1
|
Ying J, Hu J, M'mbone Muleke E, Shen F, Wen S, Ye Y, Cai Y, Qian R. RsOBP2a, a member of OBF BINDING PROTEIN transcription factors, inhibits two chlorophyll degradation genes in green radish. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134139. [PMID: 39059533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The green radish (Raphanus sativus L.) contains abundant chlorophyll (Chl). DOF-type transcription factor OBF BINDING PROTEIN (OBP) plays crucial functions in plant growth, development, maturation and responses to various abiotic stresses. However, the metabolism by which OBP transcription factors regulate light-induced Chl metabolism in green radish is not well understood. In this study, six OBP genes were identified from the radish genome, distributed unevenly across five chromosomes. Among these genes, RsOBP2a showed significantly higher expression in the green flesh compared to the white flesh of green radish. Analysis of promoter elements suggested that RsOBPs might be involved in stress responses, particularly in light-related processes. Overexpression of RsOBP2a led to increase Chl levels in cotyledons and adventitious roots of radish, while silencing RsOBP2a expression through TYMV-induced gene silencing accelerated leaf senescence. Further investigations revealed that RsOBP2a was localized in the nucleus and served as a transcriptional repressor. RsOBP2a was induced by light and directly suppressed the expression of STAYGREEN (SGR) and RED CHLOROPHYLL CATABOLITE REDUCTASE (RCCR), thereby delaying senescence in radish. Overall, a novel regulatory model involving RsOBP2a, RsSGR, and RsRCCR was proposed to govern Chl metabolism in response to light, offering insights for the enhancement of green radish germplasm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Ying
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 334 Xueshan Road, Wenzhou 325005, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinbin Hu
- Ningbo Weimeng Seed Industry Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Everlyne M'mbone Muleke
- Department of Agriculture and Land Use Management, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya
| | - Feng Shen
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng 224002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuangshuang Wen
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 334 Xueshan Road, Wenzhou 325005, Zhejiang, China
| | - Youju Ye
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 334 Xueshan Road, Wenzhou 325005, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunfei Cai
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 334 Xueshan Road, Wenzhou 325005, Zhejiang, China
| | - Renjuan Qian
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 334 Xueshan Road, Wenzhou 325005, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sahay S, Shrestha N, Dias HM, Mural RV, Grzybowski M, Schnable JC, Głowacka K. Nonphotochemical quenching kinetics GWAS in sorghum identifies genes that may play conserved roles in maize and Arabidopsis thaliana photoprotection. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39126284 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Photosynthetic organisms must cope with rapid fluctuations in light intensity. Nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) enables the dissipation of excess light energy as heat under high light conditions, whereas its relaxation under low light maximizes photosynthetic productivity. We quantified variation in NPQ kinetics across a large sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) association panel in four environments, uncovering significant genetic control for NPQ. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) confidently identified three unique regions in the sorghum genome associated with NPQ and suggestive associations in an additional 61 regions. We detected strong signals from the sorghum ortholog of Arabidopsis thaliana Suppressor Of Variegation 3 (SVR3) involved in plastid-nucleus signaling. By integrating GWAS results for NPQ across maize (Zea mays) and sorghum-association panels, we identified a second gene, Non-yellowing 1 (NYE1), originally studied by Gregor Mendel in pea (Pisum sativum) and involved in the degradation of photosynthetic pigments in light-harvesting complexes. Analysis of nye1 insertion alleles in A. thaliana confirmed the effect of this gene on NPQ kinetics in eudicots. We extended our comparative genomics GWAS framework across the entire maize and sorghum genomes, identifying four additional loci involved in NPQ kinetics. These results provide a baseline for increasing the accuracy and speed of candidate gene identification for GWAS in species with high linkage disequilibrium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seema Sahay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Nikee Shrestha
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Henrique Moura Dias
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ravi V Mural
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Marcin Grzybowski
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - James C Schnable
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Katarzyna Głowacka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, 60-479, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang W, Tang S, Li X, Chen Y, Li J, Wang Y, Bian R, Jin Y, Zhu X, Zhang K. Arabidopsis WRKY1 promotes monocarpic senescence by integrative regulation of flowering, leaf senescence, and nitrogen remobilization. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:1289-1306. [PMID: 39003499 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Monocarpic senescence, characterized by whole-plant senescence following a single flowering phase, is widespread in seed plants, particularly in crops, determining seed harvest time and quality. However, how external and internal signals are systemically integrated into monocarpic senescence remains largely unknown. Here, we report that the Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factor WRKY1 plays essential roles in multiple key steps of monocarpic senescence. WRKY1 expression is induced by age, salicylic acid (SA), and nitrogen (N) deficiency. Flowering and leaf senescence are accelerated in the WRKY1 overexpression lines but are delayed in the wrky1 mutants. The combined DNA affinity purification sequencing and RNA sequencing analyses uncover the direct target genes of WRKY1. Further studies show that WRKY1 coordinately regulates three processes in monocarpic senescence: (1) suppressing FLOWERING LOCUS C gene expression to initiate flowering, (2) inducing SA biosynthesis genes to promote leaf senescence, and (3) activating the N assimilation and transport genes to trigger N remobilization. In summary, our study reveals how one stress-responsive transcription factor, WRKY1, integrates flowering, leaf senescence, and N remobilization processes into monocarpic senescence, providing important insights into plant lifetime regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Shufei Tang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Xuying Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Jiajia Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Yuyang Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Ruichao Bian
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Ying Jin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxian Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Kewei Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhuang H, Li Z, Wang M, Liu B, Chu Y, Lin Z. Effects of microplastics and combined pollution of polystyrene and di-n-octyl phthalate on photosynthesis of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 947:174426. [PMID: 38969123 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Photosynthesis provides carbon sources and energy for crop growth and development, and the widespread presence of microplastics and plastic plasticisers in agricultural soils affects crop photosynthesis, but the mechanism of the effect is not clear. This study aims to investigate the effects of different microplastics and plasticizers on cucumber photosynthesis. Using polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), and di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) as representative microplastics and plasticizers, we assessed their impact on cucumber photosynthesis. Our results reveal significant alterations in key parameters: intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and transpiration rate (Tr) increased across all treatments, whereas stomatal limit value (Ls) and water use efficiency (WUE) decreased. Notably, PS + DOP treatment led to a significant reduction in the maximum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and ATP accumulation. Furthermore, PE and PS + DOP treatments decreased lycopene and ɛ-carotene synthesis rates, as well as abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation. All treatments inhibited the conversion of β-carotene into strigolactone (SL) and decreased chlorophyll synthesis rates, with PS + DOP exhibiting the most severe impact. Regarding chlorophyll degradation pathways, PVC and PE treatments reduced chlorophyll decomposition rates, whereas DOP with PS promoted degradation. PE and PS treatments also impaired light energy capture, electron transport, and the structural stability of photosystems I and II, as well as photosynthetic capacity and NADPH and ATP synthesis rates. Our findings underscore the differential impacts of microplastics and plasticizers on cucumber photosynthesis, with PS + DOP having the most detrimental effect. These results shed light on the complex interactions between microplastics and plant physiology, highlighting the urgent need for mitigation strategies in agricultural practices to safeguard crop productivity and environmental sustainability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Zhuang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Zhenxia Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China; Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.
| | - Menglin Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Bo Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Yiwen Chu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Ziyu Lin
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China; Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yong S, Chen Q, Xu F, Fu H, Liang G, Guo Q. Exploring the interplay between angiosperm chlorophyll metabolism and environmental factors. PLANTA 2024; 260:25. [PMID: 38861219 PMCID: PMC11166782 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04437-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION In this review, we summarize how chlorophyll metabolism in angiosperm is affected by the environmental factors: light, temperature, metal ions, water, oxygen, and altitude. The significance of chlorophyll (Chl) in plant leaf morphogenesis and photosynthesis cannot be overstated. Over time, researchers have made significant advancements in comprehending the biosynthetic pathway of Chl in angiosperms, along with the pivotal enzymes and genes involved in this process, particularly those related to heme synthesis and light-responsive mechanisms. Various environmental factors influence the stability of Chl content in angiosperms by modulating Chl metabolic pathways. Understanding the interplay between plants Chl metabolism and environmental factors has been a prominent research topic. This review mainly focuses on angiosperms, provides an overview of the regulatory mechanisms governing Chl metabolism, and the impact of environmental factors such as light, temperature, metal ions (iron and magnesium), water, oxygen, and altitude on Chl metabolism. Understanding these effects is crucial for comprehending and preserving the homeostasis of Chl metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunyuan Yong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Xu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Guolu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Qigao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
- State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li YM, Tang XS, Sun MH, Zhang HX, Xie ZS. Expression and function identification of senescence-associated genes under continuous drought treatment in grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.) leaves. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:877-891. [PMID: 38974354 PMCID: PMC11222358 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-024-01465-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Natural leaf senescence is critical for plant fitness. Drought-induced premature leaf senescence affects grape yield and quality. However, reports on the regulatory mechanisms underlying premature leaf senescence under drought stress are limited. In this study, two-year-old potted 'Muscat Hamburg' grape plants were subjected to continuous natural drought treatment until mature leaves exhibited senescence symptoms. Physiological and biochemical indices related to drought stress and senescence were monitored. Transcriptome and transgenic Arabidopsis were used to perform expression analyses and functional identification of drought-induced senescence-associated genes. Twelve days of continuous drought stress was sufficient to cause various physiological disruptions and visible senescence symptoms in mature 'Muscat Hamburg' leaves. These disruptions included malondialdehyde and H2O2 accumulation, and decreased catalase activity and chlorophyll (Chl) levels. Transcriptome analysis revealed that most genes involved in photosynthesis and Chl synthesis were downregulated after 12 d of drought treatment. Three key Chl catabolic genes (SGR, NYC1, and PAO) were significantly upregulated. Overexpression of VvSGR in wild Arabidopsis further confirmed that SGR directly promoted early yellowing of cotyledons and leaves. In addition, drought treatment decreased expression of gibberellic acid signaling repressors (GAI and GAI1) and cytokinin signal components (AHK4, AHK2, RR22, RR9-1, RR9-2, RR6, and RR4) but significantly increased the expression of abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid signaling components and responsive transcription factors (bZIP40/ABF2, WRKY54/75/70, ANAC019, and MYC2). Moreover, some NAC members (NAC0002, NAC019, and NAC048) may also be drought-induced senescence-associated genes. These results provide extensive information on candidate genes involved in drought-induced senescence in grape leaves. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-024-01465-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- You-Mei Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xuan-Si Tang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Hao Sun
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Xing Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhao-Sen Xie
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zou Y, Huang Y, Zhang D, Chen H, Liang Y, Hao M, Yin Y. Molecular Mechanisms of Chlorophyll Deficiency in Ilex × attenuata 'Sunny Foster' Mutant. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1284. [PMID: 38794356 PMCID: PMC11124982 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Ilex × attenuata 'Sunny Foster' represents a yellow leaf mutant originating from I. × attenuata 'Foster#2', a popular ornamental woody cultivar. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this leaf color mutation remain unclear. Using a comprehensive approach encompassing cytological, physiological, and transcriptomic methodologies, notable distinctions were discerned between the mutant specimen and its wild type. The mutant phenotype displayed aberrant chloroplast morphology, diminished chlorophyll content, heightened carotenoid/chlorophyll ratios, and a decelerated rate of plant development. Transcriptome analysis identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to chlorophyll metabolism, carotenoid biosynthesis and photosynthesis. The up-regulation of CHLD and CHLI subunits leads to decreased magnesium chelatase activity, while the up-regulation of COX10 increases heme biosynthesis-both impair chlorophyll synthesis. Conversely, the down-regulation of HEMD hindered chlorophyll synthesis, and the up-regulation of SGR enhanced chlorophyll degradation, resulting in reduced chlorophyll content. Additionally, genes linked to carotenoid biosynthesis, flavonoid metabolism, and photosynthesis were significantly down-regulated. We also identified 311 putative differentially expressed transcription factors, including bHLHs and GLKs. These findings shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf color mutation in I. × attenuata 'Sunny Foster' and provide a substantial gene reservoir for enhancing leaf color through breeding techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Zou
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.Z.)
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Qinghao Landscape Horticulture Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211225, China
| | - Yajian Huang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Donglin Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Youwang Liang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Mingzhuo Hao
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.Z.)
- Jiangsu Qinghao Landscape Horticulture Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211225, China
| | - Yunlong Yin
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.Z.)
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Niu L, Wang W, Li Y, Wu X, Wang W. Maize multi-omics reveal leaf water status controlling of differential transcriptomes, proteomes and hormones as mechanisms of age-dependent osmotic stress response in leaves. STRESS BIOLOGY 2024; 4:19. [PMID: 38498254 PMCID: PMC10948690 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-024-00159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Drought-induced osmotic stress severely affects the growth and yield of maize. However, the mechanisms underlying the different responses of young and old maize leaves to osmotic stress remain unclear. To gain a systematic understanding of age-related stress responses, we compared osmotic-stress-induced changes in maize leaves of different ages using multi-omics approaches. After short-term osmotic stress, old leaves suffered more severe water deficits than young leaves. The adjustments of transcriptomes, proteomes, and hormones in response to osmotic stress were more dynamic in old leaves. Metabolic activities, stress signaling pathways, and hormones (especially abscisic acid) responded to osmotic stress in an age-dependent manner. We identified multiple functional clusters of genes and proteins with potential roles in stress adaptation. Old leaves significantly accumulated stress proteins such as dehydrin, aquaporin, and chaperones to cope with osmotic stress, accompanied by senescence-like cellular events, whereas young leaves exhibited an effective water conservation strategy mainly by hydrolyzing transitory starch and increasing proline production. The stress responses of individual leaves are primarily determined by their intracellular water status, resulting in differential transcriptomes, proteomes, and hormones. This study extends our understanding of the mechanisms underlying plant responses to osmotic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangjie Niu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Wenkang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yingxue Li
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Han Y, Li F, Wu Y, Wang D, Luo G, Wang X, Wang X, Kuang H, Larkin RM. PSEUDO-ETIOLATION IN LIGHT proteins reduce greening by binding GLK transcription factors. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1722-1744. [PMID: 38051979 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Knocking out genes encoding proteins that downregulate the accumulation of pigments may lead to increases in crop quality and yield. PSEUDO-ETIOLATION IN LIGHT 1 (PEL1) downregulates the accumulation of carotenoids in carrot and chlorophyll in Arabidopsis and rice and may inhibit GOLDEN 2-LIKE (GLK) transcription factors. PEL1 belongs to a previously unstudied gene family found only in plants. We used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to knock out each member of the 4-member PEL gene family and both GLK genes in Arabidopsis. In pel mutants, chlorophyll levels were elevated in seedlings; after flowering, chloroplasts increased in size, and anthocyanin levels increased. Although the chlorophyll-deficient phenotype of glk1 glk2 was epistatic to pel1 pel2 pel3 pel4 in most of our experiments, glk1 glk2 was not epistatic to pel1 pel2 pel3 pel4 for the accumulation of anthocyanins in most of our experiments. The pel alleles attenuated growth, altered the accumulation of nutrients in seeds, disrupted an abscisic acid-inducible inhibition of seedling growth response that promotes drought tolerance, and affected the expression of genes associated with diverse biological functions, such as stress responses, cell wall metabolism hormone responses, signaling, growth, and the accumulation of phenylpropanoids and pigments. We found that PEL proteins specifically bind 6 transcription factors that influence the accumulation of anthocyanins, GLK2, and the carboxy termini of GLK1 and Arabidopsis thaliana myeloblastosis oncogene homolog 4 (AtMYB4). Our data indicate that the PEL proteins influence the accumulation of chlorophyll and many other processes, possibly by inhibiting GLK transcription factors and via other mechanisms, and that multiple mechanisms downregulate chlorophyll content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Han
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengfei Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangbao Luo
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinning Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanhui Kuang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Robert M Larkin
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sun L, Xu H, Song J, Yang X, Wang X, Liu H, Pang M, Hu Y, Yang Q, Ning X, Liang S, Zhang S, Luan W. OsNAC103, a NAC Transcription Factor, Positively Regulates Leaf Senescence and Plant Architecture in Rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 17:15. [PMID: 38358523 PMCID: PMC10869678 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-024-00690-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Leaf senescence, the last stage of leaf development, is essential for crop yield by promoting nutrition relocation from senescence leaves to new leaves and seeds. NAC (NAM/ATAF1/ATAF2/CUC2) proteins, one of the plant-specific transcription factors, widely distribute in plants and play important roles in plant growth and development. Here, we identified a new NAC member OsNAC103 and found that it plays critical roles in leaf senescence and plant architecture in rice. OsNAC103 mRNA levels were dramatically induced by leaf senescence as well as different phytohormones such as ABA, MeJA and ACC and abiotic stresses including dark, drought and high salinity. OsNAC103 acts as a transcription factor with nuclear localization signals at the N terminal and a transcriptional activation signal at the C terminal. Overexpression of OsNAC103 promoted leaf senescence while osnac103 mutants delayed leaf senescence under natural condition and dark-induced condition, meanwhile, senescence-associated genes (SAGs) were up-regulated in OsNAC103 overexpression (OsNAC103-OE) lines, indicating that OsNAC103 positively regulates leaf senescence in rice. Moreover, OsNAC103-OE lines exhibited loose plant architecture with larger tiller angles while tiller angles of osnac103 mutants decreased during the vegetative and reproductive growth stages due to the response of shoot gravitropism, suggesting that OsNAC103 can regulate the plant architecture in rice. Taken together, our results reveal that OsNAC103 plays crucial roles in the regulation of leaf senescence and plant architecture in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Hanqin Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Juan Song
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - XinYi Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Mengzhen Pang
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Youchuan Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Qi Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Xiaotong Ning
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Shanshan Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Siju Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Weijiang Luan
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim SH, Yoon J, Kim H, Lee SJ, Paek NC. Rice Basic Helix-Loop-Helix 079 (OsbHLH079) Delays Leaf Senescence by Attenuating ABA Signaling. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 16:60. [PMID: 38093151 PMCID: PMC10719235 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-023-00673-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence represents the final phase of leaf development and is characterized by a highly organized degenerative process involving the active translocation of nutrients from senescing leaves to growing tissues or storage organs. To date, a large number of senescence-associated transcription factors (sen-TFs) have been identified that regulate the initiation and progression of leaf senescence. Many of these TFs, including NAC (NAM/ATAF1/2/CUC2), WRKY, and MYB TFs, have been implicated in modulating the expression of downstream senescence-associated genes (SAGs) and chlorophyll degradation genes (CDGs) under the control of phytohormones. However, the involvement of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) TFs in leaf senescence has been less investigated. Here, we show that OsbHLH079 delays both natural senescence and dark-induced senescence: Overexpression of OsbHLH079 led to a stay-green phenotype, whereas osbhlh079 knockout mutation displayed accelerated leaf senescence. Similar to other sen-TFs, OsbHLH079 showed a gradual escalation in expression as leaves underwent senescence. During this process, the mRNA levels of SAGs and CDGs remained relatively low in OsbHLH079 overexpressors, but increased sharply in osbhlh079 mutants, suggesting that OsbHLH079 negatively regulates the transcription of SAGs and CDGs under senescence conditions. Additionally, we found that OsbHLH079 delays ABA-induced senescence. Subsequent RT-qPCR and dual-luciferase reporter assays revealed that OsbHLH079 downregulates the expression of ABA signaling genes, such as OsABF2, OsABF4, OsABI5, and OsNAP. Taken together, these results demonstrate that OsbHLH079 functions in delaying leaf yellowing by attenuating the ABA responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Hwan Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwon Yoon
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanna Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ji Lee
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Chon Paek
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dong S, Li C, Tian H, Wang W, Yang X, Beckles DM, Liu X, Guan J, Gu X, Sun J, Miao H, Zhang S. Natural variation in STAYGREEN contributes to low-temperature tolerance in cucumber. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:2552-2568. [PMID: 37811725 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Low-temperature (LT) stress threatens cucumber production globally; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying LT tolerance in cucumber remain largely unknown. Here, using a genome-wide association study (GWAS), we found a naturally occurring single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the STAYGREEN (CsSGR) coding region at the gLTT5.1 locus associated with LT tolerance. Knockout mutants of CsSGR generated by clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated nuclease 9 exhibit enhanced LT tolerance, in particularly, increased chlorophyll (Chl) content and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in response to LT. Moreover, the C-repeat Binding Factor 1 (CsCBF1) transcription factor can directly activate the expression of CsSGR. We demonstrate that the LT-sensitive haplotype CsSGRHapA , but not the LT-tolerant haplotype CsSGRHapG could interact with NON-YELLOW COLORING 1 (CsNYC1) to mediate Chl degradation. Geographic distribution of the CsSGR haplotypes indicated that the CsSGRHapG was selected in cucumber accessions from high latitudes, potentially contributing to LT tolerance during cucumber cold-adaptation in these regions. CsSGR mutants also showed enhanced tolerance to salinity, water deficit, and Pseudoperonospora cubensis, thus CsSGR is an elite target gene for breeding cucumber varieties with broad-spectrum stress tolerance. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into LT tolerance and will ultimately facilitate cucumber molecular breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Caixia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Haojie Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Weiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xueyong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Diane M Beckles
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shield Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiantao Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xingfang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiaqiang Sun
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Han Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shengping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gupta P, Parupudi PLC, Supriya L, Srivastava H, Padmaja G, Gopinath K. Complete genome sequencing and construction of full-length infectious cDNA clone of papaya ringspot virus-HYD isolate and its efficient in planta expression. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1310236. [PMID: 38107852 PMCID: PMC10721977 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1310236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is a devastating Potyvirus that causes papaya ringspot disease in Carica papaya plantations globally. In this study, the complete genome sequence of a PRSV isolate from Shankarpalli, Telangana, India, was reported and designated as PRSV-HYD (KP743981.1). The genome is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA comprising 10,341 nucleotides. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PRSV-HYD is closely related to PRSV Pune (Aundh) isolate with 92 and 95% nucleotide and amino acid sequence identity, respectively. To develop infectious cDNA (icDNA), the complete nucleotide sequence of PRSV-HYD was cloned between the right and left borders in the binary vector pCB301 using BglII and XmaI restriction sites. Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) double promoter (35S) was fused at the 5'-end and Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) ribozyme (RZ) sequence was fused to the 3' end to generate an authentic 3' viral end in the transcribed mRNAs. The icDNA generated was mobilized into the Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA 105, and the agrobacterial cultures were infiltrated into the natural host C. papaya and a non-host Nicotiana benthamiana plants; both did not show any symptoms. In RT-PCR analysis of RNAs isolated from N. benthamiana, we could detect viral genes as early as 3 days and continued up to 28 days post infiltration. Alternatively, virion particles were purified from agroinfiltrated N. benthamiana plants and introduced into C. papaya by mechanical inoculation as well as by pinprick method. In both cases, we could see visible systemic symptoms similar to that of wild type by 40 days. Additionally, we studied the expression patterns of the genes related to plant defense, transcription factors (TFs), and developmental aspects from both C. papaya and N. benthamiana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kodetham Gopinath
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nakashima S, Yamakita E. In Situ Visible Spectroscopic Daily Monitoring of Senescence of Japanese Maple ( Acer palmatum) Leaves. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2030. [PMID: 37895412 PMCID: PMC10608717 DOI: 10.3390/life13102030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The degradation of green leaves in autumn after their photosynthetic activities is associated with decreases in chlorophylls and increases in anthocyanins. However, the sequential orders of these processes are not well understood because of a lack of continuous monitoring of leaves in the same positions. Therefore, the senescence processes of Japanese maple (Acer palmatum) leaves were followed daily in the same positions for approximately 60 days using visible spectroscopy with an original handheld visible-near-infrared spectrometer. The obtained reflection spectra were converted to absorption spectra and band areas of chlorophyll a and anthocyanins were determined. Decreases in the chlorophyll a band area with time show two-step exponential decreases corresponding to slow and fast first-order decrease rates. A rapid decrease in chlorophyll a started after an increase in anthocyanin. Therefore, the leaf senescence started through a slow decrease in chlorophyll a (20-30 days), followed by a rapid increase in anthocyanins (~20 days), followed by a rapid decrease in chlorophyll a (10-20 days). The formation of anthocyanins has been proposed to protect leaf cells from losing chlorophylls through solar radiation damage. The obtained sequential changes of pigments support this light screen hypothesis. (199 words < 200 words).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Nakashima
- Research Institute for Natural Environment, Science and Technology (RINEST), 3-6-32 1F Tarumi-cho, Suita 564-0062, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Eri Yamakita
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan;
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yuan S, Wang Y, Hu D, Zhu W, Xiao D, Liu T, Hou X, Li Y. BcNAC056 Interacts with BcWRKY1 to Regulate Leaf Senescence in Pak Choi. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:1091-1105. [PMID: 37566556 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is the final stage of leaf development. For leafy vegetables such as pak choi, leaf senescence is adverse to yield due to the harvest period shortening. However, the regulatory mechanisms of leaf senescence are largely unknown in leafy vegetables. Here, we isolated and characterized a NAC gene, BcNAC056, in pak choi [Brassica campestris (syn. Brassica rapa) ssp. chinensis cv. 49caixin]. BcNAC056-GFP was located in the nucleus at the subcellular level, and BcNAC056 was responsive to leaf senescence and different hormones at the transcriptional level. Heterologous overexpression of BcNAC056 in Arabidopsis promoted leaf senescence, accompanied by the increased expression of senescence-associated genes (SAGs), whereas virus-induced gene silencing-based silencing in pak choi delayed leaf senescence. The following transcriptome analysis showed that heterologous overexpression of BcNAC056 enhanced some AtSAG transcripts in Arabidopsis. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and dual-luciferase (LUC) reporter assay revealed that BcNAC056 activated SAG12 by directly binding to the promoter. In addition, with the LUC reporter and transient overexpression assays, we proposed that BcNAC056-BcWRKY1 interaction promoted the activation of BcSAG12. Taken together, our findings revealed a new regulatory mechanism of leaf senescence in pak choi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuilin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Die Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510640, China
| | - Weitong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Dong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Tongkun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Xilin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhao Y, Yang P, Cheng Y, Liu Y, Yang Y, Liu Z. Insights into the physiological, molecular, and genetic regulators of albinism in Camellia sinensis leaves. Front Genet 2023; 14:1219335. [PMID: 37745858 PMCID: PMC10516542 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1219335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Yanling Yinbiancha, a cultivar of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze, is an evergreen woody perennial with characteristic albino leaves. A mutant variant with green leaves on branches has been recently identified. The molecular mechanisms underlying this color variation remain unknown. Methods: We aimed to utilize omics tools to decipher the molecular basis for this color variation, with the ultimate goal of enhancing existing germplasm and utilizing it in future breeding programs. Results and discussion: Albinotic leaves exhibited significant chloroplast degeneration and reduced carotenoid accumulation. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of the two variants revealed 1,412 differentially expressed genes and 127 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs). Enrichment analysis for DEGs suggested significant enrichment of pathways involved in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins, porphyrin, chlorophyll, and carotenoids. To further narrow down the causal variation for albinotic leaves, we performed a conjoint analysis of metabolome and transcriptome and identified putative candidate genes responsible for albinism in C. sinensis leaves. 12, 7, and 28 DEGs were significantly associated with photosynthesis, porphyrin/chlorophyll metabolism, and flavonoid metabolism, respectively. Chlorophyllase 2, Chlorophyll a-Binding Protein 4A, Chlorophyll a-Binding Protein 24, Stay Green Regulator, Photosystem II Cytochrome b559 subunit beta along with transcription factors AP2, bZIP, MYB, and WRKY were identified as a potential regulator of albinism in Yanling Yinbiancha. Moreover, we identified Anthocyanidin reductase and Arabidopsis Response Regulator 1 as DEGs influencing flavonoid accumulation in albino leaves. Identification of genes related to albinism in C. sinensis may facilitate genetic modification or development of molecular markers, potentially enhancing cultivation efficiency and expanding the germplasm for utilization in breeding programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Tea Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhen Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bhargava N, Ampomah-Dwamena C, Voogd C, Allan AC. Comparative transcriptomic and plastid development analysis sheds light on the differential carotenoid accumulation in kiwifruit flesh. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1213086. [PMID: 37711308 PMCID: PMC10499360 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1213086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are colorful lipophilic isoprenoids synthesized in all photosynthetic organisms which play roles in plant growth and development and provide numerous health benefits in the human diet (precursor of Vitamin A). The commercially popular kiwifruits are golden yellow-fleshed (Actinidia chinensis) and green fleshed (A. deliciosa) cultivars which have a high carotenoid concentration. Understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling the synthesis and sequestration of carotenoids in Actinidia species is key to increasing nutritional value of this crop via breeding. In this study we analyzed fruit with varying flesh color from three Actinidia species; orange-fleshed A. valvata (OF), yellow-fleshed A. polygama (YF) and green-fleshed A. arguta (GF). Microscopic analysis revealed that carotenoids accumulated in a crystalline form in YF and OF chromoplasts, with the size of crystals being bigger in OF compared to YF, which also contained globular substructures in the chromoplast. Metabolic profiles were investigated using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), which showed that β-carotene was the predominant carotenoid in the OF and YF species, while lutein was the dominant carotenoid in the GF species. Global changes in gene expression were studied between OF and GF (both tetraploid) species using RNA-sequencing which showed higher expression levels of upstream carotenoid biosynthesis-related genes such as DXS, PSY, GGPPS, PDS, ZISO, and ZDS in OF species compared to GF. However, low expression of downstream pathway genes was observed in both species. Pathway regulatory genes (OR and OR-L), plastid morphology related genes (FIBRILLIN), chlorophyll degradation genes (SGR, SGR-L, RCCR, and NYC1) were upregulated in OF species compared to GF. This suggests chlorophyll degradation (primarily in the initial ripening stages) is accompanied by increased carotenoid production and localization in orange flesh tissue, a contrast from green flesh tissue. These results suggest a coordinated change in the carotenoid pathway, as well as changes in plastid type, are responsible for an orange phenotype in certain kiwifruit species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitisha Bhargava
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Charles Ampomah-Dwamena
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Charlotte Voogd
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew C. Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research) Mt Albert, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shim KC, Kang Y, Song JH, Kim YJ, Kim JK, Kim C, Tai TH, Park I, Ahn SN. A Frameshift Mutation in the Mg-Chelatase I Subunit Gene OsCHLI Is Associated with a Lethal Chlorophyll-Deficient, Yellow Seedling Phenotype in Rice. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2831. [PMID: 37570985 PMCID: PMC10420988 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll biosynthesis is a crucial biological process in plants, and chlorophyll content is one of the most important traits in rice breeding programs. In this study, we identified a lethal, chlorophyll-deficient, yellow seedling (YS) phenotype segregating in progeny of CR5055-21, an F2 plant derived from a backcross between Korean japonica variety 'Hwaseong' (Oryza sativa) and CR5029, which is mostly Hwaseong with a small amount of Oryza grandiglumis chromosome segments. The segregation of the mutant phenotype was consistent with a single gene recessive mutation. Light microscopy of YS leaf cross-sections revealed loosely arranged mesophyll cells and sparse parenchyma in contrast to wildtype. In addition, transmission electron microscopy showed that chloroplasts did not develop in the mesophyll cells of the YS mutant. Quantitative trait loci (QTL)-seq analysis did not detect any significant QTL, however, examination of the individual delta-SNP index identified a 2-bp deletion (AG) in the OsCHLI gene, a magnesium (Mg)-chelatase subunit. A dCAPs marker was designed and genotyping of a segregating population (n = 275) showed that the mutant phenotype co-segregated with the marker. The 2-bp deletion was predicted to result in a frameshift mutation generating a premature termination. The truncated protein likely affects formation and function of Mg-chelatase, which consists of three different subunits that together catalyze the first committed step of chlorophyll biosynthesis. Transcriptome analysis showed that photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism pathways were significantly altered although expression of OsCHLI was not. Chlorophyll- and carotenoid-related genes were also differentially expressed in the YS mutant. Our findings demonstrated that OsCHLI plays an important role in leaf pigment biosynthesis and leaf structure development in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Chan Shim
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (K.-C.S.); (Y.K.); (C.K.)
- USDA-ARS Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yuna Kang
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (K.-C.S.); (Y.K.); (C.K.)
| | - Jun-Ho Song
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ye Jin Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.K.); (J.K.K.)
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.K.); (J.K.K.)
| | - Changsoo Kim
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (K.-C.S.); (Y.K.); (C.K.)
| | - Thomas H. Tai
- USDA-ARS Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Inkyu Park
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Nag Ahn
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (K.-C.S.); (Y.K.); (C.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zou SC, Zhuo MG, Abbas F, Hu GB, Wang HC, Huang XM. Transcription factor LcNAC002 coregulates chlorophyll degradation and anthocyanin biosynthesis in litchi. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:1913-1927. [PMID: 36843134 PMCID: PMC10315271 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll degradation and anthocyanin biosynthesis, which often occur almost synchronously during fruit ripening, are crucial for vibrant coloration of fruits. However, the interlink point between their regulatory pathways remains largely unknown. Here, 2 litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) cultivars with distinctively different coloration patterns during ripening, i.e. slow-reddening/stay-green "Feizixiao" (FZX) vs rapid-reddening/degreening "Nuomici" (NMC), were selected as the materials to study the key factors determining coloration. Litchi chinensis STAY-GREEN (LcSGR) was confirmed as the critical gene in pericarp chlorophyll loss and chloroplast breakdown during fruit ripening, as LcSGR directly interacted with pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO), a key enzyme in chlorophyll degradation via the PAO pathway. Litchi chinensis no apical meristem (NAM), Arabidopsis transcription activation factor 1/2, and cup-shaped cotyledon 2 (LcNAC002) was identified as a positive regulator in the coloration of litchi pericarp. The expression of LcNAC002 was significantly higher in NMC than in FZX. Virus-induced gene silencing of LcNAC002 significantly decreased the expression of LcSGR as well as L. chinensis MYELOBLASTOSIS1 (LcMYB1), and inhibited chlorophyll loss and anthocyanin accumulation. A dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that LcNAC002 significantly activates the expression of both LcSGR and LcMYB1. Furthermore, yeast-one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assay results showed that LcNAC002 directly binds to the promoters of LcSGR and LcMYB1. These findings suggest that LcNAC002 is an important ripening-related transcription factor that interlinks chlorophyll degradation and anthocyanin biosynthesis by coactivating the expression of both LcSGR and LcMYB1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Cheng Zou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mao-Gen Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Farhat Abbas
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Gui-Bing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hui-Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Life Sciences and Technology, Yangtze Normal University, 16, Juxian Street, Fuling 408100, China
| | - Xu-Ming Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rahman MA, Ullah H. Receptor for Activated C Kinase1B (RACK1B) Delays Salinity-Induced Senescence in Rice Leaves by Regulating Chlorophyll Degradation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2385. [PMID: 37376011 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The widely conserved Receptor for Activated C Kinase1 (RACK1) protein is a WD-40 type scaffold protein that regulates diverse environmental stress signal transduction pathways. Arabidopsis RACK1A has been reported to interact with various proteins in salt stress and Light-Harvesting Complex (LHC) pathways. However, the mechanism of how RACK1 contributes to the photosystem and chlorophyll metabolism in stress conditions remains elusive. In this study, using T-DNA-mediated activation tagging transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) lines, we show that leaves from rice RACK1B gene (OsRACK1B) gain-of-function (RACK1B-OX) plants exhibit the stay-green phenotype under salinity stress. In contrast, leaves from down-regulated OsRACK1B (RACK1B-UX) plants display an accelerated yellowing. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that several genes which encode chlorophyll catabolic enzymes (CCEs) are differentially expressed in both RACK1B-OX and RACK1B-UX rice plants. In addition to CCEs, stay-green (SGR) is a key component that forms the SGR-CCE complex in senescing chloroplasts, and which causes LHCII complex instability. Transcript and protein profiling revealed a significant upregulation of OsSGR in RACK1B-UX plants compared to that in RACK1B-OX rice plants during salt treatment. The results imply that senescence-associated transcription factors (TFs) are altered following altered OsRACK1B expression, indicating a transcriptional reprogramming by OsRACK1B and a novel regulatory mechanism involving the OsRACK1B-OsSGR-TFs complex. Our findings suggest that the ectopic expression of OsRACK1B negatively regulates chlorophyll degradation, leads to a steady level of LHC-II isoform Lhcb1, an essential prerequisite for the state transition of photosynthesis for adaptation, and delays salinity-induced senescence. Taken together, these results provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms of salinity-induced senescence, which can be useful in circumventing the effect of salt on photosynthesis and in reducing the yield penalty of important cereal crops, such as rice, in global climate change conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hemayet Ullah
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yuan X, Xu J, Yu J, Zhu D, Li H, Zhao Q. The NAC transcription factor ZmNAC132 regulates leaf senescence and male fertility in maize. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023:111774. [PMID: 37331633 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is an integral step in the final stages of plant development, as nutrient remobilization from leaves to sink organs is accomplished during this process. NACs compose a large superfamily of plant-specific TFs involved in multiple plant development processes. Here, we identified a maize NAC TF, ZmNAC132, involved in leaf senescence and male fertility. ZmNAC132 expression was tightly linked to leaf senescence in an age-dependent manner. Knockout of ZmNAC132 led to delays in chlorophyll degradation and leaf senescence, whereas overexpression of ZmNAC132 had the opposite effects. ZmNAC132 could bind to and transactivate the promoter of ZmNYE1, a major chlorophyll catabolic gene, to accelerate chlorophyll degradation during leaf senescence. Moreover, ZmNAC132 affected male fertility through the upregulation of ZmEXPB1, an expansin-encoding gene associated with sexual reproduction and other related genes. Together, the results show that ZmNAC132 participates in the regulation of leaf senescence and male fertility through the targeting of different downstream genes in maize.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Jianghai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Dengyun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chen J, Zhou H, Yuan X, He Y, Yan Q, Lin Y, Wu R, Liu J, Xue C, Chen X. Homolog of Pea SGR Controls Stay-Green in Faba Bean ( Vicia faba L.). Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1030. [PMID: 37239389 PMCID: PMC10218623 DOI: 10.3390/genes14051030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Faba bean is an important legume crop consumed as a vegetable or snack food, and its green cotyledons could present an attractive color for consumers. A mutation in SGR causes stay-green in plants. In this study, vfsgr was identified from a green-cotyledon-mutant faba bean, SNB7, by homologous blast between the SGR of pea and the transcriptome of faba bean. Sequence analysis revealed that a SNP at position 513 of the CDS of VfSGR caused a pre-stop codon, resulting in a shorter protein in the green-cotyledon faba bean SNB7. A dCaps marker was developed according to the SNP that caused the pre-stop, and this marker was completely associated with the color of the cotyledon of faba bean. SNB7 stayed green during dark treatment, while the expression level of VfSGR increased during dark-induced senescence in the yellow-cotyledon faba bean HST. Transient expression of VfSGR in Nicotiana. benthamiana leaves resulted in chlorophyll degradation. These results indicate that vfsgr is the gene responsible for the stay-green of faba bean, and the dCaps marker developed in this study provides a molecular tool for the breeding of green-cotyledon faba beans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingbin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Huimin Zhou
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.C.)
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yaming He
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.C.)
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qiang Yan
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yun Lin
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Ranran Wu
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jinyang Liu
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Chenchen Xue
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.C.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fan H, Quan S, Ye Q, Zhang L, Liu W, Zhu N, Zhang X, Ruan W, Yi K, Crawford NM, Wang Y. A molecular framework underlying low-nitrogen-induced early leaf senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:756-774. [PMID: 36906802 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) deficiency causes early leaf senescence, resulting in accelerated whole-plant maturation and severely reduced crop yield. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying N-deficiency-induced early leaf senescence remain unclear, even in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, we identified Growth, Development and Splicing 1 (GDS1), a previously reported transcription factor, as a new regulator of nitrate (NO3-) signaling by a yeast-one-hybrid screen using a NO3- enhancer fragment from the promoter of NRT2.1. We showed that GDS1 promotes NO3- signaling, absorption and assimilation by affecting the expression of multiple NO3- regulatory genes, including Nitrate Regulatory Gene2 (NRG2). Interestingly, we observed that gds1 mutants show early leaf senescence as well as reduced NO3- content and N uptake under N-deficient conditions. Further analyses indicated that GDS1 binds to the promoters of several senescence-related genes, including Phytochrome-Interacting Transcription Factors 4 and 5 (PIF4 and PIF5) and represses their expression. Interestingly, we found that N deficiency decreases GDS1 protein accumulation, and GDS1 could interact with Anaphase Promoting Complex Subunit 10 (APC10). Genetic and biochemical experiments demonstrated that Anaphase Promoting Complex or Cyclosome (APC/C) promotes the ubiquitination and degradation of GDS1 under N deficiency, resulting in loss of PIF4 and PIF5 repression and consequent early leaf senescence. Furthermore, we discovered that overexpression of GDS1 could delay leaf senescence and improve seed yield and N-use efficiency (NUE) in Arabidopsis. In summary, our study uncovers a molecular framework illustrating a new mechanism underlying low-N-induced early leaf senescence and provides potential targets for genetic improvement of crop varieties with increased yield and NUE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Shuxuan Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Qing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Ning Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xiaoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Wenyuan Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Keke Yi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Nigel M Crawford
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Science, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
D'Incà E, Foresti C, Orduña L, Amato A, Vandelle E, Santiago A, Botton A, Cazzaniga S, Bertini E, Pezzotti M, Giovannoni J, Vrebalov J, Matus JT, Tornielli GB, Zenoni S. The transcription factor VviNAC60 regulates senescence- and ripening-related processes in grapevine. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023:kiad050. [PMID: 36718552 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most widely cultivated fruit crops because the winemaking industry has huge economic relevance worldwide. Uncovering the molecular mechanisms controlling the developmental progression of plant organs will prove essential for maintaining high-quality grapes, expressly in the context of climate change, which impairs the ripening process. Through a deep inspection of transcriptomic data, we identified VviNAC60, a member of the NAC transcription factor family, as a putative regulator of grapevine organ maturation. We explored VviNAC60 binding landscapes through DNA affinity purification followed by sequencing and compared bound genes with transcriptomics datasets from grapevine plants stably and transiently overexpressing VviNAC60 to define a set of high-confidence targets. Among these, we identified key molecular markers associated with organ senescence and fruit ripening. Physiological, metabolic, and promoter activation analyses showed that VviNAC60 induces chlorophyll degradation and anthocyanin accumulation through the up-regulation of STAY-GREEN PROTEIN 1 (VviSGR1) and VviMYBA1, respectively, with the latter being up-regulated through a VviNAC60-VviNAC03 regulatory complex. Despite sharing a closer phylogenetic relationship with senescence-related homologues to the NAC transcription factor AtNAP, VviNAC60 complemented the non-ripening(nor) mutant phenotype in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), suggesting a dual role as an orchestrator of both ripening- and senescence-related processes. Our data support VviNAC60 as a regulator of processes initiated in the grapevine vegetative- to mature-phase organ transition and therefore as a potential target for enhancing the environmental resilience of grapevine by fine-tuning the duration of the vegetative phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica D'Incà
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Foresti
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Luis Orduña
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, Paterna, 46908, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alessandra Amato
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Elodie Vandelle
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio Santiago
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, Paterna, 46908, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alessandro Botton
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Cazzaniga
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Edoardo Bertini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Mario Pezzotti
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - James Giovannoni
- USDA-ARS Robert W. Holley Center and Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Road, Cornell Campus, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Julia Vrebalov
- USDA-ARS Robert W. Holley Center and Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Road, Cornell Campus, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - José Tomás Matus
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, Paterna, 46908, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Sara Zenoni
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ma Z, Ma L, Zhou J. Applications of CRISPR/Cas genome editing in economically important fruit crops: recent advances and future directions. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2023; 3:1. [PMID: 37789479 PMCID: PMC10515014 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-023-00049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Fruit crops, consist of climacteric and non-climacteric fruits, are the major sources of nutrients and fiber for human diet. Since 2013, CRISPR/Cas (Clustered Regularly Interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats and CRISPR-Associated Protein) genome editing system has been widely employed in different plants, leading to unprecedented progress in the genetic improvement of many agronomically important fruit crops. Here, we summarize latest advancements in CRISPR/Cas genome editing of fruit crops, including efforts to decipher the mechanisms behind plant development and plant immunity, We also highlight the potential challenges and improvements in the application of genome editing tools to fruit crops, including optimizing the expression of CRISPR/Cas cassette, improving the delivery efficiency of CRISPR/Cas reagents, increasing the specificity of genome editing, and optimizing the transformation and regeneration system. In addition, we propose the perspectives on the application of genome editing in crop breeding especially in fruit crops and highlight the potential challenges. It is worth noting that efforts to manipulate fruit crops with genome editing systems are urgently needed for fruit crops breeding and demonstration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Ma
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, 261000, Shandong, China
| | - Lijing Ma
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, 261000, Shandong, China
| | - Junhui Zhou
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, 261000, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Luo J, Abid M, Zhang Y, Cai X, Tu J, Gao P, Wang Z, Huang H. Genome-Wide Identification of Kiwifruit SGR Family Members and Functional Characterization of SGR2 Protein for Chlorophyll Degradation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031993. [PMID: 36768313 PMCID: PMC9917040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The STAY-GREEN (SGR) proteins play an important role in chlorophyll (Chl) degradation and are closely related to plant photosynthesis. However, the availability of inadequate studies on SGR motivated us to conduct a comprehensive study on the identification and functional dissection of SGR superfamily members in kiwifruit. Here, we identified five SGR genes for each of the kiwifruit species [Actinidia chinensis (Ac) and Actinidia eriantha (Ae)]. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the kiwifruit SGR superfamily members were divided into two subfamilies the SGR subfamily and the SGRL subfamily. The results of transcriptome data and RT-qPCR showed that the expression of the kiwifruit SGRs was closely related to light and plant developmental stages (regulated by plant growth regulators), which were further supported by the presence of light and the plant hormone-responsive cis-regulatory element in the promoter region. The subcellular localization analysis of the AcSGR2 protein confirmed its localization in the chloroplast. The Fv/Fm, SPAD value, and Chl contents were decreased in overexpressed AcSGR2, but varied in different cultivars of A. chinensis. The sequence analysis showed significant differences within AcSGR2 proteins. Our findings provide valuable insights into the characteristics and evolutionary patterns of SGR genes in kiwifruit, and shall assist kiwifruit breeders to enhance cultivar development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Luo
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 332900, China
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Muhammad Abid
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 332900, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 332900, China
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xinxia Cai
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 332900, China
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Jing Tu
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 332900, China
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Puxin Gao
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 332900, China
| | - Zupeng Wang
- Engineering Laboratory for Kiwifruit Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (H.H.)
| | - Hongwen Huang
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 332900, China
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (H.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kim JY, Kim JH, Jang YH, Yu J, Bae S, Kim MS, Cho YG, Jung YJ, Kang KK. Transcriptome and Metabolite Profiling of Tomato SGR-Knockout Null Lines Using the CRISPR/Cas9 System. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010109. [PMID: 36613549 PMCID: PMC9820150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stay-green 1 (SGR1) protein is a critical regulator of chlorophyll degradation and senescence in plant leaves; however, the functions of tomato SGR1 remain ambiguous. Here, we generated an SGR1-knockout (KO) null line via clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9-mediated gene editing and conducted RNA sequencing and gas chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry analysis to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Solanum lycopersicum SGR1 (SlSGR1) knockout null line clearly showed a turbid brown color with significantly higher chlorophyll and carotenoid levels than those in the wild-type (WT) fruit. Differential gene expression analysis revealed 728 DEGs between WT and sgr#1-6 line, including 263 and 465 downregulated and upregulated genes, respectively, with fold-change >2 and adjusted p-value < 0.05. Most of the DEGs have functions related to photosynthesis, chloroplasts, and carotenoid biosynthesis. The strong changes in pigment and carotenoid content resulted in the accumulation of key primary metabolites, such as sucrose and its derivatives (fructose, galactinol, and raffinose), glycolytic intermediates (glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, and fructose-6-phosphate), and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates (malate and fumarate) in the leaves and fruit of the SGR-KO null lines. Overall, the SGR1-KO null lines developed here provide new evidence for the mechanisms underlying the roles of SGR1 as well as the molecular pathways involved in photosynthesis, chloroplasts, and carotenoid biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Kim
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hee Kim
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Jang
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyeon Yu
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangsu Bae
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Me-Sun Kim
- Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Gu Cho
- Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jin Jung
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.J.J.); (K.K.K.); Tel.: +82-31-670-5101 (Y.J.J.); +82-31-670-5104 (K.K.K.)
| | - Kwon Kyoo Kang
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.J.J.); (K.K.K.); Tel.: +82-31-670-5101 (Y.J.J.); +82-31-670-5104 (K.K.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis of a Late-Senescent Vegetable Soybean during Seed Development Provides New Insights into Degradation of Chlorophyll. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122480. [PMID: 36552689 PMCID: PMC9774520 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Senescence represents the final stage of plant growth and development, which transfers nutrients to growing seeds and directly affects the yield and quality of crops. However, little is known about chlorophyll degradation in developing and maturing seeds, in contrast to leaf senescence; (2) Methods: RNA-Seq was used to analyze the differentially expressed genes of different late-senescent germplasms. A widely untargeted metabolic analysis was used to analyze differential metabolites. In addition, qRT-PCR was conducted to detect gene expression levels; (3) Results: Transcriptome analysis revealed that ZX12 seeds have a higher expression level of the chlorophyll synthesis genes in the early stage of maturity, compared with ZX4, and have a lower expression level of chlorophyll degradation genes in the late stage of maturity. Flavonoids were the primary differential metabolites, and ZX12 contains the unique and highest expression of three types of metabolites, including farrerol-7-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-o-(6'-o-feruloyl) glucoside, and kaempferide-3-o-(6'-malonyl) glucoside. Among them, farrerol-7-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-o-(6'-o-feruloyl) glucoside are flavonoid derivatives containing mono and dihydroxy-B-ring chemical structures, respectively; and (4) Conclusions: It is speculated that the two metabolites can slow down the degradation process of chlorophyll by scavenging oxygen-free radicals in the chloroplast.
Collapse
|
29
|
Soliman S, Wang Y, Han Z, Pervaiz T, El-kereamy A. Strigolactones in Plants and Their Interaction with the Ecological Microbiome in Response to Abiotic Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3499. [PMID: 36559612 PMCID: PMC9781102 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones play an essential role in enhancing plant tolerance by responding to abiotic stresses, such as nutrient deficiency, drought, high temperature, and light stress. Strigolactones (SLs) are carotenoid derivatives that occur naturally in plants and are defined as novel phytohormones that regulate plant metabolism, growth, and development. Strigolactone assists plants in the acquisition of defensive characteristics against drought stress by initiating physiological responses and mediating the interaction with soil microorganisms. Nutrient deficiency is an important abiotic stress factor, hence, plants perform many strategies to survive against nutrient deficiency, such as enhancing the efficiency of nutrient uptake and forming beneficial relationships with microorganisms. Strigolactone attracts various microorganisms and provides the roots with essential elements, including nitrogen and phosphorus. Among these advantageous microorganisms are arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF), which regulate plant metabolic activities through phosphorus providing in roots. Bacterial nodulations are also nitrogen-fixing microorganisms found in plant roots. This symbiotic relationship is maintained as the plant provides organic molecules, produced in the leaves, that the bacteria could otherwise not independently generate. Related stresses, such as light stress and high-temperature stress, could be affected directly or indirectly by strigolactone. However, the messengers of these processes are unknown. The most prominent connector messengers have been identified upon the discovery of SLs and the understanding of their hormonal effect. In addition to attracting microorganisms, these groups of phytohormones affect photosynthesis, bridge other phytohormones, induce metabolic compounds. In this article, we highlighted the brief information available on SLs as a phytohormone group regarding their common related effects. In addition, we reviewed the status and described the application of SLs and plant response to abiotic stresses. This allowed us to comprehend plants' communication with the ecological microbiome as well as the strategies plants use to survive under various stresses. Furthermore, we identify and classify the SLs that play a role in stress resistance since many ecological microbiomes are unexplained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabry Soliman
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tariq Pervaiz
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Ashraf El-kereamy
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Filacek A, Zivcak M, Barboricova M, Misheva SP, Pereira EG, Yang X, Brestic M. Diversity of responses to nitrogen deficiency in distinct wheat genotypes reveals the role of alternative electron flows in photoprotection. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2022; 154:259-276. [PMID: 36181569 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00966-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) deficiency represents an important limiting factor affecting photosynthetic productivity and the yields of crop plants. Significant reported differences in N use efficiency between the crop species and genotypes provide a good background for the studies of diversity of photosynthetic and photoprotective responses associated with nitrogen deficiency. Using distinct wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes with previously observed contrasting responses to nitrogen nutrition (cv. Enola and cv. Slomer), we performed advanced analyses of CO2 assimilation, PSII, and PSI photochemistry, also focusing on the heterogeneity of the stress responses in the different leaf levels. Our results confirmed the loss of photosynthetic capacity and enhanced more in lower positions. Non-stomatal limitation of photosynthesis was well reflected by the changes in PSII and PSI photochemistry, including the parameters derived from the fast-fluorescence kinetics. Low photosynthesis in N-deprived leaves, especially in lower positions, was associated with a significant decrease in the activity of alternative electron flows. The exception was the cyclic electron flow around PSI that was enhanced in most of the samples with a low photosynthetic rate. We observed significant genotype-specific responses. An old genotype Slomer with a lower CO2 assimilation rate demonstrated enhanced alternative electron flow and photorespiration capacity. In contrast, a modern, highly productive genotype Enola responded to decreased photosynthesis by a significant increase in nonphotochemical dissipation and cyclic electron flow. Our results illustrate the importance of alternative electron flows for eliminating the excitation pressure at the PSII acceptor side. The decrease in capacity of electron acceptors was balanced by the structural and functional changes of the components of the electron transport chain, leading to a decline of linear electron transport to prevent the overreduction of the PSI acceptor side and related photooxidative damage of photosynthetic structures in leaves exposed to nitrogen deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Filacek
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Marek Zivcak
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic.
| | - Maria Barboricova
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Svetlana P Misheva
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Xinghong Yang
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Marian Brestic
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kunz K, Hu Y, Schmidhalter U. Carbon isotope discrimination as a key physiological trait to phenotype drought/heat resistance of future climate-resilient German winter wheat compared with relative leaf water content and canopy temperature. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1043458. [PMID: 36589131 PMCID: PMC9794500 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1043458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is expected to influence crop growth through frequent drought and heat extremes, and thus, drought and heat tolerance are of increasing importance as major breeding goals for cereal crops in Central Europe. Plant physiological water status traits are suitable for phenotyping plant drought/heat tolerance. The objective of this study was to determine whether relative leaf water content (RLWC), plant canopy temperature (CT), and carbon isotope discrimination (CID) are suitable for phenotyping the drought/heat resistance of German winter wheat for future climate resilience. Therefore, a comprehensive field evaluation was conducted under drier and warmer conditions in Moldova using a space-for-time approach for twenty winter wheat varieties from Germany and compared to twenty regionally adapted varieties from Eastern Europe. Among the physiological traits RLWC, CT, and CID, the heritability of RLWC showed the lowest values regardless of year or variety origin, and there was no significant correlation between RLWC and grain yield regardless of the year, suggesting that RLWC did not seem to be a useful trait for distinguishing origins or varieties under continental field conditions. Although the heritability of CT demonstrated high values, the results showed surprisingly low and nonsignificant correlations between CT and grain yield; this may have been due to a confounding effect of increased soil temperature in the investigated dark Chernozem soil. In contrast, the heritability of CID in leaves and grain was high, and there were significant correlations between grain yield and CID, suggesting that CID is a reliable indirect physiological trait for phenotyping drought/heat resistance for future climate resilience in German wheat.
Collapse
|
32
|
Park HS, Jeon JH, Cho W, Lee Y, Park JY, Kim J, Park YS, Koo HJ, Kang JH, Lee TJ, Kim SH, Kim JB, Kwon HY, Kim SH, Paek NC, Jang G, Suh JY, Yang TJ. High-throughput discovery of plastid genes causing albino phenotypes in ornamental chimeric plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 10:uhac246. [PMID: 36643742 PMCID: PMC9832966 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric plants composed of green and albino tissues have great ornamental value. To unveil the functional genes responsible for albino phenotypes in chimeric plants, we inspected the complete plastid genomes (plastomes) in green and albino leaf tissues from 23 ornamental chimeric plants belonging to 20 species, including monocots, dicots, and gymnosperms. In nine chimeric plants, plastomes were identical between green and albino tissues. Meanwhile, another 14 chimeric plants were heteroplasmic, showing a mutation between green and albino tissues. We identified 14 different point mutations in eight functional plastid genes related to plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (rpo) or photosystems which caused albinism in the chimeric plants. Among them, 12 were deleterious mutations in the target genes, in which early termination appeared due to small deletion-mediated frameshift or single nucleotide substitution. Another was single nucleotide substitution in an intron of the ycf3 and the other was a missense mutation in coding region of the rpoC2 gene. We inspected chlorophyll structure, protein functional model of the rpoC2, and expression levels of the related genes in green and albino tissues of Reynoutria japonica. A single amino acid change, histidine-to-proline substitution, in the rpoC2 protein may destabilize the peripheral helix of plastid-encoded RNA polymerase, impairing the biosynthesis of the photosynthesis system in the albino tissue of R. japonica chimera plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jee Young Park
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiseok Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sang Park
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jo Koo
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Kang
- Hantaek Botanical Garden, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17183, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Joo Lee
- Hantaek Botanical Garden, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17183, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Kim
- Radiation Breeding Research Team, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 56212, Korea
| | - Jin-Baek Kim
- Radiation Breeding Research Team, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 56212, Korea
| | - Hae-Yun Kwon
- Special Forest Resources Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, Korea
| | - Suk-Hwan Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Chon Paek
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Geupil Jang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Yong Suh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ito H, Saito H, Fukui M, Tanaka A, Arakawa K. Poplar leaf abscission through induced chlorophyll breakdown by Mg-dechelatase. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 324:111444. [PMID: 36031022 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll breakdown is observed during senescence. The first step in chlorophyll breakdown is the removal of central Mg by Mg-dechelatase. This reaction is the rate-limiting step in the chlorophyll breakdown pathway. We evaluated the effect of induced chlorophyll breakdown on abscission through the removal of Mg by Mg-dechelatase. Poplar transformants carrying the dexamethasone-inducible Mg-dechelatase gene were prepared using the Arabidopsis Stay-Green1 cDNA. When leaves were treated with dexamethasone, chlorophyll was degraded, photosynthetic capacity was reduced, and an abscission zone was formed, resulting in leaf abscission. In addition, ethylene, which plays an important role during senescence, was produced in this process. Thus, chlorophyll breakdown induces the phenotype in the same way as commonly observed during leaf senescence. This study suggests a physiological role of chlorophyll breakdown in the leaf abscission of deciduous trees. Furthermore, this study shows that the dexamethasone-inducible gene expression system is an available option for deciduous tree studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Ito
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19 W8, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Saito
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9 W9, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Manabu Fukui
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19 W8, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Ayumi Tanaka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19 W8, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Keita Arakawa
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9 W9, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sasi JM, VijayaKumar C, Kukreja B, Budhwar R, Shukla RN, Agarwal M, Katiyar-Agarwal S. Integrated transcriptomics and miRNAomics provide insights into the complex multi-tiered regulatory networks associated with coleoptile senescence in rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:985402. [PMID: 36311124 PMCID: PMC9597502 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.985402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Coleoptile is the small conical, short-lived, sheath-like organ that safeguards the first leaf and shoot apex in cereals. It is also the first leaf-like organ to senesce that provides nutrition to the developing shoot and is, therefore, believed to play a crucial role in seedling establishment in rice and other grasses. Though histochemical studies have helped in understanding the pattern of cell death in senescing rice coleoptiles, genome-wide expression changes during coleoptile senescence have not yet been explored. With an aim to investigate the gene regulation underlying the coleoptile senescence (CS), we performed a combinatorial whole genome expression analysis by sequencing transcriptome and miRNAome of senescing coleoptiles. Transcriptome analysis revealed extensive reprogramming of 3439 genes belonging to several categories, the most prominent of which encoded for transporters, transcription factors (TFs), signaling components, cell wall organization enzymes, redox homeostasis, stress response and hormone metabolism. Small RNA sequencing identified 41 known and 21 novel miRNAs that were differentially expressed during CS. Comparison of gene expression and miRNA profiles generated for CS with publicly available leaf senescence (LS) datasets revealed that the two aging programs are remarkably distinct at molecular level in rice. Integration of expression data of transcriptome and miRNAome identified high confidence 140 miRNA-mRNA pairs forming 42 modules, thereby demonstrating multi-tiered regulation of CS. The present study has generated a comprehensive resource of the molecular networks that enrich our understanding of the fundamental pathways regulating coleoptile senescence in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheeni VijayaKumar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Roli Budhwar
- Bionivid Technology Pvt. Limited, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Manu Agarwal
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sun G, Yang L, Zhan W, Chen S, Song M, Wang L, Jiang L, Guo L, Wang K, Ye X, Gou M, Zheng X, Yang J, Yan Z. HFR1, a bHLH Transcriptional Regulator from Arabidopsis thaliana, Improves Grain Yield, Shade and Osmotic Stress Tolerances in Common Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231912057. [PMID: 36233359 PMCID: PMC9569703 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231912057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Common wheat, Triticum aestivum, is the most widely grown staple crop worldwide. To catch up with the increasing global population and cope with the changing climate, it is valuable to breed wheat cultivars that are tolerant to abiotic or shade stresses for density farming. Arabidopsis LONG HYPOCOTYL IN FAR-RED 1 (AtHFR1), a photomorphogenesis-promoting factor, is involved in multiple light-related signaling pathways and inhibits seedling etiolation and shade avoidance. We report that overexpression of AtHFR1 in wheat inhibits etiolation phenotypes under various light and shade conditions, leading to shortened plant height and increased spike number relative to non-transgenic plants in the field. Ectopic expression of AtHFR1 in wheat increases the transcript levels of TaCAB and TaCHS as observed previously in Arabidopsis, indicating that the AtHFR1 transgene can activate the light signal transduction pathway in wheat. AtHFR1 transgenic seedlings significantly exhibit tolerance to osmotic stress during seed germination compared to non-transgenic wheat. The AtHFR1 transgene represses transcription of TaFT1, TaCO1, and TaCO2, delaying development of the shoot apex and heading in wheat. Furthermore, the AtHFR1 transgene in wheat inhibits transcript levels of PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 3-LIKEs (TaPIL13, TaPIL15-1B, and TaPIL15-1D), downregulating the target gene STAYGREEN (TaSGR), and thus delaying dark-induced leaf senescence. In the field, grain yields of three AtHFR1 transgenic lines were 18.2–48.1% higher than those of non-transgenic wheat. In summary, genetic modification of light signaling pathways using a photomorphogenesis-promoting factor has positive effects on grain yield due to changes in plant architecture and resource allocation and enhances tolerances to osmotic stress and shade avoidance response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Sun
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Luhao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Weimin Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Shizhan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Meifang Song
- Institute of Radiation Technology, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100875, China
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Liangliang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xingguo Ye
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mingyue Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Jianping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zehong Yan
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (Z.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wang Y, Wang J, Chen L, Meng X, Zhen X, Liang Y, Han Y, Li H, Zhang B. Identification and function analysis of yellow-leaf mutant (YX-yl) of broomcorn millet. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:463. [PMID: 36167497 PMCID: PMC9513943 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03843-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Broomcorn millet is highly tolerant to drought and barren soil. Changes in chlorophyll content directly affect leaf color, which subsequently leadsleading to poor photosynthetic performance and reduced crop yield. Herein, we isolated a yellow leaf mutant (YX-yl) using a forward genetics approach and evaluated its agronomic traits, photosynthetic pigment content, chloroplast ultrastructure, and chlorophyll precursors. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism of yellowing was explored using transcriptome sequencing. RESULTS The YX-yl mutant showed significantly decreased plant height and low yield. The leaves exhibited a yellow-green phenotype and poor photosynthetic capacity during the entire growth period. The content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids in YX-yl leaves was lower than that in wild-type leaves. Chlorophyll precursor analysis results showed that chlorophyll biosynthesis in YX-yl was hindered by the conversion of porphobilinogen to protoporphyrin IX. Examination of chloroplast ultrastructure in the leaves revealed that the chloroplasts of YX-yl accumulated on one side of the cell. Moreover, the chloroplast structure of YX-yl was degraded. The inner and outer membranes of the chloroplasts could not be distinguished well. The numbers of grana and grana thylakoids in the chloroplasts were low. The transcriptome of the yellowing mutant YX-yl was sequenced and compared with that of the wild type. Nine chlorophyll-related genes with significantly different expression profiles were identified: PmUROD, PmCPO, PmGSAM, PmPBDG, PmLHCP, PmCAO, PmVDE, PmGluTR, and PmPNPT. The proteins encoded by these genes were located in the chloroplast, chloroplast membrane, chloroplast thylakoid membrane, and chloroplast matrix and were mainly involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis and redox-related enzyme regulation. CONCLUSIONS YX-yl is an ideal material for studying pigment metabolism mechanisms. Changes in the expression patterns of some genes between YX-yl and the wild type led to differences in chloroplast structures and enzyme activities in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway, ultimately resulting in a yellowing phenotype in the YX-yl mutant. Our findings provide an insight to the molecular mechanisms of leaf color formation and chloroplast development in broomcorn millet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yushen Wang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China, 030801
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Minor Crop, Taigu, Shanxi, China, 030801
- Ministerial and Provincial Co-Innovation Centre for Endemic Crops Production With High-Quality and Efficiency in Loess Plateau, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China, 030801
| | - Junjie Wang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China, 030801
| | - Liqing Chen
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China, 030801
| | - Xiaowei Meng
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China, 030801
| | - Xiaoxi Zhen
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China, 030801
| | - Yinpei Liang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China, 030801
| | - Yuanhuai Han
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China, 030801
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Minor Crop, Taigu, Shanxi, China, 030801
| | - Hongying Li
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China, 030801
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China, 030801.
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Minor Crop, Taigu, Shanxi, China, 030801.
- Ministerial and Provincial Co-Innovation Centre for Endemic Crops Production With High-Quality and Efficiency in Loess Plateau, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China, 030801.
- Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China, 030801.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Exogenous Melatonin Alleviated Leaf Yellowing via Inhibiting Respiration and Ethylene Biosynthesis during Shelf Life in Pakchoi. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11162102. [PMID: 36015405 PMCID: PMC9416342 DOI: 10.3390/plants11162102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Postharvest yellowing of leafy plant is a manifestation of senescence, and melatonin (MT) is known to delay leaf senescence in some higher plants. Herein, we investigated the effect of exogenous MT treatment on postharvest pakchoi by monitoring the ethylene biosynthesis and respiratory metabolism. Results showed that exogenous MT effectively extended the shelf life, delayed leaf yellowing, minimized the alteration in Fv/Fm ratio and maintained higher integrity of chloroplast in pakchoi. There was a significant correlation between yellowing index, respiration rate and ethylene production. MT treatments greatly delayed the yellowing process of pakchoi that was associated with the reduced activity of glycolysis pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), increased proportion of pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) in respiratory metabolism, as manifested by the lower activity of phosphohexose isomerase (PHI), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome C oxidase (COX), downregulated the expression of their corresponding genes, but enhanced the activity and expression level of 6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH). MT also markedly maintain chlorophyll content by inhibiting ethylene production and action during shelf life, likely a consequence of reduced activities of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase (ACS) and ACC oxidase (ACO), as well as the expression levels of their related genes. These results collectively indicate that melatonin alleviated leaf yellowing of postharvest pakchoi might be attributed to the suppression of the ethylene biosynthesis and respiratory metabolism, and our findings contribute to provide a good candidate measure for extending shelf life and reducing postharvest loss of pakchoi.
Collapse
|
38
|
Lin YP, Shen YY, Shiu YB, Charng YY, Grimm B. Chlorophyll dephytylase 1 and chlorophyll synthase: a chlorophyll salvage pathway for the turnover of photosystems I and II. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:979-994. [PMID: 35694901 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) is made up of the tetrapyrrole chlorophyllide and phytol, a diterpenoid alcohol. The photosynthetic protein complexes utilize Chl for light harvesting to produce biochemical energy for plant development. However, excess light and adverse environmental conditions facilitate generation of reactive oxygen species, which damage photosystems I and II (PSI and PSII) and induce their turnover. During this process, Chl is released, and is thought to be recycled via dephytylation and rephytylation. We previously demonstrated that Chl recycling in Arabidopsis under heat stress is mediated by the enzymes chlorophyll dephytylase 1 (CLD1) and chlorophyll synthase (CHLG) using chlg and cld1 mutants. Here, we show that the mutants with high CLD1/CHLG ratio, by different combinations of chlg-1 (a knock-down mutant) and the hyperactive cld1-1 alleles, develop necrotic leaves when grown under long- and short-day, but not continuous light conditions, owing to the accumulation of chlorophyllide in the dark. Combination of chlg-1 with cld1-4 (a knock-out mutant) leads to reduced chlorophyllide accumulation and necrosis. The operation of CLD1 and CHLG as a Chl salvage pathway was also explored in the context of Chl recycling during the turnover of Chl-binding proteins of the two photosystems. CLD1 was found to interact with CHLG and the light-harvesting complex-like proteins OHP1 and LIL3, implying that auxiliary factors are required for this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Pin Lin
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13 Building 12, 10115, Berlin, Germany
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Yen Shen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yen-Bin Shiu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yee-Yung Charng
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13 Building 12, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Chen S, Cao H, Huang B, Zheng X, Liang K, Wang GL, Sun X. The WRKY10-VQ8 module safely and effectively regulates rice thermotolerance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:2126-2144. [PMID: 35394666 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors (TFs) play crucial roles in biotic and abiotic stress responses. However, their roles in thermal response are still largely elusive, especially in rice. In this study, we revealed the functions of WRKY10 TF and VQ8 protein containing VQ motif in rice thermotolerance. Overexpression of WRKY10 or loss of VQ8 function increases thermosensitivity, whereas conversely, overexpression of VQ8 or loss of WRKY10 function enhances thermotolerance. Overexpression of WRKY10 accelerates reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in chloroplasts and apoplasts, and it also induces the expression of heat shock TF and protein genes. We also found that WRKY10 regulates nuclear DNA fragmentation and hypersensitive response by modulating NAC4 TF expression. The balance between destructive and protective responses in WRKY10-overexpression plant is more fragile and more easily broken by heat stress compared with wild type. In vitro and in vivo assays revealed that VQ8 interacts with WRKY10 and inhibits the transcription activity via repressing its DNA-binding activity. Our study demonstrates that WRKY10 negatively regulates thermotolerance by modulating the ROS balance and the hypersensitive response and that VQ8 functions antagonistically to positively regulate thermotolerance. The functional module of WRKY10-VQ8 provides safe and effective regulatory mechanisms in the heat stress response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sique Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Department of Plant Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongrui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Department of Plant Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Baolin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Department of Plant Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiujuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Department of Plant Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kangjing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Department of Plant Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Xinli Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Department of Plant Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kan B, Yang Y, Du P, Li X, Lai W, Hu H. Chlorophyll decomposition is accelerated in banana leaves after the long-term magnesium deficiency according to transcriptome analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270610. [PMID: 35749543 PMCID: PMC9231763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development. Physiological and transcriptome analyses were conducted to elucidate the adaptive mechanisms to long-term Mg deficiency (MD) in banana seedlings at the 6-leaf stage. Banana seedlings were irrigated with a Mg-free nutrient solution for 42 days, and a mock control was treated with an optimum Mg supply. Leaf edge chlorosis was observed on the 9th leaf, which gradually turned yellow from the edge to the interior region. Accordingly, the total chlorophyll content was reduced by 47.1%, 47.4%, and 53.8% in the interior, center and edge regions, respectively, and the net photosynthetic rate was significantly decreased in the 9th leaf. Transcriptome analysis revealed that MD induced 9,314, 7,425 and 5,716 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the interior, center and edge regions, respectively. Of these, the chlorophyll metabolism pathway was preferentially enriched according to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. The expression levels of the five candidate genes in leaves were consistent with what is expected during chlorophyll metabolism. Our results suggest that changes in the expression of genes related to chlorophyll synthesis and decomposition result in the yellowing of banana seedling leaves, and these results are helpful for understanding the banana response mechanism to long-term MD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Kan
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, HaiKou, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, HaiKou, China
| | - Pengmeng Du
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, HaiKou, China
| | - Xinping Li
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, HaiKou, China
| | - Wenjie Lai
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, HaiKou, China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, HaiKou, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Physiological and transcription analyses reveal regulatory pathways of 6-benzylaminopurine delaying leaf senescence and maintaining quality in postharvest Chinese flowering cabbage. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111455. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
42
|
Mahmood K, Torres-Jerez I, Krom N, Liu W, Udvardi MK. Transcriptional Programs and Regulators Underlying Age-Dependent and Dark-Induced Senescence in Medicago truncatula. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091570. [PMID: 35563875 PMCID: PMC9103780 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In forage crops, age-dependent and stress-induced senescence reduces forage yield and quality. Therefore, delaying leaf senescence may be a way to improve forage yield and quality as well as plant resilience to stresses. Here, we used RNA-sequencing to determine the molecular bases of age-dependent and dark-induced leaf senescence in Medicago truncatula. We identified 6845 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in M3 leaves associated with age-dependent leaf senescence. An even larger number (14219) of DEGs were associated with dark-induced senescence. Upregulated genes identified during age-dependent and dark-induced senescence were over-represented in oxidation–reduction processes and amino acid, carboxylic acid and chlorophyll catabolic processes. Dark-specific upregulated genes also over-represented autophagy, senescence and cell death. Mitochondrial functions were strongly inhibited by dark-treatment while these remained active during age-dependent senescence. Additionally, 391 DE transcription factors (TFs) belonging to various TF families were identified, including a core set of 74 TFs during age-dependent senescence while 759 DE TFs including a core set of 338 TFs were identified during dark-induced senescence. The heterologous expression of several senescence-induced TFs belonging to NAC, WKRY, bZIP, MYB and HD-zip TF families promoted senescence in tobacco leaves. This study revealed the dynamics of transcriptomic responses to age- and dark-induced senescence in M. truncatula and identified senescence-associated TFs that are attractive targets for future work to control senescence in forage legumes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kashif Mahmood
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA; (K.M.); (I.T.-J.); (N.K.); (W.L.)
- Noble Research Institute, L.L.C., Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Ivone Torres-Jerez
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA; (K.M.); (I.T.-J.); (N.K.); (W.L.)
- Noble Research Institute, L.L.C., Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Nick Krom
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA; (K.M.); (I.T.-J.); (N.K.); (W.L.)
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA; (K.M.); (I.T.-J.); (N.K.); (W.L.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76201, USA
| | - Michael K. Udvardi
- Noble Research Institute, L.L.C., Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
- Centre for Crop Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Yamatani H, Ito T, Nishimura K, Yamada T, Sakamoto W, Kusaba M. Genetic analysis of chlorophyll synthesis and degradation regulated by BALANCE of CHLOROPHYLL METABOLISM. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:419-432. [PMID: 35348770 PMCID: PMC9070834 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) serves a number of essential functions, capturing and converting light energy as a component of photosystem supercomplexes. Chl degradation during leaf senescence is also required for adequate degeneration of chloroplasts and salvaging of nutrients from senescent leaves. In this study, we performed genetic analysis to determine the functions of BALANCE of CHLOROPHYLL METABOLISM1 (BCM1) and BCM2, which control Chl levels by regulating synthesis and degradation, and STAY-GREEN (SGR)1 (also known as NON-YELLOWING1 [NYE1]) and SGR2, which encode Mg-dechelatase and catalyze Chl a degradation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Analysis of bcm1 bcm2 revealed that both BCM1 and BCM2 are involved in the regulation of Chl levels in presenescent leaves and Chl degradation in senescing leaves. Analysis of bcm1 bcm2 nye1 nye2 suggested that BCMs repress Chl-degrading activity in both presenescent and senescing leaves by regulating SGR activity. Furthermore, transactivation analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay revealed that GOLDEN2-LIKE1 (GLK1), a central transcription factor regulating the expression of genes encoding photosystem-related proteins, such as light-harvesting Chl a/b-binding proteins (LHCPs), directly regulates the transcription of BCM1. LHCPs are stabilized by Chl binding, suggesting that GLKs control the amount of LHCP through transcriptional and post-translational regulation via BCM-mediated Chl-level regulation. Meanwhile, we generated a mutant of the BCM ortholog in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) by genome editing and found that it showed an early yellowing phenotype, but only a slight reduction in Chl in presenescent leaves. Thus, this study revealed a conserved but slightly diversified regulation of Chl and LHCP levels via the GLK-BCM pathway in eudicots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Takeshi Ito
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuya Yamada
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Wataru Sakamoto
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhang J, Li H, Huang X, Xing J, Yao J, Yin T, Jiang J, Wang P, Xu B. STAYGREEN-mediated chlorophyll a catabolism is critical for photosystem stability during heat-induced leaf senescence in perennial ryegrass. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1412-1427. [PMID: 35192197 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Suppression of the chlorophyll a (Chl a) Mg-dechelatase gene, SGR/NYE1, blocks the degradation of Chl a, resulting in a 'stay-green' trait. In this study, we investigated the effect of Chl a catabolism on plant heat-induced leaf senescence in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Under heat stress, the LpSGR-RNAi lines not only lost the stay-green phenotype but also showed accelerated leaf senescence with increased chloroplast disruption, more loss of photosystem (PS) proteins, lower PSⅡ quantum yields, higher levels of energy dissipation, increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lower ROS-scavenging enzyme activities. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the suppression of LpSGR downregulated genes encoding PS proteins and ROS-scavenging enzymes and upregulated those encoding ROS-generation enzymes under heat stress. To account for the possible side-effects resulting from constitutive suppression of LpSGR on plant growth and heat tolerance, we constructed an ethanol-inducible RNAi vector to suppress LpSGR functions. In the absence of ethanol induction, these lines exhibited the same growth and heat tolerance as the wildtype (WT). Upon ethanol induction, the transgenic lines showed compromised heat tolerance and a postharvest stay-green phenotype. Taken together, SGR-mediated Chl a catabolism is required for plant heat tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinru Huang
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Xing
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaming Yao
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingchao Yin
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Puchang Wang
- Guizhou Institute of Prataculture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Bin Xu
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhou F, Liu Y, Feng X, Zhang Y, Zhu P. Transcriptome Analysis of Green and White Leaf Ornamental Kale Reveals Coloration-Related Genes and Pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:769121. [PMID: 35574148 PMCID: PMC9094084 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.769121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Leaf color is a crucial agronomic trait in ornamental kale. However, the molecular mechanism regulating leaf pigmentation patterns in green and white ornamental kale is not completely understood. To address this, we performed transcriptome and pigment content analyses of green and white kale leaf tissues. A total of 5,404 and 3,605 different expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the green vs. white leaf and the green margin vs. white center samples. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis showed that 24 and 15 common DEGs in two pairwise comparisons were involved in chlorophyll metabolism and carotenoid biosynthesis, respectively. Seventeen genes related to chlorophyll biosynthesis were significantly upregulated in green leaf tissue, especially chlH and por. Of the 15 carotenoid biosynthesis genes, all except CYP707A and BG1 were lower expressed in white leaf tissue. Green leaf tissue exhibited higher levels of chlorophyll and carotenoids than white leaf tissue. In addition, the DEGs involved in photosystem and chlorophyll-binding proteins had higher expression in green leaf tissue. The PSBQ, LHCB1.3, LHCB2.4, and HSP70 may be key genes of photosynthesis and chloroplast formation. These results demonstrated that green and white coloration in ornamental kale leaves was caused by the combined effects of chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis, chloroplast development, as well as photosynthesis. These findings enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf color development in ornamental kale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuhui Zhou
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics, Breeding and Cultivation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics, Breeding and Cultivation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Feng
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics, Breeding and Cultivation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics, Breeding and Cultivation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Pengfang Zhu
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Tree Genetics, Breeding and Cultivation of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ren T, Fan T, Chen S, Chen Y, Ou X, Jiang Q, Peng W, Ren Z, Tan F, Luo P, Li Z. Identification and validation of quantitative trait loci for the functional stay green trait in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) via high-density SNP-based genotyping. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:1429-1441. [PMID: 35138422 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study identified QTLs associated with the functional stay green trait by a high-density genetic map. Two large effect QTLs, QSg.sau-2B.1 and QSg.sau-6A.2, were identified in multiple years and one of them was successfully validated. The functional stay green phenotype enables wheat to acclimate to stressful environments and prolongs the effectiveness of photosynthesis during the end-of-crop season. Despite the fact that stay green mutants in wheat have been reported, our knowledge of loci for the functional stay green trait remains limited. In this study, an RIL population containing 371 lines genotyped using the Wheat55K SNP array was used to map QTLs controlling the functional stay green trait in multiple years. In total, 21 and 19 QTLs were mapped using the BIP or MET modules of the ICIM method, respectively. Among them, two QTLs, QSg.sau-2B.1 and QSg.sau-6A.2, were considered large effect QTLs for the stay green trait and explained 11.43% and 15.27% of phenotypic variation on average, respectively. Two KASP markers were developed and tightly linked to QSg.sau-2B.1 and QSg.sau-6A.2, respectively, and the genetic effects of different genotypes in the RIL population were successfully confirmed. QSg.sau-2B.1 was also validated by linked KASP marker in different genetic backgrounds. QSg.sau-2B.1 and QSg.sau-6A.2 may influence heredity of the stay green trait and also exhibited a positive effect on the grain filling content. In the interval where QSg.sau-2B.1 and QSg.sau-6A.2 were located on the Chinese Spring and T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides reference genomes, several genes associated with the leaf senescence process were identified. Altogether, our results identified two QTLs associated with the functional stay green trait and will be useful for the fine mapping and cloning of genes for stay green in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianheng Ren
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Tao Fan
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Shulin Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongyan Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xia Ou
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qing Jiang
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Wanhua Peng
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhenglong Ren
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Feiquan Tan
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Peigao Luo
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Chen Z, Wang Y, Huang R, Zhang Z, Huang J, Yu F, Lin Y, Guo Y, Liang K, Zhou Y, Chen F. Integration of transcriptomic and proteomic analyses reveals several levels of metabolic regulation in the excess starch and early senescent leaf mutant lses1 in rice. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:137. [PMID: 35321646 PMCID: PMC8941791 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03510-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The normal metabolism of transitory starch in leaves plays an important role in ensuring photosynthesis, delaying senescence and maintaining high yield in crops. OsCKI1 (casein kinase I1) plays crucial regulatory roles in multiple important physiological processes, including root development, hormonal signaling and low temperature-treatment adaptive growth in rice; however, its potential role in regulating temporary starch metabolism or premature leaf senescence remains unclear. To reveal the molecular regulatory mechanism of OsCKI1 in rice leaves, physiological, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of leaves of osckI1 allele mutant lses1 (leaf starch excess and senescence 1) and its wild-type varieties (WT) were performed. RESULTS Phenotypic identification and physiological measurements showed that the lses1 mutant exhibited starch excess in the leaves and an obvious leaf tip withering phenotype as well as high ROS and MDA contents, low chlorophyll content and protective enzyme activities compared to WT. The correlation analyses between protein and mRNA abundance are weak or limited. However, the changes of several important genes related to carbohydrate metabolism and apoptosis at the mRNA and protein levels were consistent. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network might play accessory roles in promoting premature senescence of lses1 leaves. Comprehensive transcriptomic and proteomic analysis indicated that multiple key genes/proteins related to starch and sugar metabolism, apoptosis and ABA signaling exhibited significant differential expression. Abnormal increase in temporary starch was highly correlated with the expression of starch biosynthesis-related genes, which might be the main factor that causes premature leaf senescence and changes in multiple metabolic levels in leaves of lses1. In addition, four proteins associated with ABA accumulation and signaling, and three CKI potential target proteins related to starch biosynthesis were up-regulated in the lses1 mutant, suggesting that LSES1 may affect temporary starch accumulation and premature leaf senescence through phosphorylation crosstalk ABA signaling and starch anabolic pathways. CONCLUSION The current study established the high correlation between the changes in physiological characteristics and mRNA and protein expression profiles in lses1 leaves, and emphasized the positive effect of excessive starch on accelerating premature leaf senescence. The expression patterns of genes/proteins related to starch biosynthesis and ABA signaling were analyzed via transcriptomes and proteomes, which provided a novel direction and research basis for the subsequent exploration of the regulation mechanism of temporary starch and apoptosis via LSES1/OsCKI1 in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization of Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding by Design, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- Postdoctoral Station of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Rongyu Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Zesen Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Jinpeng Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Feng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization of Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding by Design, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yaohai Lin
- College of Computer and Information Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yuchun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization of Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding by Design, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Kangjing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization of Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding by Design, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yuanchang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization of Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding by Design, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
| | - Fangyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization of Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding by Design, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hu H, Feng N, Shen X, Zhao L, Zheng D. Transcriptomic analysis of Vigna radiata in response to chilling stress and uniconazole application. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:205. [PMID: 35287570 PMCID: PMC8922894 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chilling injury of mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.)) during the blooming and podding stages is a major agricultural threat in Northeast China. Uniconazole (UNZ) can alleviate water deficit stress in soybean and waterlogging stress in mung bean. However, there has been no report on the effect of UNZ application on the growth and transcriptomic profile of mung bean under chilling stress. Results UNZ application before chilling stress at the R1 stage alleviated the decline in mung bean yield. UNZ delayed the decrease in leaf chlorophyll content under chilling stress at the R1 stage and accelerated the increase in leaf chlorophyll content during the recovery period. Eighteen separate RNA-Seq libraries were generated from RNA samples collected from leaves exposed to six different treatment schemes. The numbers of DEGs specific for UNZ treatment between D1 + S vs. D1 and D4 + S vs. D4 were 708 and 810, respectively. GO annotations showed that photosynthesis genes were obviously enriched among the genes affected by chilling stress and UNZ application. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that 4 pathways (cutin, suberin and wax biosynthesis; photosynthesis; porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism; and ribosome) were downregulated, while plant–pathogen interaction was upregulated, by chilling stress. UNZ application effectively prevented the further downregulation of the gene expression of members of these 4 KEGG pathways under chilling stress. Conclusions UNZ application effectively delayed the decrease in photosynthetic pigment content under chilling stress and accelerated the increase in photosynthetic pigment content during the recovery period, thus effectively limiting the decline in mung bean yield. UNZ application effectively prevented the further downregulation of the gene expression of members of 4 KEGG pathways under chilling stress and increased mung bean tolerance to chilling stress. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08443-6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanqiao Hu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong, 524088, Zhanjiang, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518108, China
| | - Naijie Feng
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong, 524088, Zhanjiang, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518108, China
| | - Xuefeng Shen
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong, 524088, Zhanjiang, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518108, China
| | - Liming Zhao
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong, 524088, Zhanjiang, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518108, China
| | - Dianfeng Zheng
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong, 524088, Zhanjiang, China. .,Shenzhen Research Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518108, China.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zhang J, Zhang Z, Liu W, Li L, Han L, Xu L, Zhao Y. Transcriptome Analysis Revealed a Positive Role of Ethephon on Chlorophyll Metabolism of Zoysia japonica under Cold Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11030442. [PMID: 35161421 PMCID: PMC8839986 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Zoysia japonica is a warm-season turfgrass with a good tolerance and minimal maintenance requirements. However, its use in Northern China is limited due to massive chlorophyll loss in early fall, which is the main factor affecting its distribution and utilization. Although ethephon treatment at specific concentrations has reportedly improved stress tolerance and extended the green period in turfgrass, the potential mechanisms underlying this effect are not clear. In this study, we evaluated and analyzed chlorophyll changes in the physiology and transcriptome of Z. japonica plants in response to cold stress (4 °C) with and without ethephon pretreatment. Based on the transcriptome and chlorophyll content analysis, ethephon pretreatment increased the leaf chlorophyll content under cold stress by affecting two processes: the stimulation of chlorophyll synthesis by upregulating ZjMgCH2 and ZjMgCH3 expression; and the suppression of chlorophyll degradation by downregulating ZjPAO, ZjRCCR, and ZjSGR expression. Furthermore, ethephon pretreatment increased the ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b in the leaves under cold stress, most likely by suppressing the conversion of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b due to decreased chlorophyll b synthesis via downregulation of ZjCAO. Additionally, the inhibition of chlorophyll b synthesis may result in energy redistribution between photosystem II and photosystem I.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahang Zhang
- College of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (J.Z.); (Z.Z.); (W.L.); (L.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- College of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (J.Z.); (Z.Z.); (W.L.); (L.L.); (L.H.)
- CCTEG Ecological Environment Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China
| | - Wen Liu
- College of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (J.Z.); (Z.Z.); (W.L.); (L.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Lijing Li
- College of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (J.Z.); (Z.Z.); (W.L.); (L.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Liebao Han
- College of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (J.Z.); (Z.Z.); (W.L.); (L.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Lixin Xu
- College of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (J.Z.); (Z.Z.); (W.L.); (L.L.); (L.H.)
- Correspondence: (L.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuhong Zhao
- Animal Science College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi 860000, China
- Correspondence: (L.X.); (Y.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Tokumitsu Y, Kozu T, Yamatani H, Ito T, Nakano H, Hase A, Sasada H, Takada Y, Kaga A, Ishimoto M, Kusaba M, Nakashima T, Abe J, Yamada T. Functional Divergence of G and Its Homologous Genes for Green Pigmentation in Soybean Seeds. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:796981. [PMID: 35069653 PMCID: PMC8766641 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.796981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of chlorophyll in mature soybean seeds is closely related to the development of their yellow color. In this study, we examined G, its homologue G-like (GL), and their mutant alleles and investigated the relationship between these genes and chlorophyll accumulation in the seed coats of mature seeds. Transient expression of G and GL proteins fused with green fluorescent protein revealed that both were localized in plastids. Overexpression of G resulted in the accumulation of chlorophyll in the seed coats and cotyledons of mature seeds, indicating that high expression levels of G result in chlorophyll accumulation that exceeds its metabolism in the seeds of yellow soybean. Analysis of near isogenic lines at the G locus demonstrated a significant difference in the chlorophyll content of the seed coats and cotyledons of mature seeds when G and mutant g alleles were expressed in the d1d2 stay-green genetic background, indicating that the G protein might repress the SGR-independent degradation of chlorophyll. We examined the distribution of mutant alleles at the G and GL loci among cultivated and wild soybean germplasm. The g allele was widely distributed in cultivated soybean germplasm, except for green seed coat soybean lines, all of which contained the G allele. The gl alleles were much fewer in number than the g alleles and were mainly distributed in the genetic resources of cultivated soybean from Japan. None of the landraces and breeding lines investigated in this study were observed to contain both the g and gl alleles. Therefore, in conclusion, the mutation of the G locus alone is essential for establishing yellow soybeans, which are major current soybean breeding lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tokumitsu
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takuto Kozu
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamatani
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ito
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Haruna Nakano
- Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayaka Hase
- Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sasada
- Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshitake Takada
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Fukuyama, Japan
| | - Akito Kaga
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masao Ishimoto
- Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Makoto Kusaba
- Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Taiken Nakashima
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jun Abe
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamada
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|