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Hernandez-Santana V, Rodriguez-Dominguez CM, Sebastian-Azcona J, Perez-Romero LF, Diaz-Espejo A. Role of hydraulic traits in stomatal regulation of transpiration under different vapour pressure deficits across five Mediterranean tree crops. J Exp Bot 2023; 74:4597-4612. [PMID: 37115664 PMCID: PMC10433928 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The differential stomatal regulation of transpiration among plant species in response to water deficit is not fully understood, although several hydraulic traits have been reported to influence it. This knowledge gap is partly due to a lack of direct and concomitant experimental data on transpiration, stomatal conductance, and hydraulic traits. We measured sap flux density (Js), stomatal conductance (gs), and different hydraulic traits in five crop species. Our aim was to contribute to establishing the causal relationship between water consumption and its regulation using a hydraulic trait-based approach. The results showed that the species-specific regulation of Js by gs was overall coordinated with the functional hydraulic traits analysed. Particularly relevant was the negative and significant relationship found between the Huber value (Hv) and its functional analogue ratio between maximum Js and gs (Jsmax/gsmax) which can be understood as a compensation to maintain the hydraulic supply to the leaves. The Hv was also significantly related to the slope of the relationship between gs and Js response to vapour pressure deficit and explained most of its variability, adding up to evidence recognizing Hv as a major trait in plant water relations. Thus, a hydraulic basis for regulation of tree water use should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Hernandez-Santana
- Irrigation and Ecophysiology Group. Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda Reina Mercedes, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Ecophysiology, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda Reina Mercedes, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Celia M Rodriguez-Dominguez
- Irrigation and Ecophysiology Group. Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda Reina Mercedes, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Ecophysiology, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda Reina Mercedes, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Jaime Sebastian-Azcona
- Irrigation and Ecophysiology Group. Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda Reina Mercedes, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Luis Felipe Perez-Romero
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Huelva, Avenida del Ejercito s/n. 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Antonio Diaz-Espejo
- Irrigation and Ecophysiology Group. Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda Reina Mercedes, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Ecophysiology, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda Reina Mercedes, 41012 Seville, Spain
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Forrester DI, Limousin JM, Pfautsch S. The relationship between tree size and tree water-use: is competition for water size-symmetric or size-asymmetric? Tree Physiol 2022; 42:1916-1927. [PMID: 35157081 PMCID: PMC9838098 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Relationships between tree size and water use indicate how soil water is partitioned between differently sized individuals, and hence competition for water. These relationships are rarely examined, let alone whether there is consistency in shape across populations. Competition for water among plants is often assumed to be size-symmetric, i.e., exponents (b1) of power functions (water use ∝ biomassb1) equal to 1, with all sizes using the same amount of water proportionally to their size. We tested the hypothesis that b1 actually varies greatly, and based on allometric theory, that b1 is only centered around 1 when size is quantified as basal area or sapwood area (not diameter). We also examined whether b1 varies spatially and temporally in relation to stand structure (height and density) and climate. Tree water use ∝ sizeb1 power functions were fitted for 80 species and 103 sites using the global SAPFLUXNET database. The b1 were centered around 1 when tree size was given as basal area or sapwood area, but not as diameter. The 95% confidence intervals of b1 included the theoretical predictions for the scaling of plant vascular networks. b1 changed through time within a given stand for the species with the longest time series, such that larger trees gained an advantage during warmer and wetter conditions. Spatial comparisons across the entire dataset showed that b1 correlated only weakly (R2 < 12%) with stand structure or climate, suggesting that inter-specific variability in b1 and hence the symmetry of competition for water may be largely related to inter-specific differences in tree architecture or physiology rather than to climate or stand structure. In conclusion, size-symmetric competition for water (b1 ≈ 1) may only be assumed when size is quantified as basal area or sapwood area, and when describing a general pattern across forest types and species. There is substantial deviation in b1 between individual stands and species.
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Hultine KR, Dehn D, Bush SE, Acharya K, D'Antonio C, Dudley TL, Healey J, Hull JB, Koepke DF, Long RW, Potts DL. Episodic defoliation rapidly reduces starch but not soluble sugars in an invasive shrub, Tamarix spp. Am J Bot 2021; 108:1343-1353. [PMID: 34415569 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Plants rely on pools of internal nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs: soluble sugars plus starch) to support metabolism, growth, and regrowth of tissues damaged from disturbance such as foliage herbivory. However, impacts of foliage herbivory on the quantity and composition of NSC pools in long-lived woody plants are currently unclear. We implemented a controlled defoliation experiment on mature Tamarix spp.-a dominant riparian woody shrub/tree that has evolved with intense herbivory pressure-to test two interrelated hypotheses: (1) Repeated defoliation disproportionately impacts aboveground versus belowground NSC storage. (2) Defoliation disproportionately impacts starch versus soluble sugar storage. METHODS Hypotheses were tested by transplanting six Tamarix seedlings into each of eight cylinder mesocosms (2 m diameter, 1 m in depth). After 2.5 years, plants in four of the eight mesocosms were mechanically defoliated repeatedly over a single growing season, and all plants were harvested in the following spring. RESULTS Defoliation had no impact on either above- or belowground soluble sugar pools. However, starch in defoliated plants dropped to 55% and 26% in stems and roots, respectively, relative to control plants, resulting in an over 2-fold higher soluble sugar to starch ratio in defoliated plants. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that defoliation occurring over a single growing season does not impact immediate plant functions such as osmoregulation, but depleted starch could limit future fitness, particularly where defoliation occurs over multiple years. These results improve our understanding of how woody plants cope with episodic defoliation caused by foliage herbivory and other disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Hultine
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, AZ, 85008, USA
| | - Donna Dehn
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, AZ, 85008, USA
| | - Susan E Bush
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, AZ, 85008, USA
| | - Kumud Acharya
- Division of Hydrological Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 755 E Flamingo Rd, Las Vegas, NV, 89119, USA
| | - Carla D'Antonio
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California-Santa Barbara, Bldg 520, RM 4001, Fl 4 L, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Tom L Dudley
- Marine Science Institute, University of California-Santa Barbara, Bldg 520, RM 4001, Fl4L, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - John Healey
- Division of Hydrological Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 755 E Flamingo Rd, Las Vegas, NV, 89119, USA
| | - Julia B Hull
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Dan F Koepke
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, AZ, 85008, USA
| | - Randall W Long
- Department of Research and Conservation, Holden Forests and Gardens, Kirtland, OH, 44094, USA
| | - Dan L Potts
- Biology Department, SUNY Buffalo State, Buffalo, NY, 14222, USA
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Dang H, Zhang X, Han H, Chen S, Li M. Water Use by Chinese Pine Is Less Conservative but More Closely Regulated Than in Mongolian Scots Pine in a Plantation Forest, on Sandy Soil, in a Semi-Arid Climate. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:635022. [PMID: 33897726 PMCID: PMC8062886 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.635022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The diversity of plant water use patterns among species and ecosystems is a matter of widespread debate. In this study, Chinese pine (Pinus tabuliformis, CP) and Mongolian Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, MP), which is co-exist in the shelterbelt plantations in the Horqin Sandyland in northern China, were chosen for comparison of water use traits by monitoring xylem sap flow alongside recordings of the associated environmental factors over four growing seasons. Continuous sap flux density measurements were converted into crown projected area transpiration intensity (Tr) and canopy stomatal conductance (Gs). The results indicated that MP showed a higher canopy transpiration intensity than in CP, with Tr daily means (±standard deviation) of 0.84 ± 0.36 and 0.79 ± 0.43 mm⋅d-1, respectively (p = 0.07). However, the inter-annual variability of daily Tr in MP was not significant, varying only approximately a 1.1-fold (p = 0.29), while inter-annual variation was significant for CP, with 1.24-fold variation (p < 0.01). In particular, the daily mean Tr value for CP was approximately 1.7-times higher than that of MP under favorable soil moisture conditions, with values for relative extractable soil water within the 0-1.0 m soil layer (REW) being above 0.4. However, as the soil dried out, the value of Tr for CP decreased more sharply, falling to only approximately 0.5-times the value for MP when REW fell to < 0.2. The stronger sensitivity of Tr and/or Gs to REW, together with the more sensitive response of Gs to VPD in CP, confirms that CP exhibits less conservation of soil water utilization but features a stronger ability to regulate water use. Compared with MP, CP can better adapt to the dry conditions associated with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhong Dang
- Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xueli Zhang
- Institute of Sandy Land Management and Utilization, Shenyang, China
| | - Hui Han
- Institute of Sandy Land Management and Utilization, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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Forster MA. The importance of conduction versus convection in heat pulse sap flow methods. Tree Physiol 2020; 40:683-694. [PMID: 32031660 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heat pulse methods are a popular approach for estimating sap flow and transpiration. Yet, many methods are unable to resolve the entire heat velocity measurement range observable in plants. Specifically, the Heat Ratio (HRM) and Tmax heat pulse methods can only resolve slow and fast velocities, respectively. The Dual Method Approach (DMA) combines optimal data from HRM and Tmax to output the entire range of heat velocity. However, the transition between slow and fast methods in the DMA currently does not have a theoretical solution. A re-consideration of the conduction/convection equation demonstrated that the HRM equation is equivalent to the Péclet equation which is the ratio of conduction to convection. This study tested the hypothesis that the transition between slow and fast methods occurs when conduction/convection, or the Péclet number, equals one, and the DMA would be improved via the inclusion of this transition value. Sap flux density was estimated via the HRM, Tmax and DMA methods and compared with gravimetric sap flux density measured via a water pressure system on 113 stems from 15 woody angiosperm species. When the Péclet number ≤ 1, the HRM yielded accurate results and the Tmax was out of range. When the Péclet number > 1, the HRM reached a maximum heat velocity at approximately 15 cm hr -1 and was no longer accurate, whereas the Tmax yielded accurate results. The DMA was able to output accurate data for the entire measurement range observed in this study. The linear regression analysis with gravimetric sap flux showed an r2 of 0.541 for HRM, 0.879 for Tmax and 0.940 for DMA. With the inclusion of the Péclet equation, the DMA resolved the entire heat velocity measurement range observed across 15 taxonomically diverse woody species. Consequently, the HRM and Tmax are redundant sap flow methods and have been superseded by the DMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Forster
- Implexx Sense, PO BOX 285, Moorabbin, Victoria, 3189, Australia
- Edaphic Scientific Pty Ltd, PO BOX 285, Moorabbin, Victoria, 3189, Australia
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Peters RL, Fonti P, Frank DC, Poyatos R, Pappas C, Kahmen A, Carraro V, Prendin AL, Schneider L, Baltzer JL, Baron-Gafford GA, Dietrich L, Heinrich I, Minor RL, Sonnentag O, Matheny AM, Wightman MG, Steppe K. Quantification of uncertainties in conifer sap flow measured with the thermal dissipation method. New Phytol 2018; 219:1283-1299. [PMID: 29862531 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Trees play a key role in the global hydrological cycle and measurements performed with the thermal dissipation method (TDM) have been crucial in providing whole-tree water-use estimates. Yet, different data processing to calculate whole-tree water use encapsulates uncertainties that have not been systematically assessed. We quantified uncertainties in conifer sap flux density (Fd ) and stand water use caused by commonly applied methods for deriving zero-flow conditions, dampening and sensor calibration. Their contribution has been assessed using a stem segment calibration experiment and 4 yr of TDM measurements in Picea abies and Larix decidua growing in contrasting environments. Uncertainties were then projected on TDM data from different conifers across the northern hemisphere. Commonly applied methods mostly underestimated absolute Fd . Lacking a site- and species-specific calibrations reduced our stand water-use measurements by 37% and induced uncertainty in northern hemisphere Fd . Additionally, although the interdaily variability was maintained, disregarding dampening and/or applying zero-flow conditions that ignored night-time water use reduced the correlation between environment and Fd . The presented ensemble of calibration curves and proposed dampening correction, together with the systematic quantification of data-processing uncertainties, provide crucial steps in improving whole-tree water-use estimates across spatial and temporal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Peters
- Landscape Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, Basel University, Schönbeinstrasse 6, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Landscape Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - David C Frank
- Landscape Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, 1215 E. Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ, 8572, USA
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, Falkenplatz 16, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Poyatos
- CREAF, E08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plants and Crops, Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christoforos Pappas
- Département de géographie and Centre d'études nordiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2V 2B8, Canada
| | - Ansgar Kahmen
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, Basel University, Schönbeinstrasse 6, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vinicio Carraro
- Department TeSAF Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Angela Luisa Prendin
- Department TeSAF Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, I-35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
- Department of Bioscience, Ecoinformatic & Biodiversity, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, Building 1540, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Loïc Schneider
- Landscape Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer L Baltzer
- Biology Department, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Greg A Baron-Gafford
- School of Geography and Development, University of Arizona, 1064 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Lars Dietrich
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, Basel University, Schönbeinstrasse 6, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Heinrich
- Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rebecca L Minor
- School of Geography and Development, University of Arizona, 1064 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Oliver Sonnentag
- Département de géographie and Centre d'études nordiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2V 2B8, Canada
| | - Ashley M Matheny
- Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, 2305 Speedway Stop, C1160, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Maxwell G Wightman
- College of Forestry, Oregon State University, 1500 SW Jefferson St, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plants and Crops, Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Lu SB, Chen YM, Tang YK, Wu X, Wen J. [ Sap flux density in response to rainfall pulses for Pinus tabuliformis and Hippophae rhamnoides from mixed plantation in hilly Loess Plateau]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2018; 28:3469-3478. [PMID: 29692088 DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.201711.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Thermal dissipation probe (TDP) was used to continuously measure the sap flux density (Fd) of Pinus tabuliformis and Hippophae rhamnoides individuals in hilly Loess Plateau, from June to October 2015, and the environmental factors, i.e., photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), water vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and soil water content (SWC), were simultaneously monitored to clarify the difference of rainfall utilization between the two tree species in a mixed plantation. Using the methods of a Threshold-delay model, stepwise multiple regression analyses, and partial correlation analyses, this paper studied the process of Fd in these two species in response to the rainfall pulses and then determined the effects of environmental factors on Fd. The results showed that, with the increase of rainfall, the response percentages of Fd in both P. tabuliformis and H. rhamnoides increased at first but then decreased; specifically, in the range of 0-1 mm rainfall, the Fd of P. tabuliformis (-16.3%) and H. rhamnoides (-6.3%) clearly decreased; in the range of 1-5 mm rainfall, the Fd of P. tabuliformis decreased (-0.4%), whereas that of H. rhamnoides significantly increased (9.0%). The lower rainfall thresholds (RL) of Fd for P. tabuliformis and H. rhamnoides were 6.4 and 1.9 mm, respectively, with a corresponding time-lag (τ) of 1.96 and 1.67 days. In the pre-rainfall period, the peak time of Fd of P. tabuliformis converged upon 12:00-12:30 (70%), while the Fd of H. rhamnoides peaked twice, between 10:30 and 12:00 (48%) and again between 16:00 and 16:30 (30%). In the post-rainfall period, the peak time of Fd of P. tabuliformis converged upon 11:00-13:00 (40%), while that of H. rhamnoides peaked twice, between 12:00 and 13:00 (52%) and again between 16:30 and 17:00 (24%). Among the environmental factors, the rank order of factors associated with the Fd of both P. tabuliformis and H. rhamnoides was PAR>VPD, before rainfall. However, the rank order of factors influencing the Fd of P. tabuliformis was PAR>VPD>0-20 cm SWC (SWC0-20), whereas this order was different for H. rhamnoides: SWC0-20 >PAR >VPD, after rainfall. This mixed plantation of P. tabuliformis and H. rhamnoides trees had a high stability of water utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Bao Lu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yun Ming Chen
- Research Center of Institute of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Education, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.,Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ya Kun Tang
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Research Center of Institute of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Education, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Wen
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Wang Q, Gao J, Zhao P, Zhu L, Ouyang L, Ni G, Zhao X. Biotic- and abiotic-driven variations of the night-time sap flux of three co-occurring tree species in a low subtropical secondary broadleaf forest. AoB Plants 2018; 10:ply025. [PMID: 29977485 PMCID: PMC6007443 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/ply025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Although several studies on the night-time water use of different plant species have been reported, comparative studies under the same climatic conditions of a region are scarce. This study aimed to analyse the inter- and intraspecific variations in night-time water use in relation to environmental factors and to tree morphological features to understand and elucidate the possible underlying mechanisms. The sap flow of three co-occurring tree species in a low subtropical secondary broadleaf forest in South China was monitored using Granier-style sap flux sensors. All examined environmental factors except wind speed exerted significant influence on the daytime sap flows of Schima superba, Castanopsis hystrix and Michelia macclurei, but the impacts of all factors, including wind speed, on the night-time sap flux were trivial. These results indicated that sap flow was mainly used for water recharge at night. The morphological features of the trees, except tree height, significantly affected the daytime water use, but no morphological features significantly affected the night-time water use. We found that night-time water recharge was strongly affected by the maximum flux density. A principal component analysis showed that there were more intraspecific than interspecific variations in water transport. The results also revealed that the night-time water use and the percentage of night/day (Qn/Qd) of photosynthetic stem species (C. hystrix and M. macclurei) were greater than those of non-photosynthetic stem species (S. superba).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jianguo Gao
- Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Liwei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Lei Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Guangyan Ni
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiuhua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
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Abdulai I, Vaast P, Hoffmann MP, Asare R, Jassogne L, Van Asten P, Rötter RP, Graefe S. Cocoa agroforestry is less resilient to sub-optimal and extreme climate than cocoa in full sun. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:273-286. [PMID: 28865146 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cocoa agroforestry is perceived as potential adaptation strategy to sub-optimal or adverse environmental conditions such as drought. We tested this strategy over wet, dry and extremely dry periods comparing cocoa in full sun with agroforestry systems: shaded by (i) a leguminous tree species, Albizia ferruginea and (ii) Antiaris toxicaria, the most common shade tree species in the region. We monitored micro-climate, sap flux density, throughfall, and soil water content from November 2014 to March 2016 at the forest-savannah transition zone of Ghana with climate and drought events during the study period serving as proxy for projected future climatic conditions in marginal cocoa cultivation areas of West Africa. Combined transpiration of cocoa and shade trees was significantly higher than cocoa in full sun during wet and dry periods. During wet period, transpiration rate of cocoa plants shaded by A. ferruginea was significantly lower than cocoa under A. toxicaria and full sun. During the extreme drought of 2015/16, all cocoa plants under A. ferruginea died. Cocoa plants under A. toxicaria suffered 77% mortality and massive stress with significantly reduced sap flux density of 115 g cm-2 day-1 , whereas cocoa in full sun maintained higher sap flux density of 170 g cm-2 day-1 . Moreover, cocoa sap flux recovery after the extreme drought was significantly higher in full sun (163 g cm-2 day-1 ) than under A. toxicaria (37 g cm-2 day-1 ). Soil water content in full sun was higher than in shaded systems suggesting that cocoa mortality in the shaded systems was linked to strong competition for soil water. The present results have major implications for cocoa cultivation under climate change. Promoting shade cocoa agroforestry as drought resilient system especially under climate change needs to be carefully reconsidered as shade tree species such as the recommended leguminous A. ferruginea constitute major risk to cocoa functioning under extended severe drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issaka Abdulai
- Tropical Plant Production and Agricultural Systems Modelling (TROPAGS), University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philippe Vaast
- UMR Eco&Sols, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
- World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Munir P Hoffmann
- Tropical Plant Production and Agricultural Systems Modelling (TROPAGS), University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Richard Asare
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Accra, Ghana
| | - Laurence Jassogne
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Piet Van Asten
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Kampala, Uganda
- Olam International Ltd, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Reimund P Rötter
- Tropical Plant Production and Agricultural Systems Modelling (TROPAGS), University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sophie Graefe
- Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Bourne AE, Haigh AM, Ellsworth DS. Stomatal sensitivity to vapour pressure deficit relates to climate of origin in Eucalyptus species. Tree Physiol 2015; 35:266-278. [PMID: 25769338 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Selecting plantation species to balance water use and production requires accurate models for predicting how species will tolerate and respond to environmental conditions. Although interspecific variation in water use occurs, species-specific parameters are rarely incorporated into physiologically based models because often the appropriate species parameters are lacking. To determine the physiological control over water use in Eucalyptus, five stands of Eucalyptus species growing in a common garden were measured for sap flux rates and their stomatal response to vapour pressure deficit (D) was assessed. Maximal canopy conductance and whole-canopy stomatal sensitivity to D and reduced water availability were lower in species originating from more arid climates of origin than those from humid climates. Species from humid climates showed a larger decline in maximal sap flux density (JSmax) with reduced water availability, and a lower D at which stomatal closure occurred than species from more arid climates, implying larger sensitivity to water availability and D in these species. We observed significant (P < 0.05) correlations of species climate of origin with mean vessel diameter (R(2) = 0.90), stomatal sensitivity to D (R(2) = 0.83) and the size of the decline in JSmax to restricted water availability (R(2) = 0.94). Thus aridity of climate of origin appears to have a selective role in constraining water-use response among the five Eucalyptus plantation species. These relationships emphasize that within this congeneric group of species, climate aridity constrains water use. These relationships have implications for species choices for tree plantation success against drought-induced losses and the ability to manage Eucalyptus plantations against projected changes in water availability and evaporation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee E Bourne
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Anthony M Haigh
- School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - David S Ellsworth
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
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