1
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Saltini M, Deinum EE. Microtubule simulations in plant biology: A field coming to maturity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 81:102596. [PMID: 38981324 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The plant cortical microtubule array is an important determinant of cell wall structure and, therefore, plant morphology and physiology. The array consists of dynamic microtubules interacting through frequent collisions. Since the discovery by Dixit and Cyr (2004) that the outcome of such collisions depends on the collision angle, computer simulations have been indispensable in studying array behaviour. Over the last decade, the available simulation tools have drastically improved: multiple high-quality simulation platforms exist with specific strengths and applications. Here, we review how these platforms differ on the critical aspects of microtubule nucleation, flexibility, and local orienting cues; and how such differences affect array behaviour. Building upon concepts and control parameters from theoretical models of collective microtubule behaviour, we conclude that all these factors matter in the debate about what is most important for orienting the array: local cues like mechanical stresses or global cues deriving from the cell geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Saltini
- Mathematical & Statistical Methods (Biometris), Plant Science Group, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eva E Deinum
- Mathematical & Statistical Methods (Biometris), Plant Science Group, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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2
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Wang Y, Wakelam MJO, Bankaitis VA, McDermott MI. The wide world of non-mammalian phospholipase D enzymes. Adv Biol Regul 2024; 91:101000. [PMID: 38081756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2023.101000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyses phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) to produce free choline and the critically important lipid signaling molecule phosphatidic acid (PtdOH). Since the initial discovery of PLD activities in plants and bacteria, PLDs have been identified in a diverse range of organisms spanning the taxa. While widespread interest in these proteins grew following the discovery of mammalian isoforms, research into the PLDs of non-mammalian organisms has revealed a fascinating array of functions ranging from roles in microbial pathogenesis, to the stress responses of plants and the developmental patterning of flies. Furthermore, studies in non-mammalian model systems have aided our understanding of the entire PLD superfamily, with translational relevance to human biology and health. Increasingly, the promise for utilization of non-mammalian PLDs in biotechnology is also being recognized, with widespread potential applications ranging from roles in lipid synthesis, to their exploitation for agricultural and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Cell Biology & Genetics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98109, USA
| | - M J O Wakelam
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - V A Bankaitis
- Department of Cell Biology & Genetics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - M I McDermott
- Department of Cell Biology & Genetics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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3
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Huang S, Bi Y, Li H, Liu C, Wang X, Wang X, Lei Y, Zhang Q, Wang J. Reduction of Membrane Lipid Metabolism in Postharvest Hami Melon Fruits by n-Butanol to Mitigate Chilling Injury and the Cloning of Phospholipase D-β Gene. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091904. [PMID: 37174441 PMCID: PMC10178218 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of n-butanol on postharvest membrane lipid metabolism of Hami melon (Cucumis melo 'Hami'), the fruits were soaked in a 1.0% solution of n-butanol for 30 min with water as the control. Symptoms of chilling injury were observed regularly, and the indices related to permeability and membrane lipid metabolism of pericarp cells were measured. The results showed that treatment with n-butanol inhibited the increase in chilling injury index, membrane permeability, and malondialdehyde content of Hami melon fruits, promoted an increase in the contents of phosphatidyl alcohol and unsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid, linolenic acid, oleic acid (except 14 d), and erucic acid (28-42 d), and decreased the content of saturated fatty acids, stearic acid (0-28 d), phosphatidic acid (except for 21 d), and the key enzymes of membrane lipid metabolism compared with the control. The activities of phospholipase D (PLD) and lipoxygenase (LOX) and the downregulation of the levels of expression CmPLD-β and CmLOX (42 d only) genes reduced the chilling injury index of Hami melon and alleviated the further expansion of chilling injury symptoms in the fruits. We also cloned the key gene of membrane lipid metabolism CmPLD-β, which was obtained by pre-transcriptome screening of the pericarp. We found that CmPLD-β of Hami melon had the closest affinity with cucumber (CsXP5), indicating that the CmPLD-β gene of Hami melon was functionally similar to that of cucumber. In addition, a two-fold alignment analysis of CmPLD-β and CmXP5 base sequences indicated that the base sequences of the two promoter regions differed from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Huang
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Ying Bi
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Caihong Liu
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Yaxin Lei
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
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Colin L, Ruhnow F, Zhu JK, Zhao C, Zhao Y, Persson S. The cell biology of primary cell walls during salt stress. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:201-217. [PMID: 36149287 PMCID: PMC9806596 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress simultaneously causes ionic toxicity, osmotic stress, and oxidative stress, which directly impact plant growth and development. Plants have developed numerous strategies to adapt to saline environments. Whereas some of these strategies have been investigated and exploited for crop improvement, much remains to be understood, including how salt stress is perceived by plants and how plants coordinate effective responses to the stress. It is, however, clear that the plant cell wall is the first contact point between external salt and the plant. In this context, significant advances in our understanding of halotropism, cell wall synthesis, and integrity surveillance, as well as salt-related cytoskeletal rearrangements, have been achieved. Indeed, molecular mechanisms underpinning some of these processes have recently been elucidated. In this review, we aim to provide insights into how plants respond and adapt to salt stress, with a special focus on primary cell wall biology in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leia Colin
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Felix Ruhnow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jian-Kang Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Biotechnology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chunzhao Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Kim SC, Yao S, Zhang Q, Wang X. Phospholipase Dδ and phosphatidic acid mediate heat-induced nuclear localization of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:786-799. [PMID: 36111506 PMCID: PMC9831026 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPC) is a glycolytic enzyme, but undergoes stress-induced nuclear translocation for moonlighting. We previously reported that in response to heat stress, GAPC accumulated in the nucleus to modulate transcription and thermotolerance. Here we show a cellular and molecular mechanism that mediates heat-induced nuclear translocation of cytosolic GAPC in Arabidopsis thaliana. Heat-induced GAPC nuclear accumulation and plant heat tolerance were reduced in Arabidopsis phospholipase D (PLD) knockout mutants of pldδ and pldα1pldδ, but not of pldα1. These changes were restored to wild type by genetic complementation with active PLDδ, but not with catalytically inactive PLDδ. GAPC overexpression enhanced the seedling thermotolerance and the expression of heat-inducible genes, but this effect was abolished in the pldδ background. Heat stress elevated the levels of the PLD product phosphatidic acid (PA) in the nucleus in wild type, but not in pldδ plants. Lipid labeling demonstrated the heat-induced nuclear co-localization of PA and GAPC, which was impaired by zinc, which inhibited the PA-GAPC interaction, and by the membrane trafficking inhibitor brefeldin A (BFA). The GAPC nuclear accumulation and seedling thermotolerance were also decreased by treatment with zinc or BFA. Our data suggest that PLDδ and PA are critical for the heat-induced nuclear translocation of GAPC. We propose that PLDδ-produced PA mediates the process via lipid-protein interaction and that the lipid mediation acts as a cellular conduit linking stress perturbations at cell membranes to nuclear functions in plants coping with heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Chul Kim
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA, and
| | - Shuaibing Yao
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA, and
| | - Qun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA, and
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Zhang K, Shi W, Zheng X, Liu X, Wang L, Riemann M, Heintz D, Nick P. A rice tubulin tyrosine ligase like 12 regulates phospholipase D activity and tubulin synthesis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 316:111155. [PMID: 35151438 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
All plant α-tubulins encode a C-terminal tyrosine. An elusive tubulin tyrosine carboxypeptidase can cleave off, and a tubulin tyrosine ligase (TTL) re-ligate this tyrosine. The biological function of this cycle remains unclear but may correlate with microtubule stability. To get insight into the functional context of this phenomenon, we used cold-induced elimination of microtubules as experimental model. In previous work, we had analysed a rice TTL-like 12 (OsTTLL12), the only potential candidate of plant TTL. To follow the effect of OsTTLL12 upon microtubule responses in vivo, we expressed OsTTLL12-RFP into tobacco BY-2 cells stably overexpressing NtTUA3-GFP. We found that overexpression of OsTTLL12-RFP made microtubules disappear faster in response to cold stress, accompanied with more rapid Ca2+ influx, culminating in reduced cold tolerance. Treatment with different butanols indicated that α-tubulin detyrosination/tyrosination differently interacts with phospholipase D (PLD) dependent signalling. In fact, rice PLDα1 decorated microtubules and increased detyrosinated α-tubulin. Unexpectedly, overexpression of the two proteins (OsTTLL12-RFP, NtTUA3-GFP) mutually regulated the accumulation of their transcripts, leading us to a model, where tubulin detyrosination feeds back upon tubulin transcripts and defines a subset of microtubules for interaction with PLD dependent stress signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunxi Zhang
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wenjing Shi
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Xuan Liu
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lixin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Michael Riemann
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dimitri Heintz
- Plant Imaging and Mass Spectrometry (PIMS), Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National du Recherche Scientifique (CNRS-IBMP), Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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7
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Pacheco R, Quinto C. Phospholipase Ds in plants: Their role in pathogenic and symbiotic interactions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 173:76-86. [PMID: 35101797 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase Ds (PLDs) are a heterogeneous group of enzymes that are widely distributed in organisms. These enzymes hydrolyze the structural phospholipids of the plasma membrane, releasing phosphatidic acid (PA), an important secondary messenger. Plant PLDs play essential roles in several biological processes, including growth and development, abiotic stress responses, and plant-microbe interactions. Although the roles of PLDs in plant-pathogen interactions have been extensively studied, their roles in symbiotic relationships are not well understood. The establishment of the best-studied symbiotic interactions, those between legumes and rhizobia and between most plants and mycorrhizae, requires the regulation of several physiological, cellular, and molecular processes. The roles of PLDs in hormonal signaling, lipid metabolism, and cytoskeletal dynamics during rhizobial symbiosis were recently explored. However, to date, the roles of PLDs in mycorrhizal symbiosis have not been reported. Here, we present a critical review of the participation of PLDs in the interactions of plants with pathogens, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. We describe how PLDs regulate rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbiosis by modulating reactive oxygen species levels, hormonal signaling, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and G-protein activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronal Pacheco
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Carmen Quinto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico.
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8
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Shevchenko GV, Krutovsky KV. Mechanical stress effects on transcriptional regulation of genes encoding microtubule- and actin-associated proteins. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 28:17-30. [PMID: 35210715 PMCID: PMC8847523 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-01123-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant cytoskeleton regulation has been studied using a new approach based on both (1) pharmacological analysis of tubulin and actin inhibitors and (2) mechanical stimulation achieved by using a slow-rotating (2 rpm) clinostat in combination with transcriptional analysis of genes encoding TUA6, ACT2, MAP65-1, CLASP, PLDδ, FH4 and FH1 proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana seedling roots. The obtained data suggest feedback between the organization of microtubule (MT) and actin filament (AF) networks and the expression of the ACT2, TUA6, MAP65-1, CLASP and FH1/FH4 genes. Different regulation of feedback between MT/AF organization and TUA6, ACT2, MAP65-1, CLASP, FH4 and FH1 gene expression was noted during slow clinorotation, possibly due to altered mechanical impact on the cortical cytoskeleton. For the first time, the expression of the tubulin-associated gene MAP65-1 was shown to be dependent upon the organization of AFs. TUA6, MAP65-1, CLASP, FH1 and FH4 likely participate in mechanical signal transduction. Our work demonstrated that slow clinorotation is able to cause mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina V. Shevchenko
- Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, 01004 Ukraine
| | - Konstantin V. Krutovsky
- Department of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research, Georg-August University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Laboratory of Population Genetics, N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russian Federation
- Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Laboratory of Forest Genomics, Genome Research and Education Center, Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
- Scientific and Methodological Center, G. F. Morozov Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies, 394087 Voronezh, Russian Federation
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9
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Dubas E, Castillo AM, Żur I, Krzewska M, Vallés MP. Microtubule organization changes severely after mannitol and n-butanol treatments inducing microspore embryogenesis in bread wheat. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:586. [PMID: 34886809 PMCID: PMC8656030 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03345-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A mannitol stress treatment and a subsequent application of n-butanol, known as a microtubule-disrupting agent, enhance microspore embryogenesis (ME) induction and plant regeneration in bread wheat. To characterize changes in cortical (CMT) and endoplasmic (EMT) microtubules organization and dynamics, associated with ME induction treatments, immunocytochemistry studies complemented by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were accomplished. This technique has allowed us to perform advanced 3- and 4D studies of MT architecture. The degree of MT fragmentation was examined by the relative fluorescence intensity quantification. RESULTS In uni-nucleated mannitol-treated microspores, severe CMT and EMT fragmentation occurs, although a complex network of short EMT bundles protected the nucleus. Additional treatment with n-butanol resulted in further depolymerization of both CMT and EMT, simultaneously with the formation of MT aggregates in the perinuclear region. Some aggregates resembled a preprophase band. In addition, a portion of the microspores progressed to the first mitotic division during the treatments. Bi-nucleate pollen-like structures showed a high MT depolymerization after mannitol treatment and numerous EMT bundles around the vegetative and generative nuclei after n-butanol. Interestingly, bi-nucleate symmetric structures showed prominent stabilization of EMT. CONCLUSIONS Fragmentation and stabilization of microtubules induced by mannitol- and n-butanol lead to new configurations essential for the induction of microspore embryogenesis in bread wheat. These results provide robust insight into MT dynamics during EM induction and open avenues to address newly targeted treatments to induce ME in recalcitrant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dubas
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland.
| | - A M Castillo
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEAD-CSIC), Avda Montañana 1005, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - I Żur
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - M Krzewska
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - M P Vallés
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEAD-CSIC), Avda Montañana 1005, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Jang JH, Seo HS, Lee OR. The Reduced Longitudinal Growth Induced by Overexpression of pPLAIIIγ Is Regulated by Genes Encoding Microtubule-Associated Proteins. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10122615. [PMID: 34961086 PMCID: PMC8706840 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There are three subfamilies of patatin-related phospholipase A (pPLA) group of genes: pPLAI, pPLAII, and pPLAIII. Among the four members of pPLAIIIs (α, β, γ, δ), the overexpression of three isoforms (α, β, and δ) displayed distinct morphological growth patterns, in which the anisotropic cell expansion was disrupted. Here, the least studied pPLAIIIγ was characterized, and it was found that the overexpression of pPLAIIIγ in Arabidopsis resulted in longitudinally reduced cell expansion patterns, which are consistent with the general phenotype induced by pPLAIIIs overexpression. The microtubule-associated protein MAP18 was found to be enriched in a pPLAIIIδ overexpressing line in a previous study. This indicates that factors, such as microtubules and ethylene biosynthesis, are involved in determining the radial cell expansion patterns. Microtubules have long been recognized to possess functional key roles in the processes of plant cells, including cell division, growth, and development, whereas ethylene treatment was reported to induce the reorientation of microtubules. Thus, the possible links between the altered anisotropic cell expansion and microtubules were studied. Our analysis revealed changes in the transcriptional levels of microtubule-associated genes, as well as phospholipase D (PLD) genes, upon the overexpression of pPLAIIIγ. Overall, our results suggest that the longitudinally reduced cell expansion observed in pPLAIIIγ overexpression is driven by microtubules via transcriptional modulation of the PLD and MAP genes. The altered transcripts of the genes involved in ethylene-biosynthesis in pPLAIIIγOE further support the conclusion that the typical phenotype is derived from the link with microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hoon Jang
- Department of Applied Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (J.H.J.); (H.S.S.)
- AgriBio Institute of Climate Change Management, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Hae Seong Seo
- Department of Applied Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (J.H.J.); (H.S.S.)
- AgriBio Institute of Climate Change Management, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Ok Ran Lee
- Department of Applied Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (J.H.J.); (H.S.S.)
- AgriBio Institute of Climate Change Management, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-(0)-62-530-2054; Fax: +82-(0)-62-530-2059
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11
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Xing J, Zhang L, Duan Z, Lin J. Coordination of Phospholipid-Based Signaling and Membrane Trafficking in Plant Immunity. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:407-420. [PMID: 33309101 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In plants, defense-associated signal transduction involves key membrane-related processes, such as phospholipid-based signaling and membrane trafficking. Coordination of these processes occurs in the lipid bilayer of plasma membrane (PM) and luminal/extracellular membranes. Deciphering the spatiotemporal organization of phospholipids and lipid-protein interactions provides crucial information on the mechanisms that link phospholipid-based signaling and membrane trafficking in plant immunity. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of these connections, including deployment of key enzymes and molecules in phospholipid pathways, and roles of lipid diversity in membrane trafficking. We highlight the mechanisms that mediate feedback between phospholipid-based signaling and membrane trafficking to regulate plant immunity, including their novel roles in balancing endocytosis and exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Zhikun Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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12
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Zhang G, Yang J, Chen X, Zhao D, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhao J. Phospholipase D- and phosphatidic acid-mediated phospholipid metabolism and signaling modulate symbiotic interaction and nodulation in soybean (Glycine max). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:142-158. [PMID: 33377234 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic rhizobium-legume interactions, such as root hair curling, rhizobial invasion, infection thread expansion, cell division and proliferation of nitrogen-fixing bacteroids, and nodule formation, involve extensive membrane synthesis, lipid remodeling and cytoskeleton dynamics. However, little is known about these membrane-cytoskeleton interfaces and related genes. Here, we report the roles of a major root phospholipase D (PLD), PLDα1, and its enzymatic product, phosphatidic acid (PA), in rhizobium-root interaction and nodulation. PLDα1 was activated and the PA content transiently increased in roots after rhizobial infection. Levels of PLDα1 transcript and PA, as well as actin and tubulin cytoskeleton-related gene expression, changed markedly during root-rhizobium interactions and nodule development. Pre-treatment of the roots of soybean seedlings with n-butanol suppressed the generation of PLD-derived PA, the expression of early nodulation genes and nodule numbers. Overexpression or knockdown of GmPLDα1 resulted in changes in PA levels, glycerolipid profiles, nodule numbers, actin cytoskeleton dynamics, early nodulation gene expression and hormone levels upon rhizobial infection compared with GUS roots. The transcript levels of cytoskeleton-related genes, such as GmACTIN, GmTUBULIN, actin capping protein 1 (GmCP1) and microtubule-associating protein (GmMAP1), were modified in GmPLDα1-altered hairy roots compared with those of GUS roots. Phosphatidic acid physically bound to GmCP1 and GmMAP1, which could be related to cytoskeletal changes in rhizobium-infected GmPLDα1 mutant roots. These data suggest that PLDα1 and PA play important roles in soybean-rhizobium interaction and nodulation. The possible underlying mechanisms, including PLDα1- and PA-mediated lipid signaling, membrane remodeling, cytoskeleton dynamics and related hormone signaling, are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jihong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xiangli Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dandan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xiuhong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yuliang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63121, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
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13
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Bogoutdinova LR, Lazareva EM, Chaban IA, Kononenko NV, Dilovarova T, Khaliluev MR, Kurenina LV, Gulevich AA, Smirnova EA, Baranova EN. Salt Stress-Induced Structural Changes Are Mitigated in Transgenic Tomato Plants Over-Expressing Superoxide Dismutase. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E297. [PMID: 32962161 PMCID: PMC7564123 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Various abiotic stresses cause the appearance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant cells, which seriously damage the cellular structures. The engineering of transgenic plants with higher production of ROS-scavenging enzyme in plant cells could protect the integrity of such a fine intracellular structure as the cytoskeleton and each cellular compartment. We analyzed the morphological changes in root tip cells caused by the application of iso-osmotic NaCl and Na2SO4 solutions to tomato plants harboring an introduced superoxide dismutase gene. To study the roots of tomato plants cultivar Belyi Naliv (WT) and FeSOD-transgenic line, we examined the distribution of ROS and enzyme-linked immunosorbent detection of α-tubulin. In addition, longitudinal sections of the root apexes were compared. Transmission electronic microscopy of atypical cytoskeleton structures was also performed. The differences in the microtubules cortical network between WT and transgenic plants without salt stress were detected. The differences were found in the cortical network of microtubules between WT and transgenic plants in the absence of salt stress. While an ordered microtubule network was revealed in the root cells of WT tomato, no such degree of ordering was detected in transgenic line cells. The signs of microtubule disorganization in root cells of WT plants were manifested under the NaCl treatment. On the contrary, the cytoskeleton structural organization in the transgenic line cells was more ordered. Similar changes, including the cortical microtubules disorganization, possibly associated with the formation of atypical tubulin polymers as a response to salt stress caused by Na2SO4 treatment, were also observed. Changes in cell size, due to both vacuolization and impaired cell expansion in columella zone and cap initials, were responsible for the root tip tissue modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliya R. Bogoutdinova
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (L.R.B.); (E.M.L.); (I.A.C.); (N.V.K.); (T.D.); (E.A.S.)
| | - Elena M. Lazareva
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (L.R.B.); (E.M.L.); (I.A.C.); (N.V.K.); (T.D.); (E.A.S.)
- Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Building 40, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Inna A. Chaban
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (L.R.B.); (E.M.L.); (I.A.C.); (N.V.K.); (T.D.); (E.A.S.)
| | - Neonila V. Kononenko
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (L.R.B.); (E.M.L.); (I.A.C.); (N.V.K.); (T.D.); (E.A.S.)
| | - Tatyana Dilovarova
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (L.R.B.); (E.M.L.); (I.A.C.); (N.V.K.); (T.D.); (E.A.S.)
| | - Marat R. Khaliluev
- Plant Cell Engineering Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (M.R.K.); (L.V.K.)
- Agronomy and Biotechnology Faculty, Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Russian State Agrarian University, Timiryazevskaya 49, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ludmila V. Kurenina
- Plant Cell Engineering Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (M.R.K.); (L.V.K.)
| | - Alexander A. Gulevich
- Plant Cell Engineering Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (M.R.K.); (L.V.K.)
| | - Elena A. Smirnova
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (L.R.B.); (E.M.L.); (I.A.C.); (N.V.K.); (T.D.); (E.A.S.)
- Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Building 40, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina N. Baranova
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia; (L.R.B.); (E.M.L.); (I.A.C.); (N.V.K.); (T.D.); (E.A.S.)
- N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia
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14
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Pejchar P, Sekereš J, Novotný O, Žárský V, Potocký M. Functional analysis of phospholipase Dδ family in tobacco pollen tubes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:212-226. [PMID: 32064689 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidic acid (PA), an important signalling and metabolic phospholipid, is predominantly localized in the subapical plasma membrane (PM) of growing pollen tubes. PA can be produced from structural phospholipids by phospholipase D (PLD), but the isoforms responsible for production of PM PA were not identified yet and their functional roles remain unknown. Following genome-wide bioinformatic analysis of the PLD family in tobacco, we focused on the pollen-overrepresented PLDδ class. Combining live-cell imaging, gene overexpression, lipid-binding and structural bioinformatics, we characterized five NtPLDδ isoforms. Distinct PLDδ isoforms preferentially localize to the cytoplasm or subapical PM. Using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, domain deletion and swapping analyses we show that membrane-bound PLDδs are tightly bound to PM, primarily via the central catalytic domain. Overexpression analyses suggested isoform PLDδ3 as the most important member of the PLDδ subfamily active in pollen tubes. Moreover, only PLDδ3 shows significant constitutive PLD activity in vivo and, in turn, PA promotes binding of PLDδ3 to the PM. This forms a positive feedback loop leading to PA accumulation and the formation of massive PM invaginations. Tightly controlled production of PA generated by PLDδ3 at the PM is important for maintaining the balance between various membrane trafficking processes that are crucial for plant cell tip growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Přemysl Pejchar
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16502, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Sekereš
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16502, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novotný
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16502, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 16628, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16502, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Potocký
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16502, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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15
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The Serine Carboxypeptidase-Like Gene SCPL41 Negatively Regulates Membrane Lipid Metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060696. [PMID: 32486049 PMCID: PMC7355682 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis has 51 proteins annotated as serine carboxypeptidase-like (SCPL) enzymes. Although biochemical and cellular characterization indicates SCPLs involved in protein turnover or processing, little is known about their roles in plant metabolism. In this study, we identified an Arabidopsis mutant, bis4 (1-butanol insensitive 4), that was insensitive to the inhibitory effect of 1-butanol on seed germination. We cloned the gene that was defective in bis4 and found that it encoded an SCPL41 protein. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants constitutively expressing SCPL41 were generated, oil body staining and lipidomic assays indicated that SCPL41-overexpressing plants showed a decrease in membrane lipid content, especially digalactosyl diglyceride (DGDG) and monogalactosyl diglyceride (MGDG) contents, while the loss of SCPL41 increased the membrane lipid levels compared with those in wild-type plants. These findings suggested that SCPL41 had acquired novel functions in membrane lipid metabolism.
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16
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Schlöffel MA, Salzer A, Wan WL, van Wijk R, Del Corvo R, Šemanjski M, Symeonidi E, Slaby P, Kilian J, Maček B, Munnik T, Gust AA. The BIR2/BIR3-Associated Phospholipase Dγ1 Negatively Regulates Plant Immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:371-384. [PMID: 32152212 PMCID: PMC7210654 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved effective strategies to defend themselves against pathogen invasion. Starting from the plasma membrane with the recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) via pattern recognition receptors, internal cellular signaling pathways are induced to ultimately fend off the attack. Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyzes membrane phospholipids to produce phosphatidic acid (PA), which has been proposed to play a second messenger role in immunity. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) PLD family consists of 12 members, and for some of these, a specific function in resistance toward a subset of pathogens has been shown. We demonstrate here that Arabidopsis PLDγ1, but not its close homologs PLDγ2 and PLDγ3, is specifically involved in plant immunity. Genetic inactivation of PLDγ1 resulted in increased resistance toward the virulent bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea As pldγ1 mutant plants responded with elevated levels of reactive oxygen species to MAMP treatment, a negative regulatory function for this PLD isoform is proposed. Importantly, PA levels in pldγ1 mutants were not affected compared to stressed wild-type plants, suggesting that alterations in PA levels are not likely the cause for the enhanced immunity in the pldγ1 line. Instead, the plasma-membrane-attached PLDγ1 protein colocalized and associated with the BAK1-INTERACTING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASES BIR2 and BIR3, which are known negative regulators of pattern-triggered immunity. Moreover, complex formation of PLDγ1 and BIR2 was further promoted upon MAMP treatment. Hence, we propose that PLDγ1 acts as a negative regulator of plant immune responses in complex with immunity-related proteins BIR2 and BIR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Schlöffel
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Salzer
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wei-Lin Wan
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ringo van Wijk
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section Plant Cell Biology, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Raffaele Del Corvo
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maja Šemanjski
- Proteome Center Tübingen, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Efthymia Symeonidi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Slaby
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joachim Kilian
- Analytics Unit, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Boris Maček
- Proteome Center Tübingen, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Teun Munnik
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section Plant Cell Biology, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea A Gust
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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17
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AtKATANIN1 Modulates Microtubule Depolymerization and Reorganization in Response to Salt Stress in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010138. [PMID: 31878228 PMCID: PMC6981882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule cytoskeleton is a dynamic system that plays vital roles in fundamental cellular processes and in responses to environmental stumili. Salt stress induced depolymerization and reorganization of microtubules are believed to function in the promotion of survival in Arabidopsis. Microtubule-severing enzyme ATKATANIN1 (AtKTN1) is recognized as a MAP that help to maintain organized microtubule structure. To date, whether AtKTN1 is involved in response to salt stress in Arabidopsis remains unknown. Here, our phenotypic analysis showed that the overexpression of AtKTN1 decreased tolerance to salt stress, whereas the knock-out of AtKTN1 increased salt tolerance in the early stage but decreased salt tolerance in the later stage. Microscopic analysis revealed that microtubule organization and dynamics are distorted in both overexpression and mutant cells which, in turn, resulted in an abnormal disassembly and reorganization under salt stress. Moreover, qRT analysis revealed that stress-responsive genes were down-regulated in overexpression and mutant cells compared to WT cells under salt stress. Taken together, our results indicated roles of AtKTN1 in modulating microtubule organization, salt-stress induced microtubule disruption and recovery, and its involvement in stress-related signaling pathways.
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18
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Vilches Barro A, Stöckle D, Thellmann M, Ruiz-Duarte P, Bald L, Louveaux M, von Born P, Denninger P, Goh T, Fukaki H, Vermeer JEM, Maizel A. Cytoskeleton Dynamics Are Necessary for Early Events of Lateral Root Initiation in Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 2019; 29:2443-2454.e5. [PMID: 31327713 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
How plant cells re-establish differential growth to initiate organs is poorly understood. Morphogenesis of lateral roots relies on the asymmetric cell division of initially symmetric founder cells. This division is preceded by the tightly controlled asymmetric radial expansion of these cells. The cellular mechanisms that license and ensure the coordination of these events are unknown. Here, we quantitatively analyze microtubule and F-actin dynamics during lateral root initiation. Using mutants and pharmacological and tissue-specific genetic perturbations, we show that dynamic reorganization of both microtubule and F-actin networks is necessary for the asymmetric expansion of the founder cells. This cytoskeleton remodeling intertwines with auxin signaling in the pericycle and endodermis in order for founder cells to acquire a basic polarity required for initiating lateral root development. Our results reveal the conservation of cell remodeling and polarization strategies between the Arabidopsis zygote and lateral root founder cells. We propose that coordinated, auxin-driven reorganization of the cytoskeleton licenses asymmetric cell growth and divisions during embryonic and post-embryonic organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Vilches Barro
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Stöckle
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martha Thellmann
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paola Ruiz-Duarte
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lotte Bald
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marion Louveaux
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick von Born
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Denninger
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tatsuaki Goh
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan; Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Fukaki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Joop E M Vermeer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Alexis Maizel
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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19
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Yamaguchi T, Yamakawa H, Nakata M, Kuroda M, Hakata M. Suppression of phospholipase D genes improves chalky grain production by high temperature during the grain-filling stage in rice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:1102-1110. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1580137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
High temperature (HT) during the grain developing stage causes deleterious effects on rice quality resulting in mature grains with a chalky appearance. Phospholipase D (PLD) plays an important role in plants, including responses to environmental stresses. OsPLDα1, α3 and β2-knockdown (KD) plants showed decreased production of chalky grains at HT. HT ripening increased H2O2 accumulated in the developing grains. However, the increase was canceled by the knockdown of OsPLDβ2. Expression levels of OsCATA which is one of three rice catalase genes, in developing grains of OsPLDβ2-KD plants at 10 DAF were increased compared with that in vector-controls in HT growth conditions. Overexpression of OsCATA markedly suppressed the production of chalky grains in HT growth conditions. These results suggested that OsPLDβ2 functions as a negative regulator of the induction of OsCATA and is involved in the production of chalky grains in HT growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Masaru Nakata
- Central Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Joetsu, Japan
| | - Masaharu Kuroda
- Central Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Joetsu, Japan
| | - Makoto Hakata
- Central Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Joetsu, Japan
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Takáč T, Novák D, Šamaj J. Recent Advances in the Cellular and Developmental Biology of Phospholipases in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:362. [PMID: 31024579 PMCID: PMC6459882 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipases (PLs) are lipid-hydrolyzing enzymes known to have diverse signaling roles during plant abiotic and biotic stress responses. They catalyze lipid remodeling, which is required to generate rapid responses of plants to environmental cues. Moreover, they produce second messenger molecules, such as phosphatidic acid (PA) and thus trigger or modulate signaling cascades that lead to changes in gene expression. The roles of phospholipases in plant abiotic and biotic stress responses have been intensively studied. Nevertheless, emerging evidence suggests that they also make significant contributions to plants' cellular and developmental processes. In this mini review, we summarized recent advances in the study of the cellular and developmental roles of phospholipases in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
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21
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Shot-Gun Proteomic Analysis on Roots of Arabidopsis pldα1 Mutants Suggesting the Involvement of PLDα1 in Mitochondrial Protein Import, Vesicular Trafficking and Glucosinolate Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010082. [PMID: 30587782 PMCID: PMC6337374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase Dα1 (PLDα1) belongs to phospholipases, a large phospholipid hydrolyzing protein family. PLDα1 has a substrate preference for phosphatidylcholine leading to enzymatic production of phosphatidic acid, a lipid second messenger with multiple cellular functions. PLDα1 itself is implicated in biotic and abiotic stress responses. Here, we present a shot-gun differential proteomic analysis on roots of two Arabidopsis pldα1 mutants compared to the wild type. Interestingly, PLDα1 deficiency leads to altered abundances of proteins involved in diverse processes related to membrane transport including endocytosis and endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi transport. PLDα1 may be involved in the stability of attachment sites of endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane as suggested by increased abundance of synaptotagmin 1, which was validated by immunoblotting and whole-mount immunolabelling analyses. Moreover, we noticed a robust abundance alterations of proteins involved in mitochondrial import and electron transport chain. Notably, the abundances of numerous proteins implicated in glucosinolate biosynthesis were also affected in pldα1 mutants. Our results suggest a broader biological involvement of PLDα1 than anticipated thus far, especially in the processes such as endomembrane transport, mitochondrial protein import and protein quality control, as well as glucosinolate biosynthesis.
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22
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Jia Y, Li W. Phospholipase D antagonist 1-butanol inhibited the mobilization of triacylglycerol during seed germination in Arabidopsis. PLANT DIVERSITY 2018; 40:292-298. [PMID: 30740576 PMCID: PMC6317489 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Storage oil breakdown plays an important role in the life cycle of many plants by providing the carbon skeletons that support seedling growth immediately following germination. 1-Butanol, a specific inhibitor of phospholipase D (PLD)-dependent production of the signalling molecule phosphatidic acid (PA), inhibited Arabidopsis seed germination. N-Acylethanolamines (NAEs), which have been shown to inhibits PLDα1 activity, have no effect on seed germination. However, mobilization profile of triacylglycerols (TAG) that induced by each compound has not been reported. To gain deeper insights into the mode of mobilization of TAG during NAE 12:0 or 1-butanol treatment, we conducted a detailed comparative analysis of the effect of NAE 12:0, DMSO, 1-butanol and tert-butanol on Arabidopsis seed germination and fatty acid composition, tert-butanol and DMSO served as the corresponding controls treatment respectively. Our data show that 1-butanol, but not the inactive tert-butanol isomer, inhibited Arabidopsis seed germination, which is accompanied by a with retardation of the mobilization of triacylglycerols (TAG). In contrast, NAE 12:0 did not affect mobilization of TAG, nor did it significantly delay seed germination as monitored by radicle and cotyledon emergence. 1-Butanol induced RNA degradation in seeds and seedlings. We speculate that the large-scale degradation of RNA under the induction of 1-butanol may lead to abnormal gene expression in genes necessary for seed germination, including the genes needed for the mobilization of oil bodies, and thus cause a delay of seed germination. To the best of our knowledge, we report for the first time that 1-butanol delays the mobilization of TAG.
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Key Words
- 1-butanol
- DGDG, digalactosyldiacylglycerol
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- FA, fatty acid
- Fatty acid
- GC-MS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
- Germination
- MGDG, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol
- N-Acylethanolamines
- NAE, N-Acylethanolamines
- PC, Phosphatidylcholine
- PE, phosphatidylethanolamine
- PG, phosphatidylglycerol
- PI, phosphatidylinositol
- PLD, phospholipase D
- TAG, triacylglycerols
- Triacylglycerols
- lysoPC, lysophosphatidylcholine
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Elliott A, Shaw SL. A Cycloheximide-Sensitive Step in Transverse Microtubule Array Patterning. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:684-698. [PMID: 30154175 PMCID: PMC6181046 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The growth properties of individual cells within a tissue determine plant morphology, and the organization of the cytoskeleton, particularly the microtubule arrays, determines cellular growth properties. We investigated the mechanisms governing the formation of transverse microtubule array patterns in axially growing Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) epidermal hypocotyl cells. Using quantitative imaging approaches, we mapped the transition of the cortical microtubule arrays into a transverse coaligned pattern after induction with auxin and gibberellic acid. Hormone induction led to an early loss of microtubule plus end density and a rotation toward oblique patterns. Beginning 30 min after induction, transverse microtubules appeared at the cell's midzone concurrently with the loss of longitudinal polymers, eventually progressing apically and basally to remodel the array pattern. Based on the timing and known hormone-signaling pathways, we tested the hypothesis that the later events require de novo gene expression and, thus, constitute a level of genetic control over transverse patterning. We found that the presence of the translation inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX) resulted in a selective and reversible loss of transverse patterns that were replaced with radial-like pinwheel arrays exhibiting a split bipolar architecture centered at the cell's midzone. Experiments using hormone induction and CHX revealed that pinwheel arrays occur when transverse microtubules increase at the midzone but longitudinal microtubules in the split bipolar architecture are not suppressed. We propose that a key regulatory mechanism for creating the transverse microtubule coalignment in axially growing hypocotyls involves the expression of a CHX-sensitive factor that acts to suppress the nucleation of the longitudinally oriented polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Elliott
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Sidney L Shaw
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
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24
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Yao HY, Xue HW. Phosphatidic acid plays key roles regulating plant development and stress responses. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:851-863. [PMID: 29660254 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids, including phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphoinositides, have emerged as an important class of cellular messenger molecules in various cellular and physiological processes, of which PA attracts much attention of researchers. In addition to its effect on stimulating vesicle trafficking, many studies have demonstrated that PA plays a crucial role in various signaling pathways by binding target proteins and regulating their activity and subcellular localization. Here, we summarize the functional mechanisms and target proteins underlying PA-mediated regulation of cellular signaling, development, hormonal responses, and stress responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hong-Wei Xue
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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25
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Angelini J, Vosolsobě S, Skůpa P, Ho AYY, Bellinvia E, Valentová O, Marc J. Phospholipase Dδ assists to cortical microtubule recovery after salt stress. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:1195-1204. [PMID: 29455366 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1204-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic microtubule cytoskeleton plays fundamental roles in the growth and development of plants including regulation of their responses to environmental stress. Plants exposed to hyper-osmotic stress commonly acclimate, acquiring tolerance to variable stress levels. The underlying cellular mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we show, for the first time, by in vivo imaging approach that linear patterns of phospholipase Dδ match the localization of microtubules in various biological systems, validating previously predicted connection between phospholipase Dδ and microtubules. Both the microtubule and linear phospholipase Dδ structures were disintegrated in a few minutes after treatment with oryzalin or salt. Moreover, by using immunofluorescence confocal microscopy of the cells in the root elongation zone of Arabidopsis, we have shown that the cortical microtubules rapidly depolymerized within 30 min of treatment with 150 or 200 mM NaCl. Within 5 h of treatment, the density of microtubule arrays was partially restored. A T-DNA insertional mutant lacking phospholipase Dδ showed poor recovery of microtubule arrays following salt exposition. The restoration of microtubules was significantly retarded as well as the rate of root growth, but roots of overexpressor GFP-PLDδ prepared in our lab, have grown slightly better compared to wild-type plants. Our results indicate that phospholipase Dδ is involved in salt stress tolerance, possibly by direct anchoring and stabilization of de novo emerging microtubules to the plasma membrane, providing novel insight into common molecular mechanism during various stress events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindřiška Angelini
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Stanislav Vosolsobě
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Skůpa
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Angela Yeuan Yen Ho
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O.Box 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erica Bellinvia
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Valentová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Marc
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
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26
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Stanislas T, Platre MP, Liu M, Rambaud-Lavigne LES, Jaillais Y, Hamant O. A phosphoinositide map at the shoot apical meristem in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Biol 2018; 16:20. [PMID: 29415713 PMCID: PMC5803925 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-018-0490-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In plants, the shoot apical meristem (SAM) has two main functions, involving the production of all aerial organs on the one hand and self-maintenance on the other, allowing the production of organs during the entire post-embryonic life of the plant. Transcription factors, microRNA, hormones, peptides and forces have been involved in meristem function. Whereas phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PIPs) have been involved in almost all biological functions, including stem cell maintenance and organogenesis in animals, the processes in meristem biology to which PIPs contribute still need to be delineated. RESULTS Using biosensors for PI4P and PI(4,5)P2, the two most abundant PIPs at the plasma membrane, we reveal that meristem functions are associated with a stereotypical PIP tissue-scale pattern, with PI(4,5)P2 always displaying a more clear-cut pattern than PI4P. Using clavata3 and pin-formed1 mutants, we show that stem cell maintenance is associated with reduced levels of PIPs. In contrast, high PIP levels are signatures for organ-meristem boundaries. Interestingly, this pattern echoes that of cortical microtubules and stress anisotropy at the meristem. Using ablations and pharmacological approaches, we further show that PIP levels can be increased when the tensile stress pattern is altered. Conversely, we find that katanin mutant meristems, with increased isotropy of microtubule arrays and slower response to mechanical perturbations, exhibit reduced PIP gradients within the SAM. Comparable PIP pattern defects were observed in phospholipase A3β overexpressor lines, which largely phenocopy katanin mutants at the whole plant level. CONCLUSIONS Using phospholipid biosensors, we identified a stereotypical PIP accumulation pattern in the SAM that negatively correlates with stem cell maintenance and positively correlates with organ-boundary establishment. While other cues are very likely to contribute to the final PIP pattern, we provide evidence that the patterns of PIP, cortical microtubules and mechanical stress are positively correlated, suggesting that the PIP pattern, and its reproducibility, relies at least in part on the mechanical status of the SAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stanislas
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - Matthieu Pierre Platre
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - Mengying Liu
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - Léa E S Rambaud-Lavigne
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France.
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27
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Novák D, Vadovič P, Ovečka M, Šamajová O, Komis G, Colcombet J, Šamaj J. Gene Expression Pattern and Protein Localization of Arabidopsis Phospholipase D Alpha 1 Revealed by Advanced Light-Sheet and Super-Resolution Microscopy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:371. [PMID: 29628934 PMCID: PMC5877115 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase D alpha 1 (PLDα1, At3g15730) and its product phosphatidic acid (PA) are involved in a variety of cellular and physiological processes, such as cytoskeletal remodeling, regulation of stomatal closure and opening, as well as biotic and abiotic stress signaling. Here we aimed to study developmental expression patterns and subcellular localization of PLDα1 in Arabidopsis using advanced microscopy methods such as light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) and structured illumination microscopy (SIM). We complemented two knockout pldα1 mutants with a YFP-tagged PLDα1 expressed under the PLDα1 native promoter in order to study developmental expression pattern and subcellular localization of PLDα1 in Arabidopsis thaliana under natural conditions. Imaging of tissue-specific and developmentally-regulated localization of YFP-tagged PLDα1 by LSFM in roots of growing seedlings showed accumulation of PLDα1-YFP in the root cap and the rhizodermis. Expression of PLDα1-YFP in the rhizodermis was considerably higher in trichoblasts before and during root hair formation and growth. Thus, PLDα1-YFP accumulated in emerging root hairs and in the tips of growing root hairs. PLDα1-YFP showed cytoplasmic subcellular localization in root cap cells and in cells of the root transition zone. In aerial parts of plants PLDα1-YFP was also localized in the cytoplasm showing enhanced accumulation in the cortical cytoplasmic layer of epidermal non-dividing cells of hypocotyls, leaves, and leaf petioles. However, in dividing cells of root apical meristem and leaf petiole epidermis PLDα1-YFP was enriched in mitotic spindles and phragmoplasts, as revealed by co-visualization with microtubules. Finally, super-resolution SIM imaging revealed association of PLDα1-YFP with both microtubules and clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) and pits (CCPs). In conclusion, this study shows the developmentally-controlled expression and subcellular localization of PLDα1 in dividing and non-dividing Arabidopsis cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Novák
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Pavol Vadovič
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Olga Šamajová
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - George Komis
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jean Colcombet
- UMR9213 Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Jozef Šamaj
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28
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Pareek A, Khurana A, Sharma AK, Kumar R. An Overview of Signaling Regulons During Cold Stress Tolerance in Plants. Curr Genomics 2017; 18:498-511. [PMID: 29204079 PMCID: PMC5684653 DOI: 10.2174/1389202918666170228141345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants, being sessile organisms, constantly withstand environmental fluctuations, including low-temperature, also referred as cold stress. Whereas cold poses serious challenges at both physiological and developmental levels to plants growing in tropical or sub-tropical regions, plants from temperate climatic regions can withstand chilling or freezing temperatures. Several cold inducible genes have already been isolated and used in transgenic approach to generate cold tolerant plants. The conventional breeding methods and marker assisted selection have helped in developing plant with improved cold tolerance, however, the development of freezing tolerant plants through cold acclimation remains an unaccomplished task. Therefore, it is essential to have a clear understanding of how low temperature sensing strategies and corresponding signal transduction act during cold acclimation process. Herein, we synthesize the available information on the molecular mechanisms underlying cold sensing and signaling with an aim that the summarized literature will help develop efficient strategies to obtain cold tolerant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Pareek
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi-110021, India
| | - Ashima Khurana
- Ashima Khurana, Botany Department, Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110002, India
| | - Arun K. Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi-110021, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad500046, India
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29
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Zhang Q, Song P, Qu Y, Wang P, Jia Q, Guo L, Zhang C, Mao T, Yuan M, Wang X, Zhang W. Phospholipase Dδ negatively regulates plant thermotolerance by destabilizing cortical microtubules in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2220-2235. [PMID: 28710795 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The pattern of cortical microtubule arrays plays an important role in plant growth and adaptation in response to hormonal and environmental changes. Cortical microtubules are connected with the plasma membrane (PM); however, how the membrane affects cortical microtubule organization is not well understood. Here, we showed that phospholipase Dδ (PLDδ) was associated with the PM and co-localized with microtubules in cells. In vitro analysis revealed that PLDδ bound to microtubules, resulting in microtubule disorganization. Site-specific mutations that decreased PLDδ enzymatic activity impaired its effects on destabilizing microtubule organization. Heat shock transiently activated PLDδ, without any change of its PM localization, triggering microtubule dissociation from PM and depolymerization and seedling death in Arabidopsis, but these effects were alleviated in pldδ knockout mutants. Complementation of pldδ with wild-type PLDδ, but not mutated PLDδ, restored the phenotypes of microtubules and seedling survival to those of wild-type Arabidopsis. Thus, we conclude that the PM-associated PLDδ negatively regulates plant thermotolerance via destabilizing cortical microtubules, in an activity-dependent manner, rather than its subcellular translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ping Song
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yana Qu
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Peipei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qianru Jia
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Liang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chuanpeng Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Tonglin Mao
- College of Biology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- College of Biology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St Louis, MO, 63121, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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30
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Geilfus CM, Tenhaken R, Carpentier SC. Transient alkalinization of the leaf apoplast stiffens the cell wall during onset of chloride salinity in corn leaves. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:18800-18813. [PMID: 28972176 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.799866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During chloride salinity, the pH of the leaf apoplast (pHapo) transiently alkalizes. There is an ongoing debate about the physiological relevance of these stress-induced pHapo changes. Using proteomic analyses of expanding leaves of corn (Zea mays L.), we show that this transition in pHapo conveys functionality by (i) adjusting protein abundances and (ii) affecting the rheological properties of the cell wall. pHapo was monitored in planta via microscopy-based ratio imaging, and the leaf-proteomic response to the transient leaf apoplastic alkalinization was analyzed via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-MS. This analysis identified 1459 proteins, of which 44 exhibited increased abundance specifically through the chloride-induced transient rise in pHapo These elevated protein abundances did not directly arise from high tissue concentrations of Cl- or Na+ but were due to changes in the pHapo Most of these proteins functioned in growth-relevant processes and in the synthesis of cell wall-building components such as arabinose. Measurements with a linear-variable differential transducer revealed that the transient alkalinization rigidified (i.e. stiffened) the cell wall during the onset of chloride salinity. A decrease in t-coumaric and t-ferulic acids indicates that the wall stiffening arises from cross-linkage to cell wall polymers. We conclude that the pH of the apoplast represents a dynamic factor that is mechanistically coupled to cellular responses to chloride stress. By hardening the wall, the increased pH abrogates wall loosening required for cell expansion and growth. We conclude that the transient alkalinization of the leaf apoplast is related to salinity-induced growth reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph-Martin Geilfus
- From SYBIOMA, Proteomics Core Facility, KU Leuven, O&N II Herestraat 49, bus 901, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, .,the Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Raimund Tenhaken
- the Department of Cell Biology, Division of Plant Physiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria, and
| | - Sebastien Christian Carpentier
- From SYBIOMA, Proteomics Core Facility, KU Leuven, O&N II Herestraat 49, bus 901, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.,the Department of Biosystems, Division of Crop Biotechnics, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, Box 2455, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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31
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Liu Y, Visetsouk M, Mynlieff M, Qin H, Lechtreck KF, Yang P. H +- and Na +- elicited rapid changes of the microtubule cytoskeleton in the biflagellated green alga Chlamydomonas. eLife 2017; 6:26002. [PMID: 28875932 PMCID: PMC5779235 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although microtubules are known for dynamic instability, the dynamicity is considered to be tightly controlled to support a variety of cellular processes. Yet diverse evidence suggests that this is not applicable to Chlamydomonas, a biflagellate fresh water green alga, but intense autofluorescence from photosynthesis pigments has hindered the investigation. By expressing a bright fluorescent reporter protein at the endogenous level, we demonstrate in real time discreet sweeping changes in algal microtubules elicited by rises of intracellular H+ and Na+. These results from this model organism with characteristics of animal and plant cells provide novel explanations regarding how pH may drive cellular processes; how plants may respond to, and perhaps sense stresses; and how organisms with a similar sensitive cytoskeleton may be susceptible to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Mike Visetsouk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Michelle Mynlieff
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Hongmin Qin
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States
| | - Karl F Lechtreck
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athen, United States
| | - Pinfen Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, United States
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32
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Shevchenko GV. Putative gravisensors among microtubule associated proteins. Cell Biol Int 2017; 43:983-990. [PMID: 28656641 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite of long period of investigation (over 100 years), still a lot of questions remain unclear about molecular mechanisms of plant graviperception. This requires designing new experiments and new approaches to be applied in gravitational biology. Investigation of plant cell reactions under clinorotation (plant disorientation in respect to gravity vector) is of significant importance to such type of research. Clinorotation is known to cause changes of cell polarity and exert mechanical stress in plant cells. Microtubular cytoskeleton is highly dynamic structure and it responds to both of these stresses. Due to turgor pressure and cell elongation, endogenous mechanical forces influence microtubule orientation in order to coordinate cell growth. Rearrangements of microtubules are regulated by numerous associated proteins which functional activity is not fully clear. In this review, we discuss how MT associated proteins regulate cortical MT arrays under mechanical stress and consider how these proteins may act as plant cell gravisensors. Investigation of microtubule associated proteins under clinorotation might shed the light on molecular mechanism of plant cytoskeleton arrangement and its involvement in initial reactions of cell graviperception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina V Shevchenko
- Institute of Botany, NAS Ukraine, Cell Biology Department, 2, Tereshchenkivska St., Kiev, 01004, Ukraine
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33
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Li C, Lu H, Li W, Yuan M, Fu Y. A ROP2-RIC1 pathway fine-tunes microtubule reorganization for salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:1127-1142. [PMID: 28070891 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The reorganization of microtubules induced by salt stress is required for Arabidopsis survival under high salinity conditions. RIC1 is an effector of Rho-related GTPase from plants (ROPs) and a known microtubule-associated protein. In this study, we demonstrated that RIC1 expression decreased with long-term NaCl treatment, and ric1-1 seedlings exhibited a higher survival rate under salt stress. We found that RIC1 reduced the frequency of microtubule transition from shortening to growing status and knockout of RIC1 improved the reassembly of depolymerized microtubules caused by either oryzalin treatment or salt stress. Further investigation showed that constitutively active ROP2 promoted the reassembly of microtubules and the survival of seedlings under salt stress. A rop2-1 ric1-1 double mutant rescued the salt-sensitive phenotype of rop2-1, indicating that ROP2 functions in salt tolerance through RIC1. Although ROP2 did not regulate RIC1 expression upon salt stress, a quick but mild increase of ROP2 activity was induced, led to reduction of RIC1 on microtubules. Collectively, our study reveals an ROP2-RIC1 pathway that fine-tunes microtubule dynamics in response to salt stress in Arabidopsis. This finding not only reveals a new regulatory mechanism for microtubule reorganization under salt stress but also the importance of ROP signalling for salinity tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hanmei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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34
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Bhaskara GB, Wen TN, Nguyen TT, Verslues PE. Protein Phosphatase 2Cs and Microtubule-Associated Stress Protein 1 Control Microtubule Stability, Plant Growth, and Drought Response. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:169-191. [PMID: 28011693 PMCID: PMC5304354 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth is coordinated with environmental factors, including water availability during times of drought. Microtubules influence cell expansion; however, the mechanisms by which environmental signals impinge upon microtubule organization and whether microtubule-related factors limit growth during drought remains unclear. We found that three Clade E Growth-Regulating (EGR) Type 2C protein phosphatases act as negative growth regulators to restrain growth during drought. Quantitative phosphoproteomics indicated that EGRs target cytoskeleton and plasma membrane-associated proteins. Of these, Microtubule-Associated Stress Protein 1 (MASP1), an uncharacterized protein, increased in abundance during stress treatment and could bind, bundle, and stabilize microtubules in vitro. MASP1 overexpression enhanced growth, in vivo microtubule stability, and recovery of microtubule organization during drought acclimation. These MASP1 functions in vivo were dependent on phosphorylation of a single serine. For all EGR and MASP1 mutants and transgenic lines examined, enhanced microtubule recovery and stability were associated with increased growth during drought stress. The EGR-MASP1 system selectively regulates microtubule recovery and stability to adjust plant growth and cell expansion in response to changing environmental conditions. Modification of EGR-MASP1 signaling may be useful to circumvent negative growth regulation limiting plant productivity. EGRs are likely to regulate additional proteins involved in microtubule stability and stress signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tuan-Nan Wen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Thao Thi Nguyen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Paul E Verslues
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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Krtková J, Benáková M, Schwarzerová K. Multifunctional Microtubule-Associated Proteins in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:474. [PMID: 27148302 PMCID: PMC4838777 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are involved in key processes in plant cells, including cell division, growth and development. MT-interacting proteins modulate MT dynamics and organization, mediating functional and structural interaction of MTs with other cell structures. In addition to conventional microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) in plants, there are many other MT-binding proteins whose primary function is not related to the regulation of MTs. This review focuses on enzymes, chaperones, or proteins primarily involved in other processes that also bind to MTs. The MT-binding activity of these multifunctional MAPs is often performed only under specific environmental or physiological conditions, or they bind to MTs only as components of a larger MT-binding protein complex. The involvement of multifunctional MAPs in these interactions may underlie physiological and morphogenetic events, e.g., under specific environmental or developmental conditions. Uncovering MT-binding activity of these proteins, although challenging, may contribute to understanding of the novel functions of the MT cytoskeleton in plant biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Krtková
- Department of Biology, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA
- Katerina Schwarzerová Lab, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in PraguePrague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Benáková
- Katerina Schwarzerová Lab, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in PraguePrague, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec KrálovéRokitanského, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Schwarzerová
- Katerina Schwarzerová Lab, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in PraguePrague, Czech Republic
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Hong Y, Zhao J, Guo L, Kim SC, Deng X, Wang G, Zhang G, Li M, Wang X. Plant phospholipases D and C and their diverse functions in stress responses. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 62:55-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Quentin M, Baurès I, Hoefle C, Caillaud MC, Allasia V, Panabières F, Abad P, Hückelhoven R, Keller H, Favery B. The Arabidopsis microtubule-associated protein MAP65-3 supports infection by filamentous biotrophic pathogens by down-regulating salicylic acid-dependent defenses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:1731-43. [PMID: 26798028 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis and the ascomycete Erysiphe cruciferarum are obligate biotrophic pathogens causing downy mildew and powdery mildew, respectively, on Arabidopsis. Upon infection, the filamentous pathogens induce the formation of intracellular bulbous structures called haustoria, which are required for the biotrophic lifestyle. We previously showed that the microtubule-associated protein AtMAP65-3 plays a critical role in organizing cytoskeleton microtubule arrays during mitosis and cytokinesis. This renders the protein essential for the development of giant cells, which are the feeding sites induced by root knot nematodes. Here, we show that AtMAP65-3 expression is also induced in leaves upon infection by the downy mildew oomycete and the powdery mildew fungus. Loss of AtMAP65-3 function in the map65-3 mutant dramatically reduced infection by both pathogens, predominantly at the stages of leaf penetration. Whole-transcriptome analysis showed an over-represented, constitutive activation of genes involved in salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis, signaling, and defense execution in map65-3, whereas jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated signaling was down-regulated. Preventing SA synthesis and accumulation in map65-3 rescued plant susceptibility to pathogens, but not the developmental phenotype caused by cytoskeleton defaults. AtMAP65-3 thus has a dual role. It positively regulates cytokinesis, thus plant growth and development, and negatively interferes with plant defense against filamentous biotrophs. Our data suggest that downy mildew and powdery mildew stimulate AtMAP65-3 expression to down-regulate SA signaling for infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Quentin
- INRA, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Isabelle Baurès
- INRA, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Caroline Hoefle
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Technische Universität München, D-85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Marie-Cécile Caillaud
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Valérie Allasia
- INRA, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Franck Panabières
- INRA, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRA, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Technische Universität München, D-85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Harald Keller
- INRA, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRA, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
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Zhang Q, Zhang W. Regulation of developmental and environmental signaling by interaction between microtubules and membranes in plant cells. Protein Cell 2016; 7:81-8. [PMID: 26687389 PMCID: PMC4742386 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-015-0233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division and expansion require the ordered arrangement of microtubules, which are subject to spatial and temporal modifications by developmental and environmental factors. Understanding how signals translate to changes in cortical microtubule organization is of fundamental importance. A defining feature of the cortical microtubule array is its association with the plasma membrane; modules of the plasma membrane are thought to play important roles in the mediation of microtubule organization. In this review, we highlight advances in research on the regulation of cortical microtubule organization by membrane-associated and membrane-tethered proteins and lipids in response to phytohormones and stress. The transmembrane kinase receptor Rho-like guanosine triphosphatase, phospholipase D, phosphatidic acid, and phosphoinositides are discussed with a focus on their roles in microtubule organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Juraniec M, Heyman J, Schubert V, Salis P, De Veylder L, Verbruggen N. Arabidopsis COPPER MODIFIED RESISTANCE1/PATRONUS1 is essential for growth adaptation to stress and required for mitotic onset control. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:177-91. [PMID: 26261921 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The mitotic checkpoint (MC) guards faithful sister chromatid segregation by monitoring the attachment of spindle microtubules to the kinetochores. When chromosome attachment errors are detected, MC delays the metaphase-to-anaphase transition through the inhibition of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) ubiquitin ligase. In contrast to yeast and mammals, our knowledge on the proteins involved in MC in plants is scarce. Transient synchronization of root tips as well as promoter-reporter gene fusions were performed to analyze temporal and spatial expression of COPPER MODIFIED RESISTANCE1/PATRONUS1 (CMR1/PANS1) in developing Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Functional analysis of the gene was carried out, including CYCB1;2 stability in CMR1/PANS1 knockout and overexpressor background as well as metaphase-anaphase chromosome status. CMR1/PANS1 is transcriptionally active during M phase. Its deficiency provokes premature cell cycle exit and in consequence a rapid consumption of the number of meristematic cells in particular under stress conditions that are known to affect spindle microtubules. Root growth impairment is correlated with a failure to delay the onset of anaphase, resulting in anaphase bridges and chromosome missegregation. CMR1/PANS1 overexpression stabilizes the mitotic CYCB1;2 protein. Likely, CMR1/PANS1 coordinates mitotic cell cycle progression by acting as an APC/C inhibitor and plays a key role in growth adaptation to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Juraniec
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jefri Heyman
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Veit Schubert
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, D-06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Pietrino Salis
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lieven De Veylder
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Verbruggen
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
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Khatri N, Mudgil Y. Hypothesis: NDL proteins function in stress responses by regulating microtubule organization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:947. [PMID: 26583023 PMCID: PMC4628123 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
N-MYC DOWNREGULATED-LIKE proteins (NDL), members of the alpha/beta hydrolase superfamily were recently rediscovered as interactors of G-protein signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. Although the precise molecular function of NDL proteins is still elusive, in animals these proteins play protective role in hypoxia and expression is induced by hypoxia and nickel, indicating role in stress. Homology of NDL1 with animal counterpart N-MYC DOWNREGULATED GENE (NDRG) suggests similar functions in animals and plants. It is well established that stress responses leads to the microtubule depolymerization and reorganization which is crucial for stress tolerance. NDRG is a microtubule-associated protein which mediates the microtubule organization in animals by causing acetylation and increases the stability of α-tubulin. As NDL1 is highly homologous to NDRG, involvement of NDL1 in the microtubule organization during plant stress can also be expected. Discovery of interaction of NDL with protein kinesin light chain- related 1, enodomembrane family protein 70, syntaxin-23, tubulin alpha-2 chain, as a part of G protein interactome initiative encourages us to postulate microtubule stabilizing functions for NDL family in plants. Our search for NDL interactors in G protein interactome also predicts the role of NDL proteins in abiotic stress tolerance management. Based on published report in animals and predicted interacting partners for NDL in G protein interactome lead us to hypothesize involvement of NDL in the microtubule organization during abiotic stress management in plants.
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41
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Dual-reporter Imaging and its Potential Application in Tracking Studies. J Fluoresc 2015; 26:75-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-015-1673-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Xie J, Bai X, Lavoie M, Lu H, Fan X, Pan X, Fu Z, Qian H. Analysis of the Proteome of the Marine Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum Exposed to Aluminum Providing Insights into Aluminum Toxicity Mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:11182-11190. [PMID: 26308585 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Trace aluminum (Al) concentrations can be toxic to marine phytoplankton, the basis of the marine food web, but the fundamental Al toxicity and detoxification mechanisms at the molecular levels are poorly understood. Using an array of proteomic, transcriptomic, and biochemical techniques, we describe in detail the cellular response of the model marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum to a short-term sublethal Al stress (4 h of exposure to 200 μM total initial Al). A total of 2204 proteins were identified and quantified by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) in response to the Al stress. Among them, 87 and 78 proteins performing various cell functions were up- and down-regulated after Al treatment, respectively. We found that photosynthesis was a key Al toxicity target. The Al-induced decrease in electron transport rates in thylakoid membranes lead to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which cause increased lipid peroxidation. Several ROS-detoxifying proteins were induced to help decrease Al-induced oxidative stress. In parallel, glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway were up-regulated in order to produce cell energy (NADPH, ATP) and carbon skeleton for cell growth, partially circumventing the Al-induced toxicity effects on photosynthesis. These cellular responses to Al stress were coordinated by the activation of various signal transduction pathways. The identification of Al-responsive proteins in the model marine phytoplankton P. tricornutum provides new insights on Al stress responses as well as a good start for further exploring Al detoxification mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xie
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, P. R. of China
| | - Xiaocui Bai
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, P. R. of China
| | - Michel Lavoie
- Quebec-Ocean and Takuvik Joint International Research Unit, Université Laval , Québec City, Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Haiping Lu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. of China
| | - Xiaoji Fan
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, P. R. of China
| | - Xiangliang Pan
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Bioremediation, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P. R. of China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, P. R. of China
| | - Haifeng Qian
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, P. R. of China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, P. R. of China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Bioremediation, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, P. R. of China
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Liu Z, Persson S, Zhang Y. The connection of cytoskeletal network with plasma membrane and the cell wall. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:330-40. [PMID: 25693826 PMCID: PMC4405036 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall provides external support of the plant cells, while the cytoskeletons including the microtubules and the actin filaments constitute an internal framework. The cytoskeletons contribute to the cell wall biosynthesis by spatially and temporarily regulating the transportation and deposition of cell wall components. This tight control is achieved by the dynamic behavior of the cytoskeletons, but also through the tethering of these structures to the plasma membrane. This tethering may also extend beyond the plasma membrane and impact on the cell wall, possibly in the form of a feedback loop. In this review, we discuss the linking components between the cytoskeletons and the plasma membrane, and/or the cell wall. We also discuss the prospective roles of these components in cell wall biosynthesis and modifications, and aim to provide a platform for further studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengyu Liu
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Staffan Persson
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology14476 Potsdam, Germany
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of MelbourneParkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yi Zhang
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Zhao J. Phospholipase D and phosphatidic acid in plant defence response: from protein-protein and lipid-protein interactions to hormone signalling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1721-36. [PMID: 25680793 PMCID: PMC4669553 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase Ds (PLDs) and PLD-derived phosphatidic acids (PAs) play vital roles in plant hormonal and environmental responses and various cellular dynamics. Recent studies have further expanded the functions of PLDs and PAs into plant-microbe interaction. The molecular diversities and redundant functions make PLD-PA an important signalling complex regulating lipid metabolism, cytoskeleton dynamics, vesicle trafficking, and hormonal signalling in plant defence through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions or hormone signalling. Different PLD-PA signalling complexes and their targets have emerged as fast-growing research topics for understanding their numerous but not yet established roles in modifying pathogen perception, signal transduction, and downstream defence responses. Meanwhile, advanced lipidomics tools have allowed researchers to reveal further the mechanisms of PLD-PA signalling complexes in regulating lipid metabolism and signalling, and their impacts on jasmonic acid/oxylipins, salicylic acid, and other hormone signalling pathways that essentially mediate plant defence responses. This review attempts to summarize the progress made in spatial and temporal PLD/PA signalling as well as PLD/PA-mediated modification of plant defence. It presents an in-depth discussion on the functions and potential mechanisms of PLD-PA complexes in regulating actin filament/microtubule cytoskeleton, vesicle trafficking, and hormonal signalling, and in influencing lipid metabolism-derived metabolites as critical signalling components in plant defence responses. The discussion puts PLD-PA in a broader context in order to guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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Guan X, Buchholz G, Nick P. Tubulin marker line of grapevine suspension cells as a tool to follow early stress responses. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 176:118-128. [PMID: 25590686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant microtubules (MTs), in addition to their role in cell division and cell expansion, respond to various stress signals. To understand the biological function of this early response requires non-destructive strategies for visualization in cellular models that are highly responsive to stress signals. We have therefore generated a transgenic tubulin marker line for a cell line from the grapevine Vitis rupestris that readily responds to stress factors of defense-related and abiotic stresses based on a fusion of the green fluorescent protein with Arabidopsis β-tubulin 6. By a combination of spinning-disk confocal microscopy with quantitative image analysis, we could detect early and specific responses of MTs to defense-related and abiotic stress factors in vivo. We observed that Harpin Z (HrpZ), a bacterial elicitor that can trigger programmed cell death, rapidly eliminated radial MTs, followed by a slower depletion of the cortical array. Jasmonic acid (JA), in contrast, induced bundling of cortical MTs. Auxin reduced the thickness of cortical MTs. This effect followed a characteristic bell-shaped dose-dependency and could revert JA-induced bundling. Impeded cell expansion as a consequence of stress treatment or superoptimal auxin was linked with the appearance of intranuclear tubulin speckles. The early and stimulus-specific responses of MTs are discussed with respect to a function in processing or decoding of stress signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guan
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstraße 2, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Günther Buchholz
- RLP AgroScience/AlPlanta - Institute for Plant Research, Breitenweg 71, D-67435 Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstraße 2, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Kaur C, Kumar G, Kaur S, Ansari MW, Pareek A, Sopory SK, Singla-Pareek SL. Molecular cloning and characterization of salt overly sensitive gene promoter from Brassica juncea (BjSOS2). Mol Biol Rep 2015; 42:1139-48. [PMID: 25633281 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-015-3851-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS) pathway comprising SOS1, SOS2 and SOS3 genes has been recognized as the key mechanism controlling ion homeostasis under salinity stress. SOS2 component of this pathway encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase that together with SOS3 activates downstream Na(+)/H(+) antiporter SOS1, reestablishing cellular ion homeostasis under salinity stress. In the present study, we have found that the transcript levels of BjSOS2 are induced in response to various abiotic stresses. We have isolated a 713 bp promoter region of SOS2 gene from Brassica juncea to study the regulation of BjSOS2 under various abiotic stress conditions and further, to examine utility of the cloned upstream region in genetic engineering experiments. For this purpose, 713 bp BjSOS2 promoter:β-glucuronidase (GUS) fusion construct, along with its two subsequent 5' deletion derivatives, D1 (443 bp) and D2 (209 bp), were stably transformed into B. juncea. Functional analysis of transgenic lines revealed significant increase in promoter activity under salinity, desiccation as well as abscisic acid (ABA) treatment which was consistent with increased transcript levels of GUS gene. BjSOS2 promoter possesses strong multi-stress inducible nature, suggesting its involvement in various aspects of stress signaling. Considering the fact that the simultaneous presence of multiple abiotic stress conditions under field conditions is a challenging threat to crop productivity, future studies may utilize the BjSOS2 promoter to drive stress-inducible expression of genes involved in imparting tolerance to multiple stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charanpreet Kaur
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110 067, India,
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Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are highly conserved polar polymers that are key elements of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton and are essential for various cell functions. αβ-tubulin, a heterodimer containing one structural GTP and one hydrolysable and exchangeable GTP, is the building block of MTs and is formed by the sequential action of several molecular chaperones. GTP hydrolysis in the MT lattice is mechanistically coupled with MT growth, thus giving MTs a metastable and dynamic nature. MTs adopt several distinct higher-order organizations that function in cell division and cell morphogenesis. Small molecular weight compounds that bind tubulin are used as herbicides and as research tools to investigate MT functions in plant cells. The de novo formation of MTs in cells requires conserved γ-tubulin-containing complexes and targeting/activating regulatory proteins that contribute to the geometry of MT arrays. Various MT regulators and tubulin modifications control the dynamics and organization of MTs throughout the cell cycle and in response to developmental and environmental cues. Signaling pathways that converge on the regulation of versatile MT functions are being characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- Address correspondence to
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Janda M, Šašek V, Chmelařová H, Andrejch J, Nováková M, Hajšlová J, Burketová L, Valentová O. Phospholipase D affects translocation of NPR1 to the nucleus in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:59. [PMID: 25741350 PMCID: PMC4332306 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) is a crucial component of plant-induced defense against biotrophic pathogens. Although the key players of the SA pathway are known, there are still gaps in the understanding of the molecular mechanism and the regulation of particular steps. In our previous research, we showed in Arabidopsis suspension cells that n-butanol, which specifically modulates phospholipase D activity, significantly suppresses the transcription of the pathogenesis related (PR-1) gene, which is generally accepted as the SA pathway marker. In the presented study, we have investigated the site of n-butanol action in the SA pathway. We were able to show in Arabidopsis plants treated with SA that n-butanol inhibits the transcription of defense genes (PR-1, WRKY38). Fluorescence microscopy of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants expressing 35S::NPR1-GFP (nonexpressor pathogenesis related 1) revealed significantly decreased nuclear localization of NPR1 in the presence of n-butanol. On the other hand, n-butanol did not decrease the nuclear localization of NPR1 in 35S::npr1C82A-GFP and 35S::npr1C216A-GFP mutants constitutively expressing NPR1 monomers. Mass spectrometric analysis of plant extracts showed that n-butanol significantly changes the metabolic fingerprinting while t-butanol had no effect. We found groups of the plant metabolites, influenced differently by SA and n-butanol treatment. Thus, we proposed several metabolites as markers for n-butanol action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Janda
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology PraguePrague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CRPrague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Šašek
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CRPrague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Chmelařová
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology PraguePrague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Andrejch
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology PraguePrague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Nováková
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology PraguePrague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CRPrague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hajšlová
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology PraguePrague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Burketová
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CRPrague, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Valentová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology PraguePrague, Czech Republic
- *Correspondence: Olga Valentová, CSc., Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6 – Dejvice, 16628, Czech Republic e-mail:
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Jia Y, Li W. Characterisation of Lipid Changes in Ethylene-Promoted Senescence and Its Retardation by Suppression of Phospholipase Dδ in Arabidopsis Leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1045. [PMID: 26648950 PMCID: PMC4663248 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA) both accelerate senescence of detached Arabidopsis leaves. We previously showed that suppression of Phospholipase Dδ (PLDδ) retarded ABA-promoted senescence. Here, we report that ethylene-promoted senescence is retarded in detached leaves lacking PLDδ. We further used lipidomics to comparatively profile the molecular species of membrane lipids between wild-type and PLDδ-knockout (PLDδ-KO) Arabidopsis during ethylene-promoted senescence. Lipid profiling revealed that ethylene caused a decrease in all lipids levels, except phosphatidic acid (PA), caused increases in the ratios of digalactosyl diglyceride/monogalactosyl diglyceride (MGDG) and phosphatidylcholine (PC)/phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and caused degradation of plastidic lipids before that of extraplastidic lipids in wild-type plants. The accelerated degradation of plastidic lipids during ethylene-promoted senescence in wild-type plants was attenuated in PLDδ-KO plants. No obvious differences in substrate and product of PLDδ-catalyzed phospholipid hydrolysis were detected between wild-type and PLDδ-KO plants, which indicated that the retardation of ethylene-promoted senescence by suppressing PLDδ might not be related to the role of PLDδ in catalyzing phospholipid degradation. In contrast, higher plastidic lipid content, especially of MGDG, in PLDδ-KO plants was crucial for maintaining photosynthetic activity. The lower relative content of PA and higher PC/PE ratio in PLDδ-KO plants might contribute to maintaining cell membrane integrity. The integrity of the cell membrane in PLDδ-KO plants facilitated maintenance of the membrane function and of the proteins associated with the membrane. Taking these findings together, higher plastidic lipid content and the integrity of the cell membrane in PLDδ-KO plants might contribute to the retardation of ethylene-promoted senescence by the suppression of PLDδ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Jia
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
| | - Weiqi Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, China
- *Correspondence: Weiqi Li,
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Soybean mitogen-activated protein kinase GMK2 is activated with GMK1 in Bradyrhizobium-Soybean interactions. Genes Genomics 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-014-0209-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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