1
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Singh V, Kumar P, Pandey A, Hallan V, Pati PK. Functional characterization of WsPR-1 reveals its interplay with cytokinin and gibberellin signaling pathways. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134691. [PMID: 39142483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR-1) is an antimicrobial protein involved in systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants, but its regulatory role and interactions with other pathways remain unclear. In this study, we functionally characterize WsPR-1 gene of Withania somnifera in Nicotiana tabacum to elucidate its role in plant defense, growth, and development. Interestingly, transgenic tobacco plants with increased levels of cytokinin (CK) and decreased gibberellins (GAs) exhibited stunted shoot growth, an underdeveloped root system, modified leaf morphology, reduced seed pod production, and delayed leaf senescence. Transcriptional analysis revealed that WsPR-1 overexpression downregulated the GA 20-oxidase (GA20ox) gene involved in GA biosynthesis while upregulating GA 2-oxidase (GA2ox), a GA catabolic enzyme. Moreover, transcript levels of FRUITFULL (FUL) and LEAFY (NFL2) flowering genes exhibited a decrease in WsPR-1 plants, which could explain the delayed flowering and reduced seed pod development in transgenic plants. Confocal microscopy confirmed increased lignin deposition in stem cross-sections of WsPR-1 transgenic plants, supported by gene expression analysis and lignin content quantification. Additionally, our findings also suggest the involvement of Knotted1-like homeobox (KNOX) gene in enhancing cytokinin levels. This study highlights PR-1's regulatory role in plant growth and development, with potential to boost crop yields and enhance resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varinder Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Paramdeep Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Ashutosh Pandey
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Vipin Hallan
- Plant Protection Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Pratap Kumar Pati
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India.
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2
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Kallemi P, Verret F, Andronis C, Ioannidis N, Glampedakis N, Kotzabasis K, Kalantidis K. Stress-related transcriptomic changes associated with GFP transgene expression and active transgene silencing in plants. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13314. [PMID: 38858413 PMCID: PMC11164987 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63527-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to biotic and abiotic stress by activating and interacting with multiple defense pathways, allowing for an efficient global defense response. RNA silencing is a conserved mechanism of regulation of gene expression directed by small RNAs important in acquired plant immunity and especially virus and transgene repression. Several RNA silencing pathways in plants are crucial to control developmental processes and provide protection against abiotic and biotic stresses as well as invasive nucleic acids such as viruses and transposable elements. Various notable studies have shed light on the genes, small RNAs, and mechanisms involved in plant RNA silencing. However, published research on the potential interactions between RNA silencing and other plant stress responses is limited. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that spreading and maintenance of systemic post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) of a GFP transgene are associated with transcriptional changes that pertain to non-RNA silencing-based stress responses. To this end, we analyzed the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus and conducted whole transcriptome analysis in a transgenic line of Nicotiana benthamiana that spontaneously initiates transgene silencing, at different stages of systemic GFP-PTGS. In vivo analysis of chlorophyll a fluorescence yield and expression levels of key photosynthetic genes indicates that photosynthetic activity remains unaffected by systemic GFP-PTGS. However, transcriptomic analysis reveals that spreading and maintenance of GFP-PTGS are associated with transcriptional reprogramming of genes that are involved in abiotic stress responses and pattern- or effector-triggered immunity-based stress responses. These findings suggest that systemic PTGS may affect non-RNA-silencing-based defense pathways in N. benthamiana, providing new insights into the complex interplay between different plant stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Kallemi
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Frederic Verret
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Christos Andronis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Kriton Kalantidis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, 70013, Heraklion, Greece.
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013, Heraklion, Greece.
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3
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Su M, Hou S. Ethylene insensitive 2 (EIN2) destiny shaper: The post-translational modification. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 295:154190. [PMID: 38460400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
PTMs (Post-Translational Modifications) of proteins facilitate rapid modulation of protein function in response to various environmental stimuli. The EIN2 (Ethylene Insensitive 2) protein is a core regulatory of the ethylene signaling pathway. Recent findings have demonstrated that PTMs, including protein phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and glycosylation, govern EIN2 trafficking, subcellular localization, stability, and physiological roles. The cognition of multiple PTMs in EIN2 underscores the stringent regulation of protein. Consequently, a thorough review of the regulatory role of PTMs in EIN2 functions will improve our profound comprehension of the regulation mechanism and various physiological processes of EIN2-mediated signaling pathways. This review discusses the evolution, functions, structure and characteristics of EIN2 protein in plants. Additionally, this review sheds light on the progress of protein ubiquitination, phosphorylation, O-Glycosylation in the regulation of EIN2 functions, and the unresolved questions and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meifei Su
- Key Laboratory of Gene Editing for Breeding, Gansu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Suiwen Hou
- Key Laboratory of Gene Editing for Breeding, Gansu Province, China; Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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4
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Pei H, Wu Y, Wu W, Lyu L, Li W. A review of the types, functions and regulatory mechanisms of plant spines. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 341:112010. [PMID: 38309475 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Over a long period of evolution, plants have developed self-protection mechanisms, such as leaving seeds, dropping leaves, growing thorns, producing specific substances or emitting special odors to repel insects. Although studies on the taxonomic characteristics, functions and application of spines in spiny plants have been reported in China and abroad, a systematic overview of plant spines is currently lacking. This study therefore identifies the characteristics and types of plant spines based on domestic and international research on plant spines to provide clear criteria or bases for determining the types of plant spines. In addition, the functions, regulatory mechanisms, and factors influencing the formation of spines and the prospects for their development and application are described and summarized. This study will help to improve the understanding of the types, functions and regulatory mechanisms of plant spines and provide new ideas for the genetic improvement of plants from spiny to nonspiny varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Pei
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry and Grassland, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yaqiong Wu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Qian Hu Hou Cun No. 1, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Wenlong Wu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Qian Hu Hou Cun No. 1, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Lianfei Lyu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Qian Hu Hou Cun No. 1, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Weilin Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry and Grassland, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China.
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5
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Grismer TS, Karundasa SS, Shrestha R, Byun D, Ni W, Reyes AV, Xu SL. Workflow enhancement of TurboID-mediated proximity labeling for SPY signaling network mapping. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.17.580820. [PMID: 38405906 PMCID: PMC10888891 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.17.580820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
TurboID-based proximity labeling coupled to mass spectrometry (PL-MS) has emerged as a powerful tool for mapping protein-protein interactions in both plant and animal systems. Despite advances in sensitivity, PL-MS studies can still suffer from false negatives, especially when dealing with low abundance bait proteins and their transient interactors. Protein-level enrichment for biotinylated proteins is well developed and popular, but direct detection of biotinylated proteins by peptide-level enrichment and the difference in results between direct and indirect detection remain underexplored. To address this gap, we compared and improved enrichment and data analysis methods using TurboID fused to SPY, a low-abundance O-fucose transferase, using an AAL-enriched SPY target library for cross-referencing. Our results showed that MyOne and M280 streptavidin beads significantly outperformed antibody beads for peptide-level enrichment, with M280 performing best. In addition, while a biotin concentration ≤ 50 μM is recommended for protein-level enrichment in plants, higher biotin concentrations can be used for peptide-level enrichment, allowing us to improve detection and data quality. FragPipe's MSFragger protein identification and quantification software outperformed Maxquant and Protein Prospector for SPY interactome enrichment due to its superior detection of biotinylated peptides. Our improved washing protocols for protein-level enrichment mitigated bead collapse issues, improving data quality, and reducing experimental time. We found that the two enrichment methods provided complementary results and identified a total of 160 SPY-TurboID-enriched interactors, including 60 previously identified in the AAL-enriched SPY target list and 100 additional novel interactors. SILIA quantitative proteomics comparing WT and spy-4 mutants showed that SPY affects the protein levels of some of the identified interactors, such as nucleoporin proteins. We expect that our improvement will extend beyond TurboID to benefit other PL systems and hold promise for broader applications in biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- TaraBryn S Grismer
- Division of biosphere science and engineering, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, USA
- Carnegie Mass Spectrometry Facility, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sumudu S Karundasa
- Division of biosphere science and engineering, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ruben Shrestha
- Division of biosphere science and engineering, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Danbi Byun
- Division of biosphere science and engineering, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Weimin Ni
- Division of biosphere science and engineering, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Andres V Reyes
- Division of biosphere science and engineering, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, USA
- Carnegie Mass Spectrometry Facility, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Shou-Ling Xu
- Division of biosphere science and engineering, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, USA
- Carnegie Mass Spectrometry Facility, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, USA
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6
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Marash I, Gupta R, Anand G, Leibman-Markus M, Lindner N, Israeli A, Nir D, Avni A, Bar M. TOR coordinates cytokinin and gibberellin signals mediating development and defense. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:629-650. [PMID: 37904283 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants constantly perceive and process environmental signals and balance between the energetic demands of growth and defense. Growth arrest upon pathogen attack was previously suggested to result from a redirection of the plants' metabolic resources towards the activation of plant defense. The energy sensor Target of Rapamycin (TOR) kinase is a conserved master coordinator of growth and development in all eukaryotes. Although TOR is positioned at the interface between development and defense, little is known about the mechanisms by which TOR may potentially regulate the relationship between these two modalities. The plant hormones cytokinin (CK) and gibberellin (GA) execute various aspects of plant development and defense. The ratio between CK and GA was reported to determine the outcome of developmental programmes. Here, investigating the interplay between TOR-mediated development and TOR-mediated defense in tomato, we found that TOR silencing resulted in rescue of several different aberrant developmental phenotypes, demonstrating that TOR is required for the execution of developmental cues. In parallel, TOR inhibition enhanced immunity in genotypes with a low CK/GA ratio but not in genotypes with a high CK/GA ratio. TOR-inhibition mediated disease resistance was found to depend on developmental status, and was abolished in strongly morphogenetic leaves, while being strongest in mature, differentiated leaves. CK repressed TOR activity, suggesting that CK-mediated immunity may rely on TOR downregulation. At the same time, TOR activity was promoted by GA, and TOR silencing reduced GA sensitivity, indicating that GA signalling requires normal TOR activity. Our results demonstrate that TOR likely acts in concert with CK and GA signalling, executing signalling cues in both defense and development. Thus, differential regulation of TOR or TOR-mediated processes could regulate the required outcome of development-defense prioritisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftah Marash
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
- School of Plant Science and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Rupali Gupta
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Gautam Anand
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Meirav Leibman-Markus
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Naomi Lindner
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alon Israeli
- Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dov Nir
- Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Avni
- School of Plant Science and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
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7
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Yuan X, Gdanetz K, Outwater CA, Slack SM, Sundin GW. Evaluation of Plant Defense Inducers and Plant Growth Regulators for Fire Blight Management Using Transcriptome Studies and Field Assessments. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:2152-2164. [PMID: 37399041 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-23-0147-kc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Fire blight, caused by Erwinia amylovora, is a destructive disease of pome fruit trees. In the United States, apple and pear growers rely on applications of copper and antibiotics during bloom to control fire blight, but such methods have already led to regional instances of resistance. In this study, we used transcriptome analyses and field trials to evaluate the effectiveness of three commercially available plant defense elicitors and one plant growth regulator for fire blight management. Our data indicated that foliar applications of acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM; Actigard 50WG) triggered a strong defense-related response in apple leaves, whereas applications of Bacillus mycoides isolate J (LifeGard WG) or Reynoutria sachalinensis extract (Regalia) did not. Genes upregulated by ASM were enriched in the biological processes associated with plant immunity, such as defense response and protein phosphorylation. The expression of several pathogenesis-related (PR) genes was induced by ASM as well. Surprisingly, many differentially expressed genes in ASM-treated apple leaves overlapped with those induced by treatment with prohexadione-calcium (ProCa; Apogee), a plant growth regulator that suppresses shoot elongation. Further analysis suggested that ProCa likely acts similarly to ASM to stimulate plant immunity because genes involved in plant defense were shared and significantly upregulated (more than twofold) by both treatments. Our field trials agreed with the transcriptome study, demonstrating that ASM and ProCa exhibit the best control performance relative to the other biopesticides. Taken together, these data are pivotal for the understanding of plant response and shed light on future improvements of strategies for fire blight management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Yuan
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Kristi Gdanetz
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Cory A Outwater
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Suzanne M Slack
- Department of Horticulture, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - George W Sundin
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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8
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Zhai R, Ye S, Ye J, Wu M, Zhu G, Yu F, Wang X, Feng Y, Zhang X. Glutaredoxin in Rice Growth, Development, and Stress Resistance: Mechanisms and Research Advances. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16968. [PMID: 38069292 PMCID: PMC10707574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food for more than half of the global population. Various abiotic and biotic stresses lead to accumulation of reactive oxygen species in rice, which damage macromolecules and signaling pathways. Rice has evolved a variety of antioxidant systems, including glutaredoxin (GRX), that protect against various stressors. A total of 48 GRX gene loci have been identified on 11 of the 12 chromosomes of the rice genome; none were found on chromosome 9. GRX proteins were classified into four categories according to their active sites: CPYC, CGFS, CC, and GRL. In this paper, we summarized the recent research advances regarding the roles of GRX in rice development regulation and response to stresses, and discussed future research perspectives related to rice production. This review could provide information for rice researchers on the current status of the GRX and serve as guidance for breeding superior varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Zhai
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Shenghai Ye
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Mingming Wu
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Guofu Zhu
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Faming Yu
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xingyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yue Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
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9
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Wang X, Zhang J, Chai M, Han L, Cao X, Zhang J, Kong Y, Fu C, Wang ZY, Mysore KS, Wen J, Zhou C. The role of Class Ⅱ KNOX family in controlling compound leaf patterning in Medicago truncatula. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:2279-2291. [PMID: 37526388 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Compound leaf development requires the coordination of genetic factors, hormones, and other signals. In this study, we explored the functions of Class Ⅱ KNOTTED-like homeobox (KNOXII) genes in the model leguminous plant Medicago truncatula. Phenotypic and genetic analyses suggest that MtKNOX4, 5 are able to repress leaflet formation, while MtKNOX3, 9, 10 are not involved in this developmental process. Further investigations have shown that MtKNOX4 represses the CK signal transduction, which is downstream of MtKNOXⅠ-mediated CK biosynthesis. Additionally, two boundary genes, FUSED COMPOUND LEAF1 (orthologue of Arabidopsis Class M KNOX) and NO APICAL MERISTEM (orthologue of Arabidopsis CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON), are necessary for MtKNOX4-mediated compound leaf formation. These findings suggest, that among the members of MtKNOXⅡ, MtKNOX4 plays a crucial role in integrating the CK pathway and boundary regulators, providing new insights into the roles of MtKNOXⅡ in regulating the elaboration of compound leaves in M. truncatula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Juanjuan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Maofeng Chai
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Lu Han
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xiaohua Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yiming Kong
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Chunxiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Zeng-Yu Wang
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, 73401, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, 73401, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Chuanen Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
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10
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Wu G, Tian X, Qiu Q, Zhang Y, Fan X, Yuan D. Dynamic cytological and transcriptomic analyses provide novel insights into the mechanisms of sex determination in Castanea henryi. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1257541. [PMID: 37771497 PMCID: PMC10523332 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1257541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Castanea henryi is a monoecious woody food tree species whose yield and industrialization potential are limited by its low female-to-male flower ratio. Here, the male flowers on the male inflorescence of C. henryi were converted to female flowers by triple applications of exogenous cytokinin (CK) (N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea, CPPU). To study the role of exogenous CK in flower sex determination, cytological and transcriptomic analyses were performed on samples from the five stages after CK treatment. Cytological analysis showed that stage 3 (nine days after the last CK treatment) was the critical stage in the differential development of the pistil primordium and stamen primordium. On this basis, one key module and two modules with significant positive correlations with stage 3 were identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), combined with transcriptome data. The CK and GA biosynthesis- and signaling-related genes, three transcription factor (TF) families, and 11 floral organ identity genes were identified in the related modules. In particular, the TFs WRKY47, ERF021, and MYB4, and floral organ identity genes AGL11/15, DEF, and SEP1 with large differences are considered to be critical regulators of sex determination in C. henryi. Based on these results, a genetic regulatory network for exogenous CK in the sex determination of flowers in C. henryi is proposed. This study contributes to the understanding of the role of CK in the sex regulation of flowers and provides new insights into the regulatory network of sex determination in C. henryi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | | | - Qi Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoming Fan
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Deyi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
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11
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Kurepa J, Smalle JA. Plant Hormone Modularity and the Survival-Reproduction Trade-Off. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1143. [PMID: 37627027 PMCID: PMC10452219 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Biological modularity refers to the organization of living systems into separate functional units that interact in different combinations to promote individual well-being and species survival. Modularity provides a framework for generating and selecting variations that can lead to adaptive evolution. While the exact mechanisms underlying the evolution of modularity are still being explored, it is believed that the pressure of conflicting demands on limited resources is a primary selection force. One prominent example of conflicting demands is the trade-off between survival and reproduction. In this review, we explore the available evidence regarding the modularity of plant hormones within the context of the survival-reproduction trade-off. Our findings reveal that the cytokinin module is dedicated to maximizing reproduction, while the remaining hormone modules function to ensure reproduction. The signaling mechanisms of these hormone modules reflect their roles in this survival-reproduction trade-off. While the cytokinin response pathway exhibits a sequence of activation events that aligns with the developmental robustness expected from a hormone focused on reproduction, the remaining hormone modules employ double-negative signaling mechanisms, which reflects the necessity to prevent the excessive allocation of resources to survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan A. Smalle
- Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Program, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA;
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12
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Rani R, Raza G, Ashfaq H, Rizwan M, Razzaq MK, Waheed MQ, Shimelis H, Babar AD, Arif M. Genome-wide association study of soybean ( Glycine max [L.] Merr.) germplasm for dissecting the quantitative trait nucleotides and candidate genes underlying yield-related traits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1229495. [PMID: 37636105 PMCID: PMC10450938 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1229495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) is one of the most significant crops in the world in terms of oil and protein. Owing to the rising demand for soybean products, there is an increasing need for improved varieties for more productive farming. However, complex correlation patterns among quantitative traits along with genetic interactions pose a challenge for soybean breeding. Association studies play an important role in the identification of accession with useful alleles by locating genomic sites associated with the phenotype in germplasm collections. In the present study, a genome-wide association study was carried out for seven agronomic and yield-related traits. A field experiment was conducted in 2015/2016 at two locations that include 155 diverse soybean germplasm. These germplasms were genotyped using SoySNP50K Illumina Infinium Bead-Chip. A total of 51 markers were identified for node number, plant height, pods per plant, seeds per plant, seed weight per plant, hundred-grain weight, and total yield using a multi-locus linear mixed model (MLMM) in FarmCPU. Among these significant SNPs, 18 were putative novel QTNs, while 33 co-localized with previously reported QTLs. A total of 2,356 genes were found in 250 kb upstream and downstream of significant SNPs, of which 17 genes were functional and the rest were hypothetical proteins. These 17 candidate genes were located in the region of 14 QTNs, of which ss715580365, ss715608427, ss715632502, and ss715620131 are novel QTNs for PH, PPP, SDPP, and TY respectively. Four candidate genes, Glyma.01g199200, Glyma.10g065700, Glyma.18g297900, and Glyma.14g009900, were identified in the vicinity of these novel QTNs, which encode lsd one like 1, Ergosterol biosynthesis ERG4/ERG24 family, HEAT repeat-containing protein, and RbcX2, respectively. Although further experimental validation of these candidate genes is required, several appear to be involved in growth and developmental processes related to the respective agronomic traits when compared with their homologs in Arabidopsis thaliana. This study supports the usefulness of association studies and provides valuable data for functional markers and investigating candidate genes within a diverse germplasm collection in future breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Rani
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Constituent College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Raza
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Constituent College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hamza Ashfaq
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Constituent College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Division, Nuclear Institute of Agriculture (NIA), Tando Jam, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khuram Razzaq
- Soybean Research Institute, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Qandeel Waheed
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Constituent College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hussein Shimelis
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, African Centre for Crop Improvement, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Allah Ditta Babar
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Constituent College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Constituent College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
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13
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Dong Z, Wang Y, Bao J, Li Y, Yin Z, Long Y, Wan X. The Genetic Structures and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Ear Traits in Maize ( Zea mays L.). Cells 2023; 12:1900. [PMID: 37508564 PMCID: PMC10378120 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the world's staple food crops. In order to feed the growing world population, improving maize yield is a top priority for breeding programs. Ear traits are important determinants of maize yield, and are mostly quantitatively inherited. To date, many studies relating to the genetic and molecular dissection of ear traits have been performed; therefore, we explored the genetic loci of the ear traits that were previously discovered in the genome-wide association study (GWAS) and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping studies, and refined 153 QTL and 85 quantitative trait nucleotide (QTN) clusters. Next, we shortlisted 19 common intervals (CIs) that can be detected simultaneously by both QTL mapping and GWAS, and 40 CIs that have pleiotropic effects on ear traits. Further, we predicted the best possible candidate genes from 71 QTL and 25 QTN clusters that could be valuable for maize yield improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenying Dong
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.D.)
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Yanbo Wang
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.D.)
| | - Jianxi Bao
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.D.)
| | - Ya’nan Li
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.D.)
| | - Zechao Yin
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.D.)
| | - Yan Long
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.D.)
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Xiangyuan Wan
- Research Institute of Biology and Agriculture, Shunde Innovation School, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.D.)
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Beijing 100192, China
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14
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Liu Y, Li Y, Guo H, Lv B, Feng J, Wang H, Zhang Z, Chai S. Gibberellin biosynthesis is required for CPPU-induced parthenocarpy in melon. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad084. [PMID: 37323228 PMCID: PMC10266944 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Spraying N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea (CPPU), an exogenous cytokinin (CK) growth regulator, is the conventional method for inducing fruit set during melon (Cucumis melo L.) production; however, the mechanism by which CPPU induces fruit set is unclear. Through histological and morphological observations, fruit size was comparable between CPPU-induced fruits and normal pollinated fruits because CPPU-induced fruits had higher cell density but smaller cell size compared with normal pollinated fruits. CPPU promotes the accumulation of gibberellin (GA) and auxin and decreases the level of abscisic acid (ABA) during fruit set. Moreover, application of the GA inhibitor paclobutrazol (PAC) partially inhibits CPPU-induced fruit set. Transcriptome analysis revealed that CPPU-induced fruit set specifically induced the GA-related pathway, in which the key synthase encoding gibberellin 20-oxidase 1 (CmGA20ox1) was specifically upregulated. Further study indicated that the two-component response regulator 2 (CmRR2) of the cytokinin signaling pathway, which is highly expressed at fruit setting, positively regulates the expression of CmGA20ox1. Collectively, our study determined that CPPU-induced melon fruit set is dependent on GA biosynthesis, providing a theoretical basis for the creation of parthenocarpic melon germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bingsheng Lv
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jing Feng
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | | | - Sen Chai
- Corresponding authors: E-mail: ;
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15
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Liu D, Yan G, Wang S, Yu L, Lin W, Lu S, Guo L, Yang QY, Dai C. Comparative transcriptome profiling reveals the multiple levels of crosstalk in phytohormone networks in Brassica napus. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023. [PMID: 37154465 PMCID: PMC10363766 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormones are the intrinsic factors that control plant development. The integration of different phytohormone pathways in a complex network of synergistic, antagonistic and additive interactions has been elucidated in model plants. However, the systemic level of transcriptional responses to hormone crosstalk in Brassica napus is largely unknown. Here, we present an in-depth temporal-resolution study of the transcriptomes of the seven hormones in B. napus seedlings. Differentially expressed gene analysis revealed few common target genes that co-regulated (up- and down-regulated) by seven hormones; instead, different hormones appear to regulate distinct members of protein families. We then constructed the regulatory networks between the seven hormones side by side, which allowed us to identify key genes and transcription factors that regulate the hormone crosstalk in B. napus. Using this dataset, we uncovered a novel crosstalk between gibberellin and cytokinin in which cytokinin homeostasis was mediated by RGA-related CKXs expression. Moreover, the modulation of gibberellin metabolism by the identified key transcription factors was confirmed in B. napus. Furthermore, all data were available online from http://yanglab.hzau.edu.cn/BnTIR/hormone. Our study reveals an integrated hormone crosstalk network in Brassica napus, which also provides a versatile resource for future hormone studies in plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guanbo Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengbo Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liangqian Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaoping Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing-Yong Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Dai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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16
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Bi Y, Shrestha R, Zhang Z, Hsu CC, Reyes AV, Karunadasa S, Baker PR, Maynard JC, Liu Y, Hakimi A, Lopez-Ferrer D, Hassan T, Chalkley RJ, Xu SL, Wang ZY. SPINDLY mediates O-fucosylation of hundreds of proteins and sugar-dependent growth in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:1318-1333. [PMID: 36739885 PMCID: PMC10118272 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The recent discovery of SPINDLY (SPY)-catalyzed protein O-fucosylation revealed a novel mechanism for regulating nucleocytoplasmic protein functions in plants. Genetic evidence indicates the important roles of SPY in diverse developmental and physiological processes. However, the upstream signal controlling SPY activity and the downstream substrate proteins O-fucosylated by SPY remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated that SPY mediates sugar-dependent growth in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We further identified hundreds of O-fucosylated proteins using lectin affinity chromatography followed by mass spectrometry. All the O-fucosylation events quantified in our proteomic analyses were undetectable or dramatically decreased in the spy mutants, and thus likely catalyzed by SPY. The O-fucosylome includes mostly nuclear and cytosolic proteins. Many O-fucosylated proteins function in essential cellular processes, phytohormone signaling, and developmental programs, consistent with the genetic functions of SPY. The O-fucosylome also includes many proteins modified by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) and by phosphorylation downstream of the target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase, revealing the convergence of these nutrient signaling pathways on key regulatory functions such as post-transcriptional/translational regulation and phytohormone responses. Our study identified numerous targets of SPY/O-fucosylation and potential nodes of crosstalk among sugar/nutrient signaling pathways, enabling future dissection of the signaling network that mediates sugar regulation of plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chuan-Chih Hsu
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Andres V Reyes
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Carnegie Mass Spectrometry Facility, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Sumudu Karunadasa
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Peter R Baker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Jason C Maynard
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- ThermoFisher Scientific, San Jose, California 95134, USA
| | | | | | - Tahmid Hassan
- ThermoFisher Scientific, Somerset, New Jersey 08873, USA
| | - Robert J Chalkley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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17
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Li Q, Liu N, Wu C. Novel insights into maize (Zea mays) development and organogenesis for agricultural optimization. PLANTA 2023; 257:94. [PMID: 37031436 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In maize, intrinsic hormone activities and sap fluxes facilitate organogenesis patterning and plant holistic development; these hormone movements should be a primary focus of developmental biology and agricultural optimization strategies. Maize (Zea mays) is an important crop plant with distinctive life history characteristics and structural features. Genetic studies have extended our knowledge of maize developmental processes, genetics, and molecular ecophysiology. In this review, the classical life cycle and life history strategies of maize are analyzed to identify spatiotemporal organogenesis properties and develop a definitive understanding of maize development. The actions of genes and hormones involved in maize organogenesis and sex determination, along with potential molecular mechanisms, are investigated, with findings suggesting central roles of auxin and cytokinins in regulating maize holistic development. Furthermore, investigation of morphological and structural characteristics of maize, particularly node ubiquity and the alternate attachment pattern of lateral organs, yields a novel regulatory model suggesting that maize organ initiation and subsequent development are derived from the stimulation and interaction of auxin and cytokinin fluxes. Propositions that hormone activities and sap flow pathways control organogenesis are thoroughly explored, and initiation and development processes of distinctive maize organs are discussed. Analysis of physiological factors driving hormone and sap movement implicates cues of whole-plant activity for hormone and sap fluxes to stimulate maize inflorescence initiation and organ identity determination. The physiological origins and biogenetic mechanisms underlying maize floral sex determination occurring at the tassel and ear spikelet are thoroughly investigated. The comprehensive outline of maize development and morphogenetic physiology developed in this review will enable farmers to optimize field management and will provide a reference for de novo crop domestication and germplasm improvement using genome editing biotechnologies, promoting agricultural optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Li
- Crop Genesis and Novel Agronomy Center, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Ning Liu
- Shandong ZhongnongTiantai Seed Co., Ltd, Pingyi, 273300, Shandong, China
| | - Chenglai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
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18
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Ji B, Xuan L, Zhang Y, Mu W, Paek KY, Park SY, Wang J, Gao W. Application of Data Modeling, Instrument Engineering and Nanomaterials in Selected Medid the Scientific Recinal Plant Tissue Culture. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1505. [PMID: 37050131 PMCID: PMC10096660 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
At present, most precious compounds are still obtained by plant cultivation such as ginsenosides, glycyrrhizic acid, and paclitaxel, which cannot be easily obtained by artificial synthesis. Plant tissue culture technology is the most commonly used biotechnology tool, which can be used for a variety of studies such as the production of natural compounds, functional gene research, plant micropropagation, plant breeding, and crop improvement. Tissue culture material is a basic and important part of this issue. The formation of different plant tissues and natural products is affected by growth conditions and endogenous substances. The accumulation of secondary metabolites are affected by plant tissue type, culture method, and environmental stress. Multi-domain technologies are developing rapidly, and they have made outstanding contributions to the application of plant tissue culture. The modes of action have their own characteristics, covering the whole process of plant tissue from the induction, culture, and production of natural secondary metabolites. This paper reviews the induction mechanism of different plant tissues and the application of multi-domain technologies such as artificial intelligence, biosensors, bioreactors, multi-omics monitoring, and nanomaterials in plant tissue culture and the production of secondary metabolites. This will help to improve the tissue culture technology of medicinal plants and increase the availability and the yield of natural metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Ji
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Shool of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Liangshuang Xuan
- Shool of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yunxiang Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenrong Mu
- Shool of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Kee-Yoeup Paek
- Department of Horticultural Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Park
- Department of Horticultural Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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19
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Kumar S, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Dillard L, Li FW, Sciandra CA, Sui N, Zentella R, Zahn E, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Borgnia MJ, Bartesaghi A, Sun TP, Zhou P. Structure and dynamics of the Arabidopsis O-fucosyltransferase SPINDLY. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1538. [PMID: 36941311 PMCID: PMC10027727 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37279-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
SPINDLY (SPY) in Arabidopsis thaliana is a novel nucleocytoplasmic protein O-fucosyltransferase (POFUT), which regulates diverse developmental processes. Sequence analysis indicates that SPY is distinct from ER-localized POFUTs and contains N-terminal tetratricopeptide repeats (TPRs) and a C-terminal catalytic domain resembling the O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferases (OGTs). However, the structural feature that determines the distinct enzymatic selectivity of SPY remains unknown. Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of SPY and its complex with GDP-fucose, revealing distinct active-site features enabling GDP-fucose instead of UDP-GlcNAc binding. SPY forms an antiparallel dimer instead of the X-shaped dimer in human OGT, and its catalytic domain interconverts among multiple conformations. Analysis of mass spectrometry, co-IP, fucosylation activity, and cryo-EM data further demonstrates that the N-terminal disordered peptide in SPY contains trans auto-fucosylation sites and inhibits the POFUT activity, whereas TPRs 1-5 dynamically regulate SPY activity by interfering with protein substrate binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivesh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Ye Zhou
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Lucas Dillard
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Fay-Wei Li
- Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Carly A Sciandra
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ning Sui
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | | | - Emily Zahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Jeffrey Shabanowitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Donald F Hunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Mario J Borgnia
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Alberto Bartesaghi
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27705, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Tai-Ping Sun
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Pei Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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20
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Zentella R, Wang Y, Zahn E, Hu J, Jiang L, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Sun TP. SPINDLY O-fucosylates nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins involved in diverse cellular processes in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:1546-1560. [PMID: 36740243 PMCID: PMC10022643 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
SPINDLY (SPY) is a novel nucleocytoplasmic protein O-fucosyltransferase that regulates target protein activity or stability via O-fucosylation of specific Ser/Thr residues. Previous genetic studies indicate that AtSPY regulates plant development during vegetative and reproductive growth by modulating gibberellin and cytokinin responses. AtSPY also regulates the circadian clock and plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. The pleiotropic phenotypes of spy mutants point to the likely role of AtSPY in regulating key proteins functioning in diverse cellular pathways. However, very few AtSPY targets are known. Here, we identified 88 SPY targets from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and Nicotiana benthamiana via the purification of O-fucosylated peptides using Aleuria aurantia lectin followed by electron transfer dissociation-MS/MS analysis. Most AtSPY targets were nuclear proteins that function in DNA repair, transcription, RNA splicing, and nucleocytoplasmic transport. Cytoplasmic AtSPY targets were involved in microtubule-mediated cell division/growth and protein folding. A comparison with the published O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) proteome revealed that 30% of AtSPY targets were also O-GlcNAcylated, indicating that these distinct glycosylations could co-regulate many protein functions. This study unveiled the roles of O-fucosylation in modulating many key nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins and provided a valuable resource for elucidating the regulatory mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Zentella
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Emily Zahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Jianhong Hu
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Liang Jiang
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Jeffrey Shabanowitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Donald F Hunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - Tai-ping Sun
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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21
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Dynamic Changes of Endogenous Hormones in Different Seasons of Idesia polycarpa Maxim. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13030788. [PMID: 36983943 PMCID: PMC10053573 DOI: 10.3390/life13030788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Idesia polycarpa Maxim is a native dioecious tree from East Asia cultivated for its fruits and as an ornamental plant throughout temperate regions. Given the economic potential, comparative studies on cultivated genotypes are of current interest. This study aims to discover the dynamic changes and potential functions of endogenous hormones in I. polycarpa, as well as the differences in endogenous hormone contents in different growth stages among different I. polycarpa provenances. We used High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to measure and compare the levels of abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin A3 (GA3), and trans-Zeatin-riboside (tZR) in the leaves, flowers, and fruits of I. polycarpa from various provenances between April and October. Our findings indicated that changes in the ABA and GA3 content of plants from Jiyuan and Tokyo were minimal from April to October. However, the levels of these two hormones in Chengdu plants vary greatly at different stages of development. The peak of IAA content in the three plant materials occurred primarily during the early fruit stage and the fruit expansion stage. The concentration of tZR in the three plant materials varies greatly. Furthermore, we discovered that the contents of endogenous hormones in I. polycarpa leaves, flowers, and fruits from Chengdu provenances were slightly higher than those from Tokyo and Jiyuan provenances. The content of IAA was higher in male flowers than in female flowers, and the content of ABA, GA3, and tZR was higher in female flowers than in male flowers. According to the findings, the contents of these four endogenous hormones in I. polycarpa are primarily determined by the genetic characteristics of the trees and are less affected by cultivation conditions. The gender of I. polycarpa had a great influence on these four endogenous hormones. The findings of this study will provide a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for artificially regulating the flowering and fruiting of I. polycarpa.
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22
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Nakayama H, Ichihashi Y, Kimura S. Diversity of tomato leaf form provides novel insights into breeding. BREEDING SCIENCE 2023; 73:76-85. [PMID: 37168814 PMCID: PMC10165341 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.22061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is cultivated widely globally. The crop exhibits tremendous morphological variations because of its long breeding history. Apart from the commercial tomato varieties, wild species and heirlooms are grown in certain regions of the world. Since the fruit constitutes the edible part, much of the agronomical research is focused on it. However, recent studies have indicated that leaf morphology influences fruit quality. As leaves are specialized photosynthetic organs and the vascular systems transport the photosynthetic products to sink organs, the architectural characteristics of the leaves have a strong influence on the final fruit quality. Therefore, comprehensive research focusing on both the fruit and leaf morphology is required for further tomato breeding. This review summarizes an overview of knowledge of the basic tomato leaf development, morphological diversification, and molecular mechanisms behind them and emphasizes its importance in breeding. Finally, we discuss how these findings and knowledge can be applied to future tomato breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Nakayama
- Graduate School of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Science Build. #2, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A.
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
| | | | - Seisuke Kimura
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
- Center for Plant Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kita-Ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
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23
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Xu J, Liu S, Cai L, Wang L, Dong Y, Qi Z, Yu J, Zhou Y. SPINDLY interacts with EIN2 to facilitate ethylene signalling-mediated fruit ripening in tomato. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:219-231. [PMID: 36204970 PMCID: PMC9829397 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The post-translational modification of proteins enables cells to respond promptly to dynamic stimuli by controlling protein functions. In higher plants, SPINDLY (SPY) and SECRET AGENT (SEC) are two prominent O-glycosylation enzymes that have both unique and overlapping roles; however, the effects of their O-glycosylation on fruit ripening and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here we report that SlSPY affects tomato fruit ripening. Using slspy mutants and two SlSPY-OE lines, we provide biological evidence for the positive role of SlSPY in fruit ripening. We demonstrate that SlSPY regulates fruit ripening by changing the ethylene response in tomato. To further investigate the underlying mechanism, we identify a central regulator of ethylene signalling ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2 (EIN2) as a SlSPY interacting protein. SlSPY promotes the stability and nuclear accumulation of SlEIN2. Mass spectrometry analysis further identified that SlEIN2 has two potential sites Ser771 and Thr821 of O-glycans modifications. Further study shows that SlEIN2 is essential for SlSPY in regulating fruit ripening in tomatoes. Collectively, our findings reveal a novel regulatory function of SlSPY in fruit and provide novel insights into the role of the SlSPY-SlEIN2 module in tomato fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang CampusZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Sidi Liu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang CampusZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Licong Cai
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang CampusZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Lingyu Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang CampusZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yufei Dong
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang CampusZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Zhenyu Qi
- Agricultural Experiment StationZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang CampusZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth and DevelopmentAgricultural Ministry of ChinaHangzhouChina
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang CampusZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth and DevelopmentAgricultural Ministry of ChinaHangzhouChina
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang UniversitySanyaChina
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24
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Navarro-Cartagena S, Micol JL. Is auxin enough? Cytokinins and margin patterning in simple leaves. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:54-73. [PMID: 36180378 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The interplay between auxin and cytokinins affects facets of plant development as different as ovule formation and lateral root initiation. Moreover, cytokinins favor complexity in the development of Solanum lycopersicum and Cardamine hirsuta compound leaves. Nevertheless, no role has been proposed for cytokinins in patterning the margins of the simple leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana, a process that is assumed to be sufficiently explained by auxin localization. Here, we discuss evidence supporting the hypothesis that cytokinins play a role in simple leaf margin morphogenesis via crosstalk with auxin, as occurs in other plant developmental events. Indeed, mutant or transgenic arabidopsis plants defective in cytokinin biosynthesis or signaling, or with increased cytokinin degradation have leaf margins less serrated than the wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Navarro-Cartagena
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - José Luis Micol
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain.
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25
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Manipulating GA-Related Genes for Cereal Crop Improvement. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214046. [PMID: 36430524 PMCID: PMC9696284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The global population is projected to experience a rapid increase in the future, which poses a challenge to global food sustainability. The "Green Revolution" beginning in the 1960s allowed grain yield to reach two billion tons in 2000 due to the introduction of semi-dwarfing genes in cereal crops. Semi-dwarfing genes reduce the gibberellin (GA) signal, leading to short plant stature, which improves the lodging resistance and harvest index under modern fertilization practices. Here, we reviewed the literature on the function of GA in plant growth and development, and the role of GA-related genes in controlling key agronomic traits that contribute to grain yield in cereal crops. We showed that: (1) GA is a significant phytohormone in regulating plant development and reproduction; (2) GA metabolism and GA signalling pathways are two key components in GA-regulated plant growth; (3) GA interacts with other phytohormones manipulating plant development and reproduction; and (4) targeting GA signalling pathways is an effective genetic solution to improve agronomic traits in cereal crops. We suggest that the modification of GA-related genes and the identification of novel alleles without a negative impact on yield and adaptation are significant in cereal crop breeding for plant architecture improvement. We observed that an increasing number of GA-related genes and their mutants have been functionally validated, but only a limited number of GA-related genes have been genetically modified through conventional breeding tools and are widely used in crop breeding successfully. New genome editing technologies, such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system, hold the promise of validating the effectiveness of GA-related genes in crop development and opening a new venue for efficient and accelerated crop breeding.
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26
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Jia Y, Yu P, Shao W, An G, Chen J, Yu C, Kuang H. Up-regulation of LsKN1 promotes cytokinin and suppresses gibberellin biosynthesis to generate wavy leaves in lettuce. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6615-6629. [PMID: 35816166 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is one of the most popular vegetables worldwide, and diverse leaf shapes, including wavy leaves, are important commercial traits. In this study, we examined the genetics of wavy leaves using an F2 segregating population, and identified a major QTL controlling wavy leaves. The candidate region contained LsKN1, which has previously been shown to be indispensable for leafy heads in lettuce. Complementation tests and knockout experiments verified the function of LsKN1 in producing wavy leaves. The LsKN1∇ allele, which has the insertion of a transposon and has previously been shown to control leafy heads, promoted wavy leaves in our population. Transposition of the CACTA transposon from LsKN1 compromised its function for wavy leaves. High expression of LsKN1 up-regulated several key genes associated with cytokinin (CK) to increase the content in the leaves, whereas it down-regulated the expression of genes in the gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis pathway to decrease the content. Application of CK to leaves enhanced the wavy phenotype, while application of GA dramatically flattened the leaves. We conclude that the changes in CK and GA contents that result from high expression of LsKN1 switch determinate cells to indeterminate, and consequently leads to the development of wavy leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jia
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Shao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui An
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiongjiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Changchun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanhui Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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27
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Zhu W, Yang C, Yong B, Wang Y, Li B, Gu Y, Wei S, An Z, Sun W, Qiu L, He C. An enhancing effect attributed to a nonsynonymous mutation in SOYBEAN SEED SIZE 1, a SPINDLY-like gene, is exploited in soybean domestication and improvement. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1375-1392. [PMID: 36068955 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max) was domesticated from its wild relative Glycine soja. One-hundred-seed weight is one of the most important domesticated traits determining soybean yield; however, its underlying genetic basis remains elusive. We characterized a soybean seed size 1 (sss1) mutant featuring large seeds compared to its wild-type background. Positional cloning revealed that the candidate gene GmSSS1 encoded a SPINDLY homolog and was co-located in a well-identified quantitative trait locus (QTL)-rich region on chromosome 19. Knocking out GmSSS1 resulted in small seeds, while overexpressing GmSSS1/Gmsss1 induced large seeds. Modulating GmSSS1/Gmsss1 in transgenic plants can positively influence cell expansion and cell division. Relative to GmSSS1, one mutation leading to an E to Q substitution at the 182nd residue in Gmsss1 conferred an enhancing effect on seed weight. GmSSS1 underwent diversification in wild-type and cultivated soybean, and the alleles encoding the Gmsss1-type substitution of 182nd -Q, which originated along the central and downstream parts of the Yellow River, were selected and expanded during soybean domestication and improvement. We cloned the causative gene for the sss1 mutant, which is linked with a seed weight QTL, identified an elite allele of this gene for increasing seed weight, and provided new insights into soybean domestication and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ce Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bin Yong
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Bingbing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongzhe Gu
- National Key Facility for Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Siming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhenghong An
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenkai Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lijuan Qiu
- National Key Facility for Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chaoying He
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing, 100049, China
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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28
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Nakayama H, Leichty AR, Sinha NR. Molecular mechanisms underlying leaf development, morphological diversification, and beyond. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:2534-2548. [PMID: 35441681 PMCID: PMC9252486 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The basic mechanisms of leaf development have been revealed through a combination of genetics and intense analyses in select model species. The genetic basis for diversity in leaf morphology seen in nature is also being unraveled through recent advances in techniques and technologies related to genomics and transcriptomics, which have had a major impact on these comparative studies. However, this has led to the emergence of new unresolved questions about the mechanisms that generate the diversity of leaf form. Here, we provide a review of the current knowledge of the fundamental molecular genetic mechanisms underlying leaf development with an emphasis on natural variation and conserved gene regulatory networks involved in leaf development. Beyond that, we discuss open questions/enigmas in the area of leaf development, how recent technologies can best be deployed to generate a unified understanding of leaf diversity and its evolution, and what untapped fields lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Nakayama
- Graduate School of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Aaron R Leichty
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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29
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Identification of BcARR Genes and CTK Effects on Stalk Development of Flowering Chinese Cabbage. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137412. [PMID: 35806416 PMCID: PMC9266762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Flowering Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. Chinensis var. utilis Tsen et Lee) is an important and extensively cultivated vegetable in south China, whose major food product is the stalk. In the process of stalk formation, its initiation and development are regulated by a series of hormonal signals, such as cytokinin and gibberellin. In this study, we analyzed the effects of zeatin (ZT) and gibberellin A3 (GA3), and their interaction, on the bolting of flowering Chinese cabbage. The results indicated that the three-true-leaf spraying of ZT and GA synthesis inhibitor (PAC) inhibited plant height but increased stem diameter. Cytokinin (CTK) synthesis inhibitor (YZJ) and GA3 treatment increased plant height and decreased stem diameter. In addition, ZT and GA3 co-treated plants displayed antagonistic effect. Further, 19 type-B authentic response regulators (ARR-Bs), the positive regulators of cytokinin signal transduction were identified from flowering Chinese cabbage. Comprehensive analysis of phylogeny showed BcARR-Bs clustered into three subfamilies with 10 conserved motifs. Analysis of their expression patterns in different tissues and at various growth stage, and their response to hormone treatment suggest that ARR1-b localized in the nucleus displayed unique highest expression patterns in stem tips, are responsive both to ZT and GA, suggesting a significant role in mediating the crosstalk of ZT and GA in the bolting of flowering Chinese cabbage.
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30
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Bouré N, Peaucelle A, Goussot M, Adroher B, Soubigou-Taconnat L, Borrega N, Biot E, Tariq Z, Martin-Magniette ML, Pautot V, Laufs P, Arnaud N. A cell wall-associated gene network shapes leaf boundary domains. Development 2022; 149:275600. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Boundary domains delimit and organize organ growth throughout plant development almost relentlessly, building plant architecture and morphogenesis. Boundary domains display reduced growth and orchestrate development of adjacent tissues in a non-cell-autonomous manner. How these two functions are achieved remains elusive despite the identification of several boundary-specific genes. Here, we show using morphometrics at the organ and cellular levels that leaf boundary domain development requires SPINDLY (SPY), an O-fucosyltransferase, to act as cell growth repressor. Furthermore, we show that SPY acts redundantly with the CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON transcription factors (CUC2 and CUC3), which are major determinants of boundaries development. Accordingly, at the molecular level CUC2 and SPY repress a common set of genes involved in cell wall loosening, providing a molecular framework for the growth repression associated with boundary domains. Atomic force microscopy confirmed that young leaf boundary domain cells have stiffer cell walls than marginal outgrowth. This differential cell wall stiffness was reduced in spy mutant plants. Taken together, our data reveal a concealed CUC2 cell wall-associated gene network linking tissue patterning with cell growth and mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Bouré
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB) 1 , 78000 Versailles , France
- Université Paris-Saclay 2 , 91405 Orsay , France
| | - Alexis Peaucelle
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB) 1 , 78000 Versailles , France
| | - Magali Goussot
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB) 1 , 78000 Versailles , France
| | - Bernard Adroher
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB) 1 , 78000 Versailles , France
| | - Ludivine Soubigou-Taconnat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2) 3 , 91405 Orsay , France
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2) 4 , 91405 Orsay , France
| | - Néro Borrega
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB) 1 , 78000 Versailles , France
| | - Eric Biot
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB) 1 , 78000 Versailles , France
| | - Zakia Tariq
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2) 3 , 91405 Orsay , France
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2) 4 , 91405 Orsay , France
| | - Marie-Laure Martin-Magniette
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2) 3 , 91405 Orsay , France
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2) 4 , 91405 Orsay , France
| | - Véronique Pautot
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB) 1 , 78000 Versailles , France
| | - Patrick Laufs
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB) 1 , 78000 Versailles , France
| | - Nicolas Arnaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB) 1 , 78000 Versailles , France
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31
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Arteta TA, Hameg R, Landin M, Gallego PP, Barreal ME. Artificial Neural Networks Elucidated the Essential Role of Mineral Nutrients versus Vitamins and Plant Growth Regulators in Achieving Healthy Micropropagated Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1284. [PMID: 35631709 PMCID: PMC9146087 DOI: 10.3390/plants11101284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The design of an adequate culture medium is an essential step in the micropropagation process of plant species. Adjustment and balance of medium components involve the interaction of several factors, such as mineral nutrients, vitamins, and plant growth regulators (PGRs). This work aimed to shed light on the role of these three components on the plant growth and quality of micropropagated woody plants, using Actinidia arguta as a plant model. Two experiments using a five-dimensional experimental design space were defined using the Design of Experiments (DoE) method, to study the effect of five mineral factors (NH4NO3, KNO3, Mesos, Micros, and Iron) and five vitamins (Myo-inositol, thiamine, nicotinic acid, pyridoxine, and vitamin E). A third experiment, using 20 combinations of two PGRs: BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) and GA3 (gibberellic acid) was performed. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) algorithms were used to build models with the whole database to determine the effect of those components on several growth and quality parameters. Neurofuzzy logic allowed us to decipher and generate new knowledge on the hierarchy of some minerals as essential components of the culture media over vitamins and PRGs, suggesting rules about how MS basal media formulation could be modified to assess the quality of micropropagated woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás A. Arteta
- Agrobiotech for Health, Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (T.A.A.); (R.H.)
- CITACA—Agri-Food Research and Transfer Cluster, Campus da Auga, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Radhia Hameg
- Agrobiotech for Health, Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (T.A.A.); (R.H.)
- CITACA—Agri-Food Research and Transfer Cluster, Campus da Auga, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Mariana Landin
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma (GI-1645), Faculty of Pharmacy, iMATUS and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Pedro P. Gallego
- Agrobiotech for Health, Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (T.A.A.); (R.H.)
- CITACA—Agri-Food Research and Transfer Cluster, Campus da Auga, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - M. Esther Barreal
- Agrobiotech for Health, Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (T.A.A.); (R.H.)
- CITACA—Agri-Food Research and Transfer Cluster, Campus da Auga, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
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Micropropagation of Plum (Prunus domestica L.) in Bioreactors Using Photomixotrophic and Photoautotrophic Conditions. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8040286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we propagated two old Galician plum varieties in liquid medium using a temporary immersion system with RITA© bioreactors. Environmental variables including culture system, light intensity, CO2 enrichment, immersion frequency and sucrose supplementation were evaluated in relation to in vitro proliferation, physiological status and ex vitro performance. Bioreactors were superior to jars for culturing shoots in photomixotrophic conditions, producing up to 2 times more shoot numbers and up to 1.7 times more shoot length (depending on the genotype) using shoot clusters. The number and quality of shoots were positively influenced by the sucrose concentration in the medium, plus by the light and gaseous environment. For individual apical sections the best response occurred with 3% sucrose, 150 µmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density and 2000 ppm CO2, averaging 2.5 shoots per explant, 26 mm shoot length and 240 mm2 leaf area, while with 50 µmol m−2 s−1 light and ambient CO2 (400 ppm) values decreased to 1.2 shoots per explant, 14 mm of shoot length and 160 mm2 of leaf area. Shoots cultured photoautotrophically (without sucrose) were successfully rooted and acclimated despite of showing limited growth, low photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrate, phenolic and antioxidant contents during the multiplication phase.
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Interactions of Gibberellins with Phytohormones and Their Role in Stress Responses. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8030241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Gibberellins are amongst the main plant growth regulators. Discovered over a century ago, the interest in gibberellins research is growing due to their current and potential applications in crop production and their role in the responses to environmental stresses. In the present review, the current knowledge on gibberellins’ homeostasis and modes of action is outlined. Besides this, the complex interrelations between gibberellins and other plant growth regulators are also described, providing an intricate network of interactions that ultimately drives towards precise and specific gene expression. Thus, genes and proteins identified as being involved in gibberellin responses in model and non-model species are highlighted. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms governing the gibberellins’ relation to stress responses are also depicted. This review aims to provide a comprehensive picture of the state-of-the-art of the current perceptions of the interactions of gibberellins with other phytohormones, and their responses to plant stresses, thus allowing for the identification of the specific mechanisms involved. This knowledge will help us to improve our understanding of gibberellins’ biology, and might help increase the biotechnological toolbox needed to refine plant resilience, particularly under a climate change scenario.
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Basnet P, Um T, Roy NS, Cho WS, Park SC, Park KC, Choi IY. Identification and Characterization of Key Genes Responsible for Weedy and Cultivar Growth Types in Soybean. Front Genet 2022; 13:805347. [PMID: 35281824 PMCID: PMC8907156 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.805347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In cultivated plants, shoot morphology is an important factor that influences crop economic value. However, the effects of gene expression patterns on shoot morphology are not clearly understood. In this study, the molecular mechanism behind shoot morphology (including leaf, stem, and node) was analyzed using RNA sequencing to compare weedy (creeper) and cultivar (stand) growth types obtained in F7 derived from a cross of wild and cultivated soybeans. A total of 12,513 (in leaves), 14,255 (in stems), and 11,850 (in nodes) differentially expressed genes were identified among weedy and cultivar soybeans. Comparative transcriptome and expression analyses revealed 22 phytohormone-responsive genes. We found that GIBBERELLIN 2-OXIDASE 8 (GA2ox), SPINDLY (SPY), FERONIA (FER), AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 8 (ARF8), CYTOKININ DEHYDROGENASE-1 (CKX1), and ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE KINASE-3 (AHK3), which are crucial phytohormone response genes, were mainly regulated in the shoot of weedy and cultivar types. These results indicate that interactions between phytohormone signaling genes regulate shoot morphology in weedy and cultivar growth type plants. Our study provides insights that are useful for breeding and improving crops to generate high-yield soybean varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Basnet
- Department of Agriculture and Life Industry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Taeyoung Um
- Department of Agriculture and Life Industry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Neha Samir Roy
- Department of Agriculture and Life Industry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Woo Suk Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology/National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Soo Chul Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology/National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Kyong-Cheul Park
- Department of Agriculture and Life Industry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ik-Young Choi
- Department of Agriculture and Life Industry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Ik-Young Choi,
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Hua B, Chang J, Han X, Xu Z, Hu S, Li S, Wang R, Yang L, Yang M, Wu S, Shen J, Yu X, Wu S. H and HL synergistically regulate jasmonate-triggered trichome formation in tomato. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab080. [PMID: 35048113 PMCID: PMC8973001 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of trichomes, which protect plants against herbivores, is affected by various stresses. In tomato, previous studies showed that stress triggered JA signaling influences trichome formation, but the underlying mechanism is not fully resolved. Here, we found two C2H2 zinc finger proteins synergistically regulate JA-induced trichome formation in tomato. The naturally occurring mutations in H and its close homolog H-like gene in a spontaneous mutant, LA3172 cause severely affected trcihome development. Compared with respective single mutant, h/hl double mutant displayed more severe trichome defects in all tissues. Despite the partially redundant function, H and HL genes regulate the trichome formation in the spatially distinct manner, with HL more involved in hypocotyls and leaves, while H more involved in stems and sepals. Furthermore,the activity of H/HL is essential for JA-triggered trichome formation. JA signaling inhibitor SlJAZ2 represses the activity of H and HL via physical interaction, resulting in the activation of THM1, a negative regulator of trichome formation. Our results provide novel insight into the mechanism of the trichome formation in response to stress induced JA signaling in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Hua
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jiang Chang
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaoqian Han
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhijing Xu
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shourong Hu
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shuang Li
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Renyin Wang
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Liling Yang
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Meina Yang
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shasha Wu
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jingyuan Shen
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaomin Yu
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Zeng H, Hu W, Liu G, Xu H, Wei Y, Zhang J, Shi H. Microbiome-wide association studies between phyllosphere microbiota and ionome highlight the beneficial symbiosis of Lactococcus lactis in alleviating aluminium in cassava. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 171:66-74. [PMID: 34971956 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The phyllosphere is one of the most abundant habitats for global microbiota. The ionome is the composition of mineral elements in plants. The correlation between phyllosphere microbiota and the ionome remains elusive in plants, especially in the most important tropical crop cassava. In this study, microbiome-wide association studies (MWASs) of thirty varieties were performed to reveal the association between phyllosphere microbiota and ionomic variations in cassava. Annotation of metagenomic species identified some species that were significantly correlated with ionomic variations in cassava. Among them, Lactococcus lactis abundance was negatively associated with leaf aluminium (Al) levels but positively related to leaf potassium (K) levels. Notably, both the reference and isolated L. lactis showed strong binding capacity to Al. Further bacterial transplantation of isolated L. lactis could significantly decrease endogenous Al levels but increase K levels in cassava, and it can also lead to increased citric acid and lactic acid levels as well as higher transcript levels of K uptake-related genes. Taken together, this study reveals the involvement of phyllosphere microbiota in ionomic variation in cassava, and the correlation between L. lactis abundance and Al and K levels provides novel insights into alleviating Al accumulation and promoting K uptake simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiu Zeng
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan province, 570228, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou, Hainan province, 571101, China
| | - Guoyin Liu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan province, 570228, China
| | - Haoran Xu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan province, 570228, China
| | - Yunxie Wei
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan province, 570228, China
| | - Jiachao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan province, 570228, China.
| | - Haitao Shi
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan province, 570228, China.
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Sharmin RA, Karikari B, Chang F, Al Amin GM, Bhuiyan MR, Hina A, Lv W, Chunting Z, Begum N, Zhao T. Genome-wide association study uncovers major genetic loci associated with seed flooding tolerance in soybean. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:497. [PMID: 34715792 PMCID: PMC8555181 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03268-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seed flooding stress is one of the threatening environmental stressors that adversely limits soybean at the germination stage across the globe. The knowledge on the genetic basis underlying seed-flooding tolerance is limited. Therefore, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using 34,718 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in a panel of 243 worldwide soybean collections to identify genetic loci linked to soybean seed flooding tolerance at the germination stage. RESULTS In the present study, GWAS was performed with two contrasting models, Mixed Linear Model (MLM) and Multi-Locus Random-SNP-Effect Mixed Linear Model (mrMLM) to identify significant SNPs associated with electrical conductivity (EC), germination rate (GR), shoot length (ShL), and root length (RL) traits at germination stage in soybean. With MLM, a total of 20, 40, 4, and 9 SNPs associated with EC, GR, ShL and RL, respectively, whereas in the same order mrMLM detected 27, 17, 13, and 18 SNPs. Among these SNPs, two major SNPs, Gm_08_11971416, and Gm_08_46239716 were found to be consistently connected with seed-flooding tolerance related traits, namely EC and GR across two environments. We also detected two SNPs, Gm_05_1000479 and Gm_01_53535790 linked to ShL and RL, respectively. Based on Gene Ontology enrichment analysis, gene functional annotations, and protein-protein interaction network analysis, we predicted eight candidate genes and three hub genes within the regions of the four SNPs with Cis-elements in promoter regions which may be involved in seed-flooding tolerance in soybeans and these warrant further screening and functional validation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that GWAS based on high-density SNP markers is an efficient approach to dissect the genetic basis of complex traits and identify candidate genes in soybean. The trait associated SNPs could be used for genetic improvement in soybean breeding programs. The candidate genes could help researchers better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying seed-flooding stress tolerance in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ripa Akter Sharmin
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Jagannath University, Dhaka, 1100, Bangladesh
| | - Benjamin Karikari
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Consumer Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Fangguo Chang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - G M Al Amin
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mashiur Rahman Bhuiyan
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Aiman Hina
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenhuan Lv
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhang Chunting
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Naheeda Begum
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Tuanjie Zhao
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Liang L, Wang Q, Song Z, Wu Y, Liang Q, Wang Q, Yang J, Bi Y, Zhou W, Fan LM. O-fucosylation of CPN20 by SPINDLY Derepresses Abscisic Acid Signaling During Seed Germination and Seedling Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:724144. [PMID: 34712252 PMCID: PMC8545988 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.724144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
SPINDLY is involved in some aspects of plant development. However, the nature of this protein as an O-fucosyltransferase was recently discovered. In this study, we show that SPINDLY (SPY) interacts with CPN20 in yeast two-hybrid and split-luc assays, and the interaction is promoted by ABA. CPN20 is a chloroplast-localized co-chaperonin that negatively regulates ABAR-mediated ABA signaling. By using Electron Transfer Dissociation-MS/MS analysis, two O-fucosylation sites, e.g., 116th and 119th threonines, were detected in ectopically expressed CPN20 in mammalian cells and in Arabidopsis. The O-fucosylation at both threonine residues was confirmed by in vitro peptide O-fucosylation assay. We further show that CPN20 accumulates in the chloroplast of spy mutants, suggesting that SPY negatively regulates CPN20 localization in the chloroplast. In vivo protein degradation assay along with CPN20 localization behavior suggest that import of CPN20 into the chloroplast is negatively regulated by SPY. Genetic analysis shows that ABA insensitive phenotypes of spy-3 in terms of seed germination and early seedling development are partially suppressed by the cpn20 mutation, suggesting that CPN20 acts downstream of SPY in this ABA signaling pathway and that there may exist other pathways in parallel with CPN20. Collectively, the above data support the notion that the O-fucosylation of CPN20 by SPY fine-tunes ABA signaling in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Plant Gene and Protein Research, School of Life Sciences, School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- PKU Core Facility of Mass Spectrometry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Plant Gene and Protein Research, School of Life Sciences, School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zihao Song
- State Key Laboratory for Plant Gene and Protein Research, School of Life Sciences, School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaxin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Plant Gene and Protein Research, School of Life Sciences, School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Plant Gene and Protein Research, School of Life Sciences, School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingsong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Plant Gene and Protein Research, School of Life Sciences, School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinli Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Plant Gene and Protein Research, School of Life Sciences, School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Bi
- State Key Laboratory for Plant Gene and Protein Research, School of Life Sciences, School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- PKU Core Facility of Mass Spectrometry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Liu-Min Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Plant Gene and Protein Research, School of Life Sciences, School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Çelikel FG, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Reid MS, Jiang CZ. A Cytokinin Analog Thidiazuron Suppresses Shoot Growth in Potted Rose Plants via the Gibberellic Acid Pathway. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:639717. [PMID: 34335639 PMCID: PMC8320663 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.639717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Application of thidiazuron (N-phenyl-N'-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea, TDZ), a cytokinin analog, to inhibit the leaf yellowing that occurs after pinching potted rose plants, resulted in compact plants with shorter shoots and thicker internodes. Two weeks after treatment with 100 μM of TDZ, new shoots were half as long as those in control plants, and stem diameters were about 40% greater. This effect of TDZ is associated with changes in cell architecture. Although TDZ treatment stimulated ethylene production by the plants, inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis (2-aminoethoxyvinyl glycine) or action (silver thiosulfate) did not affect the response of plants to TDZ. We found that TDZ treatment significantly suppressed the expression of bioactive gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis genes encoding GA3 and GA20 oxidases and slightly increased the expression of GA catabolism genes encoding GA2 oxidase. Application of GA3 and TDZ together resulted in normal elongation growth, although stem diameters were still somewhat thicker. Our results suggest that TDZ regulates shoot elongation and stem enlargement in potted rose plants through the modulation of bioactive GA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fisun G. Çelikel
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Horticulture, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Qingchun Zhang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yanlong Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Michael S. Reid
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Cai-Zhong Jiang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Davis, CA, United States
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Yu YH, Li XF, Yang SD, Li SQ, Meng XX, Liu HN, Pei MS, Wei TL, Zhang YJ, Guo DL. Overexpression of VvPPR1, a DYW-type PPR protein in grape, affects the phenotype of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 164:195-204. [PMID: 34004557 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins play important roles in plant growth and development. However, little is known about their functions in the leaf morphogenesis of Jingxiu grape (Vitis vinifera L.). Here, we explored the function of VvPPR1, which encodes a DYW-type PPR protein in grape. We showed that VvPPR1 is involved in the regulation of leaf rolling, anthocyanin accumulation, and trichome formation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Analysis of structural characteristics showed that VvPPR1 is a DYW-type PPR gene in the PLS subfamily consisting of 15 PPR motifs. The N-terminal had a targeted chloroplast site, and the C-terminal had a DYW domain. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the expression level of VvPPR1 was highest in grape leaves. Subcellular localization revealed that VvPPR1 is localized in the cytoplasm and chloroplast. VvPPR1-overexpressing plants had rolled leaves, high degrees of anthocyanin accumulation, and longer trichomes. The expression levels of genes related to these phenotypes were either significantly up-regulated or down-regulated. These results demonstrate that VvPPR1 is involved in leaf rolling, anthocyanin accumulation, and trichome formation in Arabidopsis; more generally, our findings indicate that VvPPR1 could be a target for improving the cultivation of horticultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-He Yu
- College of Horticulure and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Xu-Fei Li
- College of Horticulure and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Sheng-Di Yang
- College of Horticulure and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Song-Qi Li
- College of Horticulure and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiang-Xuan Meng
- College of Horticulure and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Hai-Nan Liu
- College of Horticulure and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Mao-Song Pei
- College of Horticulure and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Tong-Lu Wei
- College of Horticulure and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Yu-Jie Zhang
- College of Horticulure and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Da-Long Guo
- College of Horticulure and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China.
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Zhang D, Xu H, Gao J, Portieles R, Du L, Gao X, Borroto Nordelo C, Borrás-Hidalgo O. Endophytic Bacillus altitudinis Strain Uses Different Novelty Molecular Pathways to Enhance Plant Growth. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:692313. [PMID: 34248918 PMCID: PMC8268155 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.692313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification and use of endophytic bacteria capable of triggering plant growth is an important aim in sustainable agriculture. In nature, plants live in alliance with multiple plant growth-promoting endophytic microorganisms. In the current study, we isolated and identified a new endophytic bacterium from a wild plant species Glyceria chinensis (Keng). The bacterium was designated as a Bacillus altitudinis strain using 16S rDNA sequencing. The endophytic B. altitudinis had a notable influence on plant growth. The results of our assays revealed that the endophytic B. altitudinis raised the growth of different plant species. Remarkably, we found transcriptional changes in plants treated with the bacterium. Genes such as maturase K, tetratricopeptide repeat-like superfamily protein, LOB domain-containing protein, and BTB/POZ/TAZ domain-containing protein were highly expressed. In addition, we identified for the first time an induction in the endophytic bacterium of the major facilitator superfamily transporter and DNA gyrase subunit B genes during interaction with the plant. These new findings show that endophytic B. altitudinis could be used as a favourable candidate source to enhance plant growth in sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dening Zhang
- Joint R&D Center of Biotechnology, Retda, Yota Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., Rizhao, China
| | - Hongli Xu
- Joint R&D Center of Biotechnology, Retda, Yota Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., Rizhao, China
| | - Jingyao Gao
- Joint R&D Center of Biotechnology, Retda, Yota Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., Rizhao, China
| | - Roxana Portieles
- Joint R&D Center of Biotechnology, Retda, Yota Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., Rizhao, China
| | - Lihua Du
- Joint R&D Center of Biotechnology, Retda, Yota Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., Rizhao, China
| | - Xiangyou Gao
- Joint R&D Center of Biotechnology, Retda, Yota Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., Rizhao, China
| | | | - Orlando Borrás-Hidalgo
- Joint R&D Center of Biotechnology, Retda, Yota Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., Rizhao, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan, China
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Transcriptomic Analysis of Radish ( Raphanus sativus L.) Spontaneous Tumor. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10050919. [PMID: 34063717 PMCID: PMC8147785 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous tumors can develop in different organs of various plant species without any pathogen infection and, as a rule, appear in plants with a certain genotype: Mutants, interspecific hybrids, etc. In particular, among the inbred lines of radish (Raphanus sativus L.), lines that form spontaneous tumors on the taproot during the flowering period were obtained many years ago. In this work, we analyzed the differential gene expression in the spontaneous tumors of radish versus the lateral roots using the RNA-seq method. Data were obtained indicating the increased expression of genes associated with cell division and growth (especially genes that regulate G2-M transition and cytokinesis) in the spontaneous tumor. Among genes downregulated in the tumor tissue, genes participating in the response to stress and wounding, mainly involved in the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid and glucosinolates, were enriched. Our data will help elucidate the mechanisms of spontaneous tumor development in higher plants.
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Coordinating the morphogenesis-differentiation balance by tweaking the cytokinin-gibberellin equilibrium. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009537. [PMID: 33901177 PMCID: PMC8102002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis and differentiation are important stages in organ development and shape determination. However, how they are balanced and tuned during development is not fully understood. In the compound leaved tomato, an extended morphogenesis phase allows for the initiation of leaflets, resulting in the compound form. Maintaining a prolonged morphogenetic phase in early stages of compound-leaf development in tomato is dependent on delayed activity of several factors that promote differentiation, including the CIN-TCP transcription factor (TF) LA, the MYB TF CLAU and the plant hormone Gibberellin (GA), as well as on the morphogenesis-promoting activity of the plant hormone cytokinin (CK). Here, we investigated the genetic regulation of the morphogenesis-differentiation balance by studying the relationship between LA, CLAU, TKN2, CK and GA. Our genetic and molecular examination suggest that LA is expressed earlier and more broadly than CLAU and determines the developmental context of CLAU activity. Genetic interaction analysis indicates that LA and CLAU likely promote differentiation in parallel genetic pathways. These pathways converge downstream on tuning the balance between CK and GA. Comprehensive transcriptomic analyses support the genetic data and provide insights into the broader molecular basis of differentiation and morphogenesis processes in plants. Morphogenesis and differentiation are crucial steps in the formation and shaping of organs in both plants and animals. A wide array of transcription factors and hormones were shown to act together to support morphogenesis or promote differentiation. However, a comprehensive molecular and genetic understating of how morphogenesis and differentiation are coordinated during development is still missing. We addressed these questions in the context of the development of the tomato compound leaf, for which many regulators have been described. Investigating the coordination among these different actors, we show that several discrete genetic pathways promote differentiation. Downstream of these separate pathways, two important plant hormones, cytokinin and gibberellin, act antagonistically to tweak the morphogenesis-differentiation balance.
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Zhang L, Lv D, Pan J, Zhang K, Wen H, Chen Y, Du H, He H, Cai R, Pan J, Wang G. A SNP of HD-ZIP I transcription factor leads to distortion of trichome morphology in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:182. [PMID: 33863289 PMCID: PMC8052656 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02955-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichomes are excellent model systems for the analysis of cell differentiation and play essential roles in plant protection. From cucumber inbred line 'WD1', we identified an EMS-induced trichome abnormally developing mutant, nps, which exhibited smaller, denser and no pyramid-shaped head trichomes. RESULTS Using F2 and BC1 populations constructed from a cross between nps and '9930', the genetic analysis showed that the nps trait is controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene. We identified CsNps by map-based cloning with 576 individuals of the F2 population generated from the cross of nps and inbred line '9930'. The CsNps was located at a 13.4-kb genomic region on chromosome 3, which region contains three predicted genes. Sequence analysis showed that only one single nucleotide mutation (C → T) between 9930 and nps was found in the second exon of Csa3G748220, a plant-specific class I HD-Zip gene. The result of allelism test also indicated that nps is a novel allelic mutant of Mict (Micro-trichome). Thus, nps was renamed mict-L130F. By comparing the transcriptome of mict-L130F vs WD1 and 06-2 (mict) vs 06-1 (wildtype, near-isogenic line of 06-2), several potential target genes that may be related to trichome development were identified. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that Mict-L130F is involved in the morphogenesis of trichomes. Map-based cloning of the Mict-L130F gene could promote the study of trichome development in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyu Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Duo Lv
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jian Pan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Keyan Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Haifan Wen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hui Du
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Huanle He
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Run Cai
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Junsong Pan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Wang X, Shen C, Meng P, Tan G, Lv L. Analysis and review of trichomes in plants. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:70. [PMID: 33526015 PMCID: PMC7852143 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02840-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichomes play a key role in the development of plants and exist in a wide variety of species. RESULTS In this paper, it was reviewed that the structure and morphology characteristics of trichomes, alongside the biological functions and classical regulatory mechanisms of trichome development in plants. The environment factors, hormones, transcription factor, non-coding RNA, etc., play important roles in regulating the initialization, branching, growth, and development of trichomes. In addition, it was further investigated the atypical regulation mechanism in a non-model plant, found that regulating the growth and development of tea (Camellia sinensis) trichome is mainly affected by hormones and the novel regulation factors. CONCLUSIONS This review further displayed the complex and differential regulatory networks in trichome initiation and development, provided a reference for basic and applied research on trichomes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Wang
- Key laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Shen
- Key laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Pinghong Meng
- Institute of Horticulture, Guizhou Province Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guofei Tan
- Institute of Horticulture, Guizhou Province Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Litang Lv
- Key laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.
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Kosakivska IV. GIBBERELLINS IN REGULATION OF PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT UNDER ABIOTIC STRESSES. BIOTECHNOLOGIA ACTA 2021. [DOI: 10.15407/biotech14.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Gibberellins (GAs), a class of diterpenoid phytohormones, play an important role in regulation of plant growth and development. Among more than 130 different gibberellin molecules, only a few are bioactive. GA1, GA3, GA4, and GA7 regulate plant growth through promotion the degradation of the DELLA proteins, a family of nuclear growth repressors – negative regulator of GAs signaling. Recent studies on GAs biosynthesis, metabolism, transport, and signaling, as well as crosstalk with other phytohormones and environment have achieved great progress thanks to molecular genetics and functional genomics. Aim. In this review, we focused on the role of GAs in regulation of plant gtowth in abiotic stress conditions. Results. We represented a key information on GAs biosynthesis, signaling and functional activity; summarized current understanding of the crosstalk between GAs and auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid and other hormones and what is the role of GAs in regulation of adaptation to drought, salinization, high and low temperature conditions, and heavy metal pollution. We emphasize that the effects of GAs depend primarily on the strength and duration of stress and the phase of ontogenesis and tolerance of the plant. By changing the intensity of biosynthesis, the pattern of the distribution and signaling of GAs, plants are able to regulate resistance to abiotic stress, increase viability and even avoid stress. The issues of using retardants – inhibitors of GAs biosynthesis to study the functional activity of hormones under abiotic stresses were discussed. Special attention was focused on the use of exogenous GAs for pre-sowing priming of seeds and foliar treatment of plants. Conclusion. Further study of the role of gibberellins in the acquisition of stress resistance would contribute to the development of biotechnology of exogenous use of the hormone to improve growth and increase plant yields under adverse environmental conditions.
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Sun TP. Novel nucleocytoplasmic protein O-fucosylation by SPINDLY regulates diverse developmental processes in plants. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2021; 68:113-121. [PMID: 33476897 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In metazoans, protein O-fucosylation of Ser/Thr residues was only found in secreted or cell surface proteins, and this post-translational modification is catalyzed by ER-localized protein O-fucosyltransferases (POFUTs) in the GT65 family. Recently, a novel nucleocytoplasmic POFUT, SPINDLY (SPY), was identified in the reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana to modify nuclear transcription regulators DELLAs, revealing a new regulatory mechanism for gene expression. The paralog of AtSPY, SECRET AGENT (SEC), is an O-link-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT), which O-GlcNAcylates Ser/Thr residues of target proteins. Both AtSPY and AtSEC are tetratricopeptide repeat-domain-containing glycosyltransferases in the GT41 family. The discovery that AtSPY is a POFUT clarified decades of miss-classification of AtSPY as an OGT. SPY and SEC play pleiotropic roles in plant development, and the interactions between SPY and SEC are complex. SPY-like genes are conserved in diverse organisms, except in fungi and metazoans, suggesting that O-fucosylation is a common mechanism in modulating intracellular protein functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Ping Sun
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Zhou X, Zheng Y, Cai Z, Wang X, Liu Y, Yu A, Chen X, Liu J, Zhang Y, Wang A. Identification and Functional Analysis of Tomato TPR Gene Family. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E758. [PMID: 33451131 PMCID: PMC7828616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) as an important vegetable grown around the world is threatened by many diseases, which seriously affects its yield. Therefore, studying the interaction between tomato and pathogenic bacteria is biologically and economically important. The TPR (Tetratricopeptide repeat) gene family is a class of genes containing TPR conserved motifs, which are widely involved in cell cycle regulation, gene expression, protein degradation and other biological processes. The functions of TPR gene in Arabidopsis and wheat plants have been well studied, but the research on TPR genes in tomato is not well studied. In this study, 26 TPR gene families were identified using bioinformatics based on tomato genome data, and they were analyzed for subcellular localization, phylogenetic evolution, conserved motifs, tissue expression, and GO (Gene Ontology) analysis. The qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression levels of each member of the tomato TPR gene family (SlTPRs) under biological stress (Botrytis cinerea) and abiotic stress such as drought and abscisic acid (ABA). The results showed that members of the tomato TPR family responded to various abiotic stresses and Botrytis cinerea stress, and the SlTPR2 and SlTPR4 genes changed significantly under different stresses. Using VIGS (Virus-induced gene silencing) technology to silence these two genes, the silenced plants showed reduced disease resistance. It was also shown that TPR4 can interact with atpA which encodes a chloroplast ATP synthase CF1 α subunit. The above results provide a theoretical basis for further exploring the molecular mechanism of TPR-mediated resistance in disease defense, and also provide a foundation for tomato disease resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi’nan Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.Z.); (Z.C.); (X.W.); (A.Y.)
| | - Yangyang Zheng
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100000, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zhibo Cai
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.Z.); (Z.C.); (X.W.); (A.Y.)
| | - Xingyuan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.Z.); (Z.C.); (X.W.); (A.Y.)
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100000, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Anzhou Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.Z.); (Z.C.); (X.W.); (A.Y.)
| | - Xiuling Chen
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China;
| | - Jiayin Liu
- College of Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China;
| | - Yao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.Z.); (Z.C.); (X.W.); (A.Y.)
| | - Aoxue Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.Z.); (Z.C.); (X.W.); (A.Y.)
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China;
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Ahmad I, Kamran M, Meng X, Ali S, Ahmad S, Gao Z, Liu T, Han Q. Hormonal changes with uniconazole trigger canopy apparent photosynthesis and grain filling in wheat crop in a semi-arid climate. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:139-150. [PMID: 32968872 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01559-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones are important for the growth and development of plants. The objective of the experiment was to investigate the effect of foliar application of uniconazole (UCZ) at the four-leaf stage on hormone crosstalk and production of winter wheat. An experiment was carried out during 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 growth season in a semi-arid region, where UCZ at a concentration of 0 (CK, distilled water), 15 (FU15), 30 (FU30), and 45 (FU45) mg L-1 were sprayed on wheat crop at the four-leaf stage at a rate of 138.8 mL m-2. UCZ alters the endogenous hormone contents in flag leaves and in grains. UCZ inhibited gibberellic acid (GA) in flag leaves and in grains where the lower GA with UCZ improved the zeatin + zeatin riboside (Z + ZR) and abscisic acid (ABA) contents. The lower GA and higher Z + ZR and ABA contents with UCZ-treated plants improved the chlorophyll content and canopy apparent photosynthesis (CAP) as well as the grain-filling characteristics. The Z + ZR and ABA in flag leaves were positively correlated with chlorophyll content and CAP value while negatively with GA. Moreover, the Z + ZR and ABA were positively correlated with maximum grain weight, mean grain-filling rate, and maximum grain-filling rate, while negatively with GA level. Treatment FU30 significantly improved the chlorophyll content, CAP value, spike weight, grain-filling characteristics, and hormone contents of Z + ZR and ABA while it decreased the GA level. The hormone crosstalk with UCZ significantly increased the yield of wheat crop, where FU30 treatment performs better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physio-Ecology and Tillage Science in North-Western Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physio-Ecology and Tillage Science in North-Western Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiangping Meng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physio-Ecology and Tillage Science in North-Western Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shahzad Ali
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physio-Ecology and Tillage Science in North-Western Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physio-Ecology and Tillage Science in North-Western Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiqiang Gao
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Tiening Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physio-Ecology and Tillage Science in North-Western Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingfang Han
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physio-Ecology and Tillage Science in North-Western Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Li J, Wang X, Jiang R, Dong B, Fang S, Li Q, Lv Z, Chen W. Phytohormone-Based Regulation of Trichome Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:734776. [PMID: 34659303 PMCID: PMC8514689 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.734776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones affect plant growth and development. Many phytohormones are involved in the initiation of trichome development, which can help prevent damage from UV radiation and insect bites and produce fragrance, flavors, and compounds used as pharmaceuticals. Phytohormones promote the participation of transcription factors in the initiation of trichome development; for example, the transcription factors HDZIP, bHLH and MYB interact and form transcriptional complexes to regulate trichome development. Jasmonic acid (JA) mediates the progression of the endoreduplication cycle to increase the number of multicellular trichomes or trichome size. Moreover, there is crosstalk between phytohormones, and some phytohormones interact with each other to affect trichome development. Several new techniques, such as the CRISPR-Cas9 system and single-cell transcriptomics, are available for investigating gene function, determining the trajectory of individual trichome cells and elucidating the regulatory network underlying trichome cell lineages. This review discusses recent advances in the modulation of trichome development by phytohormones, emphasizes the differences and similarities between phytohormones initially present in trichomes and provides suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Li
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingxing Wang
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Boran Dong
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyuan Fang
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongyou Lv
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zongyou Lv,
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Wansheng Chen,
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