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The effect of artificial shade on berry quality parameters for the field-grown black currant cultivar ‘Consort’ were investigated over two growing seasons in Urbana, Illinois. Four shade treatments reduced photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) from 37 to 83%. Shade had no effect on soluble solids in up to 65% PAR reduction but decreased 11% in 83% shade in one of two years. Shade increased titratable acidity up to 23% in both years. The effect of shade on anthocyanin content revealed greater variation between years than treatments. Shade influence on anthocyanin content was only observed in 2017, when cyanidin derivatives decreased 13–14% from open-sun to 83% shade. Shade did not affect delphinidin derivatives in either year. Environmental factors other than artificial shade may impact black currant berry quality in an understory environment. The results of our study indicate that black currants can maintain berry quality with PAR reductions up to 65%, but some berry quality parameters may decrease when PAR reductions exceed 65% of full sun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Wolske
- Department of Crop Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (E.W.); (J.J.)
| | - Laura Chatham
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - John Juvik
- Department of Crop Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (E.W.); (J.J.)
| | - Bruce Branham
- Department of Crop Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (E.W.); (J.J.)
- Correspondence:
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Yousaf MTB, Nawaz MF, Zia Ur Rehman M, Gul S, Yasin G, Rizwan M, Ali S. Effect of three different types of biochars on eco-physiological response of important agroforestry tree species under salt stress. Int J Phytoremediation 2021; 23:1412-1422. [PMID: 33765404 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2021.1901849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil reclamation through afforestation along with soil amendments is one of the most suitable practices to combat soil salinity while the use of biochar may have potential to ameliorate salt-affected soils. This study was designed to check effects of different biochars on the physico-chemical properties of soil and characteristics of three important agroforestry trees species: Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Vachellia nilotica and Dalbergia sissoo, in saline soils. Farmyard manure biochar (FYMB), sugarcane bagasse biochar (SCB), woodchips biochar (WCB) were applied (6% w/w) to check their effects on plants under saline conditions. Results revealed that FYMB was the best for promoting all growth and physiological parameters of three tree species while E. camaldulensis was the best suited species. Different types of biochars influenced the growth of agroforestry species differently as SCB showed better results for D. sissoo as compared to WCB but for V. nilotica and WCB was more effective than SCB. Trend of growth and other physiological attributes for E. camaldulensis and V. nilotica was FYMB > WCB > SCB > control whereas D. sissoo showed trend as FYMB > SCB > WCB > control. Biochar was helpful in improving physicochemical characteristics of saline soils by lowering values of soil EC and SAR but type of biochar has a differential effect on tree growth.Novelty statement: Biochar may be a potential source for the amelioration of salt affected soils while less is known about the effects of different types of biochars on the soil and eco-physiological response of important agroforestry trees species in saline soils. In this study, although all types of biochar ameliorated the soil conditions and enhanced the plant growth, but farmyard manure biochar was the most efficient treatment among three types of used biochars.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Farrakh Nawaz
- Department of Forestry and Range Management, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zia Ur Rehman
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadaf Gul
- Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Yasin
- Department of Forestry and Range Management, Bahauddin Zakariya, University Multan, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Hands M. The search for a sustainable alternative to slash-and-burn agriculture in the World's rain forests: the Guama Model and its implementation. R Soc Open Sci 2021; 8:201204. [PMID: 33972850 PMCID: PMC8074668 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.201204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This account describes the context, history and outcomes of a series of studies into the ecology of slash-and-burn (S-B) agriculture in the world's humid tropics. These studies, which began in the mid-1980s, identified promising lines of research and continued to field trials, in Central America, of candidate agricultural systems as possible sustainable alternatives to the practice. The only system to emerge from 7 years' comparative trial with any promise of sustainability, in this context, was the agroforestry technique known as alley-cropping; but only with trees of the genus Inga. Inga alley-cropping then underwent field trials with subsistence farming families in northern Honduras. The system was aimed at the twin objectives of achieving food security in basic grains, on minimal inputs, and of providing the means of eliminating further S-B in the region. Since then, Inga alley-cropping has become the heart of a sustainable and integrated rural livelihood model (the Guama Model) which is being implemented successfully in northern Honduras with some 300 families. These families had been attempting to subsist on a few hectares of land degraded by decades or centuries of S-B. The development of Inga alley-cropping, supplemented by rock phosphate and other mineral supplements, as a sustainable subsistence and cash crop alternative means that land previously being held in reserve for subsequent S-B operations can now be planted to permanent forms of agroforestry. Entire landscapes can be re-greened by productive agroforest vegetation. Achieving this at scale will require the investment of huge extension effort and funds. However, the environmental, social and economic returns are also huge; and they are sustainable. In this programme,we are seeing the vitality and goodwill of hundreds of families focussed on the raising, planting and management of trees in ways that feed the living organisms of the soil and, hence, feed themselves. In so cheerfully planting out their own futures, they plant and reshape the future of their own country. Replicating this at scale, as Rattan Lal outlines below, could reshape the future of this planet. In the mid-1980s, progress on sustainable alternatives to S-B, especially in rain forests, was frustrated by a lack of conclusiveness in the literature as to why soil fertility fails so rapidly post-burn; but also by a degree of contradiction on the impacts of the burn on certain plant nutrients. Hands (Hands 1988 The ecology of shifting cultivation. MSc thesis, University of Cambridge) concentrated on the role of soil phosphorus and attempted to resolve these contradictions. The Cambridge Alley-cropping Projects (1988-2002) continued this theme and threw light on the question of sustainable food production in rain forest environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hands
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK
- Inga Foundation, Higher Penhale, Lostwithiel, Cornwall PL22 0HY, UK
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Abstract
Demands for research to generate impact, along with proliferating institutional regimes for evaluating impact, are a ubiquitous aspect of contemporary scientific practice. Based on participant observation at an agro-environmental research institute in southwest China, this article explores three iterations of a tool for planning and evaluating impactful science called 'theory of change' (TOC). Despite their ostensible common grounding in TOC, I show how an impact scientist's framework, a donor's monitoring and evaluation regime, and a communication consultant's branding strategy each suggest very different normative structures for scientific practice. These structures entail: particular horizons towards which scientific research is to be practiced, precise points in time at which the future effects of research are to be anticipated, and specific assumptions about how scientists' agency should play out across time. Taking the peculiar sensibilities of TOC as a comparative framework, I illuminate IFF scientists' implicit imaginations of how contemporary science does and should generate effects in the world.
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Lauri PÉ. Tree architecture and functioning facing multispecies environments: We have gone only halfway in fruit-trees. Am J Bot 2021; 108:3-7. [PMID: 33434301 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Éric Lauri
- ABSys, Univ Montpellier, CIHEAM-IAMM, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
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Ballauff J, Zemp DC, Schneider D, Irawan B, Daniel R, Polle A. Legacy Effects Overshadow Tree Diversity Effects on Soil Fungal Communities in Oil Palm-Enrichment Plantations. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1577. [PMID: 33066264 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Financially profitable large-scale cultivation of oil palm monocultures in previously diverse tropical rain forest areas constitutes a major ecological crisis today. Not only is a large proportion of the aboveground diversity lost, but the belowground soil microbiome, which is important for the sustainability of soil function, is massively altered. Intermixing oil palms with native tree species promotes vegetation biodiversity and stand structural complexity in plantations, but the impact on soil fungi remains unknown. Here, we analyzed the diversity and community composition of soil fungi three years after tree diversity enrichment in an oil palm plantation in Sumatra (Indonesia). We tested the effects of tree diversity, stand structural complexity indices, and soil abiotic conditions on the diversity and community composition of soil fungi. We hypothesized that the enrichment experiment alters the taxonomic and functional community composition, promoting soil fungal diversity. Fungal community composition was affected by soil abiotic conditions (pH, N, and P), but not by tree diversity and stand structural complexity indices. These results suggest that intensive land use and abiotic filters are a legacy to fungal communities, overshadowing the structuring effects of the vegetation, at least in the initial years after enrichment plantings.
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Chapman M, Walker WS, Cook-Patton SC, Ellis PW, Farina M, Griscom BW, Baccini A. Large climate mitigation potential from adding trees to agricultural lands. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:4357-4365. [PMID: 32301542 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
While improved management of agricultural landscapes is promoted as a promising natural climate solution, available estimates of the mitigation potential are based on coarse assessments of both agricultural extent and aboveground carbon density. Here we combine 30 meter resolution global maps of aboveground woody carbon, tree cover, and cropland extent, as well as a 1 km resolution map of global pasture land, to estimate the current and potential carbon storage of trees in nonforested portions of agricultural lands. We find that global croplands currently store 3.07 Pg of carbon (C) in aboveground woody biomass (i.e., trees) and pasture lands account for an additional 3.86 Pg C across a combined 3.76 billion ha. We then estimate the climate mitigation potential of multiple scenarios of integration and avoided loss of trees in crop and pasture lands based on region-specific biomass distributions. We evaluate our findings in the context of nationally determined contributions and find that the majority of potential carbon storage from integration and avoided loss of trees in crop and pasture lands is in countries that do not identify agroforestry as a climate mitigation technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Chapman
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mary Farina
- Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA, USA
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Merle I, Pico J, Granados E, Boudrot A, Tixier P, Virginio Filho EDM, Cilas C, Avelino J. Unraveling the Complexity of Coffee Leaf Rust Behavior and Development in Different Coffea arabica Agroecosystems. Phytopathology 2020; 110:418-427. [PMID: 31502519 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-19-0094-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Crop health management systems can be designed according to practices that help to reduce crop losses by restricting pathogen development and promoting host plant growth. A good understanding of pathogen and host dynamics, which are interdependent, is therefore needed. In this article, we used a holistic approach to explain the behavior of coffee leaf rust (CLR), a major coffee disease. We monitored coffee plant and CLR dynamics simultaneously in plots under different disease management and agroforestry systems. Diseased leaves were also collected to characterize inoculum stock and rust life stages (latent rust area, area with uredospores, necrosis due to rust) through picture analysis. We used structural equation modeling to obtain an overview of CLR pathosystem functioning on a plant scale. This overview integrates processes such as disease dilution by host leaf renewal, direct and indirect effects of fruit load on CLR development, antagonistic effects of shading depending on rust life stages, the tonic effect of copper-based fungicides on leaf retention, and effects on rust life stages depending on fungicide types. From our results, we also deduced that the inoculum stock could be calculated in unsprayed plots from the rust area with uredospores, with uredospores at 58 × 103 cm-2, on average.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Merle
- Bioagresseurs, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UPR Bioagresseurs, 30501 Turrialba, Costa Rica
| | - Jimmy Pico
- INIAP, Estación experimental Joya de los Sachas 220350, Orellana, Ecuador
- CATIE, 7170, Cartago, Turrialba, 30501, Costa Rica
| | - Eduardo Granados
- Universidad de Costa Rica, sede del Atlántico, Turrialba, Costa Rica
| | - Audrey Boudrot
- Agrocampus Ouest, 65, rue de Saint Brieuc 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Tixier
- CIRAD, UPR GECO, F-34398 Montpellier, France, and GECO, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Christian Cilas
- Bioagresseurs, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UPR Bioagresseurs, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Avelino
- Bioagresseurs, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UPR Bioagresseurs, 30501 Turrialba, Costa Rica
- CATIE, 7170, Cartago, Turrialba, 30501, Costa Rica
- IICA AP. 55, 2200 Coronado, San Jose, Costa Rica
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Aguirre‐Morales CA, Thomas E, Cardozo CI, Gutiérrez J, Alcázar Caicedo C, Moscoso Higuita LG, Becerra López‐Lavalle LA, González MA. Genetic diversity of the rain tree ( Albizia saman) in Colombian seasonally dry tropical forest for informing conservation and restoration interventions. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:1905-1916. [PMID: 32128124 PMCID: PMC7042685 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Albizia saman is a multipurpose tree species of seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTFs) of Mesoamerica and northern South America typically cultivated in silvopastoral and other agroforestry systems around the world, a trend that is bound to increase in light of multimillion hectare commitments for forest and landscape restoration. The effective conservation and sustainable use of A. saman requires detailed knowledge of its genetic diversity across its native distribution range of which surprisingly little is known to date. We assessed the genetic diversity and structure of A.saman across twelve representative locations of SDTF in Colombia, and how they may have been shaped by past climatic changes and human influence. We found four different genetic groups which may be the result of differentiation due to isolation of populations in preglacial times. The current distribution and mixture of genetic groups across STDF fragments we observed might be the result of range expansion of SDTFs during the last glacial period followed by range contraction during the Holocene and human-influenced movement of germplasm associated with cattle ranching. Despite the fragmented state of the presumed natural A. saman stands we sampled, we did not find any signs of inbreeding, suggesting that gene flow is not jeopardized in humanized landscapes. However, further research is needed to assess potential deleterious effects of fragmentation on progeny. Climate change is not expected to seriously threaten the in situ persistence of A. saman populations and might present opportunities for future range expansion. However, the sourcing of germplasm for tree planting activities needs to be aligned with the genetic affinity of reference populations across the distribution of Colombian SDTFs. We identify priority source populations for in situ conservation based on their high genetic diversity, lack or limited signs of admixture, and/or genetic uniqueness.
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Abstract
Microbes play a vital role in ecosystem stability. Here, microbes-Acacia association is discussed with particular reference to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) which help in the establishment of crop-plants, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. The association helps to restore the structural composition of soil from the hazardous impact of agrochemicals, increase resistance against various pathogenic attack as well as several abiotic stresses. Further, a comparative account of microbes found in the rhizosphere of Acacia is illustrated. Among these, Rhizobia, Acetobacter, Bradyrhizobium, Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Trichoderma were described in detail. All these microbes can be regarded as Plant Growth Promoting Rhizospheric Microbes (PGPM), some of PGPM are Phosphate Solubilizing Microbe (PSM). Both of them help AMF for infecting mycorrhizal hyphae inside the plant cell. Overall, microbes can be used as biofertilizers along with other organic compounds, that can compensate for the nutrient's availability.
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Lu X, Chen Q, Cui X, Abozeid A, Liu Y, Liu J, Tang Z. Comparative metabolomics of two saline-alkali tolerant plants Suaeda glauca and Puccinellia tenuiflora based on GC-MS platform. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:499-502. [PMID: 31282217 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1633647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Suaeda glauca and Puccinellia tenuiflora are two important saline-alkali tolerant plants that can improve the soil properties. For exploring the different tolerance mechanisms between them, GC-MS-based metabolomics was used to comprehensively evaluate the primary metabolites differences, a total of 51 different metabolites were present in different quantities. The identified compounds were mainly 11 sugars, 7 amino acids, 5 alcohols and 18 organic acids; they play an important role in responding to the saline-alkali stress and distinguish between S. glauca and P. tenuiflora. All identified metabolites classes showed similar trend to largely accumulate in P. tenuiflora roots and S. glauca shoots, this reveals that the two plants used different physiological strategies to cope with saline-alkali stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Lu
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoyang Cui
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Ann Abozeid
- Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-koom, Egypt
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhonghua Tang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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Massaccesi L, Cartoni Mancinelli A, Mattioli S, De Feudis M, Castellini C, Dal Bosco A, Marongiu ML, Agnelli A. Geese Reared in Vineyard: Soil, Grass and Animals Interaction. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9040179. [PMID: 31010250 PMCID: PMC6523708 DOI: 10.3390/ani9040179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Agroforestry is a practice, which consists of having orchard, crops and animals in the same land. This system shows many sustainability advantages like reductions of land use, permitting to obtain two productions (vegetal and animal) in the same area. Moreover, if the animals are well managed, they exert a double action by fertilizing and weeding the soil. The agroforestry system here studied consists of an organic vineyard where geese at two densities (High Geese Density-HGD and Low Geese Density-LGD) were reared. In the organic vineyard, only Copper (Cu) treatment is allowed, like antifungal. The aim was to investigate the chemical and biochemical properties of the soil with geese and the impact of Cu on the soil and animal tissues. The main results showed that the presence of animals improves the efficiency of the microbial biomass mainly in the upper soil horizons. Moreover, the grazing activity of geese removes Cu from the soil with the grass intake and showed a moderate accumulation in the liver. However, no significant difference was present in the edible tissues (breast and drumstick) of the vineyard geese in respect to the control ones. Abstract Agroforestry systems aim at increasing the productivity and the environmental sustainability of both crop and animal productions. The integration of small animals such as geese in the vineyard could represent an opportunity to improve farm income and reduce land use for grazing. The main objective of this work was to study the impact of geese rearing in an organic vineyard on the chemical and biochemical properties of the soil and the effect of Copper (Cu) supplied with the fungicide treatments. Furthermore, the amount of Cu in the animal tissues was also investigated. Three experimental areas within the vineyard were selected: High Geese Density (HGD-240 geese ha−1), Low Geese Density (LGD-120 geese ha−1) and Without Geese used as control soil (WG). The results indicated that both HGD and LGD did not affect the main chemical properties of the vineyard soils. LGD increased the amount and the efficiency of the microbial biomass in the upper soil horizons. Moreover, geese through the grazing activity reduced the Cu content in the vineyard soils, accumulating this element in their liver. However, the content of Cu in the breast and drumstick of vineyard geese did not show any significant difference in respect the meat of the control ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Massaccesi
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Science, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06124 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Alice Cartoni Mancinelli
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Science, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06124 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Simona Mattioli
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Science, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06124 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Mauro De Feudis
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Science, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06124 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Cesare Castellini
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Science, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06124 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Dal Bosco
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Science, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06124 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Maria Laura Marongiu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Alberto Agnelli
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Science, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06124 Perugia, Italy.
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Wolz KJ, DeLucia EH. Black walnut alley cropping is economically competitive with row crops in the Midwest USA. Ecol Appl 2019; 29:e01829. [PMID: 30412328 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The maize-soybean rotation (MSR) dominates the Midwest United States and degrades many ecological functions. Black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) plantation forestry (PF) and alley cropping (AC) are two alternative land-uses that can enhance productivity and restore ecosystem services. Given the lack of robust market mechanisms to monetize ecosystems services, we tested whether the profitability of PF and AC could drive adoption in the Midwest. Publically available data on black walnut soil suitability, timber prices, crop productivity, and cash rents were combined in a high-resolution spatial analysis to identify regions where these alternatives can outcompete MSR. To avoid selecting an arbitrary discount rate at which to make comparisons, we determined the threshold discount rate necessary to make PF or AC economically competitive with MSR. We show that, with a 5% discount rate, PF and AC could be more profitable on 17.0% and 23.4% of MSR land, respectively. Contrary to the common assumption that woody agricultural alternatives should first be adopted in marginal row crop areas, the economic competitiveness of PF and AC was not correlated with MSR productivity. Instead, black walnut growth rate was the central driver of PF and AC competitiveness, underscoring a necessary shift away from the current MSR-centric perspective in defining target regions for land-use alternatives. Results reveal major opportunities for landowners and investors to increase profitability by investing in PF and AC on both "marginal" and productive MSR land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Wolz
- Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Evan H DeLucia
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
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Stoltz J, Schaffer C. Salutogenic Affordances and Sustainability: Multiple Benefits With Edible Forest Gardens in Urban Green Spaces. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2344. [PMID: 30574105 PMCID: PMC6292239 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With increased urbanization, ecological challenges such as climate change and loss of biodiversity, and stress-related disorders globally posing a major threat to public health and wellbeing, the development of efficient multiple-use strategies for urban green spaces and infrastructures is of great importance. In addition to benefits such as climate and water regulation, food production, and biodiversity conservation, green spaces and features have been associated with various health and wellbeing outcomes from a psychological perspective. Research suggests links between exposure to green environmental qualities and restoration from psycho-physiological stress and attention fatigue, promotion of physical activity, increased neighborhood satisfaction and even reduced mortality. Especially strong associations have been observed in urban and socio-economically challenged areas. Usually such salutogenic, i.e., health-promoting, effects are explained through theories related to the notion of biophilia, i.e., the idea that humans share innate tendencies to attend to natural environments and features that have been beneficial during evolution. This paper assumes an ecological approach to perception and behavior to be fruitful in order to analyze the salutogenic potential of environments such as urban green spaces and to step beyond the "green vs. gray" dichotomy that has been prevalent through much of the research on health-promoting environments. Through an analysis of environmental affordances for certain perceived qualities such an approach is explored through a proposed concept for urban green space use and management, the edible forest garden. Such gardens, based on agroecological principles, have emerged as one of the most promising models regarding ecologically sustainable food production. In addition to potential contributions of importance for urban sustainability and biodiversity, we argue that the inclusion of edible forest gardens in urban green spaces - today globally dominated by lawns - also potentially could reinforce several affordances of salutogenic importance, both in terms of, e.g., social cohesion but also in regard to restoration from psycho-physiological stress and attention fatigue. Increased opportunities for contact with nature and processes of food production may also reinforce pro-environmental behaviors in the population and thus also affect long-term sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Stoltz
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Ticktin T, Quazi S, Dacks R, Tora M, McGuigan A, Hastings Z, Naikatini A. Linkages between measures of biodiversity and community resilience in Pacific Island agroforests. Conserv Biol 2018; 32:1085-1095. [PMID: 29992628 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Designing agroecosystems that are compatible with the conservation of biodiversity is a top conservation priority. However, the social variables that drive native biodiversity conservation in these systems are poorly understood. We devised a new approach to identify social-ecological linkages that affect conservation outcomes in agroecosystems and in social-ecological systems more broadly. We focused on coastal agroforests in Fiji, which, like agroforests across other small Pacific Islands, are critical to food security, contain much of the country's remaining lowland forests, and have rapidly declining levels of native biodiversity. We tested the relationships among social variables and native tree species richness in agroforests with structural equation models. The models were built with data from ecological and social surveys in 100 agroforests and associated households. The agroforests hosted 95 native tree species of which almost one-third were endemic. Fifty-eight percent of farms had at least one species considered threatened at the national or international level. The best-fit structural equation model (R2 = 47.8%) showed that social variables important for community resilience-local ecological knowledge, social network connectivity, and livelihood diversity-had direct and indirect positive effects on native tree species richness. Cash-crop intensification, a driver of biodiversity loss elsewhere, did not negatively affect native tree richness within parcels. Joining efforts to build community resilience, specifically by increasing livelihood diversity, local ecological knowledge, and social network connectivity, may help conservation agencies conserve the rapidly declining biodiversity in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Ticktin
- Botany Department, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI, 96822, U.S.A
| | - Shimona Quazi
- Botany Department, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI, 96822, U.S.A
| | - Rachel Dacks
- Biology Department, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2538 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI, 96822, U.S.A
| | - Mesulame Tora
- Botany Department, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI, 96822, U.S.A
- South Pacific Regional Herbarium and Biodiversity Center, Institute of Applied Sciences, University of the South Pacific, Private Bag, Laucala, Campus, Suva, Fiji
| | - Ashley McGuigan
- Botany Department, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI, 96822, U.S.A
- South Pacific Regional Herbarium and Biodiversity Center, Institute of Applied Sciences, University of the South Pacific, Private Bag, Laucala, Campus, Suva, Fiji
| | - Zoe Hastings
- Botany Department, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI, 96822, U.S.A
| | - Alivereti Naikatini
- South Pacific Regional Herbarium and Biodiversity Center, Institute of Applied Sciences, University of the South Pacific, Private Bag, Laucala, Campus, Suva, Fiji
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Donovan VM, Burnett JL, Bielski CH, Birgé HE, Bevans R, Twidwell D, Allen CR. Social-ecological landscape patterns predict woody encroachment from native tree plantings in a temperate grassland. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:9624-9632. [PMID: 30386562 PMCID: PMC6202738 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Afforestation is often viewed as the purposeful planting of trees in historically nonforested grasslands, but an unintended consequence is woody encroachment, which should be considered part of the afforestation process. In North America's temperate grassland biome, Eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) is a native species used in tree plantings that aggressively invades in the absence of controlling processes. Cedar is a well-studied woody encroacher, but little is known about the degree to which cedar windbreaks, which are advocated for in agroforestry programs, are contributing to woody encroachment, what factors are associated with cedar spread from windbreaks, nor where encroachment from windbreaks is occurring in contemporary social-ecological landscapes. We used remotely sensed imagery to identify the presence and pattern of woody encroachment from windbreaks in the Nebraska Sandhills. We used multimodel inference to compare three classes of models representing three hypotheses about factors that could influence cedar spread: (a) windbreak models based on windbreak structure and design elements; (b) abiotic models focused on local environmental conditions; and (c) landscape models characterizing coupled human-natural features within the broader matrix. Woody encroachment was evident for 23% of sampled windbreaks in the Nebraska Sandhills. Of our candidate models, our inclusive landscape model carried 92% of the model weight. This model indicated that encroachment from windbreaks was more likely near roadways and less likely near farmsteads, other cedar plantings, and waterbodies, highlighting strong social ties to the distribution of woody encroachment from tree plantings across contemporary landscapes. Our model findings indicate where additional investments into cedar control can be prioritized to prevent cedar spread from windbreaks. This approach can serve as a model in other temperate regions to identify where woody encroachment resulting from temperate agroforestry programs is emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M. Donovan
- Department of Agronomy and HorticultureUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraska
| | - Jessica L. Burnett
- Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research UnitSchool of Natural ResourcesUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraska
| | | | - Hannah E. Birgé
- Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research UnitSchool of Natural ResourcesUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraska
| | - Rebecca Bevans
- Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research UnitSchool of Natural ResourcesUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraska
| | - Dirac Twidwell
- Department of Agronomy and HorticultureUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraska
| | - Craig R. Allen
- U.S. Geological Survey – Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research UnitSchool of Natural ResourcesUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraska
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Abdulai I, Vaast P, Hoffmann MP, Asare R, Jassogne L, Asten PV, Rötter RP, Graefe S. Cocoa agroforestry is less resilient to suboptimal and extreme climate than cocoa in full sun: Reply to Norgrove (2017). Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:e733-e740. [PMID: 29322590 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Resilience of cocoa agroforestry vs. full sun under extreme climatic conditions. In the specific case of our study, the two shade tree species associated with cocoa resulted in strong competition for water and became a disadvantage to the cocoa plants contrary to expected positive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issaka Abdulai
- Tropical Plant Production and Agricultural Systems Modelling (TROPAGS), University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philippe Vaast
- UMR Eco&Sols, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
- World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Munir P Hoffmann
- Tropical Plant Production and Agricultural Systems Modelling (TROPAGS), University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Richard Asare
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Accra, Ghana
| | - Laurence Jassogne
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Piet Van Asten
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Kampala, Uganda
- Olam International Ltd, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Reimund P Rötter
- Tropical Plant Production and Agricultural Systems Modelling (TROPAGS), University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sophie Graefe
- Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Wolz KJ, Lovell ST, Branham BE, Eddy WC, Keeley K, Revord RS, Wander MM, Yang WH, DeLucia EH. Frontiers in alley cropping: Transformative solutions for temperate agriculture. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:883-894. [PMID: 29218801 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Annual row crops dominate agriculture around the world and have considerable negative environmental impacts, including significant greenhouse gas emissions. Transformative land-use solutions are necessary to mitigate climate change and restore critical ecosystem services. Alley cropping (AC)-the integration of trees with crops-is an agroforestry practice that has been studied as a transformative, multifunctional land-use solution. In the temperate zone, AC has strong potential for climate change mitigation through direct emissions reductions and increases in land-use efficiency via overyielding compared to trees and crops grown separately. In addition, AC provides climate change adaptation potential and ecological benefits by buffering alley crops to weather extremes, diversifying income to hedge financial risk, increasing biodiversity, reducing soil erosion, and improving nutrient- and water-use efficiency. The scope of temperate AC research and application has been largely limited to simple systems that combine one timber tree species with an annual grain. We propose two frontiers in temperate AC that expand this scope and could transform its climate-related benefits: (i) diversification via woody polyculture and (ii) expanded use of tree crops for food and fodder. While AC is ready now for implementation on marginal lands, we discuss key considerations that could enhance the scalability of the two proposed frontiers and catalyze widespread adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Wolz
- Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Savanna Institute, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sarah T Lovell
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Bruce E Branham
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - William C Eddy
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Keefe Keeley
- Savanna Institute, Madison, WI, USA
- Gaylord Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ronald S Revord
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Savanna Institute, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Michelle M Wander
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Wendy H Yang
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Geology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Evan H DeLucia
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Abdulai I, Vaast P, Hoffmann MP, Asare R, Jassogne L, Van Asten P, Rötter RP, Graefe S. Cocoa agroforestry is less resilient to sub-optimal and extreme climate than cocoa in full sun. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:273-286. [PMID: 28865146 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cocoa agroforestry is perceived as potential adaptation strategy to sub-optimal or adverse environmental conditions such as drought. We tested this strategy over wet, dry and extremely dry periods comparing cocoa in full sun with agroforestry systems: shaded by (i) a leguminous tree species, Albizia ferruginea and (ii) Antiaris toxicaria, the most common shade tree species in the region. We monitored micro-climate, sap flux density, throughfall, and soil water content from November 2014 to March 2016 at the forest-savannah transition zone of Ghana with climate and drought events during the study period serving as proxy for projected future climatic conditions in marginal cocoa cultivation areas of West Africa. Combined transpiration of cocoa and shade trees was significantly higher than cocoa in full sun during wet and dry periods. During wet period, transpiration rate of cocoa plants shaded by A. ferruginea was significantly lower than cocoa under A. toxicaria and full sun. During the extreme drought of 2015/16, all cocoa plants under A. ferruginea died. Cocoa plants under A. toxicaria suffered 77% mortality and massive stress with significantly reduced sap flux density of 115 g cm-2 day-1 , whereas cocoa in full sun maintained higher sap flux density of 170 g cm-2 day-1 . Moreover, cocoa sap flux recovery after the extreme drought was significantly higher in full sun (163 g cm-2 day-1 ) than under A. toxicaria (37 g cm-2 day-1 ). Soil water content in full sun was higher than in shaded systems suggesting that cocoa mortality in the shaded systems was linked to strong competition for soil water. The present results have major implications for cocoa cultivation under climate change. Promoting shade cocoa agroforestry as drought resilient system especially under climate change needs to be carefully reconsidered as shade tree species such as the recommended leguminous A. ferruginea constitute major risk to cocoa functioning under extended severe drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issaka Abdulai
- Tropical Plant Production and Agricultural Systems Modelling (TROPAGS), University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philippe Vaast
- UMR Eco&Sols, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
- World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Munir P Hoffmann
- Tropical Plant Production and Agricultural Systems Modelling (TROPAGS), University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Richard Asare
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Accra, Ghana
| | - Laurence Jassogne
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Piet Van Asten
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Kampala, Uganda
- Olam International Ltd, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Reimund P Rötter
- Tropical Plant Production and Agricultural Systems Modelling (TROPAGS), University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sophie Graefe
- Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Drescher J, Rembold K, Allen K, Beckschäfer P, Buchori D, Clough Y, Faust H, Fauzi AM, Gunawan D, Hertel D, Irawan B, Jaya INS, Klarner B, Kleinn C, Knohl A, Kotowska MM, Krashevska V, Krishna V, Leuschner C, Lorenz W, Meijide A, Melati D, Nomura M, Pérez-Cruzado C, Qaim M, Siregar IZ, Steinebach S, Tjoa A, Tscharntke T, Wick B, Wiegand K, Kreft H, Scheu S. Ecological and socio-economic functions across tropical land use systems after rainforest conversion. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0275. [PMID: 27114577 PMCID: PMC4843696 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical lowland rainforests are increasingly threatened by the expansion of agriculture and the extraction of natural resources. In Jambi Province, Indonesia, the interdisciplinary EFForTS project focuses on the ecological and socio-economic dimensions of rainforest conversion to jungle rubber agroforests and monoculture plantations of rubber and oil palm. Our data confirm that rainforest transformation and land use intensification lead to substantial losses in biodiversity and related ecosystem functions, such as decreased above- and below-ground carbon stocks. Owing to rapid step-wise transformation from forests to agroforests to monoculture plantations and renewal of each plantation type every few decades, the converted land use systems are continuously dynamic, thus hampering the adaptation of animal and plant communities. On the other hand, agricultural rainforest transformation systems provide increased income and access to education, especially for migrant smallholders. Jungle rubber and rubber monocultures are associated with higher financial land productivity but lower financial labour productivity compared to oil palm, which influences crop choice: smallholders that are labour-scarce would prefer oil palm while land-scarce smallholders would prefer rubber. Collecting long-term data in an interdisciplinary context enables us to provide decision-makers and stakeholders with scientific insights to facilitate the reconciliation between economic interests and ecological sustainability in tropical agricultural landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Drescher
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katja Rembold
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Conservation Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kara Allen
- Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems, Büsgen Institute, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philip Beckschäfer
- Chair of Forest Inventory and Remote Sensing, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Damayanti Buchori
- Department of Plant Protection, Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Yann Clough
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Heiko Faust
- Department of Human Geography, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstrasse 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anas M Fauzi
- Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Dodo Gunawan
- Centre for Climate Change and Air Quality, Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG), Jln Angkasa I No. 2, Jakarta 10720, Indonesia
| | - Dietrich Hertel
- Department of Plant Ecology and Ecosystem Research, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bambang Irawan
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Jambi, Jln Raya Jambi-Muara Bulian km 15, Mendalo Darat, Jambi 36361, Indonesia
| | - I Nengah S Jaya
- Forest Resources Inventory and Remote Sensing, Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Bernhard Klarner
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Kleinn
- Chair of Forest Inventory and Remote Sensing, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Knohl
- Bioclimatology, Büsgen Institute, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martyna M Kotowska
- Department of Plant Ecology and Ecosystem Research, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Valentyna Krashevska
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vijesh Krishna
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, University of Göttingen, Platz der Göttinger Sieben 5, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Leuschner
- Department of Plant Ecology and Ecosystem Research, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfram Lorenz
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ana Meijide
- Bioclimatology, Büsgen Institute, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dian Melati
- Chair of Forest Inventory and Remote Sensing, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Miki Nomura
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tokohu University, Aroba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-85478, Japan
| | - César Pérez-Cruzado
- Chair of Forest Inventory and Remote Sensing, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matin Qaim
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, University of Göttingen, Platz der Göttinger Sieben 5, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Iskandar Z Siregar
- Department of Silviculture, Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Stefanie Steinebach
- Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Theaterplatz 15, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Aiyen Tjoa
- Agriculture Faculty of Tadulako University, Jln Soekarno Hatta km 09, Tondo, Palu 94118, Indonesia
| | - Teja Tscharntke
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Barbara Wick
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wiegand
- Ecosystem Modelling, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Conservation Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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Isaac ME, Martin AR, de Melo Virginio Filho E, Rapidel B, Roupsard O, Van den Meersche K. Intraspecific Trait Variation and Coordination: Root and Leaf Economics Spectra in Coffee across Environmental Gradients. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:1196. [PMID: 28747919 PMCID: PMC5506091 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hypotheses on the existence of a universal "Root Economics Spectrum" (RES) have received arguably the least attention of all trait spectra, despite the key role root trait variation plays in resource acquisition potential. There is growing interest in quantifying intraspecific trait variation (ITV) in plants, but there are few studies evaluating (i) the existence of an intraspecific RES within a plant species, or (ii) how a RES may be coordinated with other trait spectra within species, such as a leaf economics spectrum (LES). Using Coffea arabica (Rubiaceae) as a model species, we measured seven morphological and chemical traits of intact lateral roots, which were paired with information on four key LES traits. Field collections were completed across four nested levels of biological organization. The intraspecific trait coefficient of variation (cv) ranged from 25 to 87% with root diameter and specific root tip density showing the lowest and highest cv, respectively. Between 27 and 68% of root ITV was explained by site identity alone for five of the seven traits measured. A single principal component explained 56.2% of root trait covariation, with plants falling along a RES from resource acquiring to conserving traits. Multiple factor analysis revealed significant orthogonal relationships between root and leaf spectra. RES traits were strongly orthogonal with respect to LES traits, suggesting these traits vary independently from one another in response to environmental cues. This study provides among the first evidence that plants from the same species differentiate from one another along an intraspecific RES. We find that in one of the world's most widely cultivated crops, an intraspecific RES is orthogonal to an intraspecific LES, indicating that above and belowground responses of plants to managed (or natural) environmental gradients are likely to occur independently from one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marney E. Isaac
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences and Centre for Critical Development Studies, University of Toronto Scarborough, TorontoON, Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Toronto, TorontoON, Canada
| | - Adam R. Martin
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences and Centre for Critical Development Studies, University of Toronto Scarborough, TorontoON, Canada
| | | | - Bruno Rapidel
- Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y EnseñanzaTurrialba, Costa Rica
- CIRAD, UMR SYSTEMMontpellier, France
| | - Olivier Roupsard
- Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y EnseñanzaTurrialba, Costa Rica
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&SolsMontpellier, France
| | - Karel Van den Meersche
- Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y EnseñanzaTurrialba, Costa Rica
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&SolsMontpellier, France
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Furze JR, Martin AR, Nasielski J, Thevathasan NV, Gordon AM, Isaac ME. Resistance and resilience of root fungal communities to water limitation in a temperate agroecosystem. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:3443-3454. [PMID: 28515880 PMCID: PMC5433968 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding crop resilience to environmental stress is critical in predicting the consequences of global climate change for agricultural systems worldwide, but to date studies addressing crop resiliency have focused primarily on plant physiological and molecular responses. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form mutualisms with many crop species, and these relationships are key in mitigating the effects of abiotic stress in many agricultural systems. However, to date there is little research examining whether (1) fungal community structure in agroecosystems is resistant to changing environmental conditions, specifically water limitation and (2) resilience of fungal community structure is moderated by agricultural management systems, namely the integration of trees into cropping systems. Here, we address these uncertainties through a rainfall reduction field experiment that manipulated short-term water availability in a soybean-based (Glycine max L. Merr.) agroforest in Southern Ontario, Canada. We employed terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis to determine the molecular diversity of both general fungal and AMF communities in soybean roots under no stress, stress (rainfall shelters added), and poststress (rainfall shelters removed). We found that general fungal and AMF communities sampled from soybean roots were resistant to rainfall reduction in a monoculture, but not in an agroforest. While AMF communities were unchanged after stress removal, general fungal communities were significantly different poststress in the agroforest, indicating a capacity for resiliency. Our study indicates that generalist fungi and AMF are responsive to changes in environmental conditions and that agroecosystem management plays a key role in the resistance and resilience of fungal communities to water limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie R. Furze
- Department of Physical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Toronto ScarboroughTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Adam R. Martin
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences and the Centre for Critical Development StudiesUniversity of Toronto ScarboroughTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Joshua Nasielski
- Department of GeographyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | | | - Andrew M. Gordon
- School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Marney E. Isaac
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences and the Centre for Critical Development StudiesUniversity of Toronto ScarboroughTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of GeographyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
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Feurtey A, Cornille A, Shykoff JA, Snirc A, Giraud T. Crop-to-wild gene flow and its fitness consequences for a wild fruit tree: Towards a comprehensive conservation strategy of the wild apple in Europe. Evol Appl 2016; 10:180-188. [PMID: 28127394 PMCID: PMC5253423 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Crop-to-wild gene flow can reduce the fitness and genetic integrity of wild species. Malus sylvestris, the European crab-apple fruit tree in particular, is threatened by the disappearance of its habitat and by gene flow from its domesticated relative, Malus domestica. With the aims of evaluating threats for M. sylvestris and of formulating recommendations for its conservation, we studied here, using microsatellite markers and growth experiments: (i) hybridization rates in seeds and trees from a French forest and in seeds used for replanting crab apples in agrosystems and in forests, (ii) the impact of the level of M. domestica ancestry on individual tree fitness and (iii) pollen dispersal abilities in relation to crop-to-wild gene flow. We found substantial contemporary crop-to-wild gene flow in crab-apple tree populations and superior fitness of hybrids compared to wild seeds and seedlings. Using paternity analyses, we showed that pollen dispersal could occur up to 4 km and decreased with tree density. The seed network furnishing the wild apple reintroduction agroforestry programmes was found to suffer from poor genetic diversity, introgressions and species misidentification. Overall, our findings indicate supported threats for the European wild apple steering us to provide precise recommendations for its conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Feurtey
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution Univ. Paris-Sud CNRS AgroParisTech Université Paris-Saclay Orsay France
| | - Amandine Cornille
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution Univ. Paris-Sud CNRS AgroParisTech Université Paris-Saclay Orsay France; Department of Ecology and Genetics Evolutionary Biology Centre Science for Life Laboratory Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden; Adaptation to a Changing Environment ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland; Present address: Amandine Cornille, Institute of Integrative Biology ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Jacqui A Shykoff
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution Univ. Paris-Sud CNRS AgroParisTech Université Paris-Saclay Orsay France
| | - Alodie Snirc
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution Univ. Paris-Sud CNRS AgroParisTech Université Paris-Saclay Orsay France
| | - Tatiana Giraud
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution Univ. Paris-Sud CNRS AgroParisTech Université Paris-Saclay Orsay France
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42
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Teuscher M, Gérard A, Brose U, Buchori D, Clough Y, Ehbrecht M, Hölscher D, Irawan B, Sundawati L, Wollni M, Kreft H. Experimental Biodiversity Enrichment in Oil-Palm-Dominated Landscapes in Indonesia. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:1538. [PMID: 27799935 PMCID: PMC5065973 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Tropical biodiversity is threatened by the expansion of oil-palm plantations. Reduced-impact farming systems such as agroforests, have been proposed to increase biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. In regions where oil-palm plantations already dominate the landscape, this increase can only be achieved through systematic ecological restoration. However, our knowledge about the underlying ecological and socio-economic processes, constraints, and trade-offs of ecological restoration in oil-palm landscapes is very limited. To bridge this gap, we established a long-term biodiversity enrichment experiment. We established experimental tree islands in a conventional oil-palm plantation and systematically varied plot size, tree diversity, and tree species composition. Here, we describe the rationale and the design of the experiment, the ecosystem variables (soil, topography, canopy openness) and biotic characteristics (associated vegetation, invertebrates, birds) of the experimental site prior to the establishment of the experiment, and initial experimental effects on the fauna. Already one year after establishment of the experiment, tree plantings had an overall positive effect on the bird and invertebrate communities at the plantation scale. The diversity and abundance of invertebrates was positively affected by the size of the tree islands. Based on these results, we expect a further increase of biodiversity and associated ecological functions in the future. The long-term interdisciplinary monitoring of ecosystem variables, flora, fauna, and socio-economic aspects will allow us to evaluate the suitability of tree islands as a restoration measure. Thereof, guidelines for ecologically improved and socio-economically viable restoration and management concepts could be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Teuscher
- Department of Systemic Conservation Biology, J.F. Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Anne Gérard
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, Georg-August-University GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brose
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle-Jena-LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University JenaJena, Germany
| | - Damayanti Buchori
- Department of Plant Protection, Bogor Agricultural UniversityBogor, Indonesia
| | - Yann Clough
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund UniversityLund, Sweden
- Department of Crop Sciences, Agroecology, Georg-August-University GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Ehbrecht
- Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, Georg-August-University GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Hölscher
- Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Georg-August-University GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Bambang Irawan
- Faculty of Forestry, University of JambiJambi, Indonesia
| | - Leti Sundawati
- Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural UniversityBogor, Indonesia
| | - Meike Wollni
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Georg-August-University GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, Georg-August-University GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
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43
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Wood SA, Sokol N, Bell CW, Bradford MA, Naeem S, Wallenstein MD, Palm CA. Opposing effects of different soil organic matter fractions on crop yields. Ecol Appl 2016; 26:2072-2085. [PMID: 27755738 DOI: 10.1890/16-0024.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Soil organic matter is critical to sustainable agriculture because it provides nutrients to crops as it decomposes and increases nutrient- and water-holding capacity when built up. Fast- and slow-cycling fractions of soil organic matter can have different impacts on crop production because fast-cycling fractions rapidly release nutrients for short-term plant growth and slow-cycling fractions bind nutrients that mineralize slowly and build up water-holding capacity. We explored the controls on these fractions in a tropical agroecosystem and their relationship to crop yields. We performed physical fractionation of soil organic matter from 48 farms and plots in western Kenya. We found that fast-cycling, particulate organic matter was positively related to crop yields, but did not have a strong effect, while slower-cycling, mineral-associated organic matter was negatively related to yields. Our finding that slower-cycling organic matter was negatively related to yield points to a need to revise the view that stabilization of organic matter positively impacts food security. Our results support a new paradigm that different soil organic matter fractions are controlled by different mechanisms, potentially leading to different relationships with management outcomes, like crop yield. Effectively managing soils for sustainable agriculture requires quantifying the effects of specific organic matter fractions on these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Wood
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam Ave., 10th Fl., New York, New York, 10027, USA.
- Agriculture and Food Security Center, The Earth Institute at Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Lamont Hall, 2G, New York, New York, 10964, USA.
| | - Noah Sokol
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA
| | - Colin W Bell
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, 1499 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
| | - Mark A Bradford
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA
| | - Shahid Naeem
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam Ave., 10th Fl., New York, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Matthew D Wallenstein
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, 1499 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
| | - Cheryl A Palm
- Agriculture and Food Security Center, The Earth Institute at Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Lamont Hall, 2G, New York, New York, 10964, USA
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Defrenet E, Roupsard O, Van den Meersche K, Charbonnier F, Pastor Pérez-Molina J, Khac E, Prieto I, Stokes A, Roumet C, Rapidel B, de Melo Virginio Filho E, Vargas VJ, Robelo D, Barquero A, Jourdan C. Root biomass, turnover and net primary productivity of a coffee agroforestry system in Costa Rica: effects of soil depth, shade trees, distance to row and coffee age. Ann Bot 2016; 118:833-851. [PMID: 27551026 PMCID: PMC5055638 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims In Costa Rica, coffee (Coffea arabica) plants are often grown in agroforests. However, it is not known if shade-inducing trees reduce coffee plant biomass through root competition, and hence alter overall net primary productivity (NPP). We estimated biomass and NPP at the stand level, taking into account deep roots and the position of plants with regard to trees. Methods Stem growth and root biomass, turnover and decomposition were measured in mixed coffee/tree (Erythrina poeppigiana) plantations. Growth ring width and number at the stem base were estimated along with stem basal area on a range of plant sizes. Root biomass and fine root density were measured in trenches to a depth of 4 m. To take into account the below-ground heterogeneity of the agroforestry system, fine root turnover was measured by sequential soil coring (to a depth of 30 cm) over 1 year and at different locations (in full sun or under trees and in rows/inter-rows). Allometric relationships were used to calculate NPP of perennial components, which was then scaled up to the stand level. Key Results Annual ring width at the stem base increased up to 2·5 mm yr-1 with plant age (over a 44-year period). Nearly all (92 %) coffee root biomass was located in the top 1·5 m, and only 8 % from 1·5 m to a depth of 4 m. Perennial woody root biomass was 16 t ha-1 and NPP of perennial roots was 1·3 t ha-1 yr-1. Fine root biomass (0-30 cm) was two-fold higher in the row compared with between rows. Fine root biomass was 2·29 t ha-1 (12 % of total root biomass) and NPP of fine roots was 2·96 t ha-1 yr-1 (69 % of total root NPP). Fine root turnover was 1·3 yr-1 and lifespan was 0·8 years. Conclusions Coffee root systems comprised 49 % of the total plant biomass; such a high ratio is possibly a consequence of shoot pruning. There was no significant effect of trees on coffee fine root biomass, suggesting that coffee root systems are very competitive in the topsoil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Defrenet
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols (Ecologie Fonctionnelle & Biogéochimie des Sols et des Agro-écosystèmes), 2, place Viala, 34060 Montpellier cedex 2, France
- CATIE (Tropical Agricultural Centre for Research and Higher Education), 7170 Turrialba, Costa Rica
| | - Olivier Roupsard
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols (Ecologie Fonctionnelle & Biogéochimie des Sols et des Agro-écosystèmes), 2, place Viala, 34060 Montpellier cedex 2, France
- CATIE (Tropical Agricultural Centre for Research and Higher Education), 7170 Turrialba, Costa Rica
| | - Karel Van den Meersche
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols (Ecologie Fonctionnelle & Biogéochimie des Sols et des Agro-écosystèmes), 2, place Viala, 34060 Montpellier cedex 2, France
- CATIE (Tropical Agricultural Centre for Research and Higher Education), 7170 Turrialba, Costa Rica
| | - Fabien Charbonnier
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols (Ecologie Fonctionnelle & Biogéochimie des Sols et des Agro-écosystèmes), 2, place Viala, 34060 Montpellier cedex 2, France
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Departamento Agricultura, Sociedad y Ambiente, Unidad San Cristobal de Las Casas, Chiapas, México
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Ciudad de México, D.F., México
| | | | - Emmanuelle Khac
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols (Ecologie Fonctionnelle & Biogéochimie des Sols et des Agro-écosystèmes), 2, place Viala, 34060 Montpellier cedex 2, France
| | - Iván Prieto
- CNRS, Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE, UMR 5175 CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier – EPHE), 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Alexia Stokes
- INRA – Botanique et bioinformatique de l'architecture des plantes (AMAP), Bd de la Lironde, TA A-51 / PS2, 34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Catherine Roumet
- CNRS, Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE, UMR 5175 CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier – EPHE), 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Bruno Rapidel
- CATIE (Tropical Agricultural Centre for Research and Higher Education), 7170 Turrialba, Costa Rica
- CIRAD, UMR SYSTEM, 2 Place Viala, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Victor J. Vargas
- ICAFE, Produccion Sostenible, Unidad de investigacion, CICAFE, Costa Rica
| | - Diego Robelo
- CNRS, Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE, UMR 5175 CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier – EPHE), 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | - Christophe Jourdan
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols (Ecologie Fonctionnelle & Biogéochimie des Sols et des Agro-écosystèmes), 2, place Viala, 34060 Montpellier cedex 2, France
- *For correspondence. E-mail
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45
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Boudrot A, Pico J, Merle I, Granados E, Vílchez S, Tixier P, Filho EDMV, Casanoves F, Tapia A, Allinne C, Rice RA, Avelino J. Shade Effects on the Dispersal of Airborne Hemileia vastatrix Uredospores. Phytopathology 2016; 106:572-580. [PMID: 26828230 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-15-0058-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hemileia vastatrix caused a severe epidemic in Central America in 2012-13. The gradual development of that epidemic on nearly a continental scale suggests that dispersal at different scales played a significant role. Shade has been proposed as a way of reducing uredospore dispersal. The effect of shade (two strata: Erythrina poeppigiana below and Chloroleucon eurycyclum above) and full sun on H. vastatrix dispersal was studied with Burkard traps in relation to meteorological records. Annual and daily patterns of dispersal were observed, with peaks of uredospore capture obtained during wet seasons and in the early afternoon. A maximum of 464 uredospores in 1 day (in 14.4 m(3) of air) was recorded in October 2014. Interactions between shade/full sun and meteorological conditions were found. Rainfall, possibly intercepted by tree cover and redistributed by raindrops of higher kinetic energy, was the main driver of uredospore dispersal under shade. Wind gusts reversed this effect, probably by inhibiting water accumulation on leaves. Wind gusts also promoted dispersal under dry conditions in full sun, whereas they had no effect under shaded conditions, probably because the canopy blocked the wind. Our results indicate the importance of managing shade cover differentially in rainy versus dry periods to control the dispersal of airborne H. vastatrix uredospores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Boudrot
- First author: Agrocampus Ouest, 65, rue de Saint Brieuc 35000 Rennes; first, third, and twelfth authors: CIRAD, UPR Bioagresseurs, F-34398, Montpellier, France; second author: INIAP, Estación experimental Joya de los Sachas 220350, Orellana, Ecuador; second, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, tenth, and twelfth authors: CATIE, 7170, Cartago, Turrialba, 30501, Costa Rica; third author: ENSAIA, Protection des cultures, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandæuvre-lès-Nancy, France; fourth and ninth authors: Universidad de Costa Rica, sede del Atlántico, Turrialba, Costa Rica; sixth author: CIRAD, Persyst, UPR 26, TA B-26/PS4, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; tenth author: CIRAD, UMR System, SupAgro Montpellier, 2 place P. Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; eleventh author: Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute MRC 5503, Washington, DC, 20013-7012; and twelfth author: IICA-PROMECAFE, AP. 55, 2200 Coronado, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Jimmy Pico
- First author: Agrocampus Ouest, 65, rue de Saint Brieuc 35000 Rennes; first, third, and twelfth authors: CIRAD, UPR Bioagresseurs, F-34398, Montpellier, France; second author: INIAP, Estación experimental Joya de los Sachas 220350, Orellana, Ecuador; second, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, tenth, and twelfth authors: CATIE, 7170, Cartago, Turrialba, 30501, Costa Rica; third author: ENSAIA, Protection des cultures, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandæuvre-lès-Nancy, France; fourth and ninth authors: Universidad de Costa Rica, sede del Atlántico, Turrialba, Costa Rica; sixth author: CIRAD, Persyst, UPR 26, TA B-26/PS4, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; tenth author: CIRAD, UMR System, SupAgro Montpellier, 2 place P. Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; eleventh author: Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute MRC 5503, Washington, DC, 20013-7012; and twelfth author: IICA-PROMECAFE, AP. 55, 2200 Coronado, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Isabelle Merle
- First author: Agrocampus Ouest, 65, rue de Saint Brieuc 35000 Rennes; first, third, and twelfth authors: CIRAD, UPR Bioagresseurs, F-34398, Montpellier, France; second author: INIAP, Estación experimental Joya de los Sachas 220350, Orellana, Ecuador; second, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, tenth, and twelfth authors: CATIE, 7170, Cartago, Turrialba, 30501, Costa Rica; third author: ENSAIA, Protection des cultures, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandæuvre-lès-Nancy, France; fourth and ninth authors: Universidad de Costa Rica, sede del Atlántico, Turrialba, Costa Rica; sixth author: CIRAD, Persyst, UPR 26, TA B-26/PS4, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; tenth author: CIRAD, UMR System, SupAgro Montpellier, 2 place P. Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; eleventh author: Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute MRC 5503, Washington, DC, 20013-7012; and twelfth author: IICA-PROMECAFE, AP. 55, 2200 Coronado, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Eduardo Granados
- First author: Agrocampus Ouest, 65, rue de Saint Brieuc 35000 Rennes; first, third, and twelfth authors: CIRAD, UPR Bioagresseurs, F-34398, Montpellier, France; second author: INIAP, Estación experimental Joya de los Sachas 220350, Orellana, Ecuador; second, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, tenth, and twelfth authors: CATIE, 7170, Cartago, Turrialba, 30501, Costa Rica; third author: ENSAIA, Protection des cultures, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandæuvre-lès-Nancy, France; fourth and ninth authors: Universidad de Costa Rica, sede del Atlántico, Turrialba, Costa Rica; sixth author: CIRAD, Persyst, UPR 26, TA B-26/PS4, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; tenth author: CIRAD, UMR System, SupAgro Montpellier, 2 place P. Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; eleventh author: Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute MRC 5503, Washington, DC, 20013-7012; and twelfth author: IICA-PROMECAFE, AP. 55, 2200 Coronado, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Sergio Vílchez
- First author: Agrocampus Ouest, 65, rue de Saint Brieuc 35000 Rennes; first, third, and twelfth authors: CIRAD, UPR Bioagresseurs, F-34398, Montpellier, France; second author: INIAP, Estación experimental Joya de los Sachas 220350, Orellana, Ecuador; second, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, tenth, and twelfth authors: CATIE, 7170, Cartago, Turrialba, 30501, Costa Rica; third author: ENSAIA, Protection des cultures, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandæuvre-lès-Nancy, France; fourth and ninth authors: Universidad de Costa Rica, sede del Atlántico, Turrialba, Costa Rica; sixth author: CIRAD, Persyst, UPR 26, TA B-26/PS4, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; tenth author: CIRAD, UMR System, SupAgro Montpellier, 2 place P. Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; eleventh author: Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute MRC 5503, Washington, DC, 20013-7012; and twelfth author: IICA-PROMECAFE, AP. 55, 2200 Coronado, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Philippe Tixier
- First author: Agrocampus Ouest, 65, rue de Saint Brieuc 35000 Rennes; first, third, and twelfth authors: CIRAD, UPR Bioagresseurs, F-34398, Montpellier, France; second author: INIAP, Estación experimental Joya de los Sachas 220350, Orellana, Ecuador; second, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, tenth, and twelfth authors: CATIE, 7170, Cartago, Turrialba, 30501, Costa Rica; third author: ENSAIA, Protection des cultures, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandæuvre-lès-Nancy, France; fourth and ninth authors: Universidad de Costa Rica, sede del Atlántico, Turrialba, Costa Rica; sixth author: CIRAD, Persyst, UPR 26, TA B-26/PS4, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; tenth author: CIRAD, UMR System, SupAgro Montpellier, 2 place P. Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; eleventh author: Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute MRC 5503, Washington, DC, 20013-7012; and twelfth author: IICA-PROMECAFE, AP. 55, 2200 Coronado, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Elías de Melo Virginio Filho
- First author: Agrocampus Ouest, 65, rue de Saint Brieuc 35000 Rennes; first, third, and twelfth authors: CIRAD, UPR Bioagresseurs, F-34398, Montpellier, France; second author: INIAP, Estación experimental Joya de los Sachas 220350, Orellana, Ecuador; second, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, tenth, and twelfth authors: CATIE, 7170, Cartago, Turrialba, 30501, Costa Rica; third author: ENSAIA, Protection des cultures, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandæuvre-lès-Nancy, France; fourth and ninth authors: Universidad de Costa Rica, sede del Atlántico, Turrialba, Costa Rica; sixth author: CIRAD, Persyst, UPR 26, TA B-26/PS4, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; tenth author: CIRAD, UMR System, SupAgro Montpellier, 2 place P. Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; eleventh author: Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute MRC 5503, Washington, DC, 20013-7012; and twelfth author: IICA-PROMECAFE, AP. 55, 2200 Coronado, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Fernando Casanoves
- First author: Agrocampus Ouest, 65, rue de Saint Brieuc 35000 Rennes; first, third, and twelfth authors: CIRAD, UPR Bioagresseurs, F-34398, Montpellier, France; second author: INIAP, Estación experimental Joya de los Sachas 220350, Orellana, Ecuador; second, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, tenth, and twelfth authors: CATIE, 7170, Cartago, Turrialba, 30501, Costa Rica; third author: ENSAIA, Protection des cultures, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandæuvre-lès-Nancy, France; fourth and ninth authors: Universidad de Costa Rica, sede del Atlántico, Turrialba, Costa Rica; sixth author: CIRAD, Persyst, UPR 26, TA B-26/PS4, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; tenth author: CIRAD, UMR System, SupAgro Montpellier, 2 place P. Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; eleventh author: Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute MRC 5503, Washington, DC, 20013-7012; and twelfth author: IICA-PROMECAFE, AP. 55, 2200 Coronado, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Ana Tapia
- First author: Agrocampus Ouest, 65, rue de Saint Brieuc 35000 Rennes; first, third, and twelfth authors: CIRAD, UPR Bioagresseurs, F-34398, Montpellier, France; second author: INIAP, Estación experimental Joya de los Sachas 220350, Orellana, Ecuador; second, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, tenth, and twelfth authors: CATIE, 7170, Cartago, Turrialba, 30501, Costa Rica; third author: ENSAIA, Protection des cultures, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandæuvre-lès-Nancy, France; fourth and ninth authors: Universidad de Costa Rica, sede del Atlántico, Turrialba, Costa Rica; sixth author: CIRAD, Persyst, UPR 26, TA B-26/PS4, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; tenth author: CIRAD, UMR System, SupAgro Montpellier, 2 place P. Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; eleventh author: Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute MRC 5503, Washington, DC, 20013-7012; and twelfth author: IICA-PROMECAFE, AP. 55, 2200 Coronado, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Clémentine Allinne
- First author: Agrocampus Ouest, 65, rue de Saint Brieuc 35000 Rennes; first, third, and twelfth authors: CIRAD, UPR Bioagresseurs, F-34398, Montpellier, France; second author: INIAP, Estación experimental Joya de los Sachas 220350, Orellana, Ecuador; second, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, tenth, and twelfth authors: CATIE, 7170, Cartago, Turrialba, 30501, Costa Rica; third author: ENSAIA, Protection des cultures, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandæuvre-lès-Nancy, France; fourth and ninth authors: Universidad de Costa Rica, sede del Atlántico, Turrialba, Costa Rica; sixth author: CIRAD, Persyst, UPR 26, TA B-26/PS4, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; tenth author: CIRAD, UMR System, SupAgro Montpellier, 2 place P. Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; eleventh author: Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute MRC 5503, Washington, DC, 20013-7012; and twelfth author: IICA-PROMECAFE, AP. 55, 2200 Coronado, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Robert A Rice
- First author: Agrocampus Ouest, 65, rue de Saint Brieuc 35000 Rennes; first, third, and twelfth authors: CIRAD, UPR Bioagresseurs, F-34398, Montpellier, France; second author: INIAP, Estación experimental Joya de los Sachas 220350, Orellana, Ecuador; second, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, tenth, and twelfth authors: CATIE, 7170, Cartago, Turrialba, 30501, Costa Rica; third author: ENSAIA, Protection des cultures, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandæuvre-lès-Nancy, France; fourth and ninth authors: Universidad de Costa Rica, sede del Atlántico, Turrialba, Costa Rica; sixth author: CIRAD, Persyst, UPR 26, TA B-26/PS4, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; tenth author: CIRAD, UMR System, SupAgro Montpellier, 2 place P. Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; eleventh author: Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute MRC 5503, Washington, DC, 20013-7012; and twelfth author: IICA-PROMECAFE, AP. 55, 2200 Coronado, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Jacques Avelino
- First author: Agrocampus Ouest, 65, rue de Saint Brieuc 35000 Rennes; first, third, and twelfth authors: CIRAD, UPR Bioagresseurs, F-34398, Montpellier, France; second author: INIAP, Estación experimental Joya de los Sachas 220350, Orellana, Ecuador; second, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, tenth, and twelfth authors: CATIE, 7170, Cartago, Turrialba, 30501, Costa Rica; third author: ENSAIA, Protection des cultures, 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandæuvre-lès-Nancy, France; fourth and ninth authors: Universidad de Costa Rica, sede del Atlántico, Turrialba, Costa Rica; sixth author: CIRAD, Persyst, UPR 26, TA B-26/PS4, Boulevard de la Lironde, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France; tenth author: CIRAD, UMR System, SupAgro Montpellier, 2 place P. Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France; eleventh author: Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute MRC 5503, Washington, DC, 20013-7012; and twelfth author: IICA-PROMECAFE, AP. 55, 2200 Coronado, San José, Costa Rica
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Köberl M, Dita M, Martinuz A, Staver C, Berg G. Agroforestry leads to shifts within the gammaproteobacterial microbiome of banana plants cultivated in Central America. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:91. [PMID: 25717322 PMCID: PMC4324142 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bananas (Musa spp.) belong to the most important global food commodities, and their cultivation represents the world's largest monoculture. Although the plant-associated microbiome has substantial influence on plant growth and health, there is a lack of knowledge of the banana microbiome and its influencing factors. We studied the impact of (i) biogeography, and (ii) agroforestry on the banana-associated gammaproteobacterial microbiome analyzing plants grown in smallholder farms in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Profiles of 16S rRNA genes revealed high abundances of Pseudomonadales, Enterobacteriales, Xanthomonadales, and Legionellales. An extraordinary high diversity of the gammaproteobacterial microbiota was observed within the endophytic microenvironments (endorhiza and pseudostem), which was similar in both countries. Enterobacteria were identified as dominant group of above-ground plant parts (pseudostem and leaves). Neither biogeography nor agroforestry showed a statistically significant impact on the gammaproteobacterial banana microbiome in general. However, indicator species for each microenvironment and country, as well as for plants grown in Coffea intercropping systems with and without agri-silvicultural production of different Fabaceae trees (Inga spp. in Nicaragua and Erythrina poeppigiana in Costa Rica) could be identified. For example, banana plants grown in agroforestry systems were characterized by an increase of potential plant-beneficial bacteria, like Pseudomonas and Stenotrophomonas, and on the other side by a decrease of Erwinia. Hence, this study could show that as a result of legume-based agroforestry the indigenous banana-associated gammaproteobacterial community noticeably shifted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Köberl
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology Graz, Austria
| | - Miguel Dita
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Embrapa Brasília, Brazil ; Bioversity International Costa Rica Turrialba, Costa Rica
| | | | | | - Gabriele Berg
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology Graz, Austria
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Karlson M, Reese H, Ostwald M. Tree crown mapping in managed woodlands (parklands) of semi-arid West Africa using WorldView-2 imagery and geographic object based image analysis. Sensors (Basel) 2014; 14:22643-69. [PMID: 25460815 PMCID: PMC4299032 DOI: 10.3390/s141222643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Detailed information on tree cover structure is critical for research and monitoring programs targeting African woodlands, including agroforestry parklands. High spatial resolution satellite imagery represents a potentially effective alternative to field-based surveys, but requires the development of accurate methods to automate information extraction. This study presents a method for tree crown mapping based on Geographic Object Based Image Analysis (GEOBIA) that use spectral and geometric information to detect and delineate individual tree crowns and crown clusters. The method was implemented on a WorldView-2 image acquired over the parklands of Saponé, Burkina Faso, and rigorously evaluated against field reference data. The overall detection rate was 85.4% for individual tree crowns and crown clusters, with lower accuracies in areas with high tree density and dense understory vegetation. The overall delineation error (expressed as the difference between area of delineated object and crown area measured in the field) was 45.6% for individual tree crowns and 61.5% for crown clusters. Delineation accuracies were higher for medium (35-100 m(2)) and large (≥100 m(2)) trees compared to small (<35 m(2)) trees. The results indicate potential of GEOBIA and WorldView-2 imagery for tree crown mapping in parkland landscapes and similar woodland areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Karlson
- Centre for Climate Science and Policy Research, Department of Thematic Studies/Environmental Change, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden.
| | - Heather Reese
- Section of Forest Remote Sensing, Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 901 83, Sweden.
| | - Madelene Ostwald
- Centre for Climate Science and Policy Research, Department of Thematic Studies/Environmental Change, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden.
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Abstract
Shifting agriculture in the tropics has been replaced by sedentary smallholder farming on a few hectares of degraded land. To address low yields and low income both, the soil fertility, the agroecosystem functions, and the source of income can be restored by diversification with nitrogen-fixing trees and the cultivation of indigenous tree species that produce nutritious and marketable products. Biodiversity conservation studies indicate that mature cash crop systems, such as cacao and coffee with shade trees, provide wildlife habitat that supports natural predators, which, in turn, reduce the numbers of herbivores and pathogens. This review offers suggestions on how to examine these agroecological processes in more detail for the most effective rehabilitation of degraded land. Evidence from agroforestry indicates that in this way, productive and environmentally friendly farming systems that provide food and nutritional security, as well as poverty alleviation, can be achieved in harmony with wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger R B Leakey
- Department of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia, QLD 4870;
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Abstract
Global increases in both agriculture and biodiversity awareness raise a key question: Should cropland and biodiversity habitat be separated, or integrated in mixed land uses? Ecosystem services by wildlife make this question more complex. For example, birds benefit agriculture by preying on pest insects, but other habitat is needed to maintain the birds. Resulting land use questions include what areas and arrangements of habitat support sufficient birds to control pests, whether this pest control offsets the reduced cropland, and the comparative benefits of "land sharing" (i.e., mixed cropland and habitat) vs. "land sparing" (i.e., separate areas of intensive agriculture and habitat). Such questions are difficult to answer using field studies alone, so we use a simulation model of Jamaican coffee farms, where songbirds suppress the coffee berry borer (CBB). Simulated birds select habitat and prey in five habitat types: intact forest, trees (including forest fragments), shade coffee, sun coffee, and unsuitable habitat. The trees habitat type appears to be especially important, providing efficient foraging and roosting sites near coffee plots. Small areas of trees (but not forest alone) could support a sufficient number of birds to suppress CBB in sun coffee; the degree to which trees are dispersed within coffee had little effect. In simulations without trees, shade coffee supported sufficient birds to offset its lower yield. High areas of both trees and shade coffee reduced pest control because CBB was less often profitable prey. Because of the pest control service provided by birds, land sharing was predicted to be more beneficial than land sparing in this system.
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50
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Classen A, Peters MK, Ferger SW, Helbig-Bonitz M, Schmack JM, Maassen G, Schleuning M, Kalko EKV, Böhning-Gaese K, Steffan-Dewenter I. Complementary ecosystem services provided by pest predators and pollinators increase quantity and quality of coffee yields. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20133148. [PMID: 24500173 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.3148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild animals substantially support crop production by providing ecosystem services, such as pollination and natural pest control. However, the strengths of synergies between ecosystem services and their dependencies on land-use management are largely unknown. Here, we took an experimental approach to test the impact of land-use intensification on both individual and combined pollination and pest control services in coffee production systems at Mount Kilimanjaro. We established a full-factorial pollinator and vertebrate exclosure experiment along a land-use gradient from traditional homegardens (agroforestry systems), shaded coffee plantations to sun coffee plantations (total sample size = 180 coffee bushes). The exclusion of vertebrates led to a reduction in fruit set of ca 9%. Pollinators did not affect fruit set, but significantly increased fruit weight of coffee by an average of 7.4%. We found no significant decline of these ecosystem services along the land-use gradient. Pest control and pollination service were thus complementary, contributing to coffee production by affecting the quantity and quality of a major tropical cash crop across different coffee production systems at Mount Kilimanjaro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Classen
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany, Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, , Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, , 89069 Ulm, Germany, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, 60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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