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Liu R, Tan X, Wang Y, Lin F, Li P, Rahman FU, Sun L, Jiang J, Fan X, Liu C, Zhang Y. The cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase CRK10 targeted by Coniella diplodiella effector CdE1 contributes to white rot resistance in grapevine. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3026-3039. [PMID: 38318854 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Grape white rot is a devastating fungal disease caused by Coniella diplodiella. The pathogen delivers effectors into the host cell that target crucial immune components to facilitate its infection. Here, we examined a secreted effector of C. diplodiella, known as CdE1, which has been found to inhibit Bax-triggered cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. The expression of CdE1 was induced at 12-48 h after inoculation with C. diplodiella, and the transient overexpression of CdE1 led to increased susceptibility of grapevine to the fungus. Subsequent experiments revealed an interaction between CdE1 and Vitis davidii cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase 10 (VdCRK10) and suppression of VdCRK10-mediated immunity against C. diplodiella, partially by decreasing the accumulation of VdCRK10 protein. Furthermore, our investigation revealed that CRK10 expression was significantly higher and was up-regulated in the resistant wild grapevine V. davidii during C. diplodiella infection. The activity of the VdCRK10 promoter is induced by C. diplodiella and is higher than that of Vitis vitifera VvCRK10, indicating the involvement of transcriptional regulation in CRK10 gene expression. Taken together, our results highlight the potential of VdCRK10 as a resistant gene for enhancing white rot resistance in grapevine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruitao Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453400, China
| | - Xibei Tan
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Feng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Peng Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Faiz Ur Rahman
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Lei Sun
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Jianfu Jiang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Xiucai Fan
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Chonghuai Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453400, China
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Newman TE, Kim H, Khentry Y, Sohn KH, Derbyshire MC, Kamphuis LG. The broad host range pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum produces multiple effector proteins that induce host cell death intracellularly. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:866-881. [PMID: 37038612 PMCID: PMC10346375 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a broad host range necrotrophic fungal pathogen, which causes disease on many economically important crop species. S. sclerotiorum has been shown to secrete small effector proteins to kill host cells and acquire nutrients. We set out to discover novel necrosis-inducing effectors and characterize their activity using transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Five intracellular necrosis-inducing effectors were identified with differing host subcellular localization patterns, which were named intracellular necrosis-inducing effector 1-5 (SsINE1-5). We show for the first time a broad host range pathogen effector, SsINE1, that uses an RxLR-like motif to enter host cells. Furthermore, we provide preliminary evidence that SsINE5 induces necrosis via an NLR protein. All five of the identified effectors are highly conserved in globally sourced S. sclerotiorum isolates. Taken together, these results advance our understanding of the virulence mechanisms employed by S. sclerotiorum and reveal potential avenues for enhancing genetic resistance to this damaging fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby E. Newman
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Haseong Kim
- Plant Immunity Research CenterSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Yuphin Khentry
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Kee Hoon Sohn
- Plant Immunity Research CenterSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Mark C. Derbyshire
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Lars G. Kamphuis
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
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Bakhat N, Vielba-Fernández A, Padilla-Roji I, Martínez-Cruz J, Polonio Á, Fernández-Ortuño D, Pérez-García A. Suppression of Chitin-Triggered Immunity by Plant Fungal Pathogens: A Case Study of the Cucurbit Powdery Mildew Fungus Podosphaera xanthii. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:771. [PMID: 37504759 PMCID: PMC10381495 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens are significant plant-destroying microorganisms that present an increasing threat to the world's crop production. Chitin is a crucial component of fungal cell walls and a conserved MAMP (microbe-associated molecular pattern) that can be recognized by specific plant receptors, activating chitin-triggered immunity. The molecular mechanisms underlying the perception of chitin by specific receptors are well known in plants such as rice and Arabidopsis thaliana and are believed to function similarly in many other plants. To become a plant pathogen, fungi have to suppress the activation of chitin-triggered immunity. Therefore, fungal pathogens have evolved various strategies, such as prevention of chitin digestion or interference with plant chitin receptors or chitin signaling, which involve the secretion of fungal proteins in most cases. Since chitin immunity is a very effective defensive response, these fungal mechanisms are believed to work in close coordination. In this review, we first provide an overview of the current understanding of chitin-triggered immune signaling and the fungal proteins developed for its suppression. Second, as an example, we discuss the mechanisms operating in fungal biotrophs such as powdery mildew fungi, particularly in the model species Podosphaera xanthii, the main causal agent of powdery mildew in cucurbits. The key role of fungal effector proteins involved in the modification, degradation, or sequestration of immunogenic chitin oligomers is discussed in the context of fungal pathogenesis and the promotion of powdery mildew disease. Finally, the use of this fundamental knowledge for the development of intervention strategies against powdery mildew fungi is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisrine Bakhat
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Alejandra Vielba-Fernández
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Isabel Padilla-Roji
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Jesús Martínez-Cruz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Álvaro Polonio
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Dolores Fernández-Ortuño
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-García
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
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Liu D, Lun Z, Liu N, Yuan G, Wang X, Li S, Peng YL, Lu X. Identification and Characterization of Novel Candidate Effector Proteins from Magnaporthe oryzae. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050574. [PMID: 37233285 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae secretes a large number of effector proteins to facilitate infection, most of which are not functionally characterized. We selected potential candidate effector genes from the genome of M. oryzae, field isolate P131, and cloned 69 putative effector genes for functional screening. Utilizing a rice protoplast transient expression system, we identified that four candidate effector genes, GAS1, BAS2, MoCEP1 and MoCEP2 induced cell death in rice. In particular, MoCEP2 also induced cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves through Agrobacteria-mediated transient gene expression. We further identified that six candidate effector genes, MoCEP3 to MoCEP8, suppress flg22-induced ROS burst in N. benthamiana leaves upon transient expression. These effector genes were highly expressed at a different stage after M. oryzae infection. We successfully knocked out five genes in M. oryzae, MoCEP1, MoCEP2, MoCEP3, MoCEP5 and MoCEP7. The virulence tests suggested that the deletion mutants of MoCEP2, MoCEP3 and MoCEP5 showed reduced virulence on rice and barley plants. Therefore, those genes play an important role in pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiqin Lun
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ning Liu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guixin Yuan
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xingbin Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xunli Lu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Li GB, He JX, Wu JL, Wang H, Zhang X, Liu J, Hu XH, Zhu Y, Shen S, Bai YF, Yao ZL, Liu XX, Zhao JH, Li DQ, Li Y, Huang F, Huang YY, Zhao ZX, Zhang JW, Zhou SX, Ji YP, Pu M, Qin P, Li S, Chen X, Wang J, He M, Li W, Wu XJ, Xu ZJ, Wang WM, Fan J. Overproduction of OsRACK1A, an effector-targeted scaffold protein promoting OsRBOHB-mediated ROS production, confers rice floral resistance to false smut disease without yield penalty. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:1790-1806. [PMID: 36245122 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Grain formation is fundamental for crop yield but is vulnerable to abiotic and biotic stresses. Rice grain production is threatened by the false smut fungus Ustilaginoidea virens, which specifically infects rice floral organs, disrupting fertilization and seed formation. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of the U. virens-rice interaction and the genetic basis of floral resistance. Here, we report that U. virens secretes a cytoplasmic effector, UvCBP1, to facilitate infection of rice flowers. Mechanistically, UvCBP1 interacts with the rice scaffold protein OsRACK1A and competes its interaction with the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase OsRBOHB, leading to inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Although the analysis of natural variation revealed no OsRACK1A variants that could avoid being targeted by UvCBP1, expression levels of OsRACK1A are correlated with field resistance against U. virens in rice germplasm. Overproduction of OsRACK1A restores the OsRACK1A-OsRBOHB association and promotes OsRBOHB phosphorylation to enhance ROS production, conferring rice floral resistance to U. virens without yield penalty. Taken together, our findings reveal a new pathogenic mechanism mediated by an essential effector from a flower-specific pathogen and provide a valuable genetic resource for balancing disease resistance and crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Bang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jia-Xue He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jin-Long Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shuai Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yi-Fei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zong-Lin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xin-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jing-Hao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - De-Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Fu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan-Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhi-Xue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ji-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shi-Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yun-Peng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mei Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Peng Qin
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shigui Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuewei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Weitao Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xian-Jun Wu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zheng-Jun Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wen-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Jing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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6
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Rocafort M, Bowen JK, Hassing B, Cox MP, McGreal B, de la Rosa S, Plummer KM, Bradshaw RE, Mesarich CH. The Venturia inaequalis effector repertoire is dominated by expanded families with predicted structural similarity, but unrelated sequence, to avirulence proteins from other plant-pathogenic fungi. BMC Biol 2022; 20:246. [PMID: 36329441 PMCID: PMC9632046 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01442-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scab, caused by the biotrophic fungus Venturia inaequalis, is the most economically important disease of apples worldwide. During infection, V. inaequalis occupies the subcuticular environment, where it secretes virulence factors, termed effectors, to promote host colonization. Consistent with other plant-pathogenic fungi, many of these effectors are expected to be non-enzymatic proteins, some of which can be recognized by corresponding host resistance proteins to activate plant defences, thus acting as avirulence determinants. To develop durable control strategies against scab, a better understanding of the roles that these effector proteins play in promoting subcuticular growth by V. inaequalis, as well as in activating, suppressing, or circumventing resistance protein-mediated defences in apple, is required. Results We generated the first comprehensive RNA-seq transcriptome of V. inaequalis during colonization of apple. Analysis of this transcriptome revealed five temporal waves of gene expression that peaked during early, mid, or mid-late infection. While the number of genes encoding secreted, non-enzymatic proteinaceous effector candidates (ECs) varied in each wave, most belonged to waves that peaked in expression during mid-late infection. Spectral clustering based on sequence similarity determined that the majority of ECs belonged to expanded protein families. To gain insights into function, the tertiary structures of ECs were predicted using AlphaFold2. Strikingly, despite an absence of sequence similarity, many ECs were predicted to have structural similarity to avirulence proteins from other plant-pathogenic fungi, including members of the MAX, LARS, ToxA and FOLD effector families. In addition, several other ECs, including an EC family with sequence similarity to the AvrLm6 avirulence effector from Leptosphaeria maculans, were predicted to adopt a KP6-like fold. Thus, proteins with a KP6-like fold represent another structural family of effectors shared among plant-pathogenic fungi. Conclusions Our study reveals the transcriptomic profile underpinning subcuticular growth by V. inaequalis and provides an enriched list of ECs that can be investigated for roles in virulence and avirulence. Furthermore, our study supports the idea that numerous sequence-unrelated effectors across plant-pathogenic fungi share common structural folds. In doing so, our study gives weight to the hypothesis that many fungal effectors evolved from ancestral genes through duplication, followed by sequence diversification, to produce sequence-unrelated but structurally similar proteins. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01442-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Rocafort
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology/Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Joanna K Bowen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, 1025, New Zealand
| | - Berit Hassing
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology/Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Murray P Cox
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Brogan McGreal
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, 1025, New Zealand
| | - Silvia de la Rosa
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology/Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Kim M Plummer
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBiosciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Rosie E Bradshaw
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Carl H Mesarich
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Pathology/Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
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7
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Helliwell EE, Lafayette P, Kronmiller BN, Arredondo F, Duquette M, Co A, Vega-Arreguin J, Porter SS, Borrego EJ, Kolomiets MV, Parrott WA, Tyler BM. Transgenic Soybeans Expressing Phosphatidylinositol-3-Phosphate-Binding Proteins Show Enhanced Resistance Against the Oomycete Pathogen Phytophthora sojae. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:923281. [PMID: 35783378 PMCID: PMC9243418 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.923281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oomycete and fungal pathogens cause billions of dollars of damage to crops worldwide annually. Therefore, there remains a need for broad-spectrum resistance genes, especially ones that target pathogens but do not interfere with colonization by beneficial microbes. Motivated by evidence suggesting that phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P) may be involved in the delivery of some oomycete and fungal virulence effector proteins, we created stable transgenic soybean plants that express and secrete two different PI3P-binding proteins, GmPH1 and VAM7, in an effort to interfere with effector delivery and confer resistance. Soybean plants expressing the two PI3P-binding proteins exhibited reduced infection by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora sojae compared to control lines. Measurements of nodulation by nitrogen-fixing mutualistic bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum, which does not produce PI3P, revealed that the two lines with the highest levels of GmPH1 transcripts exhibited reductions in nodulation and in benefits from nodulation. Transcriptome and plant hormone measurements were made of soybean lines with the highest transcript levels of GmPH1 and VAM7, as well as controls, following P. sojae- or mock-inoculation. The results revealed increased levels of infection-associated transcripts in the transgenic lines, compared to controls, even prior to P. sojae infection, suggesting that the plants were primed for increased defense. The lines with reduced nodulation exhibited elevated levels of jasmonate-isoleucine and of transcripts of a JAR1 ortholog encoding jasmonate-isoleucine synthetase. However, lines expressing VAM7 transgenes exhibited normal nodulation and no increases in jasmonate-isoleucine. Overall, together with previously published data from cacao and from P. sojae transformants, the data suggest that secretion of PI3P-binding proteins may confer disease resistance through a variety of mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E. Helliwell
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Emily E. Helliwell,
| | - Peter Lafayette
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Brent N. Kronmiller
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Felipe Arredondo
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Madeleine Duquette
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Anna Co
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Julio Vega-Arreguin
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores – León, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, León, Mexico
| | - Stephanie S. Porter
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, United States
| | - Eli J. Borrego
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Michael V. Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Wayne A. Parrott
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Brett M. Tyler
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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8
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Iswanto ABB, Vu MH, Pike S, Lee J, Kang H, Son GH, Kim J, Kim SH. Pathogen effectors: What do they do at plasmodesmata? MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:795-804. [PMID: 34569687 PMCID: PMC9104267 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants perceive an assortment of external cues during their life cycle, including abiotic and biotic stressors. Biotic stress from a variety of pathogens, including viruses, oomycetes, fungi, and bacteria, is considered to be a substantial factor hindering plant growth and development. To hijack the host cell's defence machinery, plant pathogens have evolved sophisticated attack strategies mediated by numerous effector proteins. Several studies have indicated that plasmodesmata (PD), symplasmic pores that facilitate cell-to-cell communication between a cell and neighbouring cells, are one of the targets of pathogen effectors. However, in contrast to plant-pathogenic viruses, reports of fungal- and bacterial-encoded effectors that localize to and exploit PD are limited. Surprisingly, a recent study of PD-associated bacterial effectors has shown that a number of bacterial effectors undergo cell-to-cell movement via PD. Here we summarize and highlight recent advances in the study of PD-associated fungal/oomycete/bacterial effectors. We also discuss how pathogen effectors interfere with host defence mechanisms in the context of PD regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Bagus Boedi Iswanto
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Minh Huy Vu
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Sharon Pike
- Division of Plant SciencesChristopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant GroupUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Hobin Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Geon Hui Son
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Jae‐Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
- Division of Life ScienceGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program)Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research CenterGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
- Division of Life ScienceGyeongsang National UniversityJinjuRepublic of Korea
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9
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Tintor N, Nieuweboer GAM, Bakker IAW, Takken FLW. The Intracellularly Acting Effector Foa3 Suppresses Defense Responses When Infiltrated Into the Apoplast. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:813181. [PMID: 35677245 PMCID: PMC9169155 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.813181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens employ secreted proteins, among which are effectors, to manipulate and colonize their hosts. A large fraction of effectors is translocated into host cells, where they can suppress defense signaling. Bacterial pathogens directly inject effectors into host cells via the type three secretion system, but it is little understood how eukaryotic pathogens, such as fungi, accomplish this critical process and how their secreted effectors enter host cells. The root-infecting fungus Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) secrets numerous effectors into the extracellular space. Some of these, such as Foa3, function inside the plant cell to suppress host defenses. Here, we show that Foa3 suppresses pattern-triggered defense responses to the same extent when it is produced in planta irrespective of whether the protein carries the PR1 secretory signal peptide or not. When a GFP-tagged Foa3 was targeted for secretion it localized, among other locations, to mobile subcellular structures of unknown identity. Furthermore, like the well-known cell penetrating peptide Arginine 9, Foa3 was found to deliver an orthotospovirus avirulence protein-derived peptide into the cytosol, resulting in the activation of the matching resistance protein. Finally, we show that infiltrating Foa3 into the apoplast results in strong suppression of the pattern-triggered immune responses, potentially indicating its uptake by the host cells in absence of a pathogen.
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10
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Zhang W, Li H, Wang L, Xie S, Zhang Y, Kang R, Zhang M, Zhang P, Li Y, Hu Y, Wang M, Chen L, Yuan H, Ding S, Li H. A novel effector, CsSp1, from Bipolaris sorokiniana, is essential for colonization in wheat and is also involved in triggering host immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:218-236. [PMID: 34741560 PMCID: PMC8743017 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The hemibiotrophic pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana causes root rot, leaf blotching, and black embryos in wheat and barley worldwide, resulting in significant yield and quality reductions. However, the mechanism underlying the host-pathogen interactions between B. sorokiniana and wheat or barley remains unknown. The B. sorokiniana genome encodes a large number of uncharacterized putative effector proteins. In this study, we identified a putative secreted protein, CsSp1, with a classic N-terminal signal peptide, that is induced during early infection. A split-marker approach was used to knock out CsSP1 in the Lankao 9-3 strain. Compared with the wild type, the deletion mutant ∆Cssp1 displayed less radial growth on potato dextrose agar plates and produced fewer spores, and complementary transformation completely restored the phenotype of the deletion mutant to that of the wild type. The pathogenicity of the deletion mutant in wheat was attenuated even though appressoria still penetrated the host. Additionally, the infectious hyphae in the deletion mutant became swollen and exhibited reduced growth in plant cells. The signal peptide of CsSp1 was functionally verified through a yeast YTK12 secretion system. Transient expression of CsSp1 in Nicotiana benthamiana inhibited lesion formation caused by Phytophthora capsici. Moreover, CsSp1 localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm of plant cells. In B. sorokiniana-infected wheat leaves, the salicylic acid-regulated genes TaPAL, TaPR1, and TaPR2 were down-regulated in the ∆Cssp1 strain compared with the wild-type strain under the same conditions. Therefore, CsSp1 is a virulence effector and is involved in triggering host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Haiyang Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Limin Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Shunpei Xie
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Ruijiao Kang
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Food EngineeringXuchang Vocational Technical CollegeXuchangChina
| | - Mengjuan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Panpan Zhang
- Agriculture and Rural Affairs BureauXuchangChina
| | - Yonghui Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Yanfeng Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Linlin Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Hongxia Yuan
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Shengli Ding
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Honglian Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
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11
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Mapuranga J, Zhang L, Zhang N, Yang W. The haustorium: The root of biotrophic fungal pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:963705. [PMID: 36105706 PMCID: PMC9465030 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.963705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Biotrophic plant pathogenic fungi are among the dreadful pathogens that continuously threaten the production of economically important crops. The interaction of biotrophic fungal pathogens with their hosts necessitates the development of unique infection mechanisms and involvement of various virulence-associated components. Biotrophic plant pathogenic fungi have an exceptional lifestyle that supports nutrient acquisition from cells of a living host and are fully dependent on the host for successful completion of their life cycle. The haustorium, a specialized infection structure, is the key organ for biotrophic fungal pathogens. The haustorium is not only essential in the uptake of nutrients without killing the host, but also in the secretion and delivery of effectors into the host cells to manipulate host immune system and defense responses and reprogram the metabolic flow of the host. Although there is a number of unanswered questions in this area yet, results from various studies indicate that the haustorium is the root of biotrophic fungal pathogens. This review provides an overview of current knowledge of the haustorium, its structure, composition, and functions, which includes the most recent haustorial transcriptome studies.
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12
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Rasoolizadeh A, Santhanam P, Labbé C, Shivaraj SM, Germain H, Bélanger RR. Silicon influences the localization and expression of Phytophthora sojae effectors in interaction with soybean. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6844-6855. [PMID: 32090252 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In plant-pathogen interactions, expression and localization of effectors in the aqueous apoplastic region play a crucial role in the establishment or suppression of pathogen development. Silicon (Si) has been shown to protect plants in several host-pathogen interactions, but its mode of action remains a source of debate. Its deposition in the apoplastic area of plant cells suggests that it might interfere with receptor-effector recognition. In this study, soybean plants treated or not with Si were inoculated with Phytophthora sojae and differences in the ensuing infection process were assessed through different microscopy techniques, transcript analysis of effector and defense genes, and effector (Avr6) localization through immunolocalization and fluorescence labeling. In plants grown without Si, the results showed the rapid (4 d post-inoculation) host recognition by P. sojae through the development of haustorium-like bodies, followed by expression and release of effectors into the apoplastic region. In contrast, Si treatment resulted in limited pathogen development, and significantly lower expression and presence of Avr6 in the apoplastic region. Based on immunolocalization and quantification of Avr6 through fluorescence labeling, our results suggest that the presence of Si in the apoplast interferes with host recognition and/or limits receptor-effector interactions, which leads to an incompatible interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Caroline Labbé
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Hugo Germain
- Département de chimie, biochimie et physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Richard R Bélanger
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
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Montenegro Alonso AP, Ali S, Song X, Linning R, Bakkeren G. UhAVR1, an HR-Triggering Avirulence Effector of Ustilago hordei, Is Secreted via the ER-Golgi Pathway, Localizes to the Cytosol of Barley Cells during in Planta-Expression, and Contributes to Virulence Early in Infection. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E178. [PMID: 32961976 PMCID: PMC7559581 DOI: 10.3390/jof6030178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The basidiomycete Ustilago hordei causes covered smut disease of barley and oats. Virulence effectors promoting infection and supporting pathogen lifestyle have been described for this fungus. Genetically, six avirulence genes are known and one codes for UhAVR1, the only proven avirulence effector identified in smuts to date that triggers complete immunity in barley cultivars carrying resistance gene Ruh1. A prerequisite for resistance breeding is understanding the host targets and molecular function of UhAVR1. Analysis of this effector upon natural infection of barley coleoptiles using teliospores showed that UhAVR1 is expressed during the early stages of fungal infection where it leads to HR triggering in resistant cultivars or performs its virulence function in susceptible cultivars. Fungal secretion of UhAVR1 is directed by its signal peptide and occurs via the BrefeldinA-sensitive ER-Golgi pathway in cell culture away from its host. Transient in planta expression of UhAVR1 in barley and a nonhost, Nicotiana benthamiana, supports a cytosolic localization. Delivery of UhAVR1 via foxtail mosaic virus or Pseudomonas species in both barley and N. benthamiana reveals a role in suppressing components common to both plant systems of Effector- and Pattern-Triggered Immunity, including necrosis triggered by Agrobacterium-delivered cell death inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Priscilla Montenegro Alonso
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Centre, Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0, Canada;
| | - Shawkat Ali
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5, Canada;
| | - Xiao Song
- Sandstone Pharmacies Glenmore Landing Calgary-Compounding, 167D, 1600–90 Ave SW Calgary, AB T2V 5A8, Canada;
| | - Rob Linning
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Centre, Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0, Canada;
| | - Guus Bakkeren
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Centre, Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0, Canada;
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14
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Zhao S, Shang X, Bi W, Yu X, Liu D, Kang Z, Wang X, Wang X. Genome-Wide Identification of Effector Candidates With Conserved Motifs From the Wheat Leaf Rust Fungus Puccinia triticina. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1188. [PMID: 32582112 PMCID: PMC7283542 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rust fungi secrete various specialized effectors into host cells to manipulate the plant defense response. Conserved motifs, including RXLR, LFLAK-HVLVxxP (CRN), Y/F/WxC, CFEM, LysM, EAR, [SG]-P-C-[KR]-P, DPBB_1 (PNPi), and ToxA, have been identified in various oomycete and fungal effectors and are reported to be crucial for effector translocation or function. However, little is known about potential effectors containing any of these conserved motifs in the wheat leaf rust fungus (Puccinia triticina, Pt). In this study, sequencing was performed on RNA samples collected from the germ tubes (GT) of uredospores of an epidemic Pt pathotype PHTT(P) and Pt-infected leaves of a susceptible wheat cultivar "Chinese Spring" at 4, 6, and 8 days post-inoculation (dpi). The assembled transcriptome data were compared to the reference genome of "Pt 1-1 BBBD Race 1." A total of 17,976 genes, including 2,284 "novel" transcripts, were annotated. Among all these genes, we identified 3,149 upregulated genes upon Pt infection at all time points compared to GT, whereas 1,613 genes were more highly expressed in GT. A total of 464 secreted proteins were encoded by those upregulated genes, with 79 of them also predicted as possible effectors by EffectorP. Using hmmsearch and Regex, we identified 719 RXLR-like, 19 PNPi-like, 19 CRN-like, 138 Y/F/WxC, and 9 CFEM effector candidates from the deduced protein database including data based on the "Pt 1-1 BBBD Race 1" genome and the transcriptome data collected here. Four of the PNPi-like effector candidates with DPBB_1 conserved domain showed physical interactions with wheat NPR1 protein in yeast two-hybrid assay. Nine Y/F/WxC and seven CFEM effector candidates were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. None of these effector candidates showed induction or suppression of cell death triggered by BAX protein, but the expression of one CFEM effector candidate, PTTG_08198, accelerated the progress of cell death and promoted the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In conclusion, we profiled genes associated with the infection process of the Pt pathotype PHTT(P). The identified effector candidates with conserved motifs will help guide the investigation of virulent mechanisms of leaf rust fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaofeng Shang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Weishuai Bi
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiumei Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Daqun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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15
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Wei J, Cui L, Zhang N, Du D, Meng Q, Yan H, Liu D, Yang W. Puccinia triticina pathotypes THTT and THTS display complex transcript profiles on wheat cultivar Thatcher. BMC Genet 2020; 21:48. [PMID: 32345220 PMCID: PMC7189582 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-020-00851-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheat leaf rust is an important disease worldwide. Understanding the pathogenic molecular mechanism of Puccinia triticina Eriks. (Pt) and the inconstant toxic region is critical for managing the disease. The present study aimed to analyze the pathogenic divergence between Pt isolates. RESULTS Total RNA was extracted from the wheat cultivar Thatcher infected by two Pt isolates, Tc361_1 (THTT) and Tc284_2 (THTS), at 144 h post inoculation (hpi). The mRNA was then sequenced, and a total of 2784 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected. Forty-five genes were specifically expressed in THTT; these genes included transcription initiation factors and genes with transmembrane transporter activity and other genes. Twenty-six genes were specifically expressed in THTS, including genes with GTPase activity, ABC transporters and other genes. Fifty-four differentially expressed candidate effectors were screened from the two isolates. Two candidate effectors were chosen and validated on tobacco, and the results showed that they could inhibit necrosis induced by BAX. qRT-PCR of 12 significant DEGs was carried out to validate that the results are similar to those of RNA-seq at 144 hpi, to show the expression levels of these DEGs in the early stage and to elucidate the differences in expression between the two Pt pathotypes. CONCLUSION The results obtained in this study showed that although the two pathotypes of THTT and THTS contribute similar virulence to wheat, there are a large number of genes participate in the interaction with the susceptible wheat cultivar Thatcher, and revealed the pathogenicity of rust is very complicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wei
- Department of Plant Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University/Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province/National Engineering Research Center for Agriculture in Northern Mountainous Areas, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Liping Cui
- Department of Plant Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University/Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province/National Engineering Research Center for Agriculture in Northern Mountainous Areas, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University/Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province/National Engineering Research Center for Agriculture in Northern Mountainous Areas, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Dongdong Du
- Department of Plant Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University/Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province/National Engineering Research Center for Agriculture in Northern Mountainous Areas, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Qingfang Meng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University/Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province/National Engineering Research Center for Agriculture in Northern Mountainous Areas, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Hongfei Yan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University/Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province/National Engineering Research Center for Agriculture in Northern Mountainous Areas, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Daqun Liu
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wenxiang Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University/Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province/National Engineering Research Center for Agriculture in Northern Mountainous Areas, Baoding, 071001, China.
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16
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Zhang N, Yang J, Fang A, Wang J, Li D, Li Y, Wang S, Cui F, Yu J, Liu Y, Peng Y, Sun W. The essential effector SCRE1 in Ustilaginoidea virens suppresses rice immunity via a small peptide region. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:445-459. [PMID: 32087618 PMCID: PMC7060142 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The biotrophic fungal pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens causes rice false smut, a newly emerging plant disease that has become epidemic worldwide in recent years. The U. virens genome encodes many putative effector proteins that, based on the study of other pathosystems, could play an essential role in fungal virulence. However, few studies have been reported on virulence functions of individual U. virens effectors. Here, we report our identification and characterization of the secreted cysteine-rich protein SCRE1, which is an essential virulence effector in U. virens. When SCRE1 was heterologously expressed in Magnaporthe oryzae, the protein was secreted and translocated into plant cells during infection. SCRE1 suppresses the immunity-associated hypersensitive response in the nonhost plant Nicotiana benthamiana. Induced expression of SCRE1 in rice also inhibits pattern-triggered immunity and enhances disease susceptibility to rice bacterial and fungal pathogens. The immunosuppressive activity is localized to a small peptide region that contains an important 'cysteine-proline-alanine-arginine-serine' motif. Furthermore, the scre1 knockout mutant generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system is attenuated in U. virens virulence to rice, which is greatly complemented by the full-length SCRE1 gene. Collectively, this study indicates that the effector SCRE1 is able to inhibit host immunity and is required for full virulence of U. virens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Jiyun Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Anfei Fang
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Jiyang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Dayong Li
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchun130118China
| | - Yuejiao Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Fuhao Cui
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Junjie Yu
- Institute of Plant ProtectionJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, Jiangsu210014China
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Institute of Plant ProtectionJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, Jiangsu210014China
| | - You‐Liang Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchun130118China
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17
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Xia L, Mar Marquès-Bueno M, Bruce CG, Karnik R. Unusual Roles of Secretory SNARE SYP132 in Plasma Membrane H +-ATPase Traffic and Vegetative Plant Growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:837-858. [PMID: 30926657 PMCID: PMC6548232 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane proton (H+)-ATPases of plants generate steep electrochemical gradients and activate osmotic solute uptake. H+-ATPase-mediated proton pumping orchestrates cellular homeostasis and is a prerequisite for plastic cell expansion and plant growth. All evidence suggests that the population of H+-ATPase proteins at the plasma membrane reflects a balance of their roles in exocytosis, endocytosis, and recycling. Auxin governs both traffic and activation of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase proteins already present at the membrane. As in other eukaryotes, in plants, SNARE-mediated membrane traffic influences the density of several proteins at the plasma membrane. Even so, H+-ATPase traffic, its relationship with SNAREs, and its regulation by auxin have remained enigmatic. Here, we identify the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Qa-SNARE SYP132 (Syntaxin of Plants132) as a key factor in H+-ATPase traffic and demonstrate its association with endocytosis. SYP132 is a low-abundant, secretory SNARE that primarily localizes to the plasma membrane. We find that SYP132 expression is tightly regulated by auxin and that augmented SYP132 expression reduces the amount of H+-ATPase proteins at the plasma membrane. The physiological consequences of SYP132 overexpression include reduced apoplast acidification and suppressed vegetative growth. Thus, SYP132 plays unexpected and vital roles in auxin-regulated H+-ATPase traffic and associated functions at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Xia
- Plant Science Group, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Mar Marquès-Bueno
- Plant Science Group, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Graham Bruce
- Plant Science Group, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Rucha Karnik
- Plant Science Group, Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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18
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Ma Z, Liu JJ, Zamany A. Identification and Functional Characterization of an Effector Secreted by Cronartium ribicola. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:942-951. [PMID: 31066346 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-18-0427-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cri-9402 was identified as a protein effector from Cronartium ribicola, based on the effect of its expression on growth of Pseudomonas syringae Psm ES4326 introduced into transiently transformed tobacco leaves and stably transformed Arabidopsis seedlings. In tobacco leaves transiently expressing its coding sequence, growth of P. syringae Psm ES4326 was inhibited. Expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) protein 2 (PR2), PR4a, endochitinase B, hypersensitive-related 201 (HSR201), HSR203J, and proteinase inhibitor 1 was upregulated but expression of PR1, coronatine insensitive 1, and abscisic acid 1 was significantly suppressed. In transformed Arabidopsis seedlings, the effector stimulated growth of P. syringae Psm ES4326; significantly suppressed expression of PR1, PR2, nonexpresser of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1), NPR3, NPR4, phytoalexin deficient 4, and salicylic acid induction deficient 2; and enhanced expression of plant defensin 1.2 (PDF1.2). The above results showed that the majority of responses to this effector in tobacco leaves were converse to those in transformed Arabidopsis. We could conclude that Cri-9402 promoted disease resistance in tobacco leaves and disease susceptibility in Arabidopsis seedlings. Its transcript was mainly expressed in aeciospores of C. ribicola and was probably involved in production or germination of aeciospores, and it was an effector potentially functioning in white pine-blister rust interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguo Ma
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada
| | - Jun-Jun Liu
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada
| | - Arezoo Zamany
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada
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19
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Lorrain C, Gonçalves Dos Santos KC, Germain H, Hecker A, Duplessis S. Advances in understanding obligate biotrophy in rust fungi. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1190-1206. [PMID: 30554421 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1190 I. Introduction 1190 II. Rust fungi: a diverse and serious threat to agriculture 1191 III. The different facets of rust life cycles and unresolved questions about their evolution 1191 IV. The biology of rust infection 1192 V. Rusts in the genomics era: the ever-expanding list of candidate effector genes 1195 VI. Functional characterization of rust effectors 1197 VII. Putting rusts to sleep: Pucciniales research outlooks 1201 Acknowledgements 1202 References 1202 SUMMARY: Rust fungi (Pucciniales) are the largest group of plant pathogens and represent one of the most devastating threats to agricultural crops worldwide. Despite the economic importance of these highly specialized pathogens, many aspects of their biology remain obscure, largely because rust fungi are obligate biotrophs. The rise of genomics and advances in high-throughput sequencing technology have presented new options for identifying candidate effector genes involved in pathogenicity mechanisms of rust fungi. Transcriptome analysis and integrated bioinformatics tools have led to the identification of key genetic determinants of host susceptibility to infection by rusts. Thousands of genes encoding secreted proteins highly expressed during host infection have been reported for different rust species, which represents significant potential towards understanding rust effector function. Recent high-throughput in planta expression screen approaches (effectoromics) have pushed the field ahead even further towards predicting high-priority effectors and identifying avirulence genes. These new insights into rust effector biology promise to inform future research and spur the development of effective and sustainable strategies for managing rust diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Lorrain
- INRA Centre Grand Est - Nancy, UMR 1136 INRA/Université de Lorraine Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Champenoux, 54280, France
| | | | - Hugo Germain
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Quebec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Arnaud Hecker
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136 Université de Lorraine/INRA Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Sébastien Duplessis
- INRA Centre Grand Est - Nancy, UMR 1136 INRA/Université de Lorraine Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Champenoux, 54280, France
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Wan L, Koeck M, Williams SJ, Ashton AR, Lawrence GJ, Sakakibara H, Kojima M, Böttcher C, Ericsson DJ, Hardham AR, Jones DA, Ellis JG, Kobe B, Dodds PN. Structural and functional insights into the modulation of the activity of a flax cytokinin oxidase by flax rust effector AvrL567-A. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:211-222. [PMID: 30242946 PMCID: PMC6637871 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
During infection, plant pathogens secrete effector proteins to facilitate colonization. In comparison with our knowledge of bacterial effectors, the current understanding of how fungal effectors function is limited. In this study, we show that the effector AvrL567-A from the flax rust fungus Melampsora lini interacts with a flax cytosolic cytokinin oxidase, LuCKX1.1, using both yeast two-hybrid and in planta bimolecular fluorescence assays. Purified LuCKX1.1 protein shows catalytic activity against both N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl)-adenine (2iP) and trans-zeatin (tZ) substrates. Incubation of LuCKX1.1 with AvrL567-A results in increased catalytic activity against both substrates. The crystal structure of LuCKX1.1 and docking studies with AvrL567-A indicate that the AvrL567 binding site involves a flexible surface-exposed region that surrounds the cytokinin substrate access site, which may explain its effect in modulating LuCKX1.1 activity. Expression of AvrL567-A in transgenic flax plants gave rise to an epinastic leaf phenotype consistent with hormonal effects, although no difference in overall cytokinin levels was observed. We propose that, during infection, plant pathogens may differentially modify the levels of extracellular and intracellular cytokinins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular BioscienceUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
- Department of BiologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina27599‐3280USA
| | - Markus Koeck
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and FoodCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Simon J. Williams
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular BioscienceUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Anthony R. Ashton
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and FoodCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Gregory J. Lawrence
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and FoodCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohamaKanagawa230‐0045Japan
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource ScienceYokohamaKanagawa230‐0045Japan
| | - Christine Böttcher
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and FoodAdelaideSA5064Australia
| | - Daniel J. Ericsson
- Australian SynchrotronMacromolecular CrystallographyClaytonVictoria3168Australia
| | - Adrienne R. Hardham
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - David A. Jones
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Jeffrey G. Ellis
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and FoodCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular BioscienceUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
| | - Peter N. Dodds
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and FoodCanberraACT2601Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Uhse
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Djamei
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
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22
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Zhang X, Farah N, Rolston L, Ericsson DJ, Catanzariti A, Bernoux M, Ve T, Bendak K, Chen C, Mackay JP, Lawrence GJ, Hardham A, Ellis JG, Williams SJ, Dodds PN, Jones DA, Kobe B. Crystal structure of the Melampsora lini effector AvrP reveals insights into a possible nuclear function and recognition by the flax disease resistance protein P. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1196-1209. [PMID: 28817232 PMCID: PMC6638141 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The effector protein AvrP is secreted by the flax rust fungal pathogen (Melampsora lini) and recognized specifically by the flax (Linum usitatissimum) P disease resistance protein, leading to effector-triggered immunity. To investigate the biological function of this effector and the mechanisms of specific recognition by the P resistance protein, we determined the crystal structure of AvrP. The structure reveals an elongated zinc-finger-like structure with a novel interleaved zinc-binding topology. The residues responsible for zinc binding are conserved in AvrP effector variants and mutations of these motifs result in a loss of P-mediated recognition. The first zinc-coordinating region of the structure displays a positively charged surface and shows some limited similarities to nucleic acid-binding and chromatin-associated proteins. We show that the majority of the AvrP protein accumulates in the plant nucleus when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana cells, suggesting a nuclear pathogenic function. Polymorphic residues in AvrP and its allelic variants map to the protein surface and could be associated with differences in recognition specificity. Several point mutations of residues on the non-conserved surface patch result in a loss of recognition by P, suggesting that these residues are required for recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesAustralian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland 4072Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and FoodCanberraAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - Nadya Farah
- Division of Plant SciencesResearch School of Biology, Australian National University, ActonAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - Laura Rolston
- Division of Plant SciencesResearch School of Biology, Australian National University, ActonAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - Daniel J. Ericsson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesAustralian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland 4072Australia
- Australian Synchrotron, Macromolecular crystallographyClaytonVictoria 3168Australia
| | - Ann‐Maree Catanzariti
- Division of Plant SciencesResearch School of Biology, Australian National University, ActonAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - Maud Bernoux
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and FoodCanberraAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - Thomas Ve
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesAustralian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland 4072Australia
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith UniversitySouthportQueensland 4222Australia
| | - Katerina Bendak
- School of Molecular BioscienceUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South Wales 2006Australia
| | - Chunhong Chen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and FoodCanberraAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - Joel P. Mackay
- School of Molecular BioscienceUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South Wales 2006Australia
| | - Gregory J. Lawrence
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and FoodCanberraAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - Adrienne Hardham
- Division of Plant SciencesResearch School of Biology, Australian National University, ActonAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - Jeffrey G. Ellis
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and FoodCanberraAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - Simon J. Williams
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesAustralian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland 4072Australia
- Division of Plant SciencesResearch School of Biology, Australian National University, ActonAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - Peter N. Dodds
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and FoodCanberraAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - David A. Jones
- Division of Plant SciencesResearch School of Biology, Australian National University, ActonAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesAustralian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland 4072Australia
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23
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Rodriguez-Moreno L, Ebert MK, Bolton MD, Thomma BPHJ. Tools of the crook- infection strategies of fungal plant pathogens. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:664-674. [PMID: 29277938 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Fungi represent an ecologically diverse group of microorganisms that includes plant pathogenic species able to cause considerable yield loses in crop production systems worldwide. In order to establish compatible interactions with their hosts, pathogenic fungi rely on the secretion of molecules of diverse nature during host colonization to modulate host physiology, manipulate other environmental factors or provide self-defence. These molecules, collectively known as effectors, are typically small secreted cysteine-rich proteins, but may also comprise secondary metabolites and sRNAs. Here, we discuss the most common strategies that fungal plant pathogens employ to subvert their host plants in order to successfully complete their life cycle and secure the release of abundant viable progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Rodriguez-Moreno
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Malaika K Ebert
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Melvin D Bolton
- USDA - Agricultural Research Service, Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Bart P H J Thomma
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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24
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Pérez-López E, Waldner M, Hossain M, Kusalik AJ, Wei Y, Bonham-Smith PC, Todd CD. Identification of Plasmodiophora brassicae effectors - A challenging goal. Virulence 2018; 9:1344-1353. [PMID: 30146948 PMCID: PMC6177251 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1504560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Clubroot is an economically important disease affecting Brassica plants worldwide. Plasmodiophora brassicae is the protist pathogen associated with the disease, and its soil-borne obligate parasitic nature has impeded studies related to its biology and the mechanisms involved in its infection of the plant host. The identification of effector proteins is key to understanding how the pathogen manipulates the plant's immune response and the genes involved in resistance. After more than 140 years studying clubroot and P. brassicae, very little is known about the effectors playing key roles in the infection process and subsequent disease progression. Here we analyze the information available for identified effectors and suggest several features of effector genes that can be used in the search for others. Based on the information presented in this review, we propose a comprehensive bioinformatics pipeline for effector identification and provide a list of the bioinformatics tools available for such.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edel Pérez-López
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Matthew Waldner
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Musharaf Hossain
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Anthony J. Kusalik
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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25
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Lo Presti L, Kahmann R. How filamentous plant pathogen effectors are translocated to host cells. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 38:19-24. [PMID: 28460240 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of microbes with "signature" plants is largely governed by secreted effector proteins, which serve to dampen plant defense responses and modulate host cell processes. Secreted effectors can function either in the apoplast or within plant cell compartments. How oomycetes and fungi translocate their effectors to plant cells is still poorly understood and controversial. While most oomycete effectors share a common 'signature' that was proposed to mediate their uptake via endocytosis, fungal effectors display no conserved motifs at the primary amino acid sequence level. Here we summarize current knowledge in the field of oomycete and fungal effector uptake and highlight emerging themes that may unite rather than set apart these unrelated filamentous pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libera Lo Presti
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Dept. Organismic Interactions, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 10, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Regine Kahmann
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Dept. Organismic Interactions, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 10, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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26
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Isolation and Characterization of Avirulence Genes in Magnaporthe oryzae. BORNEO JOURNAL OF RESOURCE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.33736/bjrst.389.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae is a fungal pathogen contributing to rice blast diseases globally via their Avr (avirulence) gene. Although the occurrence of M. oryzae has been reported in Sarawak since several decades ago, however, none has focused specifically on Avr genes, which confer resistance against pathogen associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) in host. The objective of this study is to isolate Avr genes from M. oryzae 7’ (a Sarawak isolate) that may contribute to susceptibility of rice towards diseases. In this study, AvrPiz-t, AVR-Pik, Avr-Pi54, and AVR-Pita1 genes were isolated via PCR and cloning approaches. The genes were then compared with set of similar genes from related isolates derived from NCBI. Results revealed that all eight Avr genes (including four other global isolates) shared similar N-myristoylation site and a novel motif. 3D modeling revealed similar β-sandwich structure in AvrPiz-t and AVR-Pik despite sequence dissimilarities. In conclusion, it is confirmed of the presence of these genes in the Sarawak (M. oryzae) isolate. This study implies that Sarawak isolate may confer similar avirulence properties as their counterparts worldwide. Further R/Avr gene-for-gene relationship studies may aid in strategic control of rice blast diseases in future.
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27
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Wawra S, Trusch F, Matena A, Apostolakis K, Linne U, Zhukov I, Stanek J, Koźmiński W, Davidson I, Secombes CJ, Bayer P, van West P. The RxLR Motif of the Host Targeting Effector AVR3a of Phytophthora infestans Is Cleaved before Secretion. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:1184-1195. [PMID: 28522546 PMCID: PMC5502441 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
When plant-pathogenic oomycetes infect their hosts, they employ a large arsenal of effector proteins to establish a successful infection. Some effector proteins are secreted and are destined to be translocated and function inside host cells. The largest group of translocated proteins from oomycetes is the RxLR effectors, defined by their conserved N-terminal Arg-Xaa-Leu-Arg (RxLR) motif. However, the precise role of this motif in the host cell translocation process is unclear. Here, detailed biochemical studies of the RxLR effector AVR3a from the potato pathogen Phytophthora infestans are presented. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed that the RxLR sequence of native AVR3a is cleaved off prior to secretion by the pathogen and the N terminus of the mature effector was found likely to be acetylated. High-resolution NMR structure analysis of AVR3a indicates that the RxLR motif is well accessible to potential processing enzymes. Processing and modification of AVR3a is to some extent similar to events occurring with the export element (PEXEL) found in malaria effector proteins from Plasmodium falciparum These findings imply a role for the RxLR motif in the secretion of AVR3a by the pathogen, rather than a direct role in the host cell entry process itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Wawra
- Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Franziska Trusch
- Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Matena
- Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Centre of Medicinal Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Kostis Apostolakis
- Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Uwe Linne
- Core Facility for Mass Spectrometry and Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Igor Zhukov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan Stanek
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre (CENT III), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktor Koźmiński
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre (CENT III), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ian Davidson
- Proteomics Facility, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Chris J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Bayer
- Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Centre of Medicinal Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Pieter van West
- Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
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Gui YJ, Chen JY, Zhang DD, Li NY, Li TG, Zhang WQ, Wang XY, Short DPG, Li L, Guo W, Kong ZQ, Bao YM, Subbarao KV, Dai XF. Verticillium dahliae manipulates plant immunity by glycoside hydrolase 12 proteins in conjunction with carbohydrate-binding module 1. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:1914-1932. [PMID: 28205292 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolase 12 (GH12) proteins act as virulence factors and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in oomycetes. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of fungal GH12 proteins have not been characterized. In this study, we demonstrated that two of the six GH12 proteins produced by the fungus Verticillium dahliae Vd991, VdEG1 and VdEG3 acted as PAMPs to trigger cell death and PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) independent of their enzymatic activity in Nicotiana benthamiana. A 63-amino-acid peptide of VdEG3 was sufficient for cell death-inducing activity, but this was not the case for the corresponding peptide of VdEG1. Further study indicated that VdEG1 and VdEG3 trigger PTI in different ways: BAK1 is required for VdEG1- and VdEG3-triggered immunity, while SOBIR1 is specifically required for VdEG1-triggered immunity in N. benthamiana. Unlike oomycetes, which employ RXLR effectors to suppress host immunity, a carbohydrate-binding module family 1 (CBM1) protein domain suppressed GH12 protein-induced cell death. Furthermore, during infection of N. benthamiana and cotton, VdEG1 and VdEG3 acted as PAMPs and virulence factors, respectively indicative of host-dependent molecular functions. These results suggest that VdEG1 and VdEG3 associate differently with BAK1 and SOBIR1 receptor-like kinases to trigger immunity in N. benthamiana, and together with CBM1-containing proteins manipulate plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Jing Gui
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie-Yin Chen
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Nan-Yang Li
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ting-Gang Li
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wen-Qi Zhang
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xin-Yan Wang
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dylan P G Short
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, United States of America
| | - Lei Li
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Kong
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yu-Ming Bao
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Krishna V Subbarao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Feng Dai
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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de Carvalho MCDCG, Costa Nascimento L, Darben LM, Polizel‐Podanosqui AM, Lopes‐Caitar VS, Qi M, Rocha CS, Carazzolle MF, Kuwahara MK, Pereira GAG, Abdelnoor RV, Whitham SA, Marcelino‐Guimarães FC. Prediction of the in planta Phakopsora pachyrhizi secretome and potential effector families. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:363-377. [PMID: 27010366 PMCID: PMC6638266 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Asian soybean rust (ASR), caused by the obligate biotrophic fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi, can cause losses greater than 80%. Despite its economic importance, there is no soybean cultivar with durable ASR resistance. In addition, the P. pachyrhizi genome is not yet available. However, the availability of other rust genomes, as well as the development of sample enrichment strategies and bioinformatics tools, has improved our knowledge of the ASR secretome and its potential effectors. In this context, we used a combination of laser capture microdissection (LCM), RNAseq and a bioinformatics pipeline to identify a total of 36 350 P. pachyrhizi contigs expressed in planta and a predicted secretome of 851 proteins. Some of the predicted secreted proteins had characteristics of candidate effectors: small size, cysteine rich, do not contain PFAM domains (except those associated with pathogenicity) and strongly expressed in planta. A comparative analysis of the predicted secreted proteins present in Pucciniales species identified new members of soybean rust and new Pucciniales- or P. pachyrhizi-specific families (tribes). Members of some families were strongly up-regulated during early infection, starting with initial infection through haustorium formation. Effector candidates selected from two of these families were able to suppress immunity in transient assays, and were localized in the plant cytoplasm and nuclei. These experiments support our bioinformatics predictions and show that these families contain members that have functions consistent with P. pachyrhizi effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leandro Costa Nascimento
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão (LGE) – Instituto de Biologia ‐ Universidade Estadual de CampinasCampinasSão PauloCEP 13083‐862Brazil
| | - Luana M. Darben
- Embrapa sojaPlant BiotechnologyLondrinaParanáCEP 70770‐901Brazil
| | | | - Valéria S. Lopes‐Caitar
- Embrapa sojaPlant BiotechnologyLondrinaParanáCEP 70770‐901Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de LondrinaLondrinaParanáCEP 86057‐970Brazil
| | - Mingsheng Qi
- Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIA 50011USA
| | | | - Marcelo Falsarella Carazzolle
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão (LGE) – Instituto de Biologia ‐ Universidade Estadual de CampinasCampinasSão PauloCEP 13083‐862Brazil
| | | | - Goncalo A. G. Pereira
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão (LGE) – Instituto de Biologia ‐ Universidade Estadual de CampinasCampinasSão PauloCEP 13083‐862Brazil
| | | | - Steven A. Whitham
- Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIA 50011USA
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Kiran K, Rawal HC, Dubey H, Jaswal R, Bhardwaj SC, Prasad P, Pal D, Devanna BN, Sharma TR. Dissection of genomic features and variations of three pathotypes of Puccinia striiformis through whole genome sequencing. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42419. [PMID: 28211474 PMCID: PMC5314344 DOI: 10.1038/srep42419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Stripe rust of wheat, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is one of the important diseases of wheat. We used NGS technologies to generate a draft genome sequence of two highly virulent (46S 119 and 31) and a least virulent (K) pathotypes of P. striiformis from the Indian subcontinent. We generated ~24,000-32,000 sequence contigs (N50;7.4-9.2 kb), which accounted for ~86X-105X sequence depth coverage with an estimated genome size of these pathotypes ranging from 66.2-70.2 Mb. A genome-wide analysis revealed that pathotype 46S 119 might be highly evolved among the three pathotypes in terms of year of detection and prevalence. SNP analysis revealed that ~47% of the gene sets are affected by nonsynonymous mutations. The extracellular secreted (ES) proteins presumably are well conserved among the three pathotypes, and perhaps purifying selection has an important role in differentiating pathotype 46S 119 from pathotypes K and 31. In the present study, we decoded the genomes of three pathotypes, with 81% of the total annotated genes being successfully assigned functional roles. Besides the identification of secretory genes, genes essential for pathogen-host interactions shall prove this study as a huge genomic resource for the management of this disease using host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanti Kiran
- ICAR- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Hukam C Rawal
- ICAR- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Himanshu Dubey
- ICAR- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - R Jaswal
- ICAR- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Subhash C Bhardwaj
- Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Regional Station Flowerdale, Shimla, H.P., India
| | - P Prasad
- Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Regional Station Flowerdale, Shimla, H.P., India
| | - Dharam Pal
- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Station, Shimla, H.P., India
| | - B N Devanna
- ICAR- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Tilak R Sharma
- ICAR- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, India
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Maia T, Badel JL, Marin‐Ramirez G, Rocha CDM, Fernandes MB, da Silva JCF, de Azevedo‐Junior GM, Brommonschenkel SH. The Hemileia vastatrix effector HvEC-016 suppresses bacterial blight symptoms in coffee genotypes with the S H 1 rust resistance gene. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1315-1329. [PMID: 27918080 PMCID: PMC6079635 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A number of genes that confer resistance to coffee leaf rust (SH 1-SH 9) have been identified within the genus Coffea, but despite many years of research on this pathosystem, the complementary avirulence genes of Hemileia vastatrix have not been reported. After identification of H. vastatrix effector candidate genes (HvECs) expressed at different stages of its lifecycle, we established an assay to characterize HvEC proteins by delivering them into coffee cells via the type-three secretion system (T3SS) of Pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae (Psgc). Employing a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase assay, we demonstrate that Psgc recognizes a heterologous P. syringae T3SS secretion signal which enables us to translocate HvECs into the cytoplasm of coffee cells. Using this Psgc-adapted effector detector vector (EDV) system, we found that HvEC-016 suppresses the growth of Psgc on coffee genotypes with the SH 1 resistance gene. Suppression of bacterial blight symptoms in SH 1 plants was associated with reduced bacterial multiplication. By contrast, HvEC-016 enhanced bacterial multiplication in SH 1-lacking plants. Our findings suggest that HvEC-016 may be recognized by the plant immune system in a SH 1-dependent manner. Thus, our experimental approach is an effective tool for the characterization of effector/avirulence proteins of this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Maia
- Departamento de Fitopatologia and National Institute for Plant‐Pest Interactions/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária‐BIOAGROUniversidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMG 36570‐000Brazil
| | - Jorge L. Badel
- Departamento de Fitopatologia and National Institute for Plant‐Pest Interactions/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária‐BIOAGROUniversidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMG 36570‐000Brazil
| | - Gustavo Marin‐Ramirez
- Departamento de Fitopatologia and National Institute for Plant‐Pest Interactions/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária‐BIOAGROUniversidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMG 36570‐000Brazil
| | - Cynthia de M. Rocha
- Departamento de Fitopatologia and National Institute for Plant‐Pest Interactions/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária‐BIOAGROUniversidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMG 36570‐000Brazil
| | - Michelle B. Fernandes
- Departamento de Fitopatologia and National Institute for Plant‐Pest Interactions/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária‐BIOAGROUniversidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMG 36570‐000Brazil
| | - José C. F. da Silva
- Departamento de Fitopatologia and National Institute for Plant‐Pest Interactions/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária‐BIOAGROUniversidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMG 36570‐000Brazil
| | - Gilson M. de Azevedo‐Junior
- Departamento de Fitopatologia and National Institute for Plant‐Pest Interactions/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária‐BIOAGROUniversidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMG 36570‐000Brazil
| | - Sérgio H. Brommonschenkel
- Departamento de Fitopatologia and National Institute for Plant‐Pest Interactions/Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada a Agropecuária‐BIOAGROUniversidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMG 36570‐000Brazil
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Lo Presti L, Zechmann B, Kumlehn J, Liang L, Lanver D, Tanaka S, Bock R, Kahmann R. An assay for entry of secreted fungal effectors into plant cells. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:956-964. [PMID: 27716942 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Successful colonization of plants by prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens requires active effector-mediated suppression of defense responses and host tissue reprogramming. Secreted effector proteins can either display their activity in the apoplast or translocate into host cells and function therein. Although characterized in bacteria, the molecular mechanisms of effector delivery by fungal phytopathogens remain elusive. Here we report the establishment of an assay that is based on biotinylation of effectors in the host cytoplasm as hallmark of uptake. The assay exploits the ability of the bacterial biotin ligase BirA to biotinylate any protein that carries a short peptide (Avitag). It is based on the stable expression of BirA in the cytoplasm of maize plants and on engineering of Ustilago maydis strains to secrete Avitagged effectors. We demonstrate translocation of a number of effectors in the U. maydis-maize system and show data that suggest that the uptake mechanism could be rather nonspecific The assay promises to be a powerful tool for the classification of effectors as well as for the functional study of effector uptake mechanism not only in the chosen system but more generally for systems where biotrophic interactions are established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libera Lo Presti
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Zechmann
- Center for Microscopy and Imaging, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97046, Waco, TX, 76798-7046, USA
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), OT Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Liang Liang
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Lanver
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Shigeyuki Tanaka
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Department of Organelle Biology, Biotechnology and Molecular Ecophysiology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Regine Kahmann
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
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Qi M, Link TI, Müller M, Hirschburger D, Pudake RN, Pedley KF, Braun E, Voegele RT, Baum TJ, Whitham SA. A Small Cysteine-Rich Protein from the Asian Soybean Rust Fungus, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, Suppresses Plant Immunity. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005827. [PMID: 27676173 PMCID: PMC5038961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Asian soybean rust fungus, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is an obligate biotrophic pathogen causing severe soybean disease epidemics. Molecular mechanisms by which P. pachyrhizi and other rust fungi interact with their host plants are poorly understood. The genomes of all rust fungi encode many small, secreted cysteine-rich proteins (SSCRP). While these proteins are thought to function within the host, their roles are completely unknown. Here, we present the characterization of P. pachyrhizi effector candidate 23 (PpEC23), a SSCRP that we show to suppress plant immunity. Furthermore, we show that PpEC23 interacts with soybean transcription factor GmSPL12l and that soybean plants in which GmSPL12l is silenced have constitutively active immunity, thereby identifying GmSPL12l as a negative regulator of soybean defenses. Collectively, our data present evidence for a virulence function of a rust SSCRP and suggest that PpEC23 is able to suppress soybean immune responses and physically interact with soybean transcription factor GmSPL12l, a negative immune regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingsheng Qi
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Tobias I. Link
- Institut für Phytomedizin, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Manuel Müller
- Institut für Phytomedizin, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Ramesh N. Pudake
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Kerry F. Pedley
- Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Ft. Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Edward Braun
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Ralf T. Voegele
- Institut für Phytomedizin, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas J. Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Steven A. Whitham
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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Urayama SI, Kimura Y, Katoh Y, Ohta T, Onozuka N, Fukuhara T, Arie T, Teraoka T, Komatsu K, Moriyama H. Suppressive effects of mycoviral proteins encoded by Magnaporthe oryzae chrysovirus 1 strain A on conidial germination of the rice blast fungus. Virus Res 2016; 223:10-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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35
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Ruhe J, Agler MT, Placzek A, Kramer K, Finkemeier I, Kemen EM. Obligate Biotroph Pathogens of the Genus Albugo Are Better Adapted to Active Host Defense Compared to Niche Competitors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:820. [PMID: 27379119 PMCID: PMC4913113 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent research suggested that plants behave differently under combined versus single abiotic and biotic stress conditions in controlled environments. While this work has provided a glimpse into how plants might behave under complex natural conditions, it also highlights the need for field experiments using established model systems. In nature, diverse microbes colonize the phyllosphere of Arabidopsis thaliana, including the obligate biotroph oomycete genus Albugo, causal agent of the common disease white rust. Biotrophic, as well as hemibiotrophic plant pathogens are characterized by efficient suppression of host defense responses. Lab experiments have even shown that Albugo sp. can suppress non-host resistance, thereby enabling otherwise avirulent pathogen growth. We asked how a pathogen that is vitally dependent on a living host can compete in nature for limited niche space while paradoxically enabling colonization of its host plant for competitors? To address this question, we used a proteomics approach to identify differences and similarities between lab and field samples of Albugo sp.-infected and -uninfected A. thaliana plants. We could identify highly similar apoplastic proteomic profiles in both infected and uninfected plants. In wild plants, however, a broad range of defense-related proteins were detected in the apoplast regardless of infection status, while no or low levels of defense-related proteins were detected in lab samples. These results indicate that Albugo sp. do not strongly affect immune responses and leave distinct branches of the immune signaling network intact. To validate our findings and to get mechanistic insights, we tested a panel of A. thaliana mutant plants with induced or compromised immunity for susceptibility to different biotrophic pathogens. Our findings suggest that the biotroph pathogen Albugo selectively interferes with host defense under different environmental and competitive pressures to maintain its ecological niche dominance. Adaptation to host immune responses while maintaining a partially active host immunity seems advantageous against competitors. We suggest a model for future research that considers not only host-microbe but in addition microbe-microbe and microbe-host environment factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Ruhe
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
| | - Matthew T. Agler
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
| | | | - Katharina Kramer
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of MuensterMünster, Germany
| | - Eric M. Kemen
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
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Le Fevre R, O'Boyle B, Moscou MJ, Schornack S. Colonization of Barley by the Broad-Host Hemibiotrophic Pathogen Phytophthora palmivora Uncovers a Leaf Development-Dependent Involvement of Mlo. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:385-95. [PMID: 26927001 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-15-0276-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of barley Mlo demonstrated that filamentous pathogens rely on plant genes to achieve entry and lifecycle completion in barley leaves. While having a dramatic effect on foliar pathogens, it is unclear whether overlapping or distinct mechanisms affect filamentous pathogen infection of roots. To remove the bias connected with using different pathogens to understand colonization mechanisms in different tissues, we have utilized the aggressive hemibiotrophic oomycete pathogen Phytophthora palmivora. P. palmivora colonizes root as well as leaf tissues of barley (Hordeum vulgare). The infection is characterized by a transient biotrophy phase with formation of haustoria. Barley accessions varied in degree of susceptibility, with some accessions fully resistant to leaf infection. Notably, there was no overall correlation between degree of susceptibility in roots compared with leaves, suggesting that variation in different genes influences host susceptibility above and below ground. In addition, a developmental gradient influenced infection, with more extensive colonization observed in mature leaf sectors. The mlo5 mutation attenuates P. palmivora infection but only in young leaf tissues. The barley-P. palmivora interaction represents a simple system to identify and compare genetic components governing quantitative colonization in diverse barley tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Le Fevre
- 1 Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; and
| | - Bridget O'Boyle
- 1 Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; and
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Cooper B, Campbell KB, Beard HS, Garrett WM, Islam N. Putative Rust Fungal Effector Proteins in Infected Bean and Soybean Leaves. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:491-9. [PMID: 26780434 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-15-0310-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The plant-pathogenic fungi Uromyces appendiculatus and Phakopsora pachyrhizi cause debilitating rust diseases on common bean and soybean. These rust fungi secrete effector proteins that allow them to infect plants, but their effector repertoires are not understood. The discovery of rust fungus effectors may eventually help guide decisions and actions that mitigate crop production loss. Therefore, we used mass spectrometry to identify thousands of proteins in infected beans and soybeans and in germinated fungal spores. The comparative analysis between the two helped differentiate a set of 24 U. appendiculatus proteins targeted for secretion that were specifically found in infected beans and a set of 34 U. appendiculatus proteins targeted for secretion that were found in germinated spores and infected beans. The proteins specific to infected beans included family 26 and family 76 glycoside hydrolases that may contribute to degrading plant cell walls. There were also several types of proteins with structural motifs that may aid in stabilizing the specialized fungal haustorium cell that interfaces the plant cell membrane during infection. There were 16 P. pachyrhizi proteins targeted for secretion that were found in infected soybeans, and many of these proteins resembled the U. appendiculatus proteins found in infected beans, which implies that these proteins are important to rust fungal pathology in general. This data set provides insight to the biochemical mechanisms that rust fungi use to overcome plant immune systems and to parasitize cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret Cooper
- First, second, and third authors: Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Beltsville, MD 20705; fourth author: Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705; and fifth author: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park 20742
| | - Kimberly B Campbell
- First, second, and third authors: Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Beltsville, MD 20705; fourth author: Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705; and fifth author: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park 20742
| | - Hunter S Beard
- First, second, and third authors: Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Beltsville, MD 20705; fourth author: Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705; and fifth author: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park 20742
| | - Wesley M Garrett
- First, second, and third authors: Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Beltsville, MD 20705; fourth author: Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705; and fifth author: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park 20742
| | - Nazrul Islam
- First, second, and third authors: Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Beltsville, MD 20705; fourth author: Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705; and fifth author: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park 20742
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Selin C, de Kievit TR, Belmonte MF, Fernando WGD. Elucidating the Role of Effectors in Plant-Fungal Interactions: Progress and Challenges. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:600. [PMID: 27199930 PMCID: PMC4846801 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi have diverse growth lifestyles that support fungal colonization on plants. Successful colonization and infection for all lifestyles depends upon the ability to modify living host plants to sequester the necessary nutrients required for growth and reproduction. Secretion of virulence determinants referred to as “effectors” is assumed to be the key governing factor that determines host infection and colonization. Effector proteins are capable of suppressing plant defense responses and alter plant physiology to accommodate fungal invaders. This review focuses on effector molecules of biotrophic and hemibiotrophic plant pathogenic fungi, and the mechanism required for the release and uptake of effector molecules by the fungi and plant cells, respectively. We also place emphasis on the discovery of effectors, difficulties associated with predicting the effector repertoire, and fungal genomic features that have helped promote effector diversity leading to fungal evolution. We discuss the role of specific effectors found in biotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungi and examine how CRISPR/Cas9 technology may provide a new avenue for accelerating our ability in the discovery of fungal effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Selin
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Mark F Belmonte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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39
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Oomycete interactions with plants: infection strategies and resistance principles. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 79:263-80. [PMID: 26041933 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00010-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Oomycota include many economically significant microbial pathogens of crop species. Understanding the mechanisms by which oomycetes infect plants and identifying methods to provide durable resistance are major research goals. Over the last few years, many elicitors that trigger plant immunity have been identified, as well as host genes that mediate susceptibility to oomycete pathogens. The mechanisms behind these processes have subsequently been investigated and many new discoveries made, marking a period of exciting research in the oomycete pathology field. This review provides an introduction to our current knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms used by oomycetes, including elicitors and effectors, plus an overview of the major principles of host resistance: the established R gene hypothesis and the more recently defined susceptibility (S) gene model. Future directions for development of oomycete-resistant plants are discussed, along with ways that recent discoveries in the field of oomycete-plant interactions are generating novel means of studying how pathogen and symbiont colonizations overlap.
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40
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Sędzielewska Toro K, Brachmann A. The effector candidate repertoire of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus clarus. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:101. [PMID: 26861502 PMCID: PMC4746824 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2422-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form an ecologically important symbiosis with more than two thirds of studied land plants. Recent studies of plant-pathogen interactions showed that effector proteins play a key role in host colonization by controlling the plant immune system. We hypothesise that also for symbiotic-plant interactions the secreted effectome of the fungus is a major component of communication and the conservation level of effector proteins between AMF species may be indicative whether they play a fundamental role. Results In this study, we used a bioinformatics pipeline to predict and compare the effector candidate repertoire of the two AMF species, Rhizophagus irregularis and Rhizophagus clarus. Our in silico pipeline revealed a list of 220 R. irregularis candidate effector genes that create a valuable information source to elucidate the mechanism of plant infection and colonization by fungi during AMF symbiotic interaction. While most of the candidate effectors show no homologies to known domains or proteins, the candidates with homologies point to potential roles in signal transduction, cell wall modification or transcription regulation. A remarkable aspect of our work is presence of a large portion of the effector proteins involved in symbiosis, which are not unique to each fungi or plant species, but shared along the Glomeromycota phylum. For 95 % of R. irregularis candidates we found homologs in a R. clarus genome draft generated by Illumina high-throughput sequencing. Interestingly, 9 % of the predicted effectors are at least as conserved between the two Rhizophagus species as proteins with housekeeping functions (similarity > 90 %). Therefore, we state that this group of highly conserved effector proteins between AMF species may play a fundamental role during fungus-plant interaction. Conclusions We hypothesise that in symbiotic interactions the secreted effectome of the fungus might be an important component of communication. Identification and functional characterization of the primary AMF effectors that regulate symbiotic development will help in understanding the mechanisms of fungus-plant interaction. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2422-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Sędzielewska Toro
- Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Andreas Brachmann
- Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Straße 2-4, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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Ray S, Singh PK, Gupta DK, Mahato AK, Sarkar C, Rathour R, Singh NK, Sharma TR. Analysis of Magnaporthe oryzae Genome Reveals a Fungal Effector, Which Is Able to Induce Resistance Response in Transgenic Rice Line Containing Resistance Gene, Pi54. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1140. [PMID: 27551285 PMCID: PMC4976503 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most important diseases of rice. Pi54, a rice gene that imparts resistance to M. oryzae isolates prevalent in India, was already cloned but its avirulent counterpart in the pathogen was not known. After decoding the whole genome of an avirulent isolate of M. oryzae, we predicted 11440 protein coding genes and then identified four candidate effector proteins which are exclusively expressed in the infectious structure, appresoria. In silico protein modeling followed by interaction analysis between Pi54 protein model and selected four candidate effector proteins models revealed that Mo-01947_9 protein model encoded by a gene located at chromosome 4 of M. oryzae, interacted best at the Leucine Rich Repeat domain of Pi54 protein model. Yeast-two-hybrid analysis showed that Mo-01947_9 protein physically interacts with Pi54 protein. Nicotiana benthamiana leaf infiltration assay confirmed induction of hypersensitive response in the presence of Pi54 gene in a heterologous system. Genetic complementation test also proved that Mo-01947_9 protein induces avirulence response in the pathogen in presence of Pi54 gene. Here, we report identification and cloning of a new fungal effector gene which interacts with blast resistance gene Pi54 in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soham Ray
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa CampusNew Delhi, India
| | - Pankaj K. Singh
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa CampusNew Delhi, India
| | - Deepak K. Gupta
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa CampusNew Delhi, India
| | - Ajay K. Mahato
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa CampusNew Delhi, India
| | - Chiranjib Sarkar
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa CampusNew Delhi, India
| | - Rajeev Rathour
- Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Agricultural UniversityPalampur, India
| | - Nagendra K. Singh
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa CampusNew Delhi, India
| | - Tilak R. Sharma
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa CampusNew Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Tilak R. Sharma,
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Di X, Gomila J, Ma L, van den Burg HA, Takken FLW. Uptake of the Fusarium Effector Avr2 by Tomato Is Not a Cell Autonomous Event. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1915. [PMID: 28066471 PMCID: PMC5175262 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens secrete effector proteins to manipulate the host for their own proliferation. Currently it is unclear whether the uptake of effector proteins from extracellular spaces is a host autonomous process. We study this process using the Avr2 effector protein from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol). Avr2 is an important virulence factor that is secreted into the xylem sap of tomato following infection. Besides that, it is also an avirulence factor triggering immune responses in plants carrying the I-2 resistance gene. Recognition of Avr2 by I-2 occurs inside the plant nucleus. Here, we show that pathogenicity of an Avr2 knockout Fusarium (FolΔAvr2) strain is fully complemented on transgenic tomato lines that express either a secreted (Avr2) or cytosolic Avr2 (ΔspAvr2) protein, indicating that Avr2 exerts its virulence functions inside the host cells. Furthermore, our data imply that secreted Avr2 is taken up from the extracellular spaces in the presence of the fungus. Grafting studies were performed in which scions of I-2 tomato plants were grafted onto either a ΔspAvr2 or on an Avr2 rootstock. Although the Avr2 protein could readily be detected in the xylem sap of the grafted plant tissues, no I-2-mediated immune responses were induced suggesting that I-2-expressing tomato cells cannot autonomously take up the effector protein from the xylem sap. Additionally, ΔspAvr2 and Avr2 plants were crossed with I-2 plants. Whereas ΔspAvr2/I-2 F1 plants showed a constitutive immune response, immunity was not triggered in the Avr2/I-2 plants confirming that Avr2 is not autonomously taken up from the extracellular spaces to trigger I-2. Intriguingly, infiltration of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in leaves of Avr2/I-2 plants triggered I-2 mediated cell death, which indicates that Agrobacterium triggers effector uptake. To test whether, besides Fol, effector uptake could also be induced by other fungal pathogens the ΔspAvr2 and Avr2 transgenic lines were inoculated with Verticillium dahliae. Whereas ΔspAvr2 plants became hyper-susceptible to infection, no difference in disease development was found in the Avr2 plants as compared to wild-type plants. These data suggest that effector uptake is not a host autonomous process and that Fol and A. tumefaciens, but not V. dahliae, facilitate Avr2 uptake by tomato cells from extracellular spaces.
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Blondeau K, Blaise F, Graille M, Kale SD, Linglin J, Ollivier B, Labarde A, Lazar N, Daverdin G, Balesdent MH, Choi DHY, Tyler BM, Rouxel T, van Tilbeurgh H, Fudal I. Crystal structure of the effector AvrLm4-7 of Leptosphaeria maculans reveals insights into its translocation into plant cells and recognition by resistance proteins. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 83:610-24. [PMID: 26082394 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The avirulence gene AvrLm4-7 of Leptosphaeria maculans, the causal agent of stem canker in Brassica napus (oilseed rape), confers a dual specificity of recognition by two resistance genes (Rlm4 and Rlm7) and is strongly involved in fungal fitness. In order to elucidate the biological function of AvrLm4-7 and understand the specificity of recognition by Rlm4 and Rlm7, the AvrLm4-7 protein was produced in Pichia pastoris and its crystal structure was determined. It revealed the presence of four disulfide bridges, but no close structural analogs could be identified. A short stretch of amino acids in the C terminus of the protein, (R/N)(Y/F)(R/S)E(F/W), was well-conserved among AvrLm4-7 homologs. Loss of recognition of AvrLm4-7 by Rlm4 is caused by the mutation of a single glycine to an arginine residue located in a loop of the protein. Loss of recognition by Rlm7 is governed by more complex mutational patterns, including gene loss or drastic modifications of the protein structure. Three point mutations altered residues in the well-conserved C-terminal motif or close to the glycine involved in Rlm4-mediated recognition, resulting in the loss of Rlm7-mediated recognition. Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana (tobacco) and particle bombardment experiments on leaves from oilseed rape suggested that AvrLm4-7 interacts with its cognate R proteins inside the plant cell, and can be translocated into plant cells in the absence of the pathogen. Translocation of AvrLm4-7 into oilseed rape leaves is likely to require the (R/N)(Y/F)(R/S)E(F/W) motif as well as an RAWG motif located in a nearby loop that together form a positively charged region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Blondeau
- I2BC, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, UMR9198, Bât 430, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - Françoise Blaise
- INRA, UMR 1290 INRA-AgroParisTech BIOGER, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, F-78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Marc Graille
- I2BC, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, UMR9198, Bât 430, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - Shiv D Kale
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Juliette Linglin
- INRA, UMR 1290 INRA-AgroParisTech BIOGER, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, F-78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Bénédicte Ollivier
- INRA, UMR 1290 INRA-AgroParisTech BIOGER, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, F-78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Audrey Labarde
- I2BC, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, UMR9198, Bât 430, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - Noureddine Lazar
- I2BC, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, UMR9198, Bât 430, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - Guillaume Daverdin
- INRA, UMR 1290 INRA-AgroParisTech BIOGER, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, F-78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Balesdent
- INRA, UMR 1290 INRA-AgroParisTech BIOGER, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, F-78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Danielle H Y Choi
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Brett M Tyler
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Thierry Rouxel
- INRA, UMR 1290 INRA-AgroParisTech BIOGER, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, F-78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Herman van Tilbeurgh
- I2BC, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, UMR9198, Bât 430, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - Isabelle Fudal
- INRA, UMR 1290 INRA-AgroParisTech BIOGER, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, F-78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
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Singh RP, Hodson DP, Jin Y, Lagudah ES, Ayliffe MA, Bhavani S, Rouse MN, Pretorius ZA, Szabo LJ, Huerta-Espino J, Basnet BR, Lan C, Hovmøller MS. Emergence and Spread of New Races of Wheat Stem Rust Fungus: Continued Threat to Food Security and Prospects of Genetic Control. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:872-84. [PMID: 26120730 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-15-0030-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Race Ug99 (TTKSK) of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, detected in Uganda in 1998, has been recognized as a serious threat to food security because it possesses combined virulence to a large number of resistance genes found in current widely grown wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties and germplasm, leading to its potential for rapid spread and evolution. Since its initial detection, variants of the Ug99 lineage of stem rust have been discovered in Eastern and Southern African countries, Yemen, Iran, and Egypt. To date, eight races belonging to the Ug99 lineage are known. Increased pathogen monitoring activities have led to the identification of other races in Africa and Asia with additional virulence to commercially important resistance genes. This has led to localized but severe stem rust epidemics becoming common once again in East Africa due to the breakdown of race-specific resistance gene SrTmp, which was deployed recently in the 'Digalu' and 'Robin' varieties in Ethiopia and Kenya, respectively. Enhanced research in the last decade under the umbrella of the Borlaug Global Rust Initiative has identified various race-specific resistance genes that can be utilized, preferably in combinations, to develop resistant varieties. Research and development of improved wheat germplasm with complex adult plant resistance (APR) based on multiple slow-rusting genes has also progressed. Once only the Sr2 gene was known to confer slow rusting APR; now, four more genes-Sr55, Sr56, Sr57, and Sr58-have been characterized and additional quantitative trait loci identified. Cloning of some rust resistance genes opens new perspectives on rust control in the future through the development of multiple resistance gene cassettes. However, at present, disease-surveillance-based chemical control, large-scale deployment of new varieties with multiple race-specific genes or adequate levels of APR, and reducing the cultivation of susceptible varieties in rust hot-spot areas remains the best stem rust management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi P Singh
- First, eleventh, and twelfth authors: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal, 6-641, 06600, Mexico, D.F.; second author: CIMMYT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; third, seventh, and ninth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; fourth and fifth authors: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Plant Industry, Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia; sixth author: CIMMYT, ICRAF House, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, Village Market-00621, Nairobi, Kenya; eighth author: University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; tenth author: Campo Experimental Valle de México INIFAP, Apdo. Postal 10, 56230, Chapingo, Edo de México, México; and thirteenth author: Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - David P Hodson
- First, eleventh, and twelfth authors: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal, 6-641, 06600, Mexico, D.F.; second author: CIMMYT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; third, seventh, and ninth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; fourth and fifth authors: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Plant Industry, Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia; sixth author: CIMMYT, ICRAF House, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, Village Market-00621, Nairobi, Kenya; eighth author: University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; tenth author: Campo Experimental Valle de México INIFAP, Apdo. Postal 10, 56230, Chapingo, Edo de México, México; and thirteenth author: Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Yue Jin
- First, eleventh, and twelfth authors: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal, 6-641, 06600, Mexico, D.F.; second author: CIMMYT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; third, seventh, and ninth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; fourth and fifth authors: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Plant Industry, Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia; sixth author: CIMMYT, ICRAF House, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, Village Market-00621, Nairobi, Kenya; eighth author: University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; tenth author: Campo Experimental Valle de México INIFAP, Apdo. Postal 10, 56230, Chapingo, Edo de México, México; and thirteenth author: Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Evans S Lagudah
- First, eleventh, and twelfth authors: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal, 6-641, 06600, Mexico, D.F.; second author: CIMMYT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; third, seventh, and ninth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; fourth and fifth authors: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Plant Industry, Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia; sixth author: CIMMYT, ICRAF House, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, Village Market-00621, Nairobi, Kenya; eighth author: University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; tenth author: Campo Experimental Valle de México INIFAP, Apdo. Postal 10, 56230, Chapingo, Edo de México, México; and thirteenth author: Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Michael A Ayliffe
- First, eleventh, and twelfth authors: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal, 6-641, 06600, Mexico, D.F.; second author: CIMMYT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; third, seventh, and ninth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; fourth and fifth authors: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Plant Industry, Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia; sixth author: CIMMYT, ICRAF House, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, Village Market-00621, Nairobi, Kenya; eighth author: University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; tenth author: Campo Experimental Valle de México INIFAP, Apdo. Postal 10, 56230, Chapingo, Edo de México, México; and thirteenth author: Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Sridhar Bhavani
- First, eleventh, and twelfth authors: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal, 6-641, 06600, Mexico, D.F.; second author: CIMMYT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; third, seventh, and ninth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; fourth and fifth authors: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Plant Industry, Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia; sixth author: CIMMYT, ICRAF House, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, Village Market-00621, Nairobi, Kenya; eighth author: University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; tenth author: Campo Experimental Valle de México INIFAP, Apdo. Postal 10, 56230, Chapingo, Edo de México, México; and thirteenth author: Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Matthew N Rouse
- First, eleventh, and twelfth authors: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal, 6-641, 06600, Mexico, D.F.; second author: CIMMYT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; third, seventh, and ninth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; fourth and fifth authors: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Plant Industry, Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia; sixth author: CIMMYT, ICRAF House, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, Village Market-00621, Nairobi, Kenya; eighth author: University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; tenth author: Campo Experimental Valle de México INIFAP, Apdo. Postal 10, 56230, Chapingo, Edo de México, México; and thirteenth author: Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Zacharias A Pretorius
- First, eleventh, and twelfth authors: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal, 6-641, 06600, Mexico, D.F.; second author: CIMMYT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; third, seventh, and ninth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; fourth and fifth authors: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Plant Industry, Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia; sixth author: CIMMYT, ICRAF House, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, Village Market-00621, Nairobi, Kenya; eighth author: University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; tenth author: Campo Experimental Valle de México INIFAP, Apdo. Postal 10, 56230, Chapingo, Edo de México, México; and thirteenth author: Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Les J Szabo
- First, eleventh, and twelfth authors: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal, 6-641, 06600, Mexico, D.F.; second author: CIMMYT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; third, seventh, and ninth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; fourth and fifth authors: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Plant Industry, Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia; sixth author: CIMMYT, ICRAF House, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, Village Market-00621, Nairobi, Kenya; eighth author: University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; tenth author: Campo Experimental Valle de México INIFAP, Apdo. Postal 10, 56230, Chapingo, Edo de México, México; and thirteenth author: Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Julio Huerta-Espino
- First, eleventh, and twelfth authors: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal, 6-641, 06600, Mexico, D.F.; second author: CIMMYT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; third, seventh, and ninth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; fourth and fifth authors: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Plant Industry, Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia; sixth author: CIMMYT, ICRAF House, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, Village Market-00621, Nairobi, Kenya; eighth author: University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; tenth author: Campo Experimental Valle de México INIFAP, Apdo. Postal 10, 56230, Chapingo, Edo de México, México; and thirteenth author: Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Bhoja R Basnet
- First, eleventh, and twelfth authors: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal, 6-641, 06600, Mexico, D.F.; second author: CIMMYT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; third, seventh, and ninth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; fourth and fifth authors: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Plant Industry, Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia; sixth author: CIMMYT, ICRAF House, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, Village Market-00621, Nairobi, Kenya; eighth author: University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; tenth author: Campo Experimental Valle de México INIFAP, Apdo. Postal 10, 56230, Chapingo, Edo de México, México; and thirteenth author: Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Caixia Lan
- First, eleventh, and twelfth authors: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal, 6-641, 06600, Mexico, D.F.; second author: CIMMYT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; third, seventh, and ninth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; fourth and fifth authors: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Plant Industry, Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia; sixth author: CIMMYT, ICRAF House, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, Village Market-00621, Nairobi, Kenya; eighth author: University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; tenth author: Campo Experimental Valle de México INIFAP, Apdo. Postal 10, 56230, Chapingo, Edo de México, México; and thirteenth author: Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Mogens S Hovmøller
- First, eleventh, and twelfth authors: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal, 6-641, 06600, Mexico, D.F.; second author: CIMMYT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; third, seventh, and ninth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; fourth and fifth authors: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Plant Industry, Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia; sixth author: CIMMYT, ICRAF House, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, Village Market-00621, Nairobi, Kenya; eighth author: University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; tenth author: Campo Experimental Valle de México INIFAP, Apdo. Postal 10, 56230, Chapingo, Edo de México, México; and thirteenth author: Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200, Slagelse, Denmark
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Experimental approaches to investigate effector translocation into host cells in the Ustilago maydis/maize pathosystem. Eur J Cell Biol 2015; 94:349-58. [PMID: 26118724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus Ustilago maydis is a pathogen that establishes a biotrophic interaction with Zea mays. The interaction with the plant host is largely governed by more than 300 novel, secreted protein effectors, of which only four have been functionally characterized. Prerequisite to examine effector function is to know where effectors reside after secretion. Effectors can remain in the extracellular space, i.e. the plant apoplast (apoplastic effectors), or can cross the plant plasma membrane and exert their function inside the host cell (cytoplasmic effectors). The U. maydis effectors lack conserved motifs in their primary sequences that could allow a classification of the effectome into apoplastic/cytoplasmic effectors. This represents a significant obstacle in functional effector characterization. Here we describe our attempts to establish a system for effector classification into apoplastic and cytoplasmic members, using U. maydis for effector delivery.
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Petre B, Saunders DGO, Sklenar J, Lorrain C, Win J, Duplessis S, Kamoun S. Candidate Effector Proteins of the Rust Pathogen Melampsora larici-populina Target Diverse Plant Cell Compartments. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:689-700. [PMID: 25650830 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-15-0003-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Rust fungi are devastating crop pathogens that deliver effector proteins into infected tissues to modulate plant functions and promote parasitic growth. The genome of the poplar leaf rust fungus Melampsora larici-populina revealed a large catalog of secreted proteins, some of which have been considered candidate effectors. Unraveling how these proteins function in host cells is a key to understanding pathogenicity mechanisms and developing resistant plants. In this study, we used an effectoromics pipeline to select, clone, and express 20 candidate effectors in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf cells to determine their subcellular localization and identify the plant proteins they interact with. Confocal microscopy revealed that six candidate effectors target the nucleus, nucleoli, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and discrete cellular bodies. We also used coimmunoprecipitation (coIP) and mass spectrometry to identify 606 N. benthamiana proteins that associate with the candidate effectors. Five candidate effectors specifically associated with a small set of plant proteins that may represent biologically relevant interactors. We confirmed the interaction between the candidate effector MLP124017 and TOPLESS-related protein 4 from poplar by in planta coIP. Altogether, our data enable us to validate effector proteins from M. larici-populina and reveal that these proteins may target multiple compartments and processes in plant cells. It also shows that N. benthamiana can be a powerful heterologous system to study effectors of obligate biotrophic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Petre
- 1 The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH Norwich, U.K
- 2 INRA, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA Nancy Lorraine, 54280 Champenoux, France
- 3 Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Diane G O Saunders
- 1 The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH Norwich, U.K
- 4 The Genome Analysis Centre, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH Norwich, U.K
- 5 The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH Norwich, U.K
| | - Jan Sklenar
- 1 The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH Norwich, U.K
| | - Cécile Lorrain
- 1 The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH Norwich, U.K
- 2 INRA, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA Nancy Lorraine, 54280 Champenoux, France
- 3 Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Joe Win
- 1 The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH Norwich, U.K
| | - Sébastien Duplessis
- 2 INRA, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA Nancy Lorraine, 54280 Champenoux, France
- 3 Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- 1 The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UH Norwich, U.K
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Kemen AC, Agler MT, Kemen E. Host-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions in the evolution of obligate plant parasitism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:1207-28. [PMID: 25622918 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Research on obligate biotrophic plant parasites, which reproduce only on living hosts, has revealed a broad diversity of filamentous microbes that have independently acquired complex morphological structures, such as haustoria. Genome studies have also demonstrated a concerted loss of genes for metabolism and lytic enzymes, and gain of diversity of genes coding for effectors involved in host defense suppression. So far, these traits converge in all known obligate biotrophic parasites, but unexpected genome plasticity remains. This plasticity is manifested as transposable element (TE)-driven increases in genome size, observed to be associated with the diversification of virulence genes under selection pressure. Genome expansion could result from the governing of the pathogen response to ecological selection pressures, such as host or nutrient availability, or to microbial interactions, such as competition, hyperparasitism and beneficial cooperations. Expansion is balanced by alternating sexual and asexual cycles, as well as selfing and outcrossing, which operate to control transposon activity in populations. In turn, the prevalence of these balancing mechanisms seems to be correlated with external biotic factors, suggesting a complex, interconnected evolutionary network in host-pathogen-microbe interactions. Therefore, the next phase of obligate biotrophic pathogen research will need to uncover how this network, including multitrophic interactions, shapes the evolution and diversity of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane C Kemen
- Max Planck Research Group Fungal Biodiversity, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthew T Agler
- Max Planck Research Group Fungal Biodiversity, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eric Kemen
- Max Planck Research Group Fungal Biodiversity, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
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Sperschneider J, Dodds PN, Gardiner DM, Manners JM, Singh KB, Taylor JM. Advances and challenges in computational prediction of effectors from plant pathogenic fungi. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004806. [PMID: 26020524 PMCID: PMC4447458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Sperschneider
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter N. Dodds
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Black Mountain Laboratories, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Donald M. Gardiner
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - John M. Manners
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Black Mountain Laboratories, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Karam B. Singh
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- University of Western Australia Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jennifer M. Taylor
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Black Mountain Laboratories, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Gong X, Hurtado O, Wang B, Wu C, Yi M, Giraldo M, Valent B, Goodin M, Farman M. pFPL Vectors for High-Throughput Protein Localization in Fungi: Detecting Cytoplasmic Accumulation of Putative Effector Proteins. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:107-121. [PMID: 25390188 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-14-0144-ta] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
As part of a large-scale project whose goal was to identify candidate effector proteins in Magnaporthe oryzae, we developed a suite of vectors that facilitate high-throughput protein localization experiments in fungi. These vectors utilize Gateway recombinational cloning to place a gene's promoter and coding sequences upstream and in frame with enhanced cyan fluorescent protein, green fluorescent protein (GFP), monomeric red fluorescence protein (mRFP), and yellow fluorescent protein or a nucleus-targeted mCHERRY variant. The respective Gateway cassettes were incorporated into Agrobacterium-based plasmids to allow efficient fungal transformation using hygromycin or geneticin resistance selection. mRFP proved to be more sensitive than the GFP spectral variants for monitoring proteins secreted in planta; and extensive testing showed that Gateway-derived fusion proteins produced localization patterns identical to their "directly fused" counterparts. Use of plasmid for fungal protein localization (pFPL) vectors with two different selectable markers provided a convenient way to label fungal cells with different fluorescent proteins. We demonstrate the utility of the pFPL vectors for identifying candidate effector proteins and we highlight a number of important factors that must be taken into consideration when screening for proteins that are translocated across the host plasma membrane.
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Yamazaki A, Hayashi M. Building the interaction interfaces: host responses upon infection with microorganisms. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 23:132-9. [PMID: 25621846 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Research fields of plant symbiosis and plant immunity were relatively ignorant with each other until a little while ago. Recently, however, increasing intercommunications between those two fields have begun to provide novel aspects and knowledge for understanding relationships between plants and microorganisms. Here, we review recent reports on plant-microbe interactions, focusing on the infection processes, in order to elucidate plant cellular responses that are triggered by both symbionts and pathogens. Highlighting the core elements of host responses over biotic interactions will provide insights into general mechanisms of plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Yamazaki
- Plant Symbiosis Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science Tsurumi, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- Plant Symbiosis Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science Tsurumi, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
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