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Hasler N, Williams CA, Denney VC, Ellis PW, Shrestha S, Terasaki Hart DE, Wolff NH, Yeo S, Crowther TW, Werden LK, Cook-Patton SC. Accounting for albedo change to identify climate-positive tree cover restoration. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2275. [PMID: 38531896 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46577-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Restoring tree cover changes albedo, which is the fraction of sunlight reflected from the Earth's surface. In most locations, these changes in albedo offset or even negate the carbon removal benefits with the latter leading to global warming. Previous efforts to quantify the global climate mitigation benefit of restoring tree cover have not accounted robustly for albedo given a lack of spatially explicit data. Here we produce maps that show that carbon-only estimates may be up to 81% too high. While dryland and boreal settings have especially severe albedo offsets, it is possible to find places that provide net-positive climate mitigation benefits in all biomes. We further find that on-the-ground projects are concentrated in these more climate-positive locations, but that the majority still face at least a 20% albedo offset. Thus, strategically deploying restoration of tree cover for maximum climate benefit requires accounting for albedo change and we provide the tools to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Hasler
- George Perkins Marsh Institute, Clark University, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Peter W Ellis
- Tackle Climate Change Team, The Nature Conservancy, Portland, ME, USA
| | | | - Drew E Terasaki Hart
- Tackle Climate Change Team, The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA, USA
- CSIRO Environment, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Samantha Yeo
- Tackle Climate Change Team, The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA, USA
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Pearce DJG, Nambisan J, Ellis PW, Fernandez-Nieves A, Giomi L. Orientational Correlations in Active and Passive Nematic Defects. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 127:197801. [PMID: 34797140 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.197801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the emergence of orientational order among +1/2 disclinations in active nematic liquid crystals. Using a combination of theoretical and experimental methods, we show that +1/2 disclinations have short-range antiferromagnetic alignment, as a consequence of the elastic torques originating from their polar structure. The presence of intermediate -1/2 disclinations, however, turns this interaction from antialigning to aligning at scales that are smaller than the typical distance between like-sign defects. No long-range orientational order is observed. Strikingly, these effects are insensitive to material properties and qualitatively similar to what is found for defects in passive nematic liquid crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J G Pearce
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry and Theoretical Physics, Université de Genéve, 1205 Genéve, Switzerland
| | - J Nambisan
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - P W Ellis
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - A Fernandez-Nieves
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
- ICREA-Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Giomi
- Instituut-Lorentz, Universiteit Leiden, P.O. Box 9506, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
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3
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Cook-Patton SC, Leavitt SM, Gibbs D, Harris NL, Lister K, Anderson-Teixeira KJ, Briggs RD, Chazdon RL, Crowther TW, Ellis PW, Griscom HP, Herrmann V, Holl KD, Houghton RA, Larrosa C, Lomax G, Lucas R, Madsen P, Malhi Y, Paquette A, Parker JD, Paul K, Routh D, Roxburgh S, Saatchi S, van den Hoogen J, Walker WS, Wheeler CE, Wood SA, Xu L, Griscom BW. Mapping carbon accumulation potential from global natural forest regrowth. Nature 2020; 585:545-550. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2686-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Chapman M, Walker WS, Cook-Patton SC, Ellis PW, Farina M, Griscom BW, Baccini A. Large climate mitigation potential from adding trees to agricultural lands. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:4357-4365. [PMID: 32301542 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
While improved management of agricultural landscapes is promoted as a promising natural climate solution, available estimates of the mitigation potential are based on coarse assessments of both agricultural extent and aboveground carbon density. Here we combine 30 meter resolution global maps of aboveground woody carbon, tree cover, and cropland extent, as well as a 1 km resolution map of global pasture land, to estimate the current and potential carbon storage of trees in nonforested portions of agricultural lands. We find that global croplands currently store 3.07 Pg of carbon (C) in aboveground woody biomass (i.e., trees) and pasture lands account for an additional 3.86 Pg C across a combined 3.76 billion ha. We then estimate the climate mitigation potential of multiple scenarios of integration and avoided loss of trees in crop and pasture lands based on region-specific biomass distributions. We evaluate our findings in the context of nationally determined contributions and find that the majority of potential carbon storage from integration and avoided loss of trees in crop and pasture lands is in countries that do not identify agroforestry as a climate mitigation technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Chapman
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mary Farina
- Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA, USA
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Griscom BW, Busch J, Cook-Patton SC, Ellis PW, Funk J, Leavitt SM, Lomax G, Turner WR, Chapman M, Engelmann J, Gurwick NP, Landis E, Lawrence D, Malhi Y, Schindler Murray L, Navarrete D, Roe S, Scull S, Smith P, Streck C, Walker WS, Worthington T. National mitigation potential from natural climate solutions in the tropics. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190126. [PMID: 31983330 PMCID: PMC7017762 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Better land stewardship is needed to achieve the Paris Agreement's temperature goal, particularly in the tropics, where greenhouse gas emissions from the destruction of ecosystems are largest, and where the potential for additional land carbon storage is greatest. As countries enhance their nationally determined contributions (NDCs) to the Paris Agreement, confusion persists about the potential contribution of better land stewardship to meeting the Agreement's goal to hold global warming below 2°C. We assess cost-effective tropical country-level potential of natural climate solutions (NCS)—protection, improved management and restoration of ecosystems—to deliver climate mitigation linked with sustainable development goals (SDGs). We identify groups of countries with distinctive NCS portfolios, and we explore factors (governance, financial capacity) influencing the feasibility of unlocking national NCS potential. Cost-effective tropical NCS offers globally significant climate mitigation in the coming decades (6.56 Pg CO2e yr−1 at less than 100 US$ per Mg CO2e). In half of the tropical countries, cost-effective NCS could mitigate over half of national emissions. In more than a quarter of tropical countries, cost-effective NCS potential is greater than national emissions. We identify countries where, with international financing and political will, NCS can cost-effectively deliver the majority of enhanced NDCs while transforming national economies and contributing to SDGs. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronson W Griscom
- Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive #600, Arlington, VA 22202, USA.,The Nature Conservancy, 4245 Fairfax Avenue, Suite 100, Arlington, VA 22203-1606, USA
| | - Jonah Busch
- Earth Innovation Institute, 98 Battery Street, Suite 250, San Francisco, CA 94111, USA
| | - Susan C Cook-Patton
- The Nature Conservancy, 4245 Fairfax Avenue, Suite 100, Arlington, VA 22203-1606, USA
| | - Peter W Ellis
- The Nature Conservancy, 4245 Fairfax Avenue, Suite 100, Arlington, VA 22203-1606, USA
| | - Jason Funk
- Land Use and Climate Knowledge Initiative, Global Philanthropy Partnership, 2440 N Lakeview #15A, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Sara M Leavitt
- The Nature Conservancy, 4245 Fairfax Avenue, Suite 100, Arlington, VA 22203-1606, USA
| | - Guy Lomax
- The Nature Conservancy, 4245 Fairfax Avenue, Suite 100, Arlington, VA 22203-1606, USA.,College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
| | - Will R Turner
- Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive #600, Arlington, VA 22202, USA
| | - Melissa Chapman
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jens Engelmann
- Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Noel P Gurwick
- United States Agency for International Development, 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20004, USA
| | - Emily Landis
- The Nature Conservancy, 4245 Fairfax Avenue, Suite 100, Arlington, VA 22203-1606, USA
| | - Deborah Lawrence
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Lisa Schindler Murray
- The Nature Conservancy, 4245 Fairfax Avenue, Suite 100, Arlington, VA 22203-1606, USA
| | - Diego Navarrete
- The Nature Conservancy, Calle 67 #7-94, Piso 3, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Stephanie Roe
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Sabrina Scull
- Earth Day Network, 1616 P Street NW, Suite 340, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Pete Smith
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Charlotte Streck
- Department of International Politics, University of Potsdam, D-14469 Potsdam or Climate Focus, Schwedter Strasse 253, 10199 Berlin, Germany
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Griscom BW, Lomax G, Kroeger T, Fargione JE, Adams J, Almond L, Bossio D, Cook‐Patton SC, Ellis PW, Kennedy CM, Kiesecker J. We need both natural and energy solutions to stabilize our climate. Glob Chang Biol 2019; 25:1889-1890. [PMID: 30903637 PMCID: PMC6646870 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We respond to concerns raised by Baldocchi and Penuelas who question the potential for ecosystems to provide carbon sinks and storage, and conclude that we should focus on decarbonizing our energy systems. While we agree with many of their concerns, we arrive at a different conclusion: we need strong action to advance both clean energy solutions and natural climate solutions (NCS) if we are to stabilize warming well below 2°C. Cost-effective NCS can deliver 11.3 PgCO2 e yr-1 or ~30% of near-term climate mitigation needs through protection, improved management, and restoration of ecosystems, as we increase overall ambition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guy Lomax
- The Nature ConservancyArlingtonVirginia
| | | | | | - Justin Adams
- Tropical Forest Alliance, World Economic ForumGenevaSwitzerland
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Miteva DA, Ellis PW, Ellis EA, Griscom BW. The role of property rights in shaping the effectiveness of protected areas and resisting forest loss in the Yucatan Peninsula. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215820. [PMID: 31067246 PMCID: PMC6505956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of different types of land tenure in areas with high biodiversity and threats of deforestation remains poorly understood. We apply rigorous quasi-experimental methods and detailed geospatial data to assess the role of tenure regimes—communally held lands (specifically, ejidos), private property, and their impact on the effectiveness of protected areas, in reducing forest loss in a biodiversity hotspot- the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico. We find evidence that, while protected areas are effective on average, their impact depends on the underlying type of tenure regime and forest, proxied by biomass levels and biome. Protecting communally held land may reduce deforestation, specifically the loss of medium- and high-biomass forests, compared to forests under private property regimes. Our results have important policy implications for the conservation and climate change mitigation efforts on the Yucatan. However, the high variance in forest loss rates among ejidos indicates that other characteristics of ejidos may be central to understanding community-based forest conservation opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A. Miteva
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Development Economics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter W. Ellis
- Global Lands, The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA, United States of America
| | - Edward A. Ellis
- Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Bronson W. Griscom
- Global Lands, The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA, United States of America
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Fargione JE, Bassett S, Boucher T, Bridgham SD, Conant RT, Cook-Patton SC, Ellis PW, Falcucci A, Fourqurean JW, Gopalakrishna T, Gu H, Henderson B, Hurteau MD, Kroeger KD, Kroeger T, Lark TJ, Leavitt SM, Lomax G, McDonald RI, Megonigal JP, Miteva DA, Richardson CJ, Sanderman J, Shoch D, Spawn SA, Veldman JW, Williams CA, Woodbury PB, Zganjar C, Baranski M, Elias P, Houghton RA, Landis E, McGlynn E, Schlesinger WH, Siikamaki JV, Sutton-Grier AE, Griscom BW. Natural climate solutions for the United States. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaat1869. [PMID: 30443593 PMCID: PMC6235523 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat1869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Limiting climate warming to <2°C requires increased mitigation efforts, including land stewardship, whose potential in the United States is poorly understood. We quantified the potential of natural climate solutions (NCS)-21 conservation, restoration, and improved land management interventions on natural and agricultural lands-to increase carbon storage and avoid greenhouse gas emissions in the United States. We found a maximum potential of 1.2 (0.9 to 1.6) Pg CO2e year-1, the equivalent of 21% of current net annual emissions of the United States. At current carbon market prices (USD 10 per Mg CO2e), 299 Tg CO2e year-1 could be achieved. NCS would also provide air and water filtration, flood control, soil health, wildlife habitat, and climate resilience benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Scott D. Bridgham
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Richard T. Conant
- Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Susan C. Cook-Patton
- The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA
| | | | | | - James W. Fourqurean
- Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | | | - Huan Gu
- Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA
| | - Benjamin Henderson
- Trade and Agriculture Directorate, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris 75016, France
| | - Matthew D. Hurteau
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Kevin D. Kroeger
- Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, United States Geological Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Timm Kroeger
- The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
| | - Tyler J. Lark
- Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | | | - Guy Lomax
- The Nature Conservancy, Oxford OX1 1HU, UK
| | | | | | - Daniela A. Miteva
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Development Economics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Curtis J. Richardson
- Duke University Wetland Center, Nicholas School of the Environment, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - David Shoch
- TerraCarbon LLC, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Seth A. Spawn
- Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Joseph W. Veldman
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | | | - Peter B. Woodbury
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Marci Baranski
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC 20250, USA
| | | | | | - Emily Landis
- The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
| | - Emily McGlynn
- Department of Agriculture and Resource Economics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - Juha V. Siikamaki
- International Union for Conservation of Nature, Washington, DC 20009, USA
| | - Ariana E. Sutton-Grier
- The Nature Conservancy, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA
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Meldrum RJ, Ellis PW, Mannion PT, Halstead D, Garside J. Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods sampled from the point of sale in Wales, United Kingdom. J Food Prot 2010; 73:1515-8. [PMID: 20819364 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.8.1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A survey of Listeria in ready-to-eat food took place in Wales, United Kingdom, between February 2008 and January 2009. In total, 5,840 samples were taken and examined for the presence of Listeria species, including L. monocytogenes. Samples were tested using detection and enumeration methods, and the results were compared with current United Kingdom guidelines for the microbiological quality of ready-to-eat foods. The majority of samples were negative for Listeria by both direct plating and enriched culture. Seventeen samples (0.29%) had countable levels of Listeria species (other than L. monocytogenes), and another 11 samples (0.19%) had countable levels of L. monocytogenes. Nine samples (0.15%) were unsatisfactory or potentially hazardous when compared with United Kingdom guideline limits; six (0.10%) were in the unsatisfactory category (>100 CFU/g) for Listeria species (other than L. monocytogenes), and three (0.05%) were in the unacceptable or potentially hazardous category (>100 CFU/g) for L. monocytogenes. All three of these samples were from sandwiches (two chicken sandwiches and one ham-and-cheese sandwich). The most commonly isolated serotype of L. monocytogenes was 1/2a. This survey was used to determine the current prevalence of Listeria species and L. monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods sampled from the point of sale in Wales.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Meldrum
- National Public Health Service Microbiology Cardiff, Llandough Hospital, Penlan Road, Penarth CF64 2XX, UK.
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Abstract
Heparin anticoagulation is standard practice in hemodialysis. To assess the effect of adequate heparinization on dialysis delivery, 28 chronic dialysis patients (mean age, 55 +/- 17 years; 18 men, 10 women) were selected for heparin modeling (HM). Polysulfone dialyzers were used. The dialysis prescription was kept unchanged, and an automated nonbleach reuse procedure was used. Measurements of time average concentration of urea (TACurea), KT/V delivered, normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR), hematocrit, and dialyzer total blood compartment volumes [TBCVs] (fiber bundle volume [FBV] + header volume) were evaluated before and after heparin dosages were changed as indicated by HM. Heparin dosage increased from 2,400 +/- 841 IU to 4,398 +/- 3,112 IU (P < 0.002). While there was no significant change in nPCR (pre 0.84 +/- 0.34 v post 0.83 +/- 0.30), the effective clearance as measured by urea clearance improved from 212.8 +/- 37 to 240.1 +/- 49 mL/min (P < 0.05), KT/V remained unchanged, and TACurea decreased from 48.8 +/- 22.3 to 35.8 +/- 21.5 mg/dL (P < 0.05). Dialyzer TBCVs were unchanged (from 116 +/- 17 to 114 +/- 17 mL, NS). We conclude that the use of an appropriate dose of heparin during hemodialysis will improve polysulfone dialyzer clearance, increase the delivered KT/Vurea, and reduce TACurea. Heparin dosing should be given close attention because it does affect the dialysis dose delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Wei
- Department of Hypertension/Nephrology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195-1951
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