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Bano Z, Westhoff P. A K homology (KH) domain protein identified by a forward genetic screen affects bundle sheath anatomy in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT DIRECT 2024; 8:e577. [PMID: 38576996 PMCID: PMC10990680 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Because of their photosynthetic capacity, leaves function as solar panels providing the basis for the growth of the entire plant. Although the molecular mechanisms of leaf development have been well studied in model dicot and monocot species, a lot of information is still needed about the interplay of the genes that regulate cell division and differentiation and thereby affect the photosynthetic performance of the leaf. We were specifically interested in understanding the differentiation of mesophyll and bundle sheath cells in Arabidopsis thaliana and aimed to identify genes that are involved in determining bundle sheath anatomy. To this end, we established a forward genetic screen by using ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) for mutagenizing a reporter line expressing a chloroplast-targeted green fluorescent protein (sGFP) under the control of a bundle sheath-specific promoter. Based on the GFP fluorescence phenotype, numerous mutants were produced, and by pursuing a mapping-by-sequencing approach, the genomic segments containing mutated candidate genes were identified. One of the lines with an enhanced GFP fluorescence phenotype (named ELEVATED BUNDLE SHEATH CELLS SIGNAL 1 [ebss1]) was selected for further study, and the responsible gene was verified by CRISPR/Cas9-based mutagenesis of candidate genes located in the mapped genomic segment. The verified gene, At2g25970, encodes a K homology (KH) domain-containing protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahida Bano
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental BiologyHeinrich‐Heine‐UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Peter Westhoff
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental BiologyHeinrich‐Heine‐UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
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2
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Triesch S, Denton AK, Bouvier JW, Buchmann JP, Reichel-Deland V, Guerreiro RNFM, Busch N, Schlüter U, Stich B, Kelly S, Weber APM. Transposable elements contribute to the establishment of the glycine shuttle in Brassicaceae species. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2024; 26:270-281. [PMID: 38168881 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
C3 -C4 intermediate photosynthesis has evolved at least five times convergently in the Brassicaceae, despite this family lacking bona fide C4 species. The establishment of this carbon concentrating mechanism is known to require a complex suite of ultrastructural modifications, as well as changes in spatial expression patterns, which are both thought to be underpinned by a reconfiguration of existing gene-regulatory networks. However, to date, the mechanisms which underpin the reconfiguration of these gene networks are largely unknown. In this study, we used a pan-genomic association approach to identify genomic features that could confer differential gene expression towards the C3 -C4 intermediate state by analysing eight C3 species and seven C3 -C4 species from five independent origins in the Brassicaceae. We found a strong correlation between transposable element (TE) insertions in cis-regulatory regions and C3 -C4 intermediacy. Specifically, our study revealed 113 gene models in which the presence of a TE within a gene correlates with C3 -C4 intermediate photosynthesis. In this set, genes involved in the photorespiratory glycine shuttle are enriched, including the glycine decarboxylase P-protein whose expression domain undergoes a spatial shift during the transition to C3 -C4 photosynthesis. When further interrogating this gene, we discovered independent TE insertions in its upstream region which we conclude to be responsible for causing the spatial shift in GLDP1 gene expression. Our findings hint at a pivotal role of TEs in the evolution of C3 -C4 intermediacy, especially in mediating differential spatial gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Triesch
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - A K Denton
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - J W Bouvier
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J P Buchmann
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Biological Data Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - V Reichel-Deland
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - R N F M Guerreiro
- Institute for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - N Busch
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - U Schlüter
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - B Stich
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - S Kelly
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A P M Weber
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
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3
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Borba AR, Reyna-Llorens I, Dickinson PJ, Steed G, Gouveia P, Górska AM, Gomes C, Kromdijk J, Webb AAR, Saibo NJM, Hibberd JM. Compartmentation of photosynthesis gene expression in C4 maize depends on time of day. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:2306-2320. [PMID: 37555432 PMCID: PMC10663113 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Compared with the ancestral C3 state, C4 photosynthesis occurs at higher rates with improved water and nitrogen use efficiencies. In both C3 and C4 plants, rates of photosynthesis increase with light intensity and are maximal around midday. We determined that in the absence of light or temperature fluctuations, photosynthesis in maize (Zea mays) peaks in the middle of the subjective photoperiod. To investigate the molecular processes associated with these temporal changes, we performed RNA sequencing of maize mesophyll and bundle sheath strands over a 24-h time course. Preferential expression of C4 cycle genes in these cell types was strongest between 6 and 10 h after dawn when rates of photosynthesis were highest. For the bundle sheath, DNA motif enrichment and gene coexpression analyses suggested members of the DNA binding with one finger (DOF) and MADS (MINICHROMOSOME MAINTENANCE FACTOR 1/AGAMOUS/DEFICIENS/Serum Response Factor)-domain transcription factor families mediate diurnal fluctuations in C4 gene expression, while trans-activation assays in planta confirmed their ability to activate promoter fragments from bundle sheath expressed genes. The work thus identifies transcriptional regulators and peaks in cell-specific C4 gene expression coincident with maximum rates of photosynthesis in the maize leaf at midday.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Borba
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Ivan Reyna-Llorens
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Patrick J Dickinson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Gareth Steed
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Paulo Gouveia
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Alicja M Górska
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Celia Gomes
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Johannes Kromdijk
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Alex A R Webb
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Nelson J M Saibo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Julian M Hibberd
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
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4
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Aroca A, García-Díaz I, García-Calderón M, Gotor C, Márquez AJ, Betti M. Photorespiration: regulation and new insights on the potential role of persulfidation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6023-6039. [PMID: 37486799 PMCID: PMC10575701 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Photorespiration has been considered a 'futile' cycle in C3 plants, necessary to detoxify and recycle the metabolites generated by the oxygenating activity of Rubisco. However, several reports indicate that this metabolic route plays a fundamental role in plant metabolism and constitutes a very interesting research topic. Many open questions still remain with regard to photorespiration. One of these questions is how the photorespiratory process is regulated in plants and what factors contribute to this regulation. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the regulation of the photorespiratory pathway with a special focus on the transcriptional and post-translational regulation of photorespiration and the interconnections of this process with nitrogen and sulfur metabolism. Recent findings on sulfide signaling and protein persulfidation are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Aroca
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis (Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González, 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Inmaculada García-Díaz
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González, 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Margarita García-Calderón
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González, 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Cecilia Gotor
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis (Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio J Márquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González, 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marco Betti
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González, 1, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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5
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Bauwe H. Photorespiration - Rubisco's repair crew. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 280:153899. [PMID: 36566670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The photorespiratory repair pathway (photorespiration in short) was set up from ancient metabolic modules about three billion years ago in cyanobacteria, the later ancestors of chloroplasts. These prokaryotes developed the capacity for oxygenic photosynthesis, i.e. the use of water as a source of electrons and protons (with O2 as a by-product) for the sunlight-driven synthesis of ATP and NADPH for CO2 fixation in the Calvin cycle. However, the CO2-binding enzyme, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (known under the acronym Rubisco), is not absolutely selective for CO2 and can also use O2 in a side reaction. It then produces 2-phosphoglycolate (2PG), the accumulation of which would inhibit and potentially stop the Calvin cycle and subsequently photosynthetic electron transport. Photorespiration removes the 2-PG and in this way prevents oxygenic photosynthesis from poisoning itself. In plants, the core of photorespiration consists of ten enzymes distributed over three different types of organelles, requiring interorganellar transport and interaction with several auxiliary enzymes. It goes together with the release and to some extent loss of freshly fixed CO2. This disadvantageous feature can be suppressed by CO2-concentrating mechanisms, such as those that evolved in C4 plants thirty million years ago, which enhance CO2 fixation and reduce 2PG synthesis. Photorespiration itself provided a pioneer variant of such mechanisms in the predecessors of C4 plants, C3-C4 intermediate plants. This article is a review and update particularly on the enzyme components of plant photorespiration and their catalytic mechanisms, on the interaction of photorespiration with other metabolism and on its impact on the evolution of photosynthesis. This focus was chosen because a better knowledge of the enzymes involved and how they are embedded in overall plant metabolism can facilitate the targeted use of the now highly advanced methods of metabolic network modelling and flux analysis. Understanding photorespiration more than before as a process that enables, rather than reduces, plant photosynthesis, will help develop rational strategies for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Bauwe
- University of Rostock, Plant Physiology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, D-18051, Rostock, Germany.
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6
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Munekage YN, Taniguchi YY. A scheme for C 4 evolution derived from a comparative analysis of the closely related C 3, C 3-C 4 intermediate, C 4-like, and C 4 species in the genus Flaveria. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:445-454. [PMID: 35119574 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A comparative analysis of the genus Flaveria showed a C4 evolutionary process in which the anatomical and metabolic features of C4 photosynthesis were gradually acquired through C3-C4 intermediate stages. C4 photosynthesis has been acquired in multiple lineages of angiosperms during evolution to suppress photorespiration. Crops that perform C4 photosynthesis exhibit high rates of CO2 assimilation and high grain production even under high-temperature in semiarid environments; therefore, engineering C4 photosynthesis in C3 plants is of great importance in the application field. The genus Flaveria contains a large number of C3, C3-C4 intermediate, C4-like, and C4 species, making it a good model genus to study the evolution of C4 photosynthesis, and these studies indicate the direction for C4 engineering. C4 photosynthesis was acquired gradually through the C3-C4 intermediate stage. First, a two-celled C2 cycle called C2 photosynthesis was acquired by localizing glycine decarboxylase activity in the mitochondria of bundle sheath cells. With the development of two-cell metabolism, anatomical features also changed. Next, the replacement of the two-celled C2 cycle by the two-celled C4 cycle was induced by the acquisition of cell-selective expression in addition to the upregulation of enzymes in the C4 cycle during the C3-C4 intermediate stage. This was supported by an increase in cyclic electron transport activity in response to an increase in the ATP/NADPH demand for metabolism. Suppression of the C3 cycle in mesophyll cells was induced after the functional establishment of the C4 cycle, and optimization of electron transport by suppressing the activity of photosystem II also occurred during the final phase of C4 evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri N Munekage
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan.
| | - Yukimi Y Taniguchi
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1337, Japan
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7
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Billakurthi K, Schulze S, Schulz ELM, Sage TL, Schreier TB, Hibberd JM, Ludwig M, Westhoff P. Shedding light on AT1G29480 of Arabidopsis thaliana-An enigmatic locus restricted to Brassicacean genomes. PLANT DIRECT 2022; 6:e455. [PMID: 36263108 PMCID: PMC9576117 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A key feature of C4 Kranz anatomy is the presence of an enlarged, photosynthetically highly active bundle sheath whose cells contain large numbers of chloroplasts. With the aim to identify novel candidate regulators of C4 bundle sheath development, we performed an activation tagging screen with Arabidopsis thaliana. The reporter gene used encoded a chloroplast-targeted GFP protein preferentially expressed in the bundle sheath, and the promoter of the C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene from Flaveria trinervia served as activation tag because of its activity in all chlorenchymatous tissues of A. thaliana. Primary mutants were selected based on their GFP signal intensity, and one stable mutant named kb-1 with a significant increase in GFP fluorescence intensity was obtained. Despite the increased GFP signal, kb-1 showed no alterations to bundle sheath anatomy. The causal locus, AT1G29480, is specific to the Brassicaceae with its second exon being conserved. Overexpression and reconstitution studies confirmed that AT1G29480, and specifically its second exon, were sufficient for the enhanced GFP phenotype, which was not dependent on translation of the locus or its parts into protein. We conclude, therefore, that the AT1G29480 locus enhances the GFP reporter gene activity via an RNA-based mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Billakurthi
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental BiologyUniversitätsstrasse 1, Heinrich‐Heine‐UniversityDuesseldorfGermany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences ‘From Complex Traits Towards Synthetic Modules’Düsseldorf‐CologneGermany
- Department of Plant Sciences, Downing StreetUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Stefanie Schulze
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental BiologyUniversitätsstrasse 1, Heinrich‐Heine‐UniversityDuesseldorfGermany
| | - Eva Lena Marie Schulz
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental BiologyUniversitätsstrasse 1, Heinrich‐Heine‐UniversityDuesseldorfGermany
| | - Tammy L. Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyThe University of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Tina B. Schreier
- Department of Plant Sciences, Downing StreetUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Julian M. Hibberd
- Department of Plant Sciences, Downing StreetUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Martha Ludwig
- School of Molecular SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Peter Westhoff
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental BiologyUniversitätsstrasse 1, Heinrich‐Heine‐UniversityDuesseldorfGermany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences ‘From Complex Traits Towards Synthetic Modules’Düsseldorf‐CologneGermany
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Lu J, Pan C, Li X, Huang Z, Shu J, Wang X, Lu X, Pan F, Hu J, Zhang H, Su W, Zhang M, Du Y, Liu L, Guo Y, Li J. OBV (obscure vein), a C 2H 2 zinc finger transcription factor, positively regulates chloroplast development and bundle sheath extension formation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaf veins. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:230. [PMID: 34719693 PMCID: PMC8558323 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00659-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Leaf veins play an important role in plant growth and development, and the bundle sheath (BS) is believed to greatly improve the photosynthetic efficiency of C4 plants. The OBV mutation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) results in dark veins and has been used widely in processing tomato varieties. However, physiological performance has difficulty explaining fitness in production. In this study, we confirmed that this mutation was caused by both the increased chlorophyll content and the absence of bundle sheath extension (BSE) in the veins. Using genome-wide association analysis and map-based cloning, we revealed that OBV encoded a C2H2L domain class transcription factor. It was localized in the nucleus and presented cell type-specific gene expression in the leaf veins. Furthermore, we verified the gene function by generating CRISPR/Cas9 knockout and overexpression mutants of the tomato gene. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that OBV was involved in regulating chloroplast development and photosynthesis, which greatly supported the change in chlorophyll content by mutation. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that OBV affected the growth and development of tomato by regulating chloroplast development in leaf veins. This study also provides a solid foundation to further decipher the mechanism of BSEs and to understand the evolution of photosynthesis in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chunyang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zejun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jinshuai Shu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Feng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junling Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wenyue Su
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yongchen Du
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanmei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Junming Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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9
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Cui H. Challenges and Approaches to Crop Improvement Through C3-to-C4 Engineering. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:715391. [PMID: 34594351 PMCID: PMC8476962 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.715391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
With a rapidly growing world population and dwindling natural resources, we are now facing the enormous challenge of increasing crop yields while simultaneously improving the efficiency of resource utilization. Introduction of C4 photosynthesis into C3 crops is widely accepted as a key strategy to meet this challenge because C4 plants are more efficient than C3 plants in photosynthesis and resource usage, particularly in hot climates, where the potential for productivity is high. Lending support to the feasibility of this C3-to-C4 engineering, evidence indicates that C4 photosynthesis has evolved from C3 photosynthesis in multiple lineages. Nevertheless, C3-to-C4 engineering is not an easy task, as several features essential to C4 photosynthesis must be introduced into C3 plants. One such feature is the spatial separation of the two phases of photosynthesis (CO2 fixation and carbohydrate synthesis) into the mesophyll and bundle sheath cells, respectively. Another feature is the Kranz anatomy, characterized by a close association between the mesophyll and bundle sheath (BS) cells (1:1 ratio). These anatomical features, along with a C4-specific carbon fixation enzyme (PEPC), form a CO2-concentration mechanism that ensures a high photosynthetic efficiency. Much effort has been taken in the past to introduce the C4 mechanism into C3 plants, but none of these attempts has met with success, which is in my opinion due to a lack of system-level understanding and manipulation of the C3 and C4 pathways. As a prerequisite for the C3-to-C4 engineering, I propose that not only the mechanisms that control the Kranz anatomy and cell-type-specific expression in C3 and C4 plants must be elucidated, but also a good understanding of the gene regulatory network underlying C3 and C4 photosynthesis must be achieved. In this review, I first describe the past and current efforts to increase photosynthetic efficiency in C3 plants and their limitations; I then discuss a systems approach to tackling down this challenge, some practical issues, and recent technical innovations that would help us to solve these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchang Cui
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
- College of Life Science, Northwest Science University of Agriculture and Forestry, Yangling, China
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10
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Górska AM, Gouveia P, Borba AR, Zimmermann A, Serra TS, Carvalho P, Lourenço TF, Oliveira MM, Peterhänsel C, Saibo NJM. ZmOrphan94 Transcription Factor Downregulates ZmPEPC1 Gene Expression in Maize Bundle Sheath Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:559967. [PMID: 33897718 PMCID: PMC8062929 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.559967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spatial separation of the photosynthetic reactions is a key feature of C4 metabolism. In most C4 plants, this separation requires compartmentation of photosynthetic enzymes between mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS) cells. The upstream region of the gene encoding the maize PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE 1 (ZmPEPC1) has been shown sufficient to drive M-specific ZmPEPC1 gene expression. Although this region has been well characterized, to date, only few trans-factors involved in the ZmPEPC1 gene regulation were identified. Here, using a yeast one-hybrid approach, we have identified three novel maize transcription factors ZmHB87, ZmCPP8, and ZmOrphan94 as binding to the ZmPEPC1 upstream region. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays in maize M protoplasts unveiled that ZmOrphan94 forms homodimers and interacts with ZmCPP8 and with two other ZmPEPC1 regulators previously reported, ZmbHLH80 and ZmbHLH90. Trans-activation assays in maize M protoplasts unveiled that ZmHB87 does not have a clear transcriptional activity, whereas ZmCPP8 and ZmOrphan94 act as activator and repressor, respectively. Moreover, we observed that ZmOrphan94 reduces the trans-activation activity of both activators ZmCPP8 and ZmbHLH90. Using the electromobility shift assay, we showed that ZmOrphan94 binds to several cis-elements present in the ZmPEPC1 upstream region and one of these cis-elements overlaps with the ZmbHLH90 binding site. Gene expression analysis revealed that ZmOrphan94 is preferentially expressed in the BS cells, suggesting that ZmOrphan94 is part of a transcriptional regulatory network downregulating ZmPEPC1 transcript level in the BS cells. Based on both this and our previous work, we propose a model underpinning the importance of a regulatory mechanism within BS cells that contributes to the M-specific ZmPEPC1 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja M. Górska
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paulo Gouveia
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Borba
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Anna Zimmermann
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Institut für Botanik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tânia S. Serra
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Pedro Carvalho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Tiago F. Lourenço
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - M. Margarida Oliveira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Nelson J. M. Saibo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
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11
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Fichtner F, Barbier FF, Annunziata MG, Feil R, Olas JJ, Mueller-Roeber B, Stitt M, Beveridge CA, Lunn JE. Regulation of shoot branching in arabidopsis by trehalose 6-phosphate. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2135-2151. [PMID: 33068448 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose 6-phosphate (Tre6P) is a sucrose signalling metabolite that has been implicated in regulation of shoot branching, but its precise role is not understood. We expressed tagged forms of TREHALOSE-6-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE1 (TPS1) to determine where Tre6P is synthesized in arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), and investigated the impact of localized changes in Tre6P levels, in axillary buds or vascular tissues, on shoot branching in wild-type and branching mutant backgrounds. TPS1 is expressed in axillary buds and the subtending vasculature, as well as in the leaf and stem vasculature. Expression of a heterologous Tre6P phosphatase (TPP) to lower Tre6P in axillary buds strongly delayed bud outgrowth in long days and inhibited branching in short days. TPP expression in the vasculature also delayed lateral bud outgrowth and decreased branching. Increased Tre6P in the vasculature enhanced branching and was accompanied by higher expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and upregulation of sucrose transporters. Increased vascular Tre6P levels enhanced branching in branched1 but not in ft mutant backgrounds. These results provide direct genetic evidence of a local role for Tre6P in regulation of axillary bud outgrowth within the buds themselves, and also connect Tre6P with systemic regulation of shoot branching via FT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Fichtner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Francois F Barbier
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Maria G Annunziata
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Regina Feil
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Justyna J Olas
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Christine A Beveridge
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - John E Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
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12
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Dickinson PJ, Kneřová J, Szecówka M, Stevenson SR, Burgess SJ, Mulvey H, Bågman AM, Gaudinier A, Brady SM, Hibberd JM. A bipartite transcription factor module controlling expression in the bundle sheath of Arabidopsis thaliana. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:1468-1479. [PMID: 33230313 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-00805-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis evolved repeatedly from the ancestral C3 state, improving photosynthetic efficiency by ~50%. In most C4 lineages, photosynthesis is compartmented between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells, but how gene expression is restricted to these cell types is poorly understood. Using the C3 model Arabidopsis thaliana, we identified cis-elements and transcription factors driving expression in bundle sheath strands. Upstream of the bundle sheath preferentially expressed MYB76 gene, we identified a region necessary and sufficient for expression containing two cis-elements associated with the MYC and MYB families of transcription factors. MYB76 expression is reduced in mutant alleles for these transcription factors. Moreover, downregulated genes shared by both mutants are preferentially expressed in the bundle sheath. Our findings are broadly relevant for understanding the spatial patterning of gene expression, provide specific insights into mechanisms associated with the evolution of C4 photosynthesis and identify a short tuneable sequence for manipulating gene expression in the bundle sheath.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jana Kneřová
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marek Szecówka
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sean R Stevenson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Steven J Burgess
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hugh Mulvey
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anne-Maarit Bågman
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Allison Gaudinier
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Siobhan M Brady
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Julian M Hibberd
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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13
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Abstract
C4 photosynthesis evolved multiple times independently from ancestral C3 photosynthesis in a broad range of flowering land plant families and in both monocots and dicots. The evolution of C4 photosynthesis entails the recruitment of enzyme activities that are not involved in photosynthetic carbon fixation in C3 plants to photosynthesis. This requires a different regulation of gene expression as well as a different regulation of enzyme activities in comparison to the C3 context. Further, C4 photosynthesis relies on a distinct leaf anatomy that differs from that of C3, requiring a differential regulation of leaf development in C4. We summarize recent progress in the understanding of C4-specific features in evolution and metabolic regulation in the context of C4 photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urte Schlüter
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; ,
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; ,
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14
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van Rooijen R, Schulze S, Petzsch P, Westhoff P. Targeted misexpression of NAC052, acting in H3K4 demethylation, alters leaf morphological and anatomical traits in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:1434-1448. [PMID: 31740936 PMCID: PMC7031063 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to identify genetic regulators for the cell ontogeny around the veins in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, an activation-tagged mutant line with altered leaf morphology and altered bundle sheath anatomy was characterized. This mutant had a small rosette area with wrinkled leaves and chlorotic leaf edges, as well as enhanced chloroplast numbers in the (pre-)bundle sheath tissue. It had a bundle-specific promoter from the gene GLYCINE DECARBOXYLASE SUBUNIT-T from the C4 species Flaveria trinervia (GLDTFt promoter) inserted in the coding region of the transcriptional repressor NAC052, functioning in H3K4 demethylation, in front of an alternative start codon in-frame with the natural start codon. Reconstruction of the mutation event of our activation-tagged line by creating a line expressing an N-terminally truncated sequence of NAC052 under control of the GLDTFt promoter confirmed the involvement of NAC052 in leaf development. Our study not only reveals leaf anatomic and transcriptomic effects of an N-terminally truncated NAC052 under control of the GLDTFt promoter, but also identifies NAC052 as a novel genetic regulator of leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne van Rooijen
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences ‘From Complex Traits towards Synthetic Modules’, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schulze
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Petzsch
- Biologisch-Medizinisches Forschungszentrum (BMFZ), Genomics & Transcriptomics Labor (GTL), Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Westhoff
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences ‘From Complex Traits towards Synthetic Modules’, Duesseldorf, Germany
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15
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Gupta SD, Levey M, Schulze S, Karki S, Emmerling J, Streubel M, Gowik U, Paul Quick W, Westhoff P. The C 4 Ppc promoters of many C 4 grass species share a common regulatory mechanism for gene expression in the mesophyll cell. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:204-216. [PMID: 31529521 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthetic plants have evolved from C3 ancestors and are characterized by differential expression of several hundred genes. Strict compartmentalization of key C4 enzymes either to mesophyll (M) or bundle sheath cells is considered a crucial step towards the evolution of C4 photosynthesis. In this study, we demonstrate that the 5'-flanking sequences of the C4 type phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (Ppc) gene from three C4 grass species could drive M-cell-specific expression of a reporter gene in rice. In addition to that, we identified about 450 bp (upstream of their transcription start site) of the analyzed C4 Ppc promoters contain all the essential regulatory elements for driving M-cell-specific expression in rice leaves. Importantly, four motifs of conserved nucleotide sequences (CNSs) were also determined, which are essential for the activity of the promoter. A putative interaction between the CNSs and an unknown upstream element(s) is required for driving M-cell-specific expression. This work identifies the evolutionary conservation of C4 Ppc regulatory mechanisms of multiple closely related C4 grass species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipan Das Gupta
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Universitätsstrasse 1, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakahli, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Myles Levey
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Universitätsstrasse 1, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schulze
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Universitätsstrasse 1, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Shanta Karki
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Laguna, 4031, Philippines
- National Citrus Development Program, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Jan Emmerling
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Universitätsstrasse 1, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Monika Streubel
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Universitätsstrasse 1, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Udo Gowik
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Universitätsstrasse 1, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl Von Ossietzky University, D-26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - W Paul Quick
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Laguna, 4031, Philippines
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Peter Westhoff
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Universitätsstrasse 1, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences from Complex Traits towards Synthetic Modules, 40225 Duesseldorf and, 50923, Cologne, Germany
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16
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Adwy W, Schlüter U, Papenbrock J, Peterhansel C, Offermann S. Loss of the M-box from the glycine decarboxylase P-subunit promoter in C2 Moricandia species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2019.100176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Döring F, Billakurthi K, Gowik U, Sultmanis S, Khoshravesh R, Das Gupta S, Sage TL, Westhoff P. Reporter-based forward genetic screen to identify bundle sheath anatomy mutants in A. thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:984-995. [PMID: 30447112 PMCID: PMC6850095 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of C4 photosynthesis proceeded stepwise with each small step increasing the fitness of the plant. An important pre-condition for the introduction of a functional C4 cycle is the photosynthetic activation of the C3 bundle sheath by increasing its volume and organelle number. Therefore, to engineer C4 photosynthesis into existing C3 crops, information about genes that control the bundle sheath cell size and organelle content is needed. However, very little information is known about the genes that could be manipulated to create a more C4 -like bundle sheath. To this end, an ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS)-based forward genetic screen was established in the Brassicaceae C3 species Arabidopsis thaliana. To ensure a high-throughput primary screen, the bundle sheath cells of A. thaliana were labeled using a luciferase (LUC68) or by a chloroplast-targeted green fluorescent protein (sGFP) reporter using a bundle sheath specific promoter. The signal strengths of the reporter genes were used as a proxy to search for mutants with altered bundle sheath anatomy. Here, we show that our genetic screen predominantly identified mutants that were primarily affected in the architecture of the vascular bundle, and led to an increase in bundle sheath volume. By using a mapping-by-sequencing approach the genomic segments that contained mutated candidate genes were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Döring
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental BiologyHeinrich‐Heine UniversityUniversitätsstrasse 140225DuesseldorfGermany
| | - Kumari Billakurthi
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental BiologyHeinrich‐Heine UniversityUniversitätsstrasse 140225DuesseldorfGermany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences ‘From Complex Traits towards Synthetic Modules’40225 Duesseldorf and50923CologneGermany
| | - Udo Gowik
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental BiologyHeinrich‐Heine UniversityUniversitätsstrasse 140225DuesseldorfGermany
- Department of Biology and Environmental SciencesCarl Von Ossietzky UniversityAmmerlaender Heerstrasse 11426129OldenburgGermany
| | - Stefanie Sultmanis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyThe University of TorontoTorontoONM5S 3B2Canada
| | - Roxana Khoshravesh
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyThe University of TorontoTorontoONM5S 3B2Canada
| | - Shipan Das Gupta
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental BiologyHeinrich‐Heine UniversityUniversitätsstrasse 140225DuesseldorfGermany
| | - Tammy L. Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyThe University of TorontoTorontoONM5S 3B2Canada
| | - Peter Westhoff
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental BiologyHeinrich‐Heine UniversityUniversitätsstrasse 140225DuesseldorfGermany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences ‘From Complex Traits towards Synthetic Modules’40225 Duesseldorf and50923CologneGermany
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18
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Kirschner S, Woodfield H, Prusko K, Koczor M, Gowik U, Hibberd JM, Westhoff P. Expression of SULTR2;2, encoding a low-affinity sulphur transporter, in the Arabidopsis bundle sheath and vein cells is mediated by a positive regulator. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4897-4906. [PMID: 30032291 PMCID: PMC6137973 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The bundle sheath provides a conduit linking veins and mesophyll cells. In the C3 plant Arabidopsis thaliana, it also plays important roles in oxidative stress and sulphur metabolism. However, the mechanisms responsible for the patterns of gene expression that underpin these metabolic specializations are poorly understood. Here, we used the Arabidopsis SULTR2;2 gene as a model to better understand mechanisms that restrict expression to the bundle sheath. Deletion analysis indicated that the SULTR2;2 promoter contains a short region necessary for expression in the bundle sheath and veins. This sequence acts as a positive regulator and is tolerant to multiple consecutive deletions indicating considerable redundancy in the cis-elements involved. It is highly conserved in SULTR2;2 genes of the Brassicaceae and is functional in the distantly related C4 species Flaveria bidentis that belongs to the Asteraceae. We conclude that expression of SULTR2;2 in the bundle sheath and veins is underpinned by a highly redundant sequence that likely represents an ancient and conserved mechanism found in families as diverse as the Asteraceae and Brassicaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kirschner
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Helen Woodfield
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katharina Prusko
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria Koczor
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Udo Gowik
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julian M Hibberd
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Westhoff
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße, Düsseldorf, Germany
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19
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Timm S, Giese J, Engel N, Wittmiß M, Florian A, Fernie AR, Bauwe H. T-protein is present in large excess over the other proteins of the glycine cleavage system in leaves of Arabidopsis. PLANTA 2018; 247:41-51. [PMID: 28866761 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2767-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
T-protein is present in large excess over the other proteins of the glycine cleavage system in leaves of Arabidopsis and therefore, exerts little control over the photorespiratory pathway. T-protein is the aminomethyltransferase of the glycine cleavage multienzyme system (GCS), also known as the glycine decarboxylase complex, and essential for photorespiration and one-carbon metabolism. Here, we studied what effects varying levels of the GCS T-protein would have on GCS activity, the operation of the photorespiratory pathway, photosynthesis, and plant growth. To this end, we examined Arabidopsis thaliana T-protein overexpression lines with up to threefold higher amounts of leaf T-protein as well as one knockdown mutant with about 5% residual leaf T-protein and one knockout mutant. Overexpression did not alter photosynthetic CO2 uptake and plant growth, and the knockout mutation was lethal even in the non-photorespiratory environment of air enriched to 1% CO2. Unexpectedly in light of this very low T-protein content, however, the knockdown mutant was able to grow and propagate in normal air and displayed only some minor changes, such as a moderate glycine accumulation in combination with somewhat delayed growth. Neither overexpression nor the knockdown of T-protein altered the amounts of the other three GCS proteins, suggesting that the biosynthesis of the GCS proteins is not synchronized at this level. We also observed that the knockdown causes less T-protein mostly in leaf mesophyll cells, but not so much in the vasculature, and discuss this phenomenon in light of the dual involvement of the GCS and hence T-protein in plant metabolism. Collectively, this work shows that T-protein is present in large excess over the other proteins of the glycine cleavage system in leaves of Arabidopsis and therefore exerts little control over the photorespiratory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Timm
- Plant Physiology Department, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jonas Giese
- Plant Physiology Department, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Plant Physiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 7, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Nadja Engel
- Plant Physiology Department, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Baldingerstraße, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Maria Wittmiß
- Plant Physiology Department, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexandra Florian
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Golm, Germany
| | - Hermann Bauwe
- Plant Physiology Department, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
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20
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Reeves G, Grangé-Guermente MJ, Hibberd JM. Regulatory gateways for cell-specific gene expression in C4 leaves with Kranz anatomy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:107-116. [PMID: 27940469 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis is a carbon-concentrating mechanism that increases delivery of carbon dioxide to RuBisCO and as a consequence reduces photorespiration. The C4 pathway is therefore beneficial in environments that promote high photorespiration. This pathway has evolved many times, and involves restricting gene expression to either mesophyll or bundle sheath cells. Here we review the regulatory mechanisms that control cell-preferential expression of genes in the C4 cycle. From this analysis, it is clear that the C4 pathway has a complex regulatory framework, with control operating at epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels. Some genes of the C4 pathway are regulated at multiple levels, and we propose that this ensures robust expression in each cell type. Accumulating evidence suggests that multiple genes of the C4 pathway may share the same regulatory mechanism. The control systems for C4 photosynthesis gene expression appear to operate in C3 plants, and so it appears that pre-existing mechanisms form the basis of C4 photosynthesis gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Reeves
- Department of Plant Sciences, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | | | - Julian M Hibberd
- Department of Plant Sciences, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
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21
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Schuler ML, Mantegazza O, Weber APM. Engineering C4 photosynthesis into C3 chassis in the synthetic biology age. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 87:51-65. [PMID: 26945781 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthetic plants outperform C3 plants in hot and arid climates. By concentrating carbon dioxide around Rubisco C4 plants drastically reduce photorespiration. The frequency with which plants evolved C4 photosynthesis independently challenges researchers to unravel the genetic mechanisms underlying this convergent evolutionary switch. The conversion of C3 crops, such as rice, towards C4 photosynthesis is a long-standing goal. Nevertheless, at the present time, in the age of synthetic biology, this still remains a monumental task, partially because the C4 carbon-concentrating biochemical cycle spans two cell types and thus requires specialized anatomy. Here we review the advances in understanding the molecular basis and the evolution of the C4 trait, advances in the last decades that were driven by systems biology methods. In this review we emphasise essential genetic engineering tools needed to translate our theoretical knowledge into engineering approaches. With our current molecular understanding of the biochemical C4 pathway, we propose a simplified rational engineering model exclusively built with known C4 metabolic components. Moreover, we discuss an alternative approach to the progressing international engineering attempts that would combine targeted mutagenesis and directed evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara L Schuler
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Otho Mantegazza
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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22
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Schulze S, Westhoff P, Gowik U. Glycine decarboxylase in C3, C4 and C3-C4 intermediate species. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 31:29-35. [PMID: 27038285 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The glycine decarboxylase complex (GDC) plays a central role in photorespiration. GDC is localized in the mitochondria and together with serine hydroxymethyltransferase it converts two molecules of glycine to one molecule of serine, CO2 and NH3. Overexpression of GDC subunits in the C3 species Arabidopsis thaliana can increase the metabolic flux through the photorespiratory pathway leading to enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and consequently to an enhanced biomass production of the transgenic plants. Changing the spatial expression patterns of GDC subunits was an important step during the evolution of C3-C4 intermediate and likely also C4 plants. Restriction of the GDC activity to the bundle sheath cells led to the establishment of a photorespiratory CO2 pump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schulze
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Westhoff
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences 'From Complex Traits towards Synthetic Modules', 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Udo Gowik
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
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23
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Schlüter U, Weber APM. The Road to C4 Photosynthesis: Evolution of a Complex Trait via Intermediary States. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:881-9. [PMID: 26893471 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis enables high photosynthetic energy conversion efficiency as well as high nitrogen and water use efficiencies. Given the multitude of biochemical, structural and molecular changes in comparison with C3 photosynthesis, it appears unlikely that such a complex trait would evolve in a single step. C4 photosynthesis is therefore believed to have evolved from the ancestral C3 state via intermediary stages. Consequently, the identification and detailed characterization of plant species representing transitory states between C3 and C4 is important for the reconstruction of the sequence of evolutionary events, especially since C4 evolution occurred in very different phylogenetic backgrounds. There is also significant interest in engineering of C4 or at least C4-like elements into C3 crop plants. A detailed and mechanistic understanding of C3-C4 intermediates is likely to provide guidance for the experimental design of such approaches. Here we provide an overview on the most relevant results obtained on C3-C4 intermediates to date. Recent knowledge gains in this field will be described in more detail. We thereby concentrate especially on biochemical and physiological work. Finally, we will provide a perspective and outlook on the continued importance of research on C3-C4 intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urte Schlüter
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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24
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Williams BP, Burgess SJ, Reyna-Llorens I, Knerova J, Aubry S, Stanley S, Hibberd JM. An Untranslated cis-Element Regulates the Accumulation of Multiple C4 Enzymes in Gynandropsis gynandra Mesophyll Cells. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:454-65. [PMID: 26772995 PMCID: PMC4790868 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis is a complex phenotype that allows more efficient carbon capture than the ancestral C3 pathway. In leaves of C4 species, hundreds of transcripts increase in abundance compared with C3 relatives and become restricted to mesophyll (M) or bundle sheath (BS) cells. However, no mechanism has been reported that regulates the compartmentation of multiple enzymes in M or BS cells. We examined mechanisms regulating CARBONIC ANHYDRASE4 (CA4) in C4 Gynandropsis gynandra. Increased abundance is directed by both the promoter region and introns of the G. gynandra gene. A nine-nucleotide motif located in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) is required for preferential accumulation of GUS in M cells. This element is present and functional in three additional 5' UTRs and six 3' UTRs where it determines accumulation of two isoforms of CA and pyruvate,orthophosphate dikinase in M cells. Although the GgCA4 5' UTR is sufficient to direct GUS accumulation in M cells, transcripts encoding GUS are abundant in both M and BS. Mutating the GgCA4 5' UTR abolishes enrichment of protein in M cells without affecting transcript abundance. The work identifies a mechanism that directs cell-preferential accumulation of multiple enzymes required for C4 photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben P Williams
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Steven J Burgess
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Reyna-Llorens
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Jana Knerova
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvain Aubry
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Stanley
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Julian M Hibberd
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
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25
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Adwy W, Laxa M, Peterhansel C. A simple mechanism for the establishment of C₂-specific gene expression in Brassicaceae. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 84:1231-1238. [PMID: 26603271 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The transition of C3 , via C2 towards C4 photosynthesis is an important example of stepwise evolution of a complex genetic trait. A common feature that was gradually emphasized during this trajectory is the evolution of a CO2 concentration mechanism around Rubisco. In C2 plants, this mechanism is based on tissue-specific accumulation of glycine decarboxylase (GDC) in bundle sheath (BS) cells, relative to global expression in the cells of C3 leaves. This limits photorespiratory CO2 release to BS cells. Because BS cells are surrounded by photosynthetically active mesophyll cells, this arrangement enhances the probability of re-fixation of CO2 . The restriction of GDC to BS cells was mainly achieved by confinement of its P-subunit (GLDP). Here, we provide a mechanism for the establishment of C2 -type gene expression by studying the upstream sequences of C3 Gldp genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Deletion of 59 bp in the upstream region of AtGldp1 restricted expression of a reporter gene to BS cells and the vasculature without affecting diurnal variation. This region was named the 'M box'. Similar results were obtained for the AtGldp2 gene. Fusion of the M box to endogenous or exogenous promoters supported mesophyll expression. Nucleosome densities at the M box were low, suggesting an open chromatin structure facilitating transcription factor binding. In silico analysis defined a possible consensus for the element that was conserved across the Brassicaceae, but not in Moricandia nitens, a C2 plant. Collective results provide evidence that a simple mutation is sufficient for establishment of C2 -specific gene expression in a C3 plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waly Adwy
- Institut für Botanik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuserstrasse 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Genetics, Cairo University, 13 Gamaa Street, 12619, Giza, Egypt
| | - Miriam Laxa
- Institut für Botanik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuserstrasse 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Peterhansel
- Institut für Botanik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuserstrasse 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
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26
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Aubry S, Kneřová J, Hibberd JM. Endoreduplication is not involved in bundle-sheath formation in the C4 species Cleome gynandra. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:3557-66. [PMID: 24220652 PMCID: PMC4085951 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
There is currently significant interest in engineering the two-celled C4 photosynthesis pathway into crops such as rice in order to increase yield. This will require alterations to the biochemistry of photosynthesis in both mesophyll (M) and bundle-sheath (BS) cells, but also alterations to leaf anatomy. For example, the BS of C4 species is enlarged compared with that in C3 species. Because cell and nucleus size are often correlated, this study investigated whether nuclear endoreduplication is associated with increased differentiation and expansion of BS cells. Nuclei in the BS of C4 Cleome gynandra were tagged with green fluorescent protein. Confocal laser-scanning microscopy and flow cytometry of isolated nuclei were used to quantify size and DNA content in BS cells. The results showed a significant endoreduplication in BS cells of C. gynandra but not in additional C4 lineages from both the monocotyledonous and dicotyledenous plants. Furthermore, in the C3 species Arabidopsis thaliana, BS cells undergo endoreduplication. Due to this significant endoreduplication in the small BS cells of C3 A. thaliana, it was concluded that endoreduplication of BS nuclei in C4 plants is not linked to expansion and differentiation of BS cells, and therefore that alternative strategies to increase this compartment need to be sought in order to engineer C4 traits into C3 crops such as rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Aubry
- Department of Plant Sciences, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Jana Kneřová
- Department of Plant Sciences, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Julian M Hibberd
- Department of Plant Sciences, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
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27
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Keerberg O, Pärnik T, Ivanova H, Bassüner B, Bauwe H. C2 photosynthesis generates about 3-fold elevated leaf CO2 levels in the C3-C4 intermediate species Flaveria pubescens. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:3649-56. [PMID: 24916069 PMCID: PMC4085972 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Formation of a photorespiration-based CO2-concentrating mechanism in C3-C4 intermediate plants is seen as a prerequisite for the evolution of C4 photosynthesis, but it is not known how efficient this mechanism is. Here, using in vivo Rubisco carboxylation-to-oxygenation ratios as a proxy to assess relative intraplastidial CO2 levels is suggested. Such ratios were determined for the C3-C4 intermediate species Flaveria pubescens compared with the closely related C3 plant F. cronquistii and the C4 plant F. trinervia. To this end, a model was developed to describe the major carbon fluxes and metabolite pools involved in photosynthetic-photorespiratory carbon metabolism and used quantitatively to evaluate the labelling kinetics during short-term (14)CO2 incorporation. Our data suggest that the photorespiratory CO2 pump elevates the intraplastidial CO2 concentration about 3-fold in leaves of the C3-C4 intermediate species F. pubescens relative to the C3 species F. cronquistii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olav Keerberg
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tiit Pärnik
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hiie Ivanova
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Burgund Bassüner
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO 63166-0299, USA
| | - Hermann Bauwe
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
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28
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Aldous SH, Weise SE, Sharkey TD, Waldera-Lupa DM, Stühler K, Mallmann J, Groth G, Gowik U, Westhoff P, Arsova B. Evolution of the Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase Protein Kinase Family in C3 and C4 Flaveria spp. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:1076-1091. [PMID: 24850859 PMCID: PMC4081323 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.240283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The key enzyme for C4 photosynthesis, Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase (PEPC), evolved from nonphotosynthetic PEPC found in C3 ancestors. In all plants, PEPC is phosphorylated by Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase Protein Kinase (PPCK). However, differences in the phosphorylation pattern exist among plants with these photosynthetic types, and it is still not clear if they are due to interspecies differences or depend on photosynthetic type. The genus Flaveria contains closely related C3, C3-C4 intermediate, and C4 species, which are evolutionarily young and thus well suited for comparative analysis. To characterize the evolutionary differences in PPCK between plants with C3 and C4 photosynthesis, transcriptome libraries from nine Flaveria spp. were used, and a two-member PPCK family (PPCKA and PPCKB) was identified. Sequence analysis identified a number of C3- and C4-specific residues with various occurrences in the intermediates. Quantitative analysis of transcriptome data revealed that PPCKA and PPCKB exhibit inverse diel expression patterns and that C3 and C4 Flaveria spp. differ in the expression levels of these genes. PPCKA has maximal expression levels during the day, whereas PPCKB has maximal expression during the night. Phosphorylation patterns of PEPC varied among C3 and C4 Flaveria spp. too, with PEPC from the C4 species being predominantly phosphorylated throughout the day, while in the C3 species the phosphorylation level was maintained during the entire 24 h. Since C4 Flaveria spp. evolved from C3 ancestors, this work links the evolutionary changes in sequence, PPCK expression, and phosphorylation pattern to an evolutionary phase shift of kinase activity from a C3 to a C4 mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia H Aldous
- Institut für Entwicklungs- und Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (S.H.A., J.M., U.G., P.W., B.A.), Molecular Proteomics Laboratory (D.M.W.-L., K.S.), and Biochemische Pflanzenphysiologie (G.G.), Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany;Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (S.E.W., T.D.S.); andCluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, From Complex Traits towards Synthetic Modules, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (K.S., G.G., U.G., P.W., B.A.)
| | - Sean E Weise
- Institut für Entwicklungs- und Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (S.H.A., J.M., U.G., P.W., B.A.), Molecular Proteomics Laboratory (D.M.W.-L., K.S.), and Biochemische Pflanzenphysiologie (G.G.), Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany;Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (S.E.W., T.D.S.); andCluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, From Complex Traits towards Synthetic Modules, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (K.S., G.G., U.G., P.W., B.A.)
| | - Thomas D Sharkey
- Institut für Entwicklungs- und Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (S.H.A., J.M., U.G., P.W., B.A.), Molecular Proteomics Laboratory (D.M.W.-L., K.S.), and Biochemische Pflanzenphysiologie (G.G.), Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany;Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (S.E.W., T.D.S.); andCluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, From Complex Traits towards Synthetic Modules, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (K.S., G.G., U.G., P.W., B.A.)
| | - Daniel M Waldera-Lupa
- Institut für Entwicklungs- und Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (S.H.A., J.M., U.G., P.W., B.A.), Molecular Proteomics Laboratory (D.M.W.-L., K.S.), and Biochemische Pflanzenphysiologie (G.G.), Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany;Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (S.E.W., T.D.S.); andCluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, From Complex Traits towards Synthetic Modules, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (K.S., G.G., U.G., P.W., B.A.)
| | - Kai Stühler
- Institut für Entwicklungs- und Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (S.H.A., J.M., U.G., P.W., B.A.), Molecular Proteomics Laboratory (D.M.W.-L., K.S.), and Biochemische Pflanzenphysiologie (G.G.), Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany;Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (S.E.W., T.D.S.); andCluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, From Complex Traits towards Synthetic Modules, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (K.S., G.G., U.G., P.W., B.A.)
| | - Julia Mallmann
- Institut für Entwicklungs- und Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (S.H.A., J.M., U.G., P.W., B.A.), Molecular Proteomics Laboratory (D.M.W.-L., K.S.), and Biochemische Pflanzenphysiologie (G.G.), Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany;Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (S.E.W., T.D.S.); andCluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, From Complex Traits towards Synthetic Modules, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (K.S., G.G., U.G., P.W., B.A.)
| | - Georg Groth
- Institut für Entwicklungs- und Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (S.H.A., J.M., U.G., P.W., B.A.), Molecular Proteomics Laboratory (D.M.W.-L., K.S.), and Biochemische Pflanzenphysiologie (G.G.), Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany;Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (S.E.W., T.D.S.); andCluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, From Complex Traits towards Synthetic Modules, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (K.S., G.G., U.G., P.W., B.A.)
| | - Udo Gowik
- Institut für Entwicklungs- und Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (S.H.A., J.M., U.G., P.W., B.A.), Molecular Proteomics Laboratory (D.M.W.-L., K.S.), and Biochemische Pflanzenphysiologie (G.G.), Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany;Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (S.E.W., T.D.S.); andCluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, From Complex Traits towards Synthetic Modules, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (K.S., G.G., U.G., P.W., B.A.)
| | - Peter Westhoff
- Institut für Entwicklungs- und Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (S.H.A., J.M., U.G., P.W., B.A.), Molecular Proteomics Laboratory (D.M.W.-L., K.S.), and Biochemische Pflanzenphysiologie (G.G.), Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany;Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (S.E.W., T.D.S.); andCluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, From Complex Traits towards Synthetic Modules, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (K.S., G.G., U.G., P.W., B.A.)
| | - Borjana Arsova
- Institut für Entwicklungs- und Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (S.H.A., J.M., U.G., P.W., B.A.), Molecular Proteomics Laboratory (D.M.W.-L., K.S.), and Biochemische Pflanzenphysiologie (G.G.), Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany;Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (S.E.W., T.D.S.); andCluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, From Complex Traits towards Synthetic Modules, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany (K.S., G.G., U.G., P.W., B.A.)
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29
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Aubry S, Smith-Unna RD, Boursnell CM, Kopriva S, Hibberd JM. Transcript residency on ribosomes reveals a key role for the Arabidopsis thaliana bundle sheath in sulfur and glucosinolate metabolism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 78:659-73. [PMID: 24617819 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Leaves of angiosperms are made up of multiple distinct cell types. While the function of mesophyll cells, guard cells, phloem companion cells and sieve elements are clearly described, this is not the case for the bundle sheath (BS). To provide insight into the role of the BS in the C3 species Arabidopsis thaliana, we labelled ribosomes in this cell type with a FLAG tag. We then used immunocapture to isolate these ribosomes, followed by sequencing of resident mRNAs. This showed that 5% of genes showed specific splice forms in the BS, and that 15% of genes were preferentially expressed in these cells. The BS translatome strongly implies that the BS plays specific roles in sulfur transport and metabolism, glucosinolate biosynthesis and trehalose metabolism. Much of the C4 cycle is differentially expressed between the C3 BS and the rest of the leaf. Furthermore, the global patterns of transcript residency on BS ribosomes overlap to a greater extent with cells of the root pericycle than any other cell type. This analysis provides the first insight into the molecular function of this cell type in C3 species, and also identifies characteristics of BS cells that are probably ancestral to both C3 and C4 plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Aubry
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
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30
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Covshoff S, Burgess SJ, Kneřová J, Kümpers BMC. Getting the most out of natural variation in C4 photosynthesis. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2014; 119:157-167. [PMID: 23794170 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9872-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis is a complex trait that has a high degree of natural variation, involving anatomical and biochemical changes relative to the ancestral C3 state. It has evolved at least 66 times across a variety of lineages and the evolutionary route from C3 to C4 is likely conserved but not necessarily genetically identical. As such, a variety of C4 species are needed to identify what is fundamental to the C4 evolutionary process in a global context. In order to identify the genetic components of C4 form and function, a number of species are used as genetic models. These include Zea mays (maize), Sorghum bicolor (sorghum), Setaria viridis (Setaria), Flaveria bidentis, and Cleome gynandra. Each of these species has different benefits and challenges associated with its use as a model organism. Here, we propose that RNA profiling of a large sampling of C4, C3-C4, and C3 species, from as many lineages as possible, will allow identification of candidate genes necessary and sufficient to confer C4 anatomy and/or biochemistry. Furthermore, C4 model species will play a critical role in the functional characterization of these candidate genes and identification of their regulatory elements, by providing a platform for transformation and through the use of gene expression profiles in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells and along the leaf developmental gradient. Efforts should be made to sequence the genomes of F. bidentis and C. gynandra and to develop congeneric C3 species as genetic models for comparative studies. In combination, such resources would facilitate discovery of common and unique C4 regulatory mechanisms across genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Covshoff
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK,
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31
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Ludwig M. Evolution of the C4 photosynthetic pathway: events at the cellular and molecular levels. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2013; 117:147-61. [PMID: 23708978 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9853-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The biochemistry and leaf anatomy of plants using C4 photosynthesis promote the concentration of atmospheric CO2 in leaf tissue that leads to improvements in growth and yield of C4 plants over C3 species in hot, dry, high light, and/or saline environments. C4 plants like maize and sugarcane are significant food, fodder, and bioenergy crops. The C4 photosynthetic pathway is an excellent example of convergent evolution, having evolved in multiple independent lineages of land plants from ancestors employing C3 photosynthesis. In addition to C3 and C4 species, some plant lineages contain closely related C3-C4 intermediate species that demonstrate leaf anatomical, biochemical, and physiological characteristics between those of C3 plants and species using C4 photosynthesis. These groups of plants have been extremely useful in dissecting the modifications to leaf anatomy and molecular biology, which led to the evolution of C4 photosynthesis. It is now clear that great variation exists in C4 leaf anatomy, and diverse molecular mechanisms underlie C4 biochemistry and physiology. However, all these different paths have led to the same destination-the expression of a C4 CO2 concentrating mechanism. Further identification of C4 leaf anatomical traits and molecular biological components, and understanding how they are controlled and assembled will not only allow for additional insights into evolutionary convergence, but also contribute to sustainable food and bioenergy production strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Ludwig
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia,
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Williams BP, Johnston IG, Covshoff S, Hibberd JM. Phenotypic landscape inference reveals multiple evolutionary paths to C4 photosynthesis. eLife 2013. [PMID: 24082995 DOI: 10.7554/elife.00961.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis has independently evolved from the ancestral C3 pathway in at least 60 plant lineages, but, as with other complex traits, how it evolved is unclear. Here we show that the polyphyletic appearance of C4 photosynthesis is associated with diverse and flexible evolutionary paths that group into four major trajectories. We conducted a meta-analysis of 18 lineages containing species that use C3, C4, or intermediate C3-C4 forms of photosynthesis to parameterise a 16-dimensional phenotypic landscape. We then developed and experimentally verified a novel Bayesian approach based on a hidden Markov model that predicts how the C4 phenotype evolved. The alternative evolutionary histories underlying the appearance of C4 photosynthesis were determined by ancestral lineage and initial phenotypic alterations unrelated to photosynthesis. We conclude that the order of C4 trait acquisition is flexible and driven by non-photosynthetic drivers. This flexibility will have facilitated the convergent evolution of this complex trait. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00961.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben P Williams
- Department of Plant Sciences , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
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Williams BP, Johnston IG, Covshoff S, Hibberd JM. Phenotypic landscape inference reveals multiple evolutionary paths to C4 photosynthesis. eLife 2013; 2:e00961. [PMID: 24082995 PMCID: PMC3786385 DOI: 10.7554/elife.00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis has independently evolved from the ancestral C3 pathway in at least 60 plant lineages, but, as with other complex traits, how it evolved is unclear. Here we show that the polyphyletic appearance of C4 photosynthesis is associated with diverse and flexible evolutionary paths that group into four major trajectories. We conducted a meta-analysis of 18 lineages containing species that use C3, C4, or intermediate C3-C4 forms of photosynthesis to parameterise a 16-dimensional phenotypic landscape. We then developed and experimentally verified a novel Bayesian approach based on a hidden Markov model that predicts how the C4 phenotype evolved. The alternative evolutionary histories underlying the appearance of C4 photosynthesis were determined by ancestral lineage and initial phenotypic alterations unrelated to photosynthesis. We conclude that the order of C4 trait acquisition is flexible and driven by non-photosynthetic drivers. This flexibility will have facilitated the convergent evolution of this complex trait. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00961.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben P Williams
- Department of Plant Sciences,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United
Kingdom
| | - Iain G Johnston
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial
College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Covshoff
- Department of Plant Sciences,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United
Kingdom
| | - Julian M Hibberd
- Department of Plant Sciences,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United
Kingdom
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Schulze S, Mallmann J, Burscheidt J, Koczor M, Streubel M, Bauwe H, Gowik U, Westhoff P. Evolution of C4 photosynthesis in the genus flaveria: establishment of a photorespiratory CO2 pump. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:2522-35. [PMID: 23847152 PMCID: PMC3753380 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.114520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis is nature's most efficient answer to the dual activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and the resulting loss of CO(2) by photorespiration. Gly decarboxylase (GDC) is the key component of photorespiratory CO(2) release in plants and is active in all photosynthetic tissues of C(3) plants, but only in the bundle sheath cells of C(4) plants. The restriction of GDC to the bundle sheath is assumed to be an essential and early step in the evolution of C(4) photosynthesis, leading to a photorespiratory CO(2) concentrating mechanism. In this study, we analyzed how the P-protein of GDC (GLDP) became restricted to the bundle sheath during the transition from C(3) to C(4) photosynthesis in the genus Flaveria. We found that C(3) Flaveria species already contain a bundle sheath-expressed GLDP gene in addition to a ubiquitously expressed second gene, which became a pseudogene in C(4) Flaveria species. Analyses of C(3)-C(4) intermediate Flaveria species revealed that the photorespiratory CO(2) pump was not established in one single step, but gradually. The knowledge gained by this study sheds light on the early steps in C(4) evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schulze
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Department Biologie, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences “From Complex Traits towards Synthetic Modules,” 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Mallmann
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Department Biologie, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Janet Burscheidt
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Department Biologie, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria Koczor
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Department Biologie, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Monika Streubel
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Department Biologie, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Hermann Bauwe
- Universität Rostock, Abteilung Pflanzenphysiologie, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Udo Gowik
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Department Biologie, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences “From Complex Traits towards Synthetic Modules,” 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Westhoff
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Department Biologie, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences “From Complex Traits towards Synthetic Modules,” 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
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Prado K, Boursiac Y, Tournaire-Roux C, Monneuse JM, Postaire O, Da Ines O, Schäffner AR, Hem S, Santoni V, Maurel C. Regulation of Arabidopsis leaf hydraulics involves light-dependent phosphorylation of aquaporins in veins. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:1029-39. [PMID: 23532070 PMCID: PMC3634675 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.108456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The water status of plant leaves depends on the efficiency of the water supply, from the vasculature to inner tissues. This process is under hormonal and environmental regulation and involves aquaporin water channels. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the rosette hydraulic conductivity (Kros) is higher in darkness than it is during the day. Knockout plants showed that three plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) sharing expression in veins (PIP1;2, PIP2;1, and PIP2;6) contribute to rosette water transport, and PIP2;1 can fully account for Kros responsiveness to darkness. Directed expression of PIP2;1 in veins of a pip2;1 mutant was sufficient to restore Kros. In addition, a positive correlation, in both wild-type and PIP2;1-overexpressing plants, was found between Kros and the osmotic water permeability of protoplasts from the veins but not from the mesophyll. Thus, living cells in veins form a major hydraulic resistance in leaves. Quantitative proteomic analyses showed that light-dependent regulation of Kros is linked to diphosphorylation of PIP2;1 at Ser-280 and Ser-283. Expression in pip2;1 of phosphomimetic and phosphorylation-deficient forms of PIP2;1 demonstrated that phosphorylation at these two sites is necessary for Kros enhancement under darkness. These findings establish how regulation of a single aquaporin isoform in leaf veins critically determines leaf hydraulics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Prado
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Unité Mixte de Recherche 0386, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Montpellier SupAgro/Université Montpellier II, F-34060 Montpellier, cedex 2, France
| | - Yann Boursiac
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Unité Mixte de Recherche 0386, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Montpellier SupAgro/Université Montpellier II, F-34060 Montpellier, cedex 2, France
| | - Colette Tournaire-Roux
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Unité Mixte de Recherche 0386, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Montpellier SupAgro/Université Montpellier II, F-34060 Montpellier, cedex 2, France
| | - Jean-Marc Monneuse
- Laboratoire de Protéomique Fonctionnelle, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité de Recherche 1199, F-34060 Montpellier cedex 2, France
| | - Olivier Postaire
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Unité Mixte de Recherche 0386, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Montpellier SupAgro/Université Montpellier II, F-34060 Montpellier, cedex 2, France
| | - Olivier Da Ines
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anton R. Schäffner
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sonia Hem
- Laboratoire de Protéomique Fonctionnelle, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité de Recherche 1199, F-34060 Montpellier cedex 2, France
| | - Véronique Santoni
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Unité Mixte de Recherche 0386, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Montpellier SupAgro/Université Montpellier II, F-34060 Montpellier, cedex 2, France
| | - Christophe Maurel
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5004, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Unité Mixte de Recherche 0386, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Montpellier SupAgro/Université Montpellier II, F-34060 Montpellier, cedex 2, France
- Address correspondence to
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