1
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Wallner ES, Mair A, Handler D, McWhite C, Xu SL, Dolan L, Bergmann DC. Spatially resolved proteomics of the Arabidopsis stomatal lineage identifies polarity complexes for cell divisions and stomatal pores. Dev Cell 2024; 59:1096-1109.e5. [PMID: 38518768 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Cell polarity is used to guide asymmetric divisions and create morphologically diverse cells. We find that two oppositely oriented cortical polarity domains present during the asymmetric divisions in the Arabidopsis stomatal lineage are reconfigured into polar domains marking ventral (pore-forming) and outward-facing domains of maturing stomatal guard cells. Proteins that define these opposing polarity domains were used as baits in miniTurboID-based proximity labeling. Among differentially enriched proteins, we find kinases, putative microtubule-interacting proteins, and polar SOSEKIs with their effector ANGUSTIFOLIA. Using AI-facilitated protein structure prediction models, we identify potential protein-protein interaction interfaces among them. Functional and localization analyses of the polarity protein OPL2 and its putative interaction partners suggest a positive interaction with mitotic microtubules and a role in cytokinesis. This combination of proteomics and structural modeling with live-cell imaging provides insights into how polarity is rewired in different cell types and cell-cycle stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Sophie Wallner
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA; Gregor Mendel Institute, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Wien, Austria; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Andrea Mair
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Claire McWhite
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Shou-Ling Xu
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Carnegie Mass Spectrometry Facility, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Liam Dolan
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Wien, Austria
| | - Dominique C Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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2
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Chauhan P, Lee HB, Goodbee N, Martin S, Branch R, Sahu S, Schwarz JM, Ross JL. Ionic strength alters crosslinker-driven self-organization of microtubules. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 38385864 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The microtubule cytoskeleton is a major structural element inside cells that directs self-organization using microtubule-associated proteins and motors. It has been shown that finite-sized, spindle-like microtubule organizations, called "tactoids," can form in vitro spontaneously from mixtures of tubulin and the antiparallel crosslinker, MAP65, from the MAP65/PRC1/Ase family. Here, we probe the ability of MAP65 to form tactoids as a function of the ionic strength of the buffer to attempt to break the electrostatic interactions binding MAP65 to microtubules and inter-MAP65 binding. We observe that, with increasing monovalent salts, the organizations change from finite tactoids to unbounded length bundles, yet the MAP65 binding and crosslinking appear to stay intact. We further explore the effects of ionic strength on the dissociation constant of MAP65 using both microtubule pelleting and single-molecule binding assays. We find that salt can reduce the binding, yet salt never negates it. Instead, we believe that the salt is affecting the ability of the MAP65 to form phase-separated droplets, which cause the nucleation and growth of tactoids, as recently demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashali Chauhan
- Physics Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Hong Beom Lee
- Physics Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Niaz Goodbee
- Physics Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Sophia Martin
- Physics Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Ruell Branch
- Physics Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Sumon Sahu
- Department of Physics, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Jennifer L Ross
- Physics Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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3
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Hlaváčková K, Šamaj J, Ovečka M. Cytoskeleton as a roadmap navigating rhizobia to establish symbiotic root nodulation in legumes. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 69:108263. [PMID: 37775072 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Legumes enter into symbiotic associations with soil nitrogen-fixing rhizobia, culminating in the creation of new organs, root nodules. This complex process relies on chemical and physical interaction between legumes and rhizobia, including early signalling events informing the host legume plant of a potentially beneficial microbe and triggering the nodulation program. The great significance of this plant-microbe interaction rests upon conversion of atmospheric dinitrogen not accessible to plants into a biologically active form of ammonia available to plants. The plant cytoskeleton consists in a highly dynamic network and undergoes rapid remodelling upon sensing various developmental and environmental cues, including response to attachment, internalization, and accommodation of rhizobia in plant root and nodule cells. This dynamic nature is governed by cytoskeleton-associated proteins that modulate cytoskeletal behaviour depending on signal perception and transduction. Precisely localized cytoskeletal rearrangements are therefore essential for the uptake of rhizobia, their targeted delivery, and establishing beneficial root nodule symbiosis. This review summarizes current knowledge about rhizobia-dependent rearrangements and functions of the cytoskeleton in legume roots and nodules. General patterns and nodule type-, nodule stage-, and species-specific aspects of actin filaments and microtubules remodelling are discussed. Moreover, emerging evidence is provided about fine-tuning the root nodulation process through cytoskeleton-associated proteins. We also consider future perspectives on dynamic localization studies of the cytoskeleton during early symbiosis utilizing state of the art molecular and advanced microscopy approaches. Based on acquired detailed knowledge of the mutualistic interactions with microbes, these approaches could contribute to broader biotechnological crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Hlaváčková
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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4
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Gonzalez JP, Frandsen KEH, Kesten C. The role of intrinsic disorder in binding of plant microtubule-associated proteins to the cytoskeleton. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2023; 80:404-436. [PMID: 37578201 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) represent one of the main components of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton and support numerous critical cellular functions. MTs are in principle tube-like structures that can grow and shrink in a highly dynamic manner; a process largely controlled by microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). Plant MAPs are a phylogenetically diverse group of proteins that nonetheless share many common biophysical characteristics and often contain large stretches of intrinsic protein disorder. These intrinsically disordered regions are determinants of many MAP-MT interactions, in which structural flexibility enables low-affinity protein-protein interactions that enable a fine-tuned regulation of MT cytoskeleton dynamics. Notably, intrinsic disorder is one of the major obstacles in functional and structural studies of MAPs and represents the principal present-day challenge to decipher how MAPs interact with MTs. Here, we review plant MAPs from an intrinsic protein disorder perspective, by providing a complete and up-to-date summary of all currently known members, and address the current and future challenges in functional and structural characterization of MAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordy Perez Gonzalez
- Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kristian E H Frandsen
- Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Christopher Kesten
- Department for Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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5
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Lucas JR, Shaw SL. Overlapping Localization of MAP65-2, -6, and -7 in Arabidopsis Hypocotyl Cells. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2023; 2023:10.17912/micropub.biology.000971. [PMID: 38021169 PMCID: PMC10630750 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are essential components of eukaryotic cells. Myriad proteins associate with microtubules to facilitate the organization and operation of microtubule arrays. Various M icrotubule A ssociated P roteins (MAPs) assist the assembly and function of mitotic spindles and interphase arrays. Nine MAP65 genes exist in the genome of the acentrosomal model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, and the function of majority of these proteins is unclear. To address this knowledge gap, we demonstrate the localization of A. thaliana MAP65-6 and MAP65-7 fusion proteins expressed from native promoters in interphase cells of developing A. thaliana seedlings. Analyses of these fusion proteins co-expressed with alpha-tubulin 6 reporters indicate that MAP65-6 and MAP65-7 bind a subset of interphase microtubules. Co-expression of GFP: MAP65-6 with mCherry: MAP65-2 from native promoters in A. thaliana showed overlapping localization patterns on interphase microtubule bundles. Collectively, these data suggested that MAP65-2 , -6, and -7 bind cortical microtubule bundles in plant interphase microtubule arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sidney L Shaw
- Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
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6
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Liang M, Ji T, Wang X, Wang X, Li S, Gao L, Ma S, Tian Y. Comprehensive analyses of microtubule-associated protein MAP65 family genes in Cucurbitaceae and CsaMAP65s expression profiles in cucumber. J Appl Genet 2023; 64:393-408. [PMID: 37219731 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-023-00761-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
MAP65 is a microtubule-binding protein family in plants and plays crucial roles in regulating cell growth and development, intercellular communication, and plant responses to various environmental stresses. However, MAP65s in Cucurbitaceae are still less understood. In this study, a total of 40 MAP65s were identified from six Cucurbitaceae species (Cucumis sativus L., Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis melo L., Cucurbita moschata, Lagenaria siceraria, and Benincasa hispida) and classified into five groups by phylogenetic analysis according to gene structures and conserved domains. A conserved domain (MAP65_ASE1) was found in all MAP65 proteins. In cucumber, we isolated six CsaMAP65s with different expression patterns in tissues including root, stem, leaf, female flower, male flower, and fruit. Subcellular localizations of CsaMAP65s verified that all CsaMAP65s were localized in microtubule and microfilament. Analyses of the promoter regions of CsaMAP65s have screened different cis-acting regulatory elements involved in growth and development and responses to hormone and stresses. In addition, CsaMAP65-5 in leaves was significantly upregulated by salt stress, and this promotion effect was higher in cucumber cultivars with salt tolerant than that without salt tolerant. CsaMAP65-1 in leaves was significantly upregulated by cold stress, and this promotion was higher in cold-tolerant cultivar than intolerant cultivar. With the genome-wide characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Cucurbitaceae MAP65s, and the expression profile of CsaMAP65s in cucumber, this study laid a foundation for further study on MAP65 functions in developmental processes and responses to abiotic stress in Cucurbitaceae species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiting Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tingting Ji
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xueyun Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xingyi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shihui Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lihong Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Si Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yongqiang Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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7
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Inaba H, Oikawa K, Ishikawa K, Kodama Y, Matsuura K, Numata K. Binding of Tau-derived peptide-fused GFP to plant microtubules in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286421. [PMID: 37267323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on how exogenous molecules modulate properties of plant microtubules, such as their stability, structure, and dynamics, are important for understanding and modulating microtubule functions in plants. We have developed a Tau-derived peptide (TP) that binds to microtubules and modulates their properties by binding of TP-conjugated molecules in vitro. However, there was no investigation of TPs on microtubules in planta. Here, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants stably expressing TP-fused superfolder GFP (sfGFP-TP) and explored the binding properties and effects of sfGFP-TP on plant microtubules. Our results indicate that the expressed sfGFP-TP binds to the plant microtubules without inhibiting plant growth. A transgenic line strongly expressing sfGFP-TP produced thick fibrous structures that were stable under conditions where microtubules normally depolymerize. This study generates a new tool for analyzing and modulating plant microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Inaba
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Centre for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kazusato Oikawa
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ishikawa
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kodama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
- Biomacromolecules Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazunori Matsuura
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Centre for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Keiji Numata
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Biomacromolecules Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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8
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Dahiya P, Bürstenbinder K. The making of a ring: Assembly and regulation of microtubule-associated proteins during preprophase band formation and division plane set-up. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 73:102366. [PMID: 37068357 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The preprophase band (PPB) is a transient cytokinetic structure that marks the future division plane at the onset of mitosis. The PPB forms a dense cortical ring of mainly microtubules, actin filaments, endoplasmic reticulum, and associated proteins that encircles the nucleus of mitotic cells. After PPB disassembly, the positional information is preserved by the cortical division zone (CDZ). The formation of the PPB and its contribution to timely CDZ set-up involves activities of functionally distinct microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) that interact physically and genetically to support robust division plane orientation in plants. Recent studies identified two types of plant-specific MAPs as key regulators of PPB formation, the TON1 RECRUITMENT MOTIF (TRM) and IQ67 DOMAIN (IQD) families. Both families share hallmarks of disordered scaffold proteins. Interactions of IQDs and TRMs with multiple binding partners, including the microtubule severing KATANIN1, may provide a molecular framework to coordinate PPB formation, maturation, and disassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Dahiya
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Dept. of Molecular Signal Processing, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Katharina Bürstenbinder
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Dept. of Molecular Signal Processing, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.
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9
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Schmidt-Marcec S, Ross A, Smertenko A. Quantification of Microtubule-Bundling Activity of MAPs Using TIRF Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2604:1-12. [PMID: 36773221 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2867-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cross-linking of microtubules by microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) results in the formation of microtubule bundles. It has been shown that a majority of microtubules in interphase plant cells are bundled. Bundling can contribute to maintaining structural stability and sustaining spatial organization of microtubule arrays. While bundling can be readily detected by an electron or fluorescent microscope, quantifying this activity remains technically challenging. Here we describe a method for quantifying microtubule-bundling in vitro using green and red stable microtubules. Furthermore, this method distinguishes between different types of microtubule-microtubule interactions: bundling, annealing, and branching. Our technique can be used to compare bundling activity of different MAPs and generate parameters for modeling their contribution to organization and dynamics of microtubule arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Austin Ross
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Andrei Smertenko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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10
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Colin L, Martin-Arevalillo R, Bovio S, Bauer A, Vernoux T, Caillaud MC, Landrein B, Jaillais Y. Imaging the living plant cell: From probes to quantification. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:247-272. [PMID: 34586412 PMCID: PMC8774089 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
At the center of cell biology is our ability to image the cell and its various components, either in isolation or within an organism. Given its importance, biological imaging has emerged as a field of its own, which is inherently highly interdisciplinary. Indeed, biologists rely on physicists and engineers to build new microscopes and imaging techniques, chemists to develop better imaging probes, and mathematicians and computer scientists for image analysis and quantification. Live imaging collectively involves all the techniques aimed at imaging live samples. It is a rapidly evolving field, with countless new techniques, probes, and dyes being continuously developed. Some of these new methods or reagents are readily amenable to image plant samples, while others are not and require specific modifications for the plant field. Here, we review some recent advances in live imaging of plant cells. In particular, we discuss the solutions that plant biologists use to live image membrane-bound organelles, cytoskeleton components, hormones, and the mechanical properties of cells or tissues. We not only consider the imaging techniques per se, but also how the construction of new fluorescent probes and analysis pipelines are driving the field of plant cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leia Colin
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Raquel Martin-Arevalillo
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Simone Bovio
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
- LYMIC-PLATIM imaging and microscopy core facility, Univ Lyon, SFR Biosciences, ENS de Lyon, Inserm US8, CNRS UMS3444, UCBL-50 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Amélie Bauer
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Teva Vernoux
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Cecile Caillaud
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Benoit Landrein
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, 69342 Lyon, France
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11
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Gu Y, Rasmussen CG. Cell biology of primary cell wall synthesis in plants. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:103-128. [PMID: 34613413 PMCID: PMC8774047 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Building a complex structure such as the cell wall, with many individual parts that need to be assembled correctly from distinct sources within the cell, is a well-orchestrated process. Additional complexity is required to mediate dynamic responses to environmental and developmental cues. Enzymes, sugars, and other cell wall components are constantly and actively transported to and from the plasma membrane during diffuse growth. Cell wall components are transported in vesicles on cytoskeletal tracks composed of microtubules and actin filaments. Many of these components, and additional proteins, vesicles, and lipids are trafficked to and from the cell plate during cytokinesis. In this review, we first discuss how the cytoskeleton is initially organized to add new cell wall material or to build a new cell wall, focusing on similarities during these processes. Next, we discuss how polysaccharides and enzymes that build the cell wall are trafficked to the correct location by motor proteins and through other interactions with the cytoskeleton. Finally, we discuss some of the special features of newly formed cell walls generated during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gu
- Author for correspondence: (Y.G.), (C.G.R.)
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12
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Kumar S, Lande NV, Barua P, Pareek A, Chakraborty S, Chakraborty N. Proteomic dissection of rice cytoskeleton reveals the dominance of microtubule and microfilament proteins, and novel components in the cytoskeleton-bound polysome. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 170:75-86. [PMID: 34861586 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The plant cytoskeleton persistently undergoes remodeling to achieve its roles in supporting cell division, differentiation, cell expansion and organelle transport. However, the links between cell metabolism and cytoskeletal networks, particularly how the proteinaceous components execute such processes remain poorly understood. We investigated the cytoskeletal proteome landscape of rice to gain better understanding of such events. Proteins were extracted from highly enriched cytoskeletal fraction of four-week-old rice seedlings, and the purity of the fraction was stringently monitored. A total of 2577 non-redundant proteins were identified using both gel-based and gel-free approaches, which constitutes the most comprehensive dataset, thus far, for plant cytoskeleton. The data set includes both microtubule and microfilament-associated proteins and their binding proteins comprising hypothetical as well as novel cytoskeletal proteins. Further, various in-silico analyses were performed, and the proteins were functionally classified on the basis of their gene ontology. The catalogued proteins were validated through their sequence analysis. Extensive comparative analysis of our dataset with the non-redundant set of cytoskeletal proteins across plant species affirms unique as well as overlapping candidates. Together, these findings unveil new insights of how cytoskeletons undergo dynamic remodeling in rice to drive seedling development processes in rapidly changing in planta environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Nilesh Vikram Lande
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Pragya Barua
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Akanksha Pareek
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Subhra Chakraborty
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Niranjan Chakraborty
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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13
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Zhu Y, Li L. Multi-layered Regulation of Plant Cell Wall Thickening. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1867-1873. [PMID: 34698856 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants need to develop thickened cell walls with appropriate localization through precise regulation during the process of growth and development in order to support their body weight and to build long distance transportation systems. Wall thickening is achieved through a multitude of regulatory networks in various tissues under changeable environments. In this mini-review, we summarize current understanding of the regulatory pathways and mechanisms involved in cell wall thickening. Regulation of cell wall thickening is not only mechanistically essential to understand the plant structure accretion but also has applicable significance to plant cell wall biomass utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystem, Institute of Innovation Ecology and School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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14
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Chen K, Yang R, Li Y, Zhou JC, Zhang M. Giant ankyrin-B suppresses stochastic collateral axon branching through direct interaction with microtubules. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151929. [PMID: 32640013 PMCID: PMC7401806 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201910053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant ankyrin-B (gAnkB) is a 440-kD neurospecific ankyrin-B isoform and a high-confidence target for autism mutations. gAnkB suppresses axon branching through coordination of cortical microtubules, and autism-related mutation of gAnkB results in ectopic neuronal connectivity. We identified a bipartite motif from gAnkB, which bundles and avidly binds to microtubules in vitro. This motif is composed of a module of 15 tandem repeats followed by a short, conserved fragment also found in giant ankyrin-G (BG-box). Combination of these two parts synergistically increases microtubule-binding avidity. Transfection of astrocytes (which lack gAnkB) with WT gAnkB resulted in prominent bundling of microtubules, which did not occur with mutant gAnkB with impaired microtubule-binding activity. Similarly, rescue of gAnkB-deficient neurons with WT gAnkB suppressed axonal branching and invasion of EB3-tagged microtubules into filopodia, which did not occur with the same mutant gAnkB. Together, these findings demonstrate that gAnkB suppresses axon collateral branching and prevents microtubule invasion of nascent axon branches through direct interaction with microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Chen
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,Greater Bay Biomedical Innocenter, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Yubing Li
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jin Chuan Zhou
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,Greater Bay Biomedical Innocenter, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China.,Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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15
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Martinez P, Dixit R, Balkunde RS, Zhang A, O'Leary SE, Brakke KA, Rasmussen CG. TANGLED1 mediates microtubule interactions that may promote division plane positioning in maize. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151878. [PMID: 32568386 PMCID: PMC7401798 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201907184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule cytoskeleton serves as a dynamic structural framework for mitosis in eukaryotic cells. TANGLED1 (TAN1) is a microtubule-binding protein that localizes to the division site and mitotic microtubules and plays a critical role in division plane orientation in plants. Here, in vitro experiments demonstrate that TAN1 directly binds microtubules, mediating microtubule zippering or end-on microtubule interactions, depending on their contact angle. Maize tan1 mutant cells improperly position the preprophase band (PPB), which predicts the future division site. However, cell shape–based modeling indicates that PPB positioning defects are likely a consequence of abnormal cell shapes and not due to TAN1 absence. In telophase, colocalization of growing microtubules ends from the phragmoplast with TAN1 at the division site suggests that TAN1 interacts with microtubule tips end-on. Together, our results suggest that TAN1 contributes to microtubule organization to ensure proper division plane orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Martinez
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Ram Dixit
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Rachappa S Balkunde
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Antonia Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Seán E O'Leary
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Kenneth A Brakke
- Department of Mathematics, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, PA
| | - Carolyn G Rasmussen
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA.,Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA
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16
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Autran D, Bassel GW, Chae E, Ezer D, Ferjani A, Fleck C, Hamant O, Hartmann FP, Jiao Y, Johnston IG, Kwiatkowska D, Lim BL, Mahönen AP, Morris RJ, Mulder BM, Nakayama N, Sozzani R, Strader LC, ten Tusscher K, Ueda M, Wolf S. What is quantitative plant biology? QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 2:e10. [PMID: 37077212 PMCID: PMC10095877 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2021.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative plant biology is an interdisciplinary field that builds on a long history of biomathematics and biophysics. Today, thanks to high spatiotemporal resolution tools and computational modelling, it sets a new standard in plant science. Acquired data, whether molecular, geometric or mechanical, are quantified, statistically assessed and integrated at multiple scales and across fields. They feed testable predictions that, in turn, guide further experimental tests. Quantitative features such as variability, noise, robustness, delays or feedback loops are included to account for the inner dynamics of plants and their interactions with the environment. Here, we present the main features of this ongoing revolution, through new questions around signalling networks, tissue topology, shape plasticity, biomechanics, bioenergetics, ecology and engineering. In the end, quantitative plant biology allows us to question and better understand our interactions with plants. In turn, this field opens the door to transdisciplinary projects with the society, notably through citizen science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphné Autran
- DIADE, University of Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - George W. Bassel
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Eunyoung Chae
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daphne Ezer
- The Alan Turing Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Ferjani
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christian Fleck
- Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modeling (FDM), University of Freiburg, Breisgau, Germany
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, École normale supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon (UCBL), Lyon, France
- Institut national de recherche pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement (INRAE), CNRS, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Author for correspondence: O. Hamant and A. P. Mahönen, E-mail: ,
| | | | - Yuling Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Dorota Kwiatkowska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environment Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Boon L. Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ari Pekka Mahönen
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Richard J. Morris
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Bela M. Mulder
- Department of Living Matter, Institute AMOLF, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Naomi Nakayama
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ross Sozzani
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North CarolinaUSA
| | - Lucia C. Strader
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MissouriUSA
| | - Kirsten ten Tusscher
- Theoretical Biology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Minako Ueda
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Wang C, Zhang H, Xia Q, Yu J, Zhu D, Zhao Q. ZmGLR, a cell membrane localized microtubule-associated protein, mediated leaf morphogenesis in maize. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 289:110248. [PMID: 31623783 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule arrays play notable roles in cell division, cell movement, cell morphogenesis and signal transduction. Due to their important regulation of microtubule dynamic instability and array-ordering processes, microtubule-associated proteins have been a cutting-edge issue in research. Here, a new maize microtubule-associated protein, ZmGLR (Zea mays glutamic acid- and lysine-rich), was found. ZmGLR bundles microtubules in vitro and targets the cell membrane through an interaction between 24 conserved N-terminal amino acids and specific phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PtdInsPs). Increased Ca2+ levels in the cytoplasm lead to ZmGLR partially dissociating from the cell membrane and moving into the cytoplasm to associate with microtubule. Overexpression and RNAi of ZmGLR both resulted in misoriented microtubule arrays, which led to dwarf maize plants and curved leaves. In addition, the expression of ZmGLR was regulated by BR and auxin through ZmBES1 and ZmARF9, respectively. This study reveals that the microtubule-associated protein ZmGLR plays a crucial role in cortical microtubule reorientation and maize leaf morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Dengyun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China.
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18
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Burkart GM, Dixit R. Microtubule bundling by MAP65-1 protects against severing by inhibiting the binding of katanin. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1587-1597. [PMID: 31017848 DOI: 10.1101/520445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The microtubule-severing enzyme katanin (KTN1) regulates the organization and turnover of microtubule arrays by the localized breakdown of microtubule polymers. In land plants, KTN1 activity is essential for the formation of linearly organized cortical microtubule arrays that determine the axis of cell expansion. Cell biological studies have shown that even though KTN1 binds to the sidewalls of single and bundled microtubules, severing activity is restricted to microtubule cross-over and nucleation sites, indicating that cells contain protective mechanisms to prevent indiscriminate microtubule severing. Here, we show that the microtubule-bundling protein MAP65-1 inhibits KTN1-mediated microtubule severing in vitro. Severing is inhibited at bundled microtubule segments and the severing rate of nonbundled microtubules is reduced by MAP65-1 in a concentration-dependent manner. Using various MAP65-1 mutant proteins, we demonstrate that efficient cross-linking of microtubules is crucial for this protective effect and that microtubule binding alone is not sufficient. Reduced severing due to microtubule bundling by MAP65-1 correlated to decreased binding of KTN1 to these microtubules. Taken together, our work reveals that cross-linking of microtubules by MAP65-1 confers resistance to severing by inhibiting the binding of KTN1 and identifies the structural features of MAP65-1 that are important for this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham M Burkart
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Ram Dixit
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
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19
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Burkart GM, Dixit R. Microtubule bundling by MAP65-1 protects against severing by inhibiting the binding of katanin. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1587-1597. [PMID: 31017848 PMCID: PMC6727635 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-12-0776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule-severing enzyme katanin (KTN1) regulates the organization and turnover of microtubule arrays by the localized breakdown of microtubule polymers. In land plants, KTN1 activity is essential for the formation of linearly organized cortical microtubule arrays that determine the axis of cell expansion. Cell biological studies have shown that even though KTN1 binds to the sidewalls of single and bundled microtubules, severing activity is restricted to microtubule cross-over and nucleation sites, indicating that cells contain protective mechanisms to prevent indiscriminate microtubule severing. Here, we show that the microtubule-bundling protein MAP65-1 inhibits KTN1-mediated microtubule severing in vitro. Severing is inhibited at bundled microtubule segments and the severing rate of nonbundled microtubules is reduced by MAP65-1 in a concentration-dependent manner. Using various MAP65-1 mutant proteins, we demonstrate that efficient cross-linking of microtubules is crucial for this protective effect and that microtubule binding alone is not sufficient. Reduced severing due to microtubule bundling by MAP65-1 correlated to decreased binding of KTN1 to these microtubules. Taken together, our work reveals that cross-linking of microtubules by MAP65-1 confers resistance to severing by inhibiting the binding of KTN1 and identifies the structural features of MAP65-1 that are important for this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham M Burkart
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Ram Dixit
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
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20
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Alhajturki D, Muralidharan S, Nurmi M, Rowan BA, Lunn JE, Boldt H, Salem MA, Alseekh S, Jorzig C, Feil R, Giavalisco P, Fernie AR, Weigel D, Laitinen RAE. Dose-dependent interactions between two loci trigger altered shoot growth in BG-5 × Krotzenburg-0 (Kro-0) hybrids of Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:392-406. [PMID: 28906562 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hybrids occasionally exhibit genetic interactions resulting in reduced fitness in comparison to their parents. Studies of Arabidopsis thaliana have highlighted the role of immune conflicts, but less is known about the role of other factors in hybrid incompatibility in plants. Here, we present a new hybrid incompatibility phenomenon in this species. We have characterized a new case of F1 hybrid incompatibility from a cross between the A. thaliana accessions Krotzenburg-0 (Kro-0) and BG-5, by conducting transcript, metabolite and hormone analyses, and identified the causal loci through genetic mapping. The F1 hybrids showed arrested growth of the main stem, altered shoot architecture, and altered concentrations of hormones in comparison to parents. The F1 phenotype could be rescued in a developmental-stage-dependent manner by shifting to a higher growth temperature. These F1 phenotypes were linked to two loci, one on chromosome 2 and one on chromosome 3. The F2 generation segregated plants with more severe phenotypes which were linked to the same loci as those in the F1 . This study provides novel insights into how previously unknown mechanisms controlling shoot branching and stem growth can result in hybrid incompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dema Alhajturki
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Markus Nurmi
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Beth A Rowan
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - John E Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Helena Boldt
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mohamed A Salem
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christian Jorzig
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Regina Feil
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Roosa A E Laitinen
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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21
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Li H, Sun B, Sasabe M, Deng X, Machida Y, Lin H, Julie Lee YR, Liu B. Arabidopsis MAP65-4 plays a role in phragmoplast microtubule organization and marks the cortical cell division site. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:187-201. [PMID: 28370001 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved MAP65 family proteins bundle anti-parallel microtubules (MTs). In Arabidopsis thaliana, mutations in the MAP65-3 gene lead to serious defects in MT organization in the phragmoplast and cause failures in cytokinesis. However, the functions of other ArabidopsisMAP65 isoforms are largely unknown. MAP65 functions were analyzed based on genetic interactions among different map65 mutations. Live-cell imaging and immunolocalization experiments revealed dynamic activities of two closely related MAP65 proteins in dividing cells. The map65-4 mutation caused synthetic lethality with map65-3 although map65-4 alone did not cause a noticeable phenotype. Furthermore, the introduction of an extra copy of the MAP65-4 gene significantly suppressed defects in cytokinesis and seedling growth caused by map65-3 because of restoring MT engagement in the spindle midzone. During mitosis, MAP65-4 first appeared at the preprophase band and persisted at the cortical division site afterwards. It was also concentrated on MTs in the spindle midzone and the phragmoplast. In the absence of MAP65-3, MAP65-4 exhibited greatly enhanced localization in the midzone of developing phragmoplast. Therefore, we have uncovered redundant but differential contributions of MAP65-3 and MAP65-4 to engaging and bundling anti-parallel MTs in the phragmoplast and disclosed a novel action of MAP65-4 at the cortical cell division site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoge Li
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Baojuan Sun
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China
| | - Michiko Sasabe
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Xingguang Deng
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources & Eco-environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yasunori Machida
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Honghui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources & Eco-environment, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Y-R Julie Lee
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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22
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Boruc J, Weimer AK, Stoppin-Mellet V, Mylle E, Kosetsu K, Cedeño C, Jaquinod M, Njo M, De Milde L, Tompa P, Gonzalez N, Inzé D, Beeckman T, Vantard M, Van Damme D. Phosphorylation of MAP65-1 by Arabidopsis Aurora Kinases Is Required for Efficient Cell Cycle Progression. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:582-599. [PMID: 27879390 PMCID: PMC5210758 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Aurora kinases are key effectors of mitosis. Plant Auroras are functionally divided into two clades. The alpha Auroras (Aurora1 and Aurora2) associate with the spindle and the cell plate and are implicated in controlling formative divisions throughout plant development. The beta Aurora (Aurora3) localizes to centromeres and likely functions in chromosome separation. In contrast to the wealth of data available on the role of Aurora in other kingdoms, knowledge on their function in plants is merely emerging. This is exemplified by the fact that only histone H3 and the plant homolog of TPX2 have been identified as Aurora substrates in plants. Here we provide biochemical, genetic, and cell biological evidence that the microtubule-bundling protein MAP65-1-a member of the MAP65/Ase1/PRC1 protein family, implicated in central spindle formation and cytokinesis in animals, yeasts, and plants-is a genuine substrate of alpha Aurora kinases. MAP65-1 interacts with Aurora1 in vivo and is phosphorylated on two residues at its unfolded tail domain. Its overexpression and down-regulation antagonistically affect the alpha Aurora double mutant phenotypes. Phospho-mutant analysis shows that Aurora contributes to the microtubule bundling capacity of MAP65-1 in concert with other mitotic kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Boruc
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., A.K.W., E.M., K.K., M.N., L.D.M., N.G., D.I., T.B., D.V.D.);
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., A.K.W., E.M., K.K., M.N., L.D.M., N.G., D.V.D., D.I., T.B.);
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, UMR5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Université Joseph-Fourier, Grenoble, France (V.S.-M.; M.V.);
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U836, F-38000 Grenoble, France (V.S.-M., M.V.);
- Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium (C.C., P.T.);
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, 1050 Brussels, Belgium (C.C., P.T.); and
- Exploring the Dynamics of Proteomes Laboratoire Biologie à Grande Echelle, U1038 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Université Joseph-Fourier Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Grenoble, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France (M.J.)
| | - Annika K Weimer
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., A.K.W., E.M., K.K., M.N., L.D.M., N.G., D.I., T.B., D.V.D.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., A.K.W., E.M., K.K., M.N., L.D.M., N.G., D.V.D., D.I., T.B.)
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, UMR5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Université Joseph-Fourier, Grenoble, France (V.S.-M.; M.V.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U836, F-38000 Grenoble, France (V.S.-M., M.V.)
- Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium (C.C., P.T.)
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, 1050 Brussels, Belgium (C.C., P.T.); and
- Exploring the Dynamics of Proteomes Laboratoire Biologie à Grande Echelle, U1038 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Université Joseph-Fourier Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Grenoble, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France (M.J.)
| | - Virginie Stoppin-Mellet
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., A.K.W., E.M., K.K., M.N., L.D.M., N.G., D.I., T.B., D.V.D.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., A.K.W., E.M., K.K., M.N., L.D.M., N.G., D.V.D., D.I., T.B.)
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, UMR5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Université Joseph-Fourier, Grenoble, France (V.S.-M.; M.V.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U836, F-38000 Grenoble, France (V.S.-M., M.V.)
- Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium (C.C., P.T.)
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, 1050 Brussels, Belgium (C.C., P.T.); and
- Exploring the Dynamics of Proteomes Laboratoire Biologie à Grande Echelle, U1038 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Université Joseph-Fourier Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Grenoble, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France (M.J.)
| | - Evelien Mylle
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., A.K.W., E.M., K.K., M.N., L.D.M., N.G., D.I., T.B., D.V.D.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., A.K.W., E.M., K.K., M.N., L.D.M., N.G., D.V.D., D.I., T.B.)
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, UMR5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Université Joseph-Fourier, Grenoble, France (V.S.-M.; M.V.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U836, F-38000 Grenoble, France (V.S.-M., M.V.)
- Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium (C.C., P.T.)
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, 1050 Brussels, Belgium (C.C., P.T.); and
- Exploring the Dynamics of Proteomes Laboratoire Biologie à Grande Echelle, U1038 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Université Joseph-Fourier Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Grenoble, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France (M.J.)
| | - Ken Kosetsu
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., A.K.W., E.M., K.K., M.N., L.D.M., N.G., D.I., T.B., D.V.D.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., A.K.W., E.M., K.K., M.N., L.D.M., N.G., D.V.D., D.I., T.B.)
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, UMR5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Université Joseph-Fourier, Grenoble, France (V.S.-M.; M.V.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U836, F-38000 Grenoble, France (V.S.-M., M.V.)
- Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium (C.C., P.T.)
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, 1050 Brussels, Belgium (C.C., P.T.); and
- Exploring the Dynamics of Proteomes Laboratoire Biologie à Grande Echelle, U1038 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Université Joseph-Fourier Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Grenoble, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France (M.J.)
| | - Cesyen Cedeño
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., A.K.W., E.M., K.K., M.N., L.D.M., N.G., D.I., T.B., D.V.D.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., A.K.W., E.M., K.K., M.N., L.D.M., N.G., D.V.D., D.I., T.B.)
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, UMR5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Université Joseph-Fourier, Grenoble, France (V.S.-M.; M.V.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U836, F-38000 Grenoble, France (V.S.-M., M.V.)
- Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium (C.C., P.T.)
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, 1050 Brussels, Belgium (C.C., P.T.); and
- Exploring the Dynamics of Proteomes Laboratoire Biologie à Grande Echelle, U1038 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Université Joseph-Fourier Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Grenoble, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France (M.J.)
| | - Michel Jaquinod
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., A.K.W., E.M., K.K., M.N., L.D.M., N.G., D.I., T.B., D.V.D.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., A.K.W., E.M., K.K., M.N., L.D.M., N.G., D.V.D., D.I., T.B.)
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, UMR5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Université Joseph-Fourier, Grenoble, France (V.S.-M.; M.V.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U836, F-38000 Grenoble, France (V.S.-M., M.V.)
- Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium (C.C., P.T.)
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, 1050 Brussels, Belgium (C.C., P.T.); and
- Exploring the Dynamics of Proteomes Laboratoire Biologie à Grande Echelle, U1038 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Université Joseph-Fourier Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Grenoble, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France (M.J.)
| | - Maria Njo
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., A.K.W., E.M., K.K., M.N., L.D.M., N.G., D.I., T.B., D.V.D.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., A.K.W., E.M., K.K., M.N., L.D.M., N.G., D.V.D., D.I., T.B.)
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, UMR5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Université Joseph-Fourier, Grenoble, France (V.S.-M.; M.V.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U836, F-38000 Grenoble, France (V.S.-M., M.V.)
- Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium (C.C., P.T.)
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, 1050 Brussels, Belgium (C.C., P.T.); and
- Exploring the Dynamics of Proteomes Laboratoire Biologie à Grande Echelle, U1038 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Université Joseph-Fourier Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Grenoble, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France (M.J.)
| | - Liesbeth De Milde
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., A.K.W., E.M., K.K., M.N., L.D.M., N.G., D.I., T.B., D.V.D.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., A.K.W., E.M., K.K., M.N., L.D.M., N.G., D.V.D., D.I., T.B.)
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, UMR5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Université Joseph-Fourier, Grenoble, France (V.S.-M.; M.V.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U836, F-38000 Grenoble, France (V.S.-M., M.V.)
- Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium (C.C., P.T.)
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, 1050 Brussels, Belgium (C.C., P.T.); and
- Exploring the Dynamics of Proteomes Laboratoire Biologie à Grande Echelle, U1038 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Université Joseph-Fourier Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Grenoble, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France (M.J.)
| | - Peter Tompa
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., A.K.W., E.M., K.K., M.N., L.D.M., N.G., D.I., T.B., D.V.D.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., A.K.W., E.M., K.K., M.N., L.D.M., N.G., D.V.D., D.I., T.B.)
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, UMR5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Université Joseph-Fourier, Grenoble, France (V.S.-M.; M.V.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U836, F-38000 Grenoble, France (V.S.-M., M.V.)
- Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium (C.C., P.T.)
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, 1050 Brussels, Belgium (C.C., P.T.); and
- Exploring the Dynamics of Proteomes Laboratoire Biologie à Grande Echelle, U1038 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Université Joseph-Fourier Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Grenoble, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France (M.J.)
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., A.K.W., E.M., K.K., M.N., L.D.M., N.G., D.I., T.B., D.V.D.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., A.K.W., E.M., K.K., M.N., L.D.M., N.G., D.V.D., D.I., T.B.)
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, UMR5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Université Joseph-Fourier, Grenoble, France (V.S.-M.; M.V.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U836, F-38000 Grenoble, France (V.S.-M., M.V.)
- Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium (C.C., P.T.)
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, 1050 Brussels, Belgium (C.C., P.T.); and
- Exploring the Dynamics of Proteomes Laboratoire Biologie à Grande Echelle, U1038 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Université Joseph-Fourier Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Grenoble, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France (M.J.)
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., A.K.W., E.M., K.K., M.N., L.D.M., N.G., D.I., T.B., D.V.D.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., A.K.W., E.M., K.K., M.N., L.D.M., N.G., D.V.D., D.I., T.B.)
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, UMR5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Université Joseph-Fourier, Grenoble, France (V.S.-M.; M.V.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U836, F-38000 Grenoble, France (V.S.-M., M.V.)
- Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium (C.C., P.T.)
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, 1050 Brussels, Belgium (C.C., P.T.); and
- Exploring the Dynamics of Proteomes Laboratoire Biologie à Grande Echelle, U1038 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Université Joseph-Fourier Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Grenoble, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France (M.J.)
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., A.K.W., E.M., K.K., M.N., L.D.M., N.G., D.I., T.B., D.V.D.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., A.K.W., E.M., K.K., M.N., L.D.M., N.G., D.V.D., D.I., T.B.)
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, UMR5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Université Joseph-Fourier, Grenoble, France (V.S.-M.; M.V.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U836, F-38000 Grenoble, France (V.S.-M., M.V.)
- Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium (C.C., P.T.)
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, 1050 Brussels, Belgium (C.C., P.T.); and
- Exploring the Dynamics of Proteomes Laboratoire Biologie à Grande Echelle, U1038 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Université Joseph-Fourier Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Grenoble, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France (M.J.)
| | - Marylin Vantard
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., A.K.W., E.M., K.K., M.N., L.D.M., N.G., D.I., T.B., D.V.D.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., A.K.W., E.M., K.K., M.N., L.D.M., N.G., D.V.D., D.I., T.B.)
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, UMR5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Université Joseph-Fourier, Grenoble, France (V.S.-M.; M.V.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U836, F-38000 Grenoble, France (V.S.-M., M.V.)
- Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium (C.C., P.T.)
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, 1050 Brussels, Belgium (C.C., P.T.); and
- Exploring the Dynamics of Proteomes Laboratoire Biologie à Grande Echelle, U1038 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Université Joseph-Fourier Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Grenoble, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France (M.J.)
| | - Daniël Van Damme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., A.K.W., E.M., K.K., M.N., L.D.M., N.G., D.I., T.B., D.V.D.);
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (J.B., A.K.W., E.M., K.K., M.N., L.D.M., N.G., D.V.D., D.I., T.B.);
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, UMR5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Université Joseph-Fourier, Grenoble, France (V.S.-M.; M.V.);
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U836, F-38000 Grenoble, France (V.S.-M., M.V.);
- Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium (C.C., P.T.);
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, 1050 Brussels, Belgium (C.C., P.T.); and
- Exploring the Dynamics of Proteomes Laboratoire Biologie à Grande Echelle, U1038 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Université Joseph-Fourier Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant/Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/Grenoble, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France (M.J.)
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Cao J, Li X, Lv Y. Dynein light chain family genes in 15 plant species: Identification, evolution and expression profiles. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 254:70-81. [PMID: 27964786 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Dynein light chain (DLC) is one important component of the dynein complexes, which have been proved involving in a variety of cellular functions. However, higher plants lack all other components of the complexes except DLCs, suggesting that in plants, the DLC protein does not carry out the same function as it in animals. Therefore, the function of this family in plants is mysterious. In this study, we investigated the DLC gene family in 15 plant species and analyzed their expression profiles. In total, 128 DLC genes were identified from the 15 studied plant species and were divided into eight groups by their phylogenetic relation. Highly conserved gene structure and motif arrangement was discovered within each group, indicating their functional correlation. Genetic variation and recombination events were also detected in DLC genes. Through selection analyses, we also identified some significant site-specific constraints in most of the DLC paralogs. In addition, DLC genes presented various expression profiles in different development stages, or under different abiotic stresses or phytohormone treatments. This may be associated with a variety of cis-elements responding to stress and phytohormone in the upstream sequences of the DLC genes. Functional network analysis exhibited 123 physical or functional interactions. The results provide a foundation for exploring the characterization of the DLC genes in plants and offer insights for additional functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Road 301, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Xiangyang Li
- Industrial Crop Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, PR China
| | - Yueqing Lv
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Road 301, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
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24
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Dong B, Yang X, Zhu S, Bassham DC, Fang N. Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy Imaging of Microtubule Arrays in Intact Arabidopsis thaliana Seedling Roots. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15694. [PMID: 26503365 PMCID: PMC4621606 DOI: 10.1038/srep15694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy has generated tremendous success in revealing detailed subcellular structures in animal cells. However, its application to plant cell biology remains extremely limited due to numerous technical challenges, including the generally high fluorescence background of plant cells and the presence of the cell wall. In the current study, stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) imaging of intact Arabidopsis thaliana seedling roots with a spatial resolution of 20-40 nm was demonstrated. Using the super-resolution images, the spatial organization of cortical microtubules in different parts of a whole Arabidopsis root tip was analyzed quantitatively, and the results show the dramatic differences in the density and spatial organization of cortical microtubules in cells of different differentiation stages or types. The method developed can be applied to plant cell biological processes, including imaging of additional elements of the cytoskeleton, organelle substructure, and membrane domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Dong
- Ames Laboratory, US Department of Energy and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Xiaochen Yang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Shaobin Zhu
- Ames Laboratory, US Department of Energy and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Diane C. Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
- Plant Sciences Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Ning Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 3965, Atlanta, Georgia 30302
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25
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DeBonis S, Neumann E, Skoufias DA. Self protein-protein interactions are involved in TPPP/p25 mediated microtubule bundling. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13242. [PMID: 26289831 PMCID: PMC4542545 DOI: 10.1038/srep13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
TPPP/p25 is a microtubule-associated protein, detected in protein inclusions associated with various neurodegenerative diseases. Deletion analysis data show that TPPP/p25 has two microtubule binding sites, both located in intrinsically disordered domains, one at the N-terminal and the other in the C-terminal domain. In copolymerization assays the full-length protein exhibits microtubule stimulation and bundling activity. In contrast, at the same ratio relative to tubulin, truncated forms of TPPP/p25 exhibit either lower or no microtubule stimulation and no bundling activity, suggesting a cooperative phenomenon which is enhanced by the presence of the two binding sites. The binding characteristics of the N- and C-terminally truncated proteins to taxol-stabilized microtubules are similar to the full-length protein. However, the C-terminally truncated TPPP/p25 shows a lower Bmax for microtubule binding, suggesting that it may bind to a site of tubulin that is masked in microtubules. Bimolecular fluorescent complementation assays in cells expressing combinations of various TPPP/p25 fragments, but not that of the central folded domain, resulted in the generation of a fluorescence signal colocalized with perinuclear microtubule bundles insensitive to microtubule inhibitors. The data suggest that the central folded domain of TPPP/p25 following binding to microtubules can drive s homotypic protein-protein interactions leading to bundled microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore DeBonis
- Université de Grenoble Alpes, F-38044 Grenoble, France.,CNRS, F-38044 Grenoble, France.,CEA, IBS, F-38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Emmanuelle Neumann
- Université de Grenoble Alpes, F-38044 Grenoble, France.,CNRS, F-38044 Grenoble, France.,CEA, IBS, F-38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Dimitrios A Skoufias
- Université de Grenoble Alpes, F-38044 Grenoble, France.,CNRS, F-38044 Grenoble, France.,CEA, IBS, F-38044 Grenoble, France
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26
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Creff A, Brocard L, Ingram G. A mechanically sensitive cell layer regulates the physical properties of the Arabidopsis seed coat. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6382. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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27
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Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are highly conserved polar polymers that are key elements of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton and are essential for various cell functions. αβ-tubulin, a heterodimer containing one structural GTP and one hydrolysable and exchangeable GTP, is the building block of MTs and is formed by the sequential action of several molecular chaperones. GTP hydrolysis in the MT lattice is mechanistically coupled with MT growth, thus giving MTs a metastable and dynamic nature. MTs adopt several distinct higher-order organizations that function in cell division and cell morphogenesis. Small molecular weight compounds that bind tubulin are used as herbicides and as research tools to investigate MT functions in plant cells. The de novo formation of MTs in cells requires conserved γ-tubulin-containing complexes and targeting/activating regulatory proteins that contribute to the geometry of MT arrays. Various MT regulators and tubulin modifications control the dynamics and organization of MTs throughout the cell cycle and in response to developmental and environmental cues. Signaling pathways that converge on the regulation of versatile MT functions are being characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- Address correspondence to
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Li S, Sun T, Ren H. The functions of the cytoskeleton and associated proteins during mitosis and cytokinesis in plant cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:282. [PMID: 25964792 PMCID: PMC4410512 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, microtubule (MT)-based, and actin filament (AF)-based structures play important roles in mitosis and cytokinesis. Besides the mitotic spindle, the evolution of a band comprising cortical MTs and AFs, namely, the preprophase band (PPB), is evident in plant cells. This band forecasts a specific division plane before the initiation of mitosis. During cytokinesis, another plant-specific cytoskeletal structure called the phragmoplast guides vesicles in the creation of a new cell wall. In addition, a number of cytoskeleton-associated proteins are reportedly involved in the formation and function of the PPB, mitotic spindle, and phragmoplast. This review summarizes current knowledge on the cytoskeleton-associated proteins that mediate the cytoskeletal arrays during mitosis and cytokinesis in plant cells and discusses the interaction between MTs and AFs involved in mitosis and cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haiyun Ren
- *Correspondence: Haiyun Ren, Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, No.19, XinJieKouWai Street, Beijing 100875, China
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Struk S, Dhonukshe P. MAPs: cellular navigators for microtubule array orientations in Arabidopsis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:1-21. [PMID: 23903948 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are subcellular nanotubes composed of α- and β-tubulin that arise from microtubule nucleation sites, mainly composed of γ-tubulin complexes [corrected]. Cell wall encased plant cells have evolved four distinct microtubule arrays that regulate cell division and expansion. Microtubule-associated proteins, the so called MAPs, construct, destruct and reorganize microtubule arrays thus regulating their spatiotemporal transitions during the cell cycle. By physically binding to microtubules and/or modulating their functions, MAPs control microtubule dynamic instability and/or interfilament cross talk. We survey the recent analyses of Arabidopsis MAPs such as MAP65, MOR1, CLASP, katanin, TON1, FASS, TRM, TAN1 and kinesins in terms of their effects on microtubule array organizations and plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Struk
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
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Hamada T. Microtubule organization and microtubule-associated proteins in plant cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 312:1-52. [PMID: 25262237 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800178-3.00001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Plants have unique microtubule (MT) arrays, cortical MTs, preprophase band, mitotic spindle, and phragmoplast, in the processes of evolution. These MT arrays control the directions of cell division and expansion especially in plants and are essential for plant morphogenesis and developments. Organizations and functions of these MT arrays are accomplished by diverse MT-associated proteins (MAPs). This review introduces 10 of conserved MAPs in eukaryote such as γ-TuC, augmin, katanin, kinesin, EB1, CLASP, MOR1/MAP215, MAP65, TPX2, formin, and several plant-specific MAPs such as CSI1, SPR2, MAP70, WVD2/WDL, RIP/MIDD, SPR1, MAP18/PCaP, EDE1, and MAP190. Most of the studies cited in this review have been analyzed in the particular model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. The significant knowledge of A. thaliana is the important established base to understand MT organizations and functions in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hamada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Hamada T. Lessons from in vitro reconstitution analyses of plant microtubule-associated proteins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:409. [PMID: 25202315 PMCID: PMC4141329 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant microtubules, composed of tubulin GTPase, are irreplaceable cellular components that regulate the directions of cell expansion and cell division, chromosome segregation and cell plate formation. To accomplish these functions, plant cells organize microtubule structures by regulating microtubule dynamics. Each microtubule localizes to the proper position with repeated growth and shortening. Although it is possible to reconstitute microtubule dynamics with pure tubulin solution in vitro, many microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) govern microtubule dynamics in cells. In plants, major MAPs are identified as microtubule stabilizers (CLASP and MAP65 etc.), microtubule destabilizers (kinesin-13, katanin, MAP18 and MDP25), and microtubule dynamics promoters (EB1, MAP215, MOR1, MAP200, SPR2). Mutant analyses with forward and reverse genetics have shown the importance of microtubules and individual MAPs in plants. However, it is difficult to understand how each MAP regulates microtubule dynamics, such as growth and shortening, through mutant analyses. In vitro reconstitution analyses with individual purified MAPs and tubulin are powerful tools to reveal how each MAP regulates microtubule dynamics at the molecular level. In this review, I summarize the results of in vitro reconstitution analyses and introduce current models of how each MAP regulates microtubule dynamic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hamada
- *Correspondence: Takahiro Hamada, Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan e-mail:
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Oda Y, Fukuda H. Spatial organization of xylem cell walls by ROP GTPases and microtubule-associated proteins. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 16:743-8. [PMID: 24210792 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Proper patterning of cellulosic cell walls is critical for cell shaping and differentiation of plant cells. Cortical microtubule arrays regulate the deposition patterns of cellulose microfibrils by controlling the targeting and trajectory of cellulose synthase complexes. Although some microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) regulate the arrangement of cortical microtubules, knowledge about the overall mechanism governing the spacing of cortical microtubules is still limited. Recent studies reveal that ROP GTPases and MAPs spatially regulate the assembly and disassembly of cortical microtubules in developing xylem cells, in which localized secondary cell walls are deposited. Here, we review recent insights into the regulation of xylem cell wall patterning by cortical microtubules, ROP GTPases, and MAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Oda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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Kosetsu K, de Keijzer J, Janson ME, Goshima G. MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN65 is essential for maintenance of phragmoplast bipolarity and formation of the cell plate in Physcomitrella patens. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:4479-92. [PMID: 24272487 PMCID: PMC3875731 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.117432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The phragmoplast, a plant-specific apparatus that mediates cytokinesis, mainly consists of microtubules (MTs) arranged in a bipolar fashion, such that their plus ends interdigitate at the equator. Membrane vesicles are thought to move along the MTs toward the equator and fuse to form the cell plate. Although several genes required for phragmoplast MT organization have been identified, the mechanisms that maintain the bipolarity of phragmoplasts remain poorly understood. Here, we show that engaging phragmoplast MTs in a bipolar fashion in protonemal cells of the moss Physcomitrella patens requires the conserved MT cross-linking protein MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN65 (MAP65). Simultaneous knockdown of the three MAP65s expressed in those cells severely compromised MT interdigitation at the phragmoplast equator after anaphase onset, resulting in the collapse of the phragmoplast in telophase. Cytokinetic vesicles initially localized to the anaphase midzone as normal but failed to further accumulate in the next several minutes, although the bipolarity of the MT array was preserved. Our data indicate that the presence of bipolar MT arrays is insufficient for vesicle accumulation at the equator and further suggest that MAP65-mediated MT interdigitation is a prerequisite for maintenance of bipolarity of the phragmoplast and accumulation and/or fusion of cell plate-destined vesicles at the equatorial plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kosetsu
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Jeroen de Keijzer
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel E. Janson
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gohta Goshima
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
- Address correspondence to
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Masoud K, Herzog E, Chabouté ME, Schmit AC. Microtubule nucleation and establishment of the mitotic spindle in vascular plant cells. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 75:245-257. [PMID: 23521421 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The microtubular cytoskeleton plays a major role in cellular organization and proliferation. The first step in construction of a microtubule is microtubule nucleation. Individual microtubules then participate in organization of more complex microtubule arrays. A strong body of evidence suggests that the underlying molecular mechanisms involve protein complexes that are conserved among eukaryotes. However, plant cell specificities, mainly characterized by the presence of a cell wall and the absence of centrosomes, must be taken into account to understand their mitotic processes. The goal of this review is to summarize and discuss current knowledge regarding the mechanisms involved in plant spindle assembly during early mitotic events. The functions of the proteins currently characterized at microtubule nucleation sites and involved in spindle assembly are considered during cell-cycle progression from G2 phase to metaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinda Masoud
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Laboratoire Propre du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UPR 2357) Conventionné avec l'Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France
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Gardiner J. The evolution and diversification of plant microtubule-associated proteins. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 75:219-29. [PMID: 23551562 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant evolution is marked by major advances in structural characteristics that facilitated the highly successful colonization of dry land. Underlying these advances is the evolution of genes encoding specialized proteins that form novel microtubular arrays of the cytoskeleton. This review investigates the evolution of plant families of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) through the recently sequenced genomes of Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, Selaginella moellendorffii, Physcomitrella patens, Volvox carteri and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The families of MAPs examined are AIR9, CLASP, CRIPT, MAP18, MOR1, TON, EB1, AtMAP70, SPR2, SPR1, WVD2 and MAP65 families (abbreviations are defined in the footnote to Table 1). Conjectures are made regarding the evolution of MAPs in plants in relation to the evolution of multicellularity, oriented cell division and vasculature. Angiosperms in particular have high numbers of proteins that are involved in promotion of helical growth or its suppression, and novel plant microtubular structures may have acted as a catalyst for the development of novel plant MAPs. Comparisons of plant MAP gene families with those of animals show that animals may have more flexibility in the structure of their microtubule cytoskeletons than plants, but with both plants and animals possessing many MAP splice variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gardiner
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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36
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Buljan VA, Holsinger RMD, Brown D, Bohorquez-Florez JJ, Hambly BD, Delikatny EJ, Ivanova EP, Banati RB. Spinodal decomposition and the emergence of dissipative transient periodic spatio-temporal patterns in acentrosomal microtubule multitudes of different morphology. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2013; 23:023120. [PMID: 23822485 DOI: 10.1063/1.4807909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We have studied a spontaneous self-organization dynamics in a closed, dissipative (in terms of guansine 5'-triphosphate energy dissipation), reaction-diffusion system of acentrosomal microtubules (those nucleated and organized in the absence of a microtubule-organizing centre) multitude constituted of straight and curved acentrosomal microtubules, in highly crowded conditions, in vitro. Our data give experimental evidence that cross-diffusion in conjunction with excluded volume is the underlying mechanism on basis of which acentrosomal microtubule multitudes of different morphologies (straight and curved) undergo a spatial-temporal demix. Demix is constituted of a bifurcation process, manifested as a slow isothermal spinodal decomposition, and a dissipative process of transient periodic spatio-temporal pattern formation. While spinodal decomposition is an energy independent process, transient periodic spatio-temporal pattern formation is accompanied by energy dissipative process. Accordingly, we have determined that the critical threshold for slow, isothermal spinodal decomposition is 1.0 ± 0.05 mg/ml of microtubule protein concentration. We also found that periodic spacing of transient periodic spatio-temporal patterns was, in the overall, increasing versus time. For illustration, we found that a periodic spacing of the same pattern was 0.375 ± 0.036 mm, at 36 °C, at 155th min, while it was 0.540 ± 0.041 mm at 31 °C, and at 275th min after microtubule assembly started. The lifetime of transient periodic spatio-temporal patterns spans from half an hour to two hours approximately. The emergence of conditions of macroscopic symmetry breaking (that occur due to cross-diffusion in conjunction with excluded volume) may have more general but critical importance in morphological pattern development in complex, dissipative, but open cellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlado A Buljan
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2050, Australia.
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37
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Portran D, Zoccoler M, Gaillard J, Stoppin-Mellet V, Neumann E, Arnal I, Martiel JL, Vantard M. MAP65/Ase1 promote microtubule flexibility. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:1964-73. [PMID: 23615441 PMCID: PMC3681700 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-03-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are dynamic cytoskeletal elements involved in numerous cellular processes. Although they are highly rigid polymers with a persistence length of 1-8 mm, they may exhibit a curved shape at a scale of few micrometers within cells, depending on their biological functions. However, how MT flexural rigidity in cells is regulated remains poorly understood. Here we ask whether MT-associated proteins (MAPs) could locally control the mechanical properties of MTs. We show that two major cross-linkers of the conserved MAP65/PRC1/Ase1 family drastically decrease MT rigidity. Their MT-binding domain mediates this effect. Remarkably, the softening effect of MAP65 observed on single MTs is maintained when MTs are cross-linked. By reconstituting physical collisions between growing MTs/MT bundles, we further show that the decrease in MT stiffness induced by MAP65 proteins is responsible for the sharp bending deformations observed in cells when they coalign at a steep angle to create bundles. Taken together, these data provide new insights into how MAP65, by modifying MT mechanical properties, may regulate the formation of complex MT arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Portran
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, UMR CNRS, CEA, INRA, Université Joseph Fourier, 38054 Grenoble, France
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38
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Marthiens V, Piel M, Basto R. Never tear us apart--the importance of centrosome clustering. J Cell Sci 2013; 125:3281-92. [PMID: 22956721 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.094797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of more than two centrosomes (centrosome amplification) at the onset of mitosis has long been associated with multipolar spindle formation, and with the generation of genetic instability. However, in recent years, several studies have shown that a process termed 'centrosome clustering' actively contributes to bipolar division by promoting the gathering of extra centrosomes in two main poles. In this Commentary, we describe the main proteins that are involved in centriole duplication and discuss how centrosome amplification can be generated both in vitro and in vivo. We then summarize what is currently known about the processes that contribute to bipolar spindle formation when extra centrosomes are present, and which forces contribute to this process. Finally, we discuss how extra centrosomes might contribute to tumorigenesis, giving emphasis to the role of centrosome amplification in promoting genetic instability.
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Stoppin-Mellet V, Fache V, Portran D, Martiel JL, Vantard M. MAP65 coordinate microtubule growth during bundle formation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56808. [PMID: 23437247 PMCID: PMC3578873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are highly dynamical structures that play a crucial role in cell physiology. In cooperation with microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), MTs form bundles endowing cells with specific mechanisms to control their shape or generate forces. Whether the dynamics of MTs is affected by the lateral connections that MAPs make between MTs during bundle formation is still under debate. Using in vitro reconstitution of MT bundling, we analyzed the dynamics of MT bundles generated by two plant MAP65 (MAP65-1/4), MAP65-1 being the plant ortholog of vertebrate PRC1 and yeast Ase1. MAP65-1/4 limit the amplitude of MT bundle depolymerization and increase the elongation phases. The subsequent sustained elongation of bundles is governed by the coordination of MT growth, so that MT ends come in close vicinity. We develop a model based on the assumption that both MAP65-1/4 block MT depolymerization. Model simulations reveal that rescue frequencies are higher between parallel than between anti-parallel MTs. In consequence the polarity of bundled MTs by MAP65 controls the amplitude of bundle's growth. Our results illustrate how MAP-induced MT-bundling, which is finely tuned by MT polarity, robustly coordinates MT elongation within bundles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Stoppin-Mellet
- Laboratoaire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant (iRTSV), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Université Joseph Fourier (CNRS/CEA/INRA/UJF), Grenoble, France
- * E-mail: (VSM) (VS); (MV) (MV)
| | - Vincent Fache
- Laboratoaire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant (iRTSV), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Université Joseph Fourier (CNRS/CEA/INRA/UJF), Grenoble, France
| | - Didier Portran
- Laboratoaire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant (iRTSV), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Université Joseph Fourier (CNRS/CEA/INRA/UJF), Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Louis Martiel
- Laboratoaire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant (iRTSV), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Université Joseph Fourier (CNRS/CEA/INRA/UJF), Grenoble, France
| | - Marylin Vantard
- Laboratoaire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant (iRTSV), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Université Joseph Fourier (CNRS/CEA/INRA/UJF), Grenoble, France
- * E-mail: (VSM) (VS); (MV) (MV)
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Portran D, Gaillard J, Vantard M, Thery M. Quantification of MAP and molecular motor activities on geometrically controlled microtubule networks. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2012; 70:12-23. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lucas JR, Shaw SL. MAP65-1 and MAP65-2 promote cell proliferation and axial growth in Arabidopsis roots. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 71:454-63. [PMID: 22443289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.05002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the role of the Arabidopsis microtubule associated proteins 65-1 and 65-2 (MAP65-1 and MAP65-2) in the control of axial root growth. Transgenic plants expressing fluorescent fusion proteins from native promoters indicated exactly overlapping accumulation of MAP65-1 and MAP65-2 in the root tip and elongation zone. Nearly identical protein accumulation patterns were observed when MAP65-1 and MAP65-2 were expressed behind a constitutive CaMV 35S promoter, suggesting a level of post-transcriptional control that restricts these proteins to rapidly growing portions of the root. Co-expression of MAP65-1 and MAP65-2 fusion proteins showed precise co-localization to interphase and cytokinetic microtubule arrays. In interphase root tip cells, the fluorescent protein fusions labeled microtubules that were organized into a variety of different array patterns. In the rapidly growing cells of the root elongation zone, we found MAP65-1 and MAP65-2 co-localized exclusively to the lateral faces of cells that were axially extending. Genetic analysis showed that MAP65-1 and MAP65-2 are coordinately required for proper root elongation. Double map65-1-1 map65-2-2 mutant roots from dark-grown plants contained 50% fewer cells per file than wild-type roots, but we found no evidence that cytokinesis was disrupted. We additionally discovered that cell length was significantly shorter in the mature regions of the root beyond the zone where MAP65-1 and MAP65-2 accumulated. Our data indicate that MAP65-1 and MAP65-2 play a critical role in root growth by promoting cell proliferation and axial extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Lucas
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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42
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Ho CMK, Lee YRJ, Kiyama LD, Dinesh-Kumar SP, Liu B. Arabidopsis microtubule-associated protein MAP65-3 cross-links antiparallel microtubules toward their plus ends in the phragmoplast via its distinct C-terminal microtubule binding domain. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:2071-85. [PMID: 22570443 PMCID: PMC3442588 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.092569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant cytokinesis is brought about by the phragmoplast, which contains an antiparallel microtubule (MT) array. The MT-associated protein MAP65-3 acts as an MT-bundling factor that specifically cross-links antiparallel MTs near their plus ends. MAP65 family proteins contain an N-terminal dimerization domain and C-terminal MT interaction domain. Compared with other MAP65 isoforms, MAP65-3 contains an extended C terminus. A MT binding site was discovered in the region between amino acids 496 and 588 and found to be essential for the organization of phragmoplast MTs. The frequent cytokinetic failure caused by loss of MAP65-3 was not rescued by ectopic expression of MAP65-1 under the control of the MAP65-3 promoter, indicating nonoverlapping functions between the two isoforms. In the presence of MAP65-3, however, ectopic MAP65-1 appeared in the phragmoplast midline. We show that MAP65-1 could acquire the function of MAP65-3 when the C terminus of MAP65-3, which contains the MT binding site, was grafted to it. Our results also show that MAP65-1 and MAP65-3 may share redundant functions in MT stabilization. Such a stabilization effect was likely brought about by MT binding and bundling. We conclude that MAP65-3 contains a distinct C-terminal MT binding site with a specific role in cross-linking antiparallel MTs toward their plus ends in the phragmoplast.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bo Liu
- Address correspondence to
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43
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RETRACTED: A PLETHORA-Auxin Transcription Module Controls Cell Division Plane Rotation through MAP65 and CLASP. Cell 2012; 149:383-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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44
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Tulin A, McClerklin S, Huang Y, Dixit R. Single-molecule analysis of the microtubule cross-linking protein MAP65-1 reveals a molecular mechanism for contact-angle-dependent microtubule bundling. Biophys J 2012; 102:802-9. [PMID: 22385851 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bundling of microtubules (MTs) is critical for the formation of complex MT arrays. In land plants, the interphase cortical MTs form bundles specifically following shallow-angle encounters between them. To investigate how cells select particular MT contact angles for bundling, we used an in vitro reconstitution approach consisting of dynamic MTs and the MT-cross-linking protein MAP65-1. We found that MAP65-1 binds to MTs as monomers and inherently targets antiparallel MTs for bundling. Dwell-time analysis showed that the affinity of MAP65-1 for antiparallel overlapping MTs is about three times higher than its affinity for single MTs and parallel overlapping MTs. We also found that purified MAP65-1 exclusively selects shallow-angle MT encounters for bundling, indicating that this activity is an intrinsic property of MAP65-1. Reconstitution experiments with mutant MAP65-1 proteins with different numbers of spectrin repeats within the N-terminal rod domain showed that the length of the rod domain is a major determinant of the range of MT bundling angles. The length of the rod domain also determined the distance between MTs within a bundle. Together, our data show that the rod domain of MAP65-1 acts both as a spacer and as a structural element that specifies the MT encounter angles that are conducive for bundling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Tulin
- Biology Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Petrovská B, Cenklová V, Pochylová Ž, Kourová H, Doskočilová A, Plíhal O, Binarová L, Binarová P. Plant Aurora kinases play a role in maintenance of primary meristems and control of endoreduplication. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 193:590-604. [PMID: 22150830 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03989.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
• The conserved family of Aurora kinases has multiple functions during mitosis. The roles of plant Aurora kinases have been characterized using inhibitor treatments. • We down-regulated Aurora kinases in Arabidopsis thaliana using RNA interference (RNAi). We carried out a detailed phenotypic analysis of Aurora RNAi plants, biochemical and microscopic studies of AtAurora1 kinase together with AtTPX2 (targeting protein for Xklp2) and γ-tubulin. • Cell division defects were observed in plants with reduced expression of Aurora kinases. Furthermore, the maintenance of primary meristems was compromised and RNAi seedlings entered endoreduplication prematurely. AtAurora1, its activator AtTPX2, and γ-tubulin were associated with microtubules in vitro; they were attached to regrowing kinetochore microtubules and colocalized on spindle microtubules and with a subset of early phragmoplast microtubules. Only the AtAurora1 kinase was translocated to the area of the cell plate. • RNAi silencing of Aurora kinases showed that, in addition to their function in regulating mitosis, the kinases are required for maintaining meristematic activity and controlling the switch from meristematic cell proliferation to differentiation and endoreduplication. The colocalization and co-fractionation of AtAurora1 with AtTPX2, and γ-tubulin on microtubules in a cell cycle-specific manner suggests that AtAurora1 kinase may function to phosphorylate substrates that are critical to the spatiotemporal regulation of acentrosomal microtubule formation and organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Petrovská
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v.v.i., Sokolovská 6, Olomouc 772 00, Czech Republic
| | - Věra Cenklová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, AS CR, v.v.i., Sokolovská 6, 772 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Žaneta Pochylová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, AS CR, v.v.i., Sokolovská 6, 772 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kourová
- Institute of Microbiology, AS CR, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Doskočilová
- Institute of Microbiology, AS CR, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Plíhal
- Institute of Microbiology, AS CR, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Binarová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, AS CR, v.v.i., Sokolovská 6, 772 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Binarová
- Institute of Microbiology, AS CR, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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Gaillard J, Ramabhadran V, Neumanne E, Gurel P, Blanchoin L, Vantard M, Higgs HN. Differential interactions of the formins INF2, mDia1, and mDia2 with microtubules. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:4575-87. [PMID: 21998204 PMCID: PMC3226476 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-07-0616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three mammalian formins, although binding microtubules with high affinity, differ dramatically in their microtubule-binding mechanisms. In addition, the ability of one formin (mDia2) to bind actin is strongly inhibited by microtubules, whereas the ability of another formin (INF2) to bind microtubules is strongly inhibited by actin monomers. A number of cellular processes use both microtubules and actin filaments, but the molecular machinery linking these two cytoskeletal elements remains to be elucidated in detail. Formins are actin-binding proteins that have multiple effects on actin dynamics, and one formin, mDia2, has been shown to bind and stabilize microtubules through its formin homology 2 (FH2) domain. Here we show that three formins, INF2, mDia1, and mDia2, display important differences in their interactions with microtubules and actin. Constructs containing FH1, FH2, and C-terminal domains of all three formins bind microtubules with high affinity (Kd < 100 nM). However, only mDia2 binds microtubules at 1:1 stoichiometry, with INF2 and mDia1 showing saturating binding at approximately 1:3 (formin dimer:tubulin dimer). INF2-FH1FH2C is a potent microtubule-bundling protein, an effect that results in a large reduction in catastrophe rate. In contrast, neither mDia1 nor mDia2 is a potent microtubule bundler. The C-termini of mDia2 and INF2 have different functions in microtubule interaction, with mDia2's C-terminus required for high-affinity binding and INF2's C-terminus required for bundling. mDia2's C-terminus directly binds microtubules with submicromolar affinity. These formins also differ in their abilities to bind actin and microtubules simultaneously. Microtubules strongly inhibit actin polymerization by mDia2, whereas they moderately inhibit mDia1 and have no effect on INF2. Conversely, actin monomers inhibit microtubule binding/bundling by INF2 but do not affect mDia1 or mDia2. These differences in interactions with microtubules and actin suggest differential function in cellular processes requiring both cytoskeletal elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremie Gaillard
- CEA, iRTSV, Laboratoire Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, CNRS, UMR5168, Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble I, F-38054 Grenoble, France
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