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Bansal S, Creed IF, Tangen BA, Bridgham SD, Desai AR, Krauss KW, Neubauer SC, Noe GB, Rosenberry DO, Trettin C, Wickland KP, Allen ST, Arias-Ortiz A, Armitage AR, Baldocchi D, Banerjee K, Bastviken D, Berg P, Bogard MJ, Chow AT, Conner WH, Craft C, Creamer C, DelSontro T, Duberstein JA, Eagle M, Fennessy MS, Finkelstein SA, Göckede M, Grunwald S, Halabisky M, Herbert E, Jahangir MMR, Johnson OF, Jones MC, Kelleway JJ, Knox S, Kroeger KD, Kuehn KA, Lobb D, Loder AL, Ma S, Maher DT, McNicol G, Meier J, Middleton BA, Mills C, Mistry P, Mitra A, Mobilian C, Nahlik AM, Newman S, O’Connell JL, Oikawa P, van der Burg MP, Schutte CA, Song C, Stagg CL, Turner J, Vargas R, Waldrop MP, Wallin MB, Wang ZA, Ward EJ, Willard DA, Yarwood S, Zhu X. Practical Guide to Measuring Wetland Carbon Pools and Fluxes. Wetlands (Wilmington) 2023; 43:105. [PMID: 38037553 PMCID: PMC10684704 DOI: 10.1007/s13157-023-01722-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Wetlands cover a small portion of the world, but have disproportionate influence on global carbon (C) sequestration, carbon dioxide and methane emissions, and aquatic C fluxes. However, the underlying biogeochemical processes that affect wetland C pools and fluxes are complex and dynamic, making measurements of wetland C challenging. Over decades of research, many observational, experimental, and analytical approaches have been developed to understand and quantify pools and fluxes of wetland C. Sampling approaches range in their representation of wetland C from short to long timeframes and local to landscape spatial scales. This review summarizes common and cutting-edge methodological approaches for quantifying wetland C pools and fluxes. We first define each of the major C pools and fluxes and provide rationale for their importance to wetland C dynamics. For each approach, we clarify what component of wetland C is measured and its spatial and temporal representativeness and constraints. We describe practical considerations for each approach, such as where and when an approach is typically used, who can conduct the measurements (expertise, training requirements), and how approaches are conducted, including considerations on equipment complexity and costs. Finally, we review key covariates and ancillary measurements that enhance the interpretation of findings and facilitate model development. The protocols that we describe to measure soil, water, vegetation, and gases are also relevant for related disciplines such as ecology. Improved quality and consistency of data collection and reporting across studies will help reduce global uncertainties and develop management strategies to use wetlands as nature-based climate solutions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13157-023-01722-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheel Bansal
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, ND USA
| | - Irena F. Creed
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Brian A. Tangen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, ND USA
| | - Scott D. Bridgham
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR USA
| | - Ankur R. Desai
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Ken W. Krauss
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Lafayette, LA USA
| | - Scott C. Neubauer
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Gregory B. Noe
- U.S. Geological Survey, Florence Bascom Geoscience Center, Reston, VA USA
| | | | - Carl Trettin
- U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, CA USA
| | - Kimberly P. Wickland
- U.S. Geological Survey, Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, Denver, CO USA
| | - Scott T. Allen
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV USA
| | - Ariane Arias-Ortiz
- Ecosystem Science Division, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Anna R. Armitage
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX USA
| | - Dennis Baldocchi
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Kakoli Banerjee
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources, Central University of Odisha, Koraput, Odisha India
| | - David Bastviken
- Department of Thematic Studies – Environmental Change, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Peter Berg
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Matthew J. Bogard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB Canada
| | - Alex T. Chow
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - William H. Conner
- Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science, Clemson University, Georgetown, SC USA
| | - Christopher Craft
- O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Courtney Creamer
- U.S. Geological Survey, Geology, Minerals, Energy and Geophysics Science Center, Menlo Park, CA USA
| | - Tonya DelSontro
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON Canada
| | - Jamie A. Duberstein
- Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science, Clemson University, Georgetown, SC USA
| | - Meagan Eagle
- U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal & Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA USA
| | | | | | - Mathias Göckede
- Department for Biogeochemical Signals, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Sabine Grunwald
- Soil, Water and Ecosystem Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Meghan Halabisky
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | | | - Olivia F. Johnson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, ND USA
- Departments of Biology and Environmental Studies, Kent State University, Kent, OH USA
| | - Miriam C. Jones
- U.S. Geological Survey, Florence Bascom Geoscience Center, Reston, VA USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Kelleway
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences and Environmental Futures Research Centre, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW Australia
| | - Sara Knox
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Kevin D. Kroeger
- U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal & Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA USA
| | - Kevin A. Kuehn
- School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS USA
| | - David Lobb
- Department of Soil Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
| | - Amanda L. Loder
- Department of Geography, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Shizhou Ma
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada
| | - Damien T. Maher
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW Australia
| | - Gavin McNicol
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Jacob Meier
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, ND USA
| | - Beth A. Middleton
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Lafayette, LA USA
| | - Christopher Mills
- U.S. Geological Survey, Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center, Denver, CO USA
| | - Purbasha Mistry
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada
| | - Abhijit Mitra
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal India
| | - Courtney Mobilian
- O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Amanda M. Nahlik
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessments, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR USA
| | - Sue Newman
- South Florida Water Management District, Everglades Systems Assessment Section, West Palm Beach, FL USA
| | - Jessica L. O’Connell
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - Patty Oikawa
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA USA
| | - Max Post van der Burg
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, ND USA
| | - Charles A. Schutte
- Department of Environmental Science, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ USA
| | - Changchun Song
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Camille L. Stagg
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Lafayette, LA USA
| | - Jessica Turner
- Freshwater and Marine Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Rodrigo Vargas
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE USA
| | - Mark P. Waldrop
- U.S. Geological Survey, Geology, Minerals, Energy and Geophysics Science Center, Menlo Park, CA USA
| | - Marcus B. Wallin
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zhaohui Aleck Wang
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA USA
| | - Eric J. Ward
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Lafayette, LA USA
| | - Debra A. Willard
- U.S. Geological Survey, Florence Bascom Geoscience Center, Reston, VA USA
| | - Stephanie Yarwood
- Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, China
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Eagle MJ, Kroeger KD, Spivak AC, Wang F, Tang J, Abdul-Aziz OI, Ishtiaq KS, O'Keefe Suttles J, Mann AG. Soil carbon consequences of historic hydrologic impairment and recent restoration in coastal wetlands. Sci Total Environ 2022; 848:157682. [PMID: 35917962 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Coastal wetlands provide key ecosystem services, including substantial long-term storage of atmospheric CO2 in soil organic carbon pools. This accumulation of soil organic matter is a vital component of elevation gain in coastal wetlands responding to sea-level rise. Anthropogenic activities that alter coastal wetland function through disruption of tidal exchange and wetland water levels are ubiquitous. This study assesses soil vertical accretion and organic carbon accretion across five coastal wetlands that experienced over a century of impounded hydrology, followed by restoration of tidal exchange 5 to 14 years prior to sampling. Nearby marshes that never experienced tidal impoundment served as controls with natural hydrology to assess the impact of impoundment and restoration. Dated soil cores indicate that elevation gain and carbon storage were suppressed 30-70 % during impoundment, accounting for the majority of elevation deficit between impacted and natural sites. Only one site had substantial subsidence, likely due to oxidation of soil organic matter. Vertical and carbon accretion gains were achieved at all restored sites, with carbon burial increasing from 96 ± 33 to 197 ± 64 g C m-2 y-1. The site with subsidence was able to accrete at double the rate (13 ± 5.6 mm y-1) of the natural complement, due predominantly to organic matter accumulation rather than mineral deposition, indicating these ecosystems are capable of large dynamic responses to restoration when conditions are optimized for vegetation growth. Hydrologic restoration enhanced elevation resilience and climate benefits of these coastal wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan J Eagle
- U. S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
| | - Kevin D Kroeger
- U. S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Amanda C Spivak
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Faming Wang
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA; Xiaoliang Research Station for Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, and the CAS Engineering Laboratory for Ecological Restoration of Island and Coastal Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jianwu Tang
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | | | - Khandker S Ishtiaq
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-6103, USA; Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jennifer O'Keefe Suttles
- U. S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Adrian G Mann
- U. S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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Sanders-DeMott R, Eagle MJ, Kroeger KD, Wang F, Brooks TW, O'Keefe Suttles JA, Nick SK, Mann AG, Tang J. Impoundment increases methane emissions in Phragmites-invaded coastal wetlands. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:4539-4557. [PMID: 35616054 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Saline tidal wetlands are important sites of carbon sequestration and produce negligible methane (CH4 ) emissions due to regular inundation with sulfate-rich seawater. Yet, widespread management of coastal hydrology has restricted tidal exchange in vast areas of coastal wetlands. These ecosystems often undergo impoundment and freshening, which in turn cause vegetation shifts like invasion by Phragmites, that affect ecosystem carbon balance. Understanding controls and scaling of carbon exchange in these understudied ecosystems is critical for informing climate consequences of blue carbon restoration and/or management interventions. Here, we (1) examine how carbon fluxes vary across a salinity gradient (4-25 psu) in impounded and natural, tidally unrestricted Phragmites wetlands using static chambers and (2) probe drivers of carbon fluxes within an impounded coastal wetland using eddy covariance at the Herring River in Wellfleet, MA, United States. Freshening across the salinity gradient led to a 50-fold increase in CH4 emissions, but effects on carbon dioxide (CO2 ) were less pronounced with uptake generally enhanced in the fresher, impounded sites. The impounded wetland experienced little variation in water-table depth or salinity during the growing season and was a strong CO2 sink of -352 g CO2 -C m-2 year-1 offset by CH4 emission of 11.4 g CH4 -C m-2 year-1 . Growing season CH4 flux was driven primarily by temperature. Methane flux exhibited a diurnal cycle with a night-time minimum that was not reflected in opaque chamber measurements. Therefore, we suggest accounting for the diurnal cycle of CH4 in Phragmites, for example by applying a scaling factor developed here of ~0.6 to mid-day chamber measurements. Taken together, these results suggest that although freshened, impounded wetlands can be strong carbon sinks, enhanced CH4 emission with freshening reduces net radiative balance. Restoration of tidal flow to impounded ecosystems could limit CH4 production and enhance their climate regulating benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Sanders-DeMott
- U. S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Meagan J Eagle
- U. S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kevin D Kroeger
- U. S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Faming Wang
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
- Xiaoliang Research Station for Tropical Coastal Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, and the CAS Engineering Laboratory for Ecological Restoration of Island and Coastal Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Thomas W Brooks
- U. S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Sydney K Nick
- U. S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adrian G Mann
- U. S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jianwu Tang
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
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Fouse JA, Eagle MJ, Kroeger KD, Smith TP. Estimating the aboveground biomass and carbon stocks of tall shrubs in a pre‐restoration degraded salt marsh. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqualyn A. Fouse
- Friends of Herring River P.O. Box 1485 Wellfleet Massachusetts 02667 United States
| | - Meagan J. Eagle
- U.S. Geological Survey Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center 384 Woods Hole Road Woods Hole Massachusetts 02543 United States
| | - Kevin D. Kroeger
- U.S. Geological Survey Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center 384 Woods Hole Road Woods Hole Massachusetts 02543 United States
| | - Timothy P. Smith
- U.S. National Park Service Cape Cod National Seashore 99 Marconi Site Road Wellfleet Massachusetts 02667 United States
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Wang F, Eagle M, Kroeger KD, Spivak AC, Tang J. Plant biomass and rates of carbon dioxide uptake are enhanced by successful restoration of tidal connectivity in salt marshes. Sci Total Environ 2021; 750:141566. [PMID: 32882493 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Salt marshes, due to their capability to bury soil carbon (C), are potentially important regional C sinks. Efforts to restore tidal flow to former salt marshes have increased in recent decades in New England (USA), as well as in some other parts of the world. In this study, we investigated plant biomass and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes at four sites where restoration of tidal flow occurred five to ten years prior to the study. Site elevation, aboveground biomass, CO2 flux, and porewater chemistry were measured in 2015 and 2016 in both restored marshes and adjacent marshes where tidal flow had never been restricted. We found that the elevation in restored marsh sites was 2-16 cm lower than their natural references. Restored marshes where porewater chemistry was similar to the natural reference had greater plant aboveground biomass, gross ecosystem production, ecosystem respiration, as well as net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) than the natural reference, even though they had the same plant species. We also compared respiration rates in aboveground biomass (AR) and soil (BR) during July 2016, and found that restored marshes had higher AR and BR fluxes than natural references. Our findings indicated that well-restored salt marshes can result in greater plant biomass and NEP, which has the potential to enhance rates of C sequestration at 10-yrs post restoration. Those differences were likely due to lower elevation and greater flooding frequency in the recently restored marshes than the natural marsh. The inverse relationship between elevation and productivity further suggests that, where sea-level rise rate does not surpass the threshold of plant survival, the restoration of these salt marshes may lead to enhanced organic and mineral sedimentation, extending marsh survival under increased sea level, and recouping carbon stocks that were lost during decades of tidal restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faming Wang
- Xiaoliang Research Station of Tropical Coastal Ecosystems and CAS Engineering Laboratory for Ecological Restoration of Island and Coastal Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, PR China; The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA; State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research and Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai 201100, PR China
| | - Meagan Eagle
- U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal & Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Kevin D Kroeger
- U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal & Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Amanda C Spivak
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA
| | - Jianwu Tang
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA; State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research and Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai 201100, PR China.
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Wang F, Kroeger KD, Gonneea ME, Pohlman JW, Tang J. Water salinity and inundation control soil carbon decomposition during salt marsh restoration: An incubation experiment. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:1911-1921. [PMID: 30847081 PMCID: PMC6392403 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Coastal wetlands are a significant carbon (C) sink since they store carbon in anoxic soils. This ecosystem service is impacted by hydrologic alteration and management of these coastal habitats. Efforts to restore tidal flow to former salt marshes have increased in recent decades and are generally associated with alteration of water inundation levels and salinity. This study examined the effect of water level and salinity changes on soil organic matter decomposition during a 60-day incubation period. Intact soil cores from impounded fresh water marsh and salt marsh were incubated after addition of either sea water or fresh water under flooded and drained water levels. Elevating fresh water marsh salinity to 6 to 9 ppt enhanced CO2 emission by 50%-80% and most typically decreased CH4 emissions, whereas, decreasing the salinity from 26 ppt to 19 ppt in salt marsh soils had no effect on CO2 or CH4 fluxes. The effect from altering water levels was more pronounced with drained soil cores emitting ~10-fold more CO2 than the flooded treatment in both marsh sediments. Draining soil cores also increased dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. Stable carbon isotope analysis of CO2 generated during the incubations of fresh water marsh cores in drained soils demonstrates that relict peat OC that accumulated when the marsh was saline was preferentially oxidized when sea water was introduced. This study suggests that restoration of tidal flow that raises the water level from drained conditions would decrease aerobic decomposition and enhance C sequestration. It is also possible that the restoration would increase soil C decomposition of deeper deposits by anaerobic oxidation, however this impact would be minimal compared to lower emissions expected due to the return of flooding conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faming Wang
- Marine Biological LaboratoryThe Ecosystems CenterWoods HoleMassachusetts
- USGS Woods Hole Coastal & Marine Science CenterWoods HoleMassachusetts
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Kevin D. Kroeger
- USGS Woods Hole Coastal & Marine Science CenterWoods HoleMassachusetts
| | - Meagan E. Gonneea
- USGS Woods Hole Coastal & Marine Science CenterWoods HoleMassachusetts
| | - John W. Pohlman
- USGS Woods Hole Coastal & Marine Science CenterWoods HoleMassachusetts
| | - Jianwu Tang
- Marine Biological LaboratoryThe Ecosystems CenterWoods HoleMassachusetts
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Fargione JE, Bassett S, Boucher T, Bridgham SD, Conant RT, Cook-Patton SC, Ellis PW, Falcucci A, Fourqurean JW, Gopalakrishna T, Gu H, Henderson B, Hurteau MD, Kroeger KD, Kroeger T, Lark TJ, Leavitt SM, Lomax G, McDonald RI, Megonigal JP, Miteva DA, Richardson CJ, Sanderman J, Shoch D, Spawn SA, Veldman JW, Williams CA, Woodbury PB, Zganjar C, Baranski M, Elias P, Houghton RA, Landis E, McGlynn E, Schlesinger WH, Siikamaki JV, Sutton-Grier AE, Griscom BW. Natural climate solutions for the United States. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaat1869. [PMID: 30443593 PMCID: PMC6235523 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat1869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Limiting climate warming to <2°C requires increased mitigation efforts, including land stewardship, whose potential in the United States is poorly understood. We quantified the potential of natural climate solutions (NCS)-21 conservation, restoration, and improved land management interventions on natural and agricultural lands-to increase carbon storage and avoid greenhouse gas emissions in the United States. We found a maximum potential of 1.2 (0.9 to 1.6) Pg CO2e year-1, the equivalent of 21% of current net annual emissions of the United States. At current carbon market prices (USD 10 per Mg CO2e), 299 Tg CO2e year-1 could be achieved. NCS would also provide air and water filtration, flood control, soil health, wildlife habitat, and climate resilience benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Scott D. Bridgham
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Richard T. Conant
- Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Susan C. Cook-Patton
- The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA
| | | | | | - James W. Fourqurean
- Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | | | - Huan Gu
- Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA
| | - Benjamin Henderson
- Trade and Agriculture Directorate, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris 75016, France
| | - Matthew D. Hurteau
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Kevin D. Kroeger
- Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, United States Geological Survey, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Timm Kroeger
- The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
| | - Tyler J. Lark
- Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | | | - Guy Lomax
- The Nature Conservancy, Oxford OX1 1HU, UK
| | | | | | - Daniela A. Miteva
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Development Economics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Curtis J. Richardson
- Duke University Wetland Center, Nicholas School of the Environment, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - David Shoch
- TerraCarbon LLC, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Seth A. Spawn
- Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Joseph W. Veldman
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | | | - Peter B. Woodbury
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Marci Baranski
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC 20250, USA
| | | | | | - Emily Landis
- The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
| | - Emily McGlynn
- Department of Agriculture and Resource Economics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - Juha V. Siikamaki
- International Union for Conservation of Nature, Washington, DC 20009, USA
| | - Ariana E. Sutton-Grier
- The Nature Conservancy, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA
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Holmquist JR, Windham-Myers L, Bliss N, Crooks S, Morris JT, Megonigal JP, Troxler T, Weller D, Callaway J, Drexler J, Ferner MC, Gonneea ME, Kroeger KD, Schile-Beers L, Woo I, Buffington K, Breithaupt J, Boyd BM, Brown LN, Dix N, Hice L, Horton BP, MacDonald GM, Moyer RP, Reay W, Shaw T, Smith E, Smoak JM, Sommerfield C, Thorne K, Velinsky D, Watson E, Grimes KW, Woodrey M. Author Correction: Accuracy and Precision of Tidal Wetland Soil Carbon Mapping in the Conterminous United States. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15219. [PMID: 30297776 PMCID: PMC6175825 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33283-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Donald Weller
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew C Ferner
- San Francisco State University and San Francisco Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, San Francisco, USA
| | - Meagan E Gonneea
- USGS, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, USA
| | - Kevin D Kroeger
- USGS, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, USA
| | | | - Isa Woo
- USGS, Western Ecological Research Center, Vallejo, USA
| | | | | | - Brandon M Boyd
- Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, USA
| | | | - Nicole Dix
- Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Estuarine Research Reserve, Ponte Vedra Beach, USA
| | - Lyndie Hice
- Delaware National Estuarine Research Reserve, Dover, USA
| | - Benjamin P Horton
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technical University, Singapore, Singapore.,Earth Observatory of Singapore and Nanyang University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Ryan P Moyer
- Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish & Wildlife Research Institute, St., Petersburg, USA
| | - William Reay
- Virginia Institute for Marine Sciences, Gloucester Point, USA
| | - Timothy Shaw
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technical University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Erik Smith
- North Inlet-Winyah Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Georgetown, USA
| | | | | | - Karen Thorne
- USGS, Western Ecological Research Center, Vallejo, USA
| | - David Velinsky
- Department of Biodiversity, Earth & Environmental Sciences and The Academy of Natural Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Elizabeth Watson
- Department of Biodiversity, Earth & Environmental Sciences and The Academy of Natural Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Kristin Wilson Grimes
- University of the Virgin Islands and Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve, St. Thomas, USA
| | - Mark Woodrey
- Grand Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve and Mississippi State University, Moss Point, USA
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9
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Szymczycha B, Kroeger KD, Crusius J, Bratton JF. Depth of the vadose zone controls aquifer biogeochemical conditions and extent of anthropogenic nitrogen removal. Water Res 2017; 123:794-801. [PMID: 28750329 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated biogeochemical conditions and watershed features controlling the extent of nitrate removal through microbial dinitrogen (N2) production within the surficial glacial aquifer located on the north and south shores of Long Island, NY, USA. The extent of N2 production differs within portions of the aquifer, with greatest N2 production observed at the south shore of Long Island where the vadose zone is thinnest, while limited N2 production occurred under the thick vadose zones on the north shore. In areas with a shallow water table and thin vadose zone, low oxygen concentrations and sufficient DOC concentrations are conducive to N2 production. Results support the hypothesis that in aquifers without a significant supply of sediment-bound reducing potential, vadose zone thickness exerts an important control of the extent of N2 production. Since quantification of excess N2 relies on knowledge of equilibrium N2 concentration at recharge, calculated based on temperature at recharge, we further identify several features, such as land use and cover, seasonality of recharge, and climate change that should be considered to refine estimation of recharge temperature, its deviation from mean annual air temperature, and resulting deviation from expected equilibrium gas concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Szymczycha
- Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712, Sopot, Poland; USGS Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, 384 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
| | - K D Kroeger
- USGS Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, 384 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - J Crusius
- USGS at UW School of Oceanography, 1492 NE Boat St., Box 355351, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - J F Bratton
- LimnoTech, 501 Avis Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
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10
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Moseman‐Valtierra S, Abdul‐Aziz OI, Tang J, Ishtiaq KS, Morkeski K, Mora J, Quinn RK, Martin RM, Egan K, Brannon EQ, Carey J, Kroeger KD. Carbon dioxide fluxes reflect plant zonation and belowground biomass in a coastal marsh. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Moseman‐Valtierra
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Rhode Island 120 Flagg Road Kingston Rhode Island 02881 USA
| | - Omar I. Abdul‐Aziz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering West Virginia University PO Box 6103 Morgantown West Virginia 26506 USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Florida International University 10555 West Flagler Street Miami Florida 33174 USA
| | - Jianwu Tang
- The Ecosystems Center Marine Biological Laboratory 7 MBL Street Woods Hole Massachusetts 02543 USA
| | - Khandker S. Ishtiaq
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering West Virginia University PO Box 6103 Morgantown West Virginia 26506 USA
| | - Kate Morkeski
- The Ecosystems Center Marine Biological Laboratory 7 MBL Street Woods Hole Massachusetts 02543 USA
| | - Jordan Mora
- Waquoit Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve 131 Waquoit Highway Waquoit Massachusetts 02536 USA
| | - Ryan K. Quinn
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Rhode Island 120 Flagg Road Kingston Rhode Island 02881 USA
| | - Rose M. Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Rhode Island 120 Flagg Road Kingston Rhode Island 02881 USA
- Atlantic Ecology Division Environmental Protection Agency 27 Tarzwell Drive Narragansett Rhode Island 02882 USA
| | - Katharine Egan
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Rhode Island 120 Flagg Road Kingston Rhode Island 02881 USA
| | - Elizabeth Q. Brannon
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Rhode Island 120 Flagg Road Kingston Rhode Island 02881 USA
| | - Joanna Carey
- The Ecosystems Center Marine Biological Laboratory 7 MBL Street Woods Hole Massachusetts 02543 USA
| | - Kevin D. Kroeger
- Coastal and Marine Science Center U.S. Geological Survey 384 Woods Hole Road Woods Hole Massachusetts 02543 USA
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11
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Szymczycha B, Kroeger KD, Pempkowiak J. Significance of groundwater discharge along the coast of Poland as a source of dissolved metals to the southern Baltic Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 2016; 109:151-162. [PMID: 27293076 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fluxes of dissolved trace metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) via groundwater discharge along the southern Baltic Sea have been assessed for the first time. Dissolved metal concentrations in groundwater samples were less variable than in seawater and were generally one or two orders of magnitude higher: Cd (2.1-2.8nmolL(-1)), Co (8.70-8.76nmolL(-1)), Cr (18.1-18.5nmolL(-1)), Mn (2.4-2.8μmolL(-1)), Pb (1.2-1.5nmolL(-1)), Zn (33.1-34.0nmolL(-1)). Concentrations of Cu (0.5-0.8nmolL(-1)) and Ni (4.9-5.8nmolL(-1)) were, respectively, 32 and 4 times lower, than in seawater. Groundwater-derived trace metal fluxes constitute 93% for Cd, 80% for Co, 91% for Cr, 6% for Cu, 66% for Mn, 4% for Ni, 70% for Pb and 93% for Zn of the total freshwater trace metal flux to the Bay of Puck. Groundwater-seawater mixing, redox conditions and Mn-cycling are the main processes responsible for trace metal distribution in groundwater discharge sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Szymczycha
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland; USGS Coastal and Marine Science Center, 384 Woods Hole Road,10, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Kevin D Kroeger
- USGS Coastal and Marine Science Center, 384 Woods Hole Road,10, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Janusz Pempkowiak
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
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12
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Moseman-Valtierra S, Kroeger KD, Crusius J, Baldwin S, Green A, Brooks TW, Pugh E. Substantial nitrous oxide emissions from intertidal sediments and groundwater in anthropogenically-impacted West Falmouth Harbor, Massachusetts. Chemosphere 2015; 119:1281-1288. [PMID: 25460773 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Large N2O emissions were observed from intertidal sediments in a coastal estuary, West Falmouth Harbor, MA, USA. Average N2O emission rates from 41 chambers during summer 2008 were 10.7 mol N2O m(-2) h(-1)±4.43 μmol N2O m(-2) h(-1) (standard error). Emissions were highest from sediments within a known wastewater plume, where a maximum N2O emission rate was 155 μmol N2O m(-2) h(-1). Intertidal N2O fluxes were positively related to porewater ammonium concentrations at 10 and 25 cm depths. In groundwater from 7 shoreline wells, dissolved N2O ranged from 488% of saturation (56 nM N2O) to more than 13000% of saturation (1529 nM N2O) and was positively related to nitrate concentrations. Fresh and brackish porewater underlying 14 chambers was also supersaturated in N2O, ranging from 2980% to 13175% of saturation. These observations support a relationship between anthropogenic nutrient loading and N2O emissions in West Falmouth Harbor, with both groundwater sources and also local N2O production within nutrient-rich, intertidal sediments in the groundwater seepage face. N2O emissions from intertidal "hotspot" in this harbor, together with estimated surface water emissions, constituted 2.4% of the average overall rate of nitrogen export from the watershed to the estuary. This suggests that N2O emissions factors from coastal ecosystems may be underestimated. Since anthropogenic nutrient loading affects estuaries worldwide, quantification of N2O dynamics is warranted in other anthropogenically-impacted coastal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Moseman-Valtierra
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States; US Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States.
| | - Kevin D Kroeger
- US Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States
| | - John Crusius
- US Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States; USGS at UW School of Oceanography, 1492 NE Boat Street, Box 355351, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Sandra Baldwin
- US Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States
| | - Adrian Green
- US Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States
| | - T Wallace Brooks
- US Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States
| | - Emily Pugh
- US Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States
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Arnold WA, Longnecker K, Kroeger KD, Kujawinski EB. Molecular signature of organic nitrogen in septic-impacted groundwater. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2014; 16:2400-2407. [PMID: 25142948 DOI: 10.1039/c4em00289j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved inorganic and organic nitrogen levels are elevated in aquatic systems due to anthropogenic activities. Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) arises from various sources, and its impact could be more clearly constrained if specific sources were identified and if the molecular-level composition of DON were better understood. In this work, the pharmaceutical carbamazepine was used to identify septic-impacted groundwater in a coastal watershed. Using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry data, the nitrogen-containing features of the dissolved organic matter in septic-impacted and non-impacted samples were compared. The septic-impacted groundwater samples have a larger abundance of nitrogen-containing formulas. Impacted samples have additional DON features in the regions ascribed as 'protein-like' and 'lipid-like' in van Krevelen space and have more intense nitrogen-containing features in a specific region of a carbon versus mass plot. These features are potential indicators of dissolved organic nitrogen arising from septic effluents, and this work suggests that ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry is a valuable tool to identify and characterize sources of DON.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Arnold
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Dr SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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14
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Zhao S, Zhang P, Crusius J, Kroeger KD, Bratton JF. Use of pharmaceuticals and pesticides to constrain nutrient sources in coastal groundwater of northwestern Long Island, New York, USA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:1337-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c1em10039d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
We developed, and applied in two sites, novel methods to measure ground water-borne nitrogen loads to receiving estuaries from plumes resulting from land disposal of waste water treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. In addition, we quantified nitrogen losses from WWTP effluent during transport through watersheds. WWTP load to receiving water was estimated as the difference between total measured ground water-transported nitrogen load and modeled load from major nitrogen sources other than the WWTP. To test estimated WWTP loads, we applied two additional methods. First, we quantified total annual waste water nitrogen load from watersheds based on nitrogen stable isotopic signatures of primary producers in receiving water. Second, we used published data on ground water nitrogen concentrations in an array of wells to estimate dimensions of the plume and quantify the annual mass of nitrogen transported within the plume. Loss of nitrogen during transport through the watershed was estimated as the difference between the annual mass of nitrogen applied to watersheds as treatment plant effluent and the estimated nitrogen load reaching receiving water. In one plume, we corroborated our estimated nitrogen loss in watersheds using data from multiple-level sampling wells to calculate the loss of nitrogen relative to a conservative tracer. The results suggest that nitrogen from the plumes is discharging to the estuaries but that substantial nitrogen loss occurs during transport through the watersheds. The measured vs. modeled and stable isotopic approaches, in comparison to the plume mapping approach, may more reliably quantify ground water-transported WWTP loads to estuaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Kroeger
- Boston University Marine Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
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16
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Cole ML, Valiela I, Kroeger KD, Tomasky GL, Cebrian J, Wigand C, McKinney RA, Grady SP, Carvalho da Silva MH. Assessment of a delta15N isotopic method to indicate anthropogenic eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems. J Environ Qual 2004; 33:124-132. [PMID: 14964366 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2004.1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Increased anthropogenic delivery of nutrients to water bodies, both freshwater and estuarine, has caused detrimental changes in habitat, food web structure, and nutrient cycling. Nitrogen-stable isotopes may be suitable indicators of such increased nutrient delivery. In this study, we looked at the differences in response of macrophyte delta15N values to anthropogenic N across different taxonomic groups and geographic regions to test a stable isotopic method for detecting anthropogenic impacts. Macrophyte delta15N values increased with wastewater input and water-column dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentration. When macrophytes were divided into macroalgae and plants, they responded similarly to increases in wastewater N, although macroalgae was a more reliable indicator of both wastewater inputs and water-column DIN concentrations. Smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora Loisel.) Delta15N increased uniformly with wastewater inputs across a geographic range. We used the relationship derived between S. alterniflora and relative wastewater load to predict wastewater loads in locations lacking quantitative land use data. The predictions matched well with known qualitative information, proving the use of a stable isotopic method for predicting wastewater input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marci L Cole
- Save the Bay, 434 Smith St., Providence, RI 02908, USA.
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17
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Abraham DM, Charette MA, Allen MC, Rago A, Kroeger KD. Radiochemical estimates of submarine groundwater discharge to Waquoit Bay, Massachusetts. Biol Bull 2003; 205:246-247. [PMID: 14583554 DOI: 10.2307/1543277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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18
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Talbot JM, Kroeger KD, Rago A, Allen MC, Charette MA. Nitrogen flux and speciation through the subterranean estuary of Waquoit Bay, Massachusetts. Biol Bull 2003; 205:244-245. [PMID: 14583553 DOI: 10.2307/1543276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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Hauxwell AM, Neill C, Valiela I, Kroeger KD. Small-scale heterogeneity of nitrogen concentrations in groundwater at the seepage face of Edgartown Great Pond. Biol Bull 2001; 201:290-292. [PMID: 11687430 DOI: 10.2307/1543372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Hauxwell
- Ecosystems Center, Boston University Marine Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
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Wolfe FL, Kroeger KD, Valiela I. Increased Lability of Estuarine Dissolved Organic Nitrogen From Urbanized Watersheds. Biol Bull 1999; 197:290-292. [PMID: 28281825 DOI: 10.2307/1542658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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Griffin MPA, Cole ML, Kroeger KD, Cebrian J. Dependence of Herbivory on Autotrophic Nitrogen Content and on Net Primary Production Across Ecosystems. Biol Bull 1998; 195:233-234. [PMID: 28570192 DOI: 10.2307/1542856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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