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Shi B, Lian Q, Gao H, Wang Y, Ma Q. TaCAP1 Interacts with TaLHCB1s and Positively Regulates Wheat Resistance Against Stripe Rust. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:1646-1656. [PMID: 38648033 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-23-0342-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Actin filaments and their associated actin-binding proteins play key roles in plant innate immune signaling. CAP1, or cyclase-associated protein 1, is an important regulatory factor of the actin cytoskeleton-associated signaling network and was hypothesized here to be involved in resistance against wheat stripe rust because TaCAP1 expression was upregulated in response to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). Downregulation of TaCAP1 expression led to decreased resistance against Pst, in contrast to increased resistance upon TaCAP1 overexpressing, as demonstrated by the changes of phenotypes and hyphal growth. We found increased expression of pathogenesis-responsive or relative related genes and disease grade changed in TaCAP1 overexpressing plants. Our results also showed TaCAP1-regulated host resistance to Pst by inducing the production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species and mediating the salicylic acid signaling pathway. Additionally, TaCAP1 interacted with chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins TaLHCB1.3 and TaLHCB1.4, also known as the light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complex II subunit B, which belong to the light-harvesting complex II protein family. Silencing of two TaLHCB1 genes showed higher susceptibility to Pst, which reduced wheat resistance against Pst. Therefore, the data presented herein further illuminate our understanding that TaCAP1 interacts with TaLHCB1s and functions as a positive regulator of wheat resistance against stripe rust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, China
| | - Qinggui Lian
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Haifeng Gao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830091, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Safaeizadeh M, Boller T, Becker C. Comparative RNA-seq analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana response to AtPep1 and flg22, reveals the identification of PP2-B13 and ACLP1 as new members in pattern-triggered immunity. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297124. [PMID: 38833485 PMCID: PMC11149889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In this research, a high-throughput RNA sequencing-based transcriptome analysis technique (RNA-Seq) was used to evaluate differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the wild type Arabidopsis seedlings in response to AtPep1, a well-known peptide representing an endogenous damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), and flg22, a well-known microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP). We compared and dissected the global transcriptional landscape of Arabidopsis thaliana in response to AtPep1 and flg22 and could identify shared and unique DEGs in response to these elicitors. We found that while a remarkable number of flg22 up-regulated genes were also induced by AtPep1, 256 genes were exclusively up-regulated in response to flg22, and 328 were exclusively up-regulated in response to AtPep1. Furthermore, among down-regulated DEGs upon flg22 treatment, 107 genes were exclusively down-regulated by flg22 treatment, while 411 genes were exclusively down-regulated by AtPep1. We found a number of hitherto overlooked genes to be induced upon treatment with either flg22 or with AtPep1, indicating their possible involvement general pathways in innate immunity. Here, we characterized two of them, namely PP2-B13 and ACLP1. pp2-b13 and aclp1 mutants showed increased susceptibility to infection by the virulent pathogen Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 and its mutant Pst DC3000 hrcC (lacking the type III secretion system), as evidenced by increased proliferation of the two pathogens in planta. Further, we present evidence that the aclp1 mutant is deficient in ethylene production upon flg22 treatment, while the pp2-b13 mutant is deficient in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The results from this research provide new information for a better understanding of the immune system in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Safaeizadeh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Boller
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claude Becker
- LMU Biocentre, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Martinsried, Germany
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Wang Q, Cang X, Yan H, Zhang Z, Li W, He J, Zhang M, Lou L, Wang R, Chang M. Activating plant immunity: the hidden dance of intracellular Ca 2+ stores. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:2430-2439. [PMID: 38586981 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Calcium ion (Ca2+) serves as a versatile and conserved second messenger in orchestrating immune responses. In plants, plasma membrane-localized Ca2+-permeable channels can be activated to induce Ca2+ influx from extracellular space to cytosol upon pathogen infection. Notably, different immune elicitors can induce dynamic Ca2+ signatures in the cytosol. During pattern-triggered immunity, there is a rapid and transient increase in cytosolic Ca2+, whereas in effector-triggered immunity, the elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ is strong and sustained. Numerous Ca2+ sensors are localized in the cytosol or different intracellular organelles, which are responsible for detecting and converting Ca2+ signals. In fact, Ca2+ signaling coordinated by cytosol and subcellular compartments plays a crucial role in activating plant immune responses. However, the complete Ca2+ signaling network in plant cells is still largely ambiguous. This review offers a comprehensive insight into the collaborative role of intracellular Ca2+ stores in shaping the Ca2+ signaling network during plant immunity, and several intriguing questions for future research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Haiqiao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zilu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jinyu He
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Laiqing Lou
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ran Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Ming Chang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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García-Soto I, Formey D, Mora-Toledo A, Cárdenas L, Aragón W, Tromas A, Duque-Ortiz A, Jiménez-Bremont JF, Serrano M. AtRAC7/ROP9 Small GTPase Regulates A. thaliana Immune Systems in Response to B. cinerea Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:591. [PMID: 38203762 PMCID: PMC10779071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungus that can cause gray mold in over 1400 plant species. Once it is detected by Arabidopsis thaliana, several defense responses are activated against this fungus. The proper activation of these defenses determines plant susceptibility or resistance. It has been proposed that the RAC/ROP small GTPases might serve as a molecular link in this process. In this study, we investigate the potential role of the Arabidopsis RAC7 gene during infection with B. cinerea. For that, we evaluated A. thaliana RAC7-OX lines, characterized by the overexpression of the RAC7 gene. Our results reveal that these RAC7-OX lines displayed increased susceptibility to B. cinerea infection, with enhanced fungal colonization and earlier lesion development. Additionally, they exhibited heightened sensitivity to bacterial infections caused by Pseudomonas syringae and Pectobacterium brasiliense. By characterizing plant canonical defense mechanisms and performing transcriptomic profiling, we determined that RAC7-OX lines impaired the plant transcriptomic response before and during B. cinerea infection. Global pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes suggested that RAC7 influences pathogen perception, cell wall homeostasis, signal transduction, and biosynthesis and response to hormones and antimicrobial compounds through actin filament modulation. Herein, we pointed out, for first time, the negative role of RAC7 small GTPase during A. thaliana-B. cinerea interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivette García-Soto
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (D.F.); (A.M.-T.)
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Damien Formey
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (D.F.); (A.M.-T.)
| | - Angélica Mora-Toledo
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (D.F.); (A.M.-T.)
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Luis Cárdenas
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico;
| | - Wendy Aragón
- Instituto de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Blvd. Príncipe Akishino s/n, Tapachula 30798, Chiapas, Mexico;
| | - Alexandre Tromas
- La Cité College, Bureau de la Recherche et de l’Innovation, Ottawa, ON K1K 4R3, Canada;
| | - Arianna Duque-Ortiz
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT), San Luis Potosí 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico; (A.D.-O.); (J.F.J.-B.)
| | - Juan Francisco Jiménez-Bremont
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT), San Luis Potosí 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico; (A.D.-O.); (J.F.J.-B.)
| | - Mario Serrano
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (D.F.); (A.M.-T.)
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Zhang T, Bai L, Guo Y. SCAB1 coordinates sequential Ca 2+ and ABA signals during osmotic stress induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 67:1-18. [PMID: 38153680 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2480-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Hyperosmotic stress caused by drought is a detrimental threat to plant growth and agricultural productivity due to limited water availability. Stomata are gateways of transpiration and gas exchange, the swift adjustment of stomatal aperture has a strong influence on plant drought resistance. Despite intensive investigations of stomatal closure during drought stress in past decades, little is known about how sequential signals are integrated during complete processes. Here, we discovered that the rapid Ca2+ signaling and subsequent abscisic acid (ABA) signaling contribute to the kinetics of both F-actin reorganizations and stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana, while STOMATAL CLOSURE-RELATED ACTIN BINDING PROTEIN1 (SCAB1) is the molecular switch for this entire process. During the early stage of osmotic shock responses, swift elevated calcium signaling promotes SCAB1 phosphorylation through calcium sensors CALCIUM DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE3 (CPK3) and CPK6. The phosphorylation restrained the microfilament binding affinity of SCAB1, which bring about the F-actin disassembly and stomatal closure initiation. As the osmotic stress signal continued, both the kinase activity of CPK3 and the phosphorylation level of SCAB1 attenuated significantly. We further found that ABA signaling is indispensable for these attenuations, which presumably contributed to the actin filament reassembly process as well as completion of stomatal closure. Notably, the dynamic changes of SCAB1 phosphorylation status are crucial for the kinetics of stomatal closure. Taken together, our results support a model in which SCAB1 works as a molecular switch, and directs the microfilament rearrangement through integrating the sequentially generated Ca2+ and ABA signals during osmotic stress induced stomatal closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Li Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Sun Y, Shi M, Wang D, Gong Y, Sha Q, Lv P, Yang J, Chu P, Guo S. Research progress on the roles of actin-depolymerizing factor in plant stress responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1278311. [PMID: 38034575 PMCID: PMC10687421 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1278311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Actin-depolymerizing factors (ADFs) are highly conserved small-molecule actin-binding proteins found throughout eukaryotic cells. In land plants, ADFs form a small gene family that displays functional redundancy despite variations among its individual members. ADF can bind to actin monomers or polymerized microfilaments and regulate dynamic changes in the cytoskeletal framework through specialized biochemical activities, such as severing, depolymerizing, and bundling. The involvement of ADFs in modulating the microfilaments' dynamic changes has significant implications for various physiological processes, including plant growth, development, and stress response. The current body of research has greatly advanced our comprehension of the involvement of ADFs in the regulation of plant responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses, particularly with respect to the molecular regulatory mechanisms that govern ADF activity during the transmission of stress signals. Stress has the capacity to directly modify the transcription levels of ADF genes, as well as indirectly regulate their expression through transcription factors such as MYB, C-repeat binding factors, ABF, and 14-3-3 proteins. Furthermore, apart from their role in regulating actin dynamics, ADFs possess the ability to modulate the stress response by influencing downstream genes associated with pathogen resistance and abiotic stress response. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current advancements in plant ADF gene research and suggests that the identification of plant ADF family genes across a broader spectrum, thorough analysis of ADF gene regulation in stress resistance of plants, and manipulation of ADF genes through genome-editing techniques to enhance plant stress resistance are crucial avenues for future investigation in this field.
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Yuan G, Gao H, Yang T. Exploring the Role of the Plant Actin Cytoskeleton: From Signaling to Cellular Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15480. [PMID: 37895158 PMCID: PMC10607326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant actin cytoskeleton is characterized by the basic properties of dynamic array, which plays a central role in numerous conserved processes that are required for diverse cellular functions. Here, we focus on how actins and actin-related proteins (ARPs), which represent two classical branches of a greatly diverse superfamily of ATPases, are involved in fundamental functions underlying signal regulation of plant growth and development. Moreover, we review the structure, assembly dynamics, and biological functions of filamentous actin (F-actin) from a molecular perspective. The various accessory proteins known as actin-binding proteins (ABPs) partner with F-actin to finely tune actin dynamics, often in response to various cell signaling pathways. Our understanding of the significance of the actin cytoskeleton in vital cellular activities has been furthered by comparison of conserved functions of actin filaments across different species combined with advanced microscopic techniques and experimental methods. We discuss the current model of the plant actin cytoskeleton, followed by examples of the signaling mechanisms under the supervision of F-actin related to cell morphogenesis, polar growth, and cytoplasmic streaming. Determination of the theoretical basis of how the cytoskeleton works is important in itself and is beneficial to future applications aimed at improving crop biomass and production efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tao Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (G.Y.); (H.G.)
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Hawkins TJ, Kopischke M, Duckney PJ, Rybak K, Mentlak DA, Kroon JTM, Bui MT, Richardson AC, Casey M, Alexander A, De Jaeger G, Kalde M, Moore I, Dagdas Y, Hussey PJ, Robatzek S. NET4 and RabG3 link actin to the tonoplast and facilitate cytoskeletal remodelling during stomatal immunity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5848. [PMID: 37730720 PMCID: PMC10511709 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41337-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the NETWORKED (NET) family are involved in actin-membrane interactions. Here we show that two members of the NET family, NET4A and NET4B, are essential for normal guard cell actin reorganization, which is a process critical for stomatal closure in plant immunity. NET4 proteins interact with F-actin and with members of the Rab7 GTPase RABG3 family through two distinct domains, allowing for simultaneous localization to actin filaments and the tonoplast. NET4 proteins interact with GTP-bound, active RABG3 members, suggesting their function being downstream effectors. We also show that RABG3b is critical for stomatal closure induced by microbial patterns. Taken together, we conclude that the actin cytoskeletal remodelling during stomatal closure involves a molecular link between actin filaments and the tonoplast, which is mediated by the NET4-RABG3b interaction. We propose that stomatal closure to microbial patterns involves the coordinated action of immune-triggered osmotic changes and actin cytoskeletal remodelling likely driving compact vacuolar morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Hawkins
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Michaela Kopischke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- LMU Munich Biocenter, Großhadener Strasse 4, 82152, Planegg, DE, Germany
| | - Patrick J Duckney
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Katarzyna Rybak
- LMU Munich Biocenter, Großhadener Strasse 4, 82152, Planegg, DE, Germany
| | - David A Mentlak
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Johan T M Kroon
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Mai Thu Bui
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, AUT, Austria
| | | | - Mary Casey
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Geert De Jaeger
- VIB-University Ghent, Center for Plant System Biology, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, BE, Belgium
| | - Monika Kalde
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd., Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Ian Moore
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd., Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Yasin Dagdas
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, AUT, Austria
| | - Patrick J Hussey
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
- LMU Munich Biocenter, Großhadener Strasse 4, 82152, Planegg, DE, Germany.
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Hu L, Yang D, Wang H, Du X, Zhang Y, Niu L, Wan B, Xia M, Qi H, Mou T, You A, Li J. Transcriptome analysis revealed differentially expressed genes in rice functionally associated with brown planthopper defense in near isogenic lines pyramiding BPH14 and BPH15. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1250590. [PMID: 37615020 PMCID: PMC10442831 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1250590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Although rice has many pests, brown planthopper (BPH) in particular is known to cause substantial damage. The pyramiding application of BPH-resistance genes BPH14 and BPH15 has proven effective in enhancing rice defense against BPH. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying BPH14/BPH15-conferred resistance remain unexplained. In this investigation, we analyzed the transcriptomes of near isogenic lines (NILs) containing either BPH14 (B14), BPH15 (B15), or BPH14/BPH15 (B1415), as well as their recurrent parent (RP) 'Wushansimiao'. In total, we detected 14,492 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across 12 mRNA profiles of resistant NILs and RP at different feeding stages. In the transcriptomic analysis, 531 DEGs appeared to be common among the resistant NILs compared to RP before and after BPH feeding. These common DEGs were enriched in defense response, phosphorylation, and salt stress response. In addition, 258 DEGs shared only in resistant NILs were obtained among the different feeding stages, which were enriched in oxidative stress response, karrikin response, and chloroplast organization. Considering the expression patterns and relevant research reports associated with these DEGs, 21 were chosen as BPH resistance candidates. In rice protoplasts, the candidate DEG OsPOX8.1 was confirmed to increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation by chemiluminescence measurement. Our results provide valuable information to further explore the defense mechanism of insect-resistant gene pyramiding lines and develop robust strategies for insect control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Dabing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueshu Du
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liping Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bingliang Wan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingyuan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Huaxiong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Tongmin Mou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aiqing You
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinbo Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crops Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
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Hembrow J, Deeks MJ, Richards DM. Automatic extraction of actin networks in plants. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011407. [PMID: 37647341 PMCID: PMC10497154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is essential in eukaryotes, not least in the plant kingdom where it plays key roles in cell expansion, cell division, environmental responses and pathogen defence. Yet, the precise structure-function relationships of properties of the actin network in plants are still to be unravelled, including details of how the network configuration depends upon cell type, tissue type and developmental stage. Part of the problem lies in the difficulty of extracting high-quality, quantitative measures of actin network features from microscopy data. To address this problem, we have developed DRAGoN, a novel image analysis algorithm that can automatically extract the actin network across a range of cell types, providing seventeen different quantitative measures that describe the network at a local level. Using this algorithm, we then studied a number of cases in Arabidopsis thaliana, including several different tissues, a variety of actin-affected mutants, and cells responding to powdery mildew. In many cases we found statistically-significant differences in actin network properties. In addition to these results, our algorithm is designed to be easily adaptable to other tissues, mutants and plants, and so will be a valuable asset for the study and future biological engineering of the actin cytoskeleton in globally-important crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Hembrow
- Living Systems Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Deeks
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - David M. Richards
- Living Systems Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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11
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Sun Y, Wang D, Shi M, Gong Y, Yin S, Jiao Y, Guo S. Genome-wide identification of actin-depolymerizing factor gene family and their expression patterns under various abiotic stresses in soybean ( Glycine max). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1236175. [PMID: 37575943 PMCID: PMC10413265 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1236175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) encoded by a family of genes is highly conserved among eukaryotes and plays critical roles in the various processes of plant growth, development, and stress responses via the remodeling of the architecture of the actin cytoskeleton. However, the ADF family and the encoded proteins in soybean (Glycine max) have not yet been systematically investigated. In this study, 18 GmADF genes (GmADF1 - GmADF18) were identified in the soybean genome and were mapped to 14 different chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis classified them into four groups, which was confirmed by their structure and the distribution of conserved motifs in the encoded proteins. Additionally, 29 paralogous gene pairs were identified in the GmADF family, and analysis of their Ka/Ks ratios indicated their purity-based selection during the evolutionary expansion of the soybean genome. The analysis of the expression profiles based on the RNA-seq and qRT-PCR data indicated that GmADFs were diversely expressed in different organs and tissues, with most of them responding actively to drought- and salt-induced stresses, suggesting the critical roles played by them in various biological processes. Overall, our study shows that GmADF genes may play a crucial role in response to various abiotic stresses in soybean, and the highly inducible candidate genes could be used for further functional studies and molecular breeding in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shangjing Guo
- School of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
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12
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Yoshida D, Akita K, Higaki T. Machine learning and feature analysis of the cortical microtubule organization of Arabidopsis cotyledon pavement cells. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:987-998. [PMID: 36219259 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01813-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of cytoskeletal features can provide valuable insights into cell biology. In recent years, digital image analysis of cytoskeletal features has become an important research tool for quantitative evaluation of cytoskeleton organization. In this study, we examined the utility of a supervised machine learning approach with digital image analysis to distinguish different cellular organizational patterns. We focused on the jigsaw puzzle-shaped pavement cells of Arabidopsis thaliana. Measurements of three features of cortical microtubules in these cells (parallelness, density, and the coefficient of variation of the intensity distribution of fluorescently labeled cytoskeletons [as an indicator of microtubule bundling]) were obtained from microscopic images. A random forest machine learning model was then used with these images to differentiate mutant and wild type, and Taxol-treated and control cells. Using these three metrics, we were able to distinguish wild type from bpp125 triple mutant cells, with approximately 80% accuracy; classification accuracy was 88% for control and Taxol-treated cells. Different features contributed most to the classification, namely, coefficient of variation for the wild-type/mutant cells and parallelness for the Taxol-treated/control cells. The random forest method used enabled quantitative evaluation of the contribution of features to the classification, and partial dependence plots showed the relationships between metric values and classification accuracy. While further improvements to the method are needed, our small-scale analysis shows the potential for this approach in large-scale screening analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Kae Akita
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Meijirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Takumi Higaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan.
- International Research Organization in Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan.
- International Research Center for Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan.
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13
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Lu Y, Zhang Y, Lian N, Li X. Membrane Dynamics Regulated by Cytoskeleton in Plant Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076059. [PMID: 37047032 PMCID: PMC10094514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane (PM), which is composed of a lipid layer implanted with proteins, has diverse functions in plant responses to environmental triggers. The heterogenous dynamics of lipids and proteins in the plasma membrane play important roles in regulating cellular activities with an intricate pathway that orchestrates reception, signal transduction and appropriate response in the plant immune system. In the process of the plasma membrane participating in defense responses, the cytoskeletal elements have important functions in a variety of ways, including regulation of protein and lipid dynamics as well as vesicle trafficking. In this review, we summarized how the plasma membrane contributed to plant immunity and focused on the dynamic process of cytoskeleton regulation of endocytosis and exocytosis and propose future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Na Lian
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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14
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Sharma AK, Poddar SM, Chakraborty J, Nayak BS, Kalathil S, Mitra N, Gayathri P, Srinivasan R. A mechanism of salt bridge-mediated resistance to FtsZ inhibitor PC190723 revealed by a cell-based screen. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar16. [PMID: 36652338 PMCID: PMC10011733 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-12-0538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cell division proteins, especially the tubulin homologue FtsZ, have emerged as strong targets for developing new antibiotics. Here, we have utilized the fission yeast heterologous expression system to develop a cell-based assay to screen for small molecules that directly and specifically target the bacterial cell division protein FtsZ. The strategy also allows for simultaneous assessment of the toxicity of the drugs to eukaryotic yeast cells. As a proof-of-concept of the utility of this assay, we demonstrate the effect of the inhibitors sanguinarine, berberine, and PC190723 on FtsZ. Though sanguinarine and berberine affect FtsZ polymerization, they exert a toxic effect on the cells. Further, using this assay system, we show that PC190723 affects Helicobacter pylori FtsZ function and gain new insights into the molecular determinants of resistance to PC190723. On the basis of sequence and structural analysis and site-specific mutations, we demonstrate that the presence of salt bridge interactions between the central H7 helix and β-strands S9 and S10 mediates resistance to PC190723 in FtsZ. The single-step in vivo cell-based assay using fission yeast enabled us to dissect the contribution of sequence-specific features of FtsZ and cell permeability effects associated with bacterial cell envelopes. Thus, our assay serves as a potent tool to rapidly identify novel compounds targeting polymeric bacterial cytoskeletal proteins like FtsZ to understand how they alter polymerization dynamics and address resistance determinants in targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Sharma
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar 752050, India.,Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar 752050, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institutes, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Sakshi Mahesh Poddar
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar 752050, India.,Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar 752050, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institutes, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Joyeeta Chakraborty
- Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
| | - Bhagyashri Soumya Nayak
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar 752050, India.,Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar 752050, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institutes, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Srilakshmi Kalathil
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar 752050, India.,Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar 752050, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institutes, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Nivedita Mitra
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar 752050, India.,Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar 752050, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institutes, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Pananghat Gayathri
- Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
| | - Ramanujam Srinivasan
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar 752050, India.,Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar 752050, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institutes, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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15
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Wang B, Zou M, Pan Q, Li J. Analysis of Actin Array Rearrangement During the Plant Response to Bacterial Stimuli. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2604:263-270. [PMID: 36773241 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2867-6_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants are constantly exposed to various environmental stresses, among which, microbial pathogens are one of the major threats. Studies have shown that the host actin cytoskeleton undergoes active rearrangement during the plant-microbe interaction. This actin remodeling is required for plant resistance to bacterial infection. In this chapter, we introduce a protocol routinely used in our laboratory to investigate actin dynamics in response to bacterial cues. We describe the bacterial inoculation methods, plant sample preparation, and imaging techniques used to monitor actin responses in different Arabidopsis cell types including epidermal cells from light-grown leaves and dark-grown hypocotyls, as well as guard cells. We further introduce a high-throughput image analysis method for quantifying cytoskeletal changes. This protocol has allowed us to dissect the host cell contribution to actin remodeling and identify actin-binding proteins as stimulus-response regulators of the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxiao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Minxia Zou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiejie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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16
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Li P, Zhang Z, Tong Y, Foda BM, Day B. ILEE: Algorithms and toolbox for unguided and accurate quantitative analysis of cytoskeletal images. J Cell Biol 2022; 222:213770. [PMID: 36534166 PMCID: PMC9768434 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202203024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic cytoskeleton plays essential roles in cell signaling and trafficking, broadly associated with immunity and diseases in humans and plants. To date, most studies describing cytoskeleton dynamics and function rely on qualitative/quantitative analyses of cytoskeletal images. While state-of-the-art, these approaches face general challenges: the diversity among filaments causes considerable inaccuracy, and the widely adopted image projection leads to bias and information loss. To solve these issues, we developed the Implicit Laplacian of Enhanced Edge (ILEE), an unguided, high-performance approach for 2D/3D-based quantification of cytoskeletal status and organization. Using ILEE, we constructed a Python library to enable automated cytoskeletal image analysis, providing biologically interpretable indices measuring the density, bundling, segmentation, branching, and directionality of the cytoskeleton. Our data demonstrated that ILEE resolves the defects of traditional approaches, enables the detection of novel cytoskeletal features, and yields data with superior accuracy, stability, and robustness. The ILEE toolbox is available for public use through PyPI and Google Colab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai Li
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI,Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI,Correspondence to Pai Li:
| | - Ze Zhang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Yiying Tong
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Bardees M. Foda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI,Molecular Genetics and Enzymology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
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17
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The Cytoskeleton in Plant Immunity: Dynamics, Regulation, and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415553. [PMID: 36555194 PMCID: PMC9779068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant cytoskeleton, consisting of actin filaments and microtubules, is a highly dynamic filamentous framework involved in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Recently, research has demonstrated that the plant cytoskeleton undergoes rapid remodeling upon sensing pathogen attacks, coordinating the formation of microdomain immune complexes, the dynamic and turnover of pattern-recognizing receptors (PRRs), the movement and aggregation of organelles, and the transportation of defense compounds, thus serving as an important platform for responding to pathogen infections. Meanwhile, pathogens produce effectors targeting the cytoskeleton to achieve pathogenicity. Recent findings have uncovered several cytoskeleton-associated proteins mediating cytoskeletal remodeling and defense signaling. Furthermore, the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton is revealed to further feedback-regulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and trigger salicylic acid (SA) signaling, suggesting an extremely complex role of the cytoskeleton in plant immunity. Here, we describe recent advances in understanding the host cytoskeleton dynamics upon sensing pathogens and summarize the effectors that target the cytoskeleton. We highlight advances in the regulation of cytoskeletal remodeling associated with the defense response and assess the important function of the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton in the immune response. Finally, we propose suggestions for future research in this area.
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18
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Boufleur TR, Massola Júnior NS, Becerra S, Baraldi E, Bibiano LBJ, Sukno SA, Thon MR, Baroncelli R. Comparative transcriptomic provides novel insights into the soybean response to Colletotrichum truncatum infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1046418. [PMID: 36507428 PMCID: PMC9732023 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1046418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Soybean (Glycine max) is among the most important crops in the world, and its production can be threatened by biotic diseases, such as anthracnose. Soybean anthracnose is a seed-borne disease mainly caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum truncatum. Typical symptoms are pre- and post-emergence damping off and necrotic lesions on cotyledons, petioles, leaves, and pods. Anthracnose symptoms can appear early in the field, causing major losses to soybean production. MATERIAL AND METHODS In preliminary experiments, we observed that the same soybean cultivar can have a range of susceptibility towards different strains of C. truncatum, while the same C. truncatum strain can cause varying levels of disease severity in different soybean cultivars. To gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating the early response of different soybean cultivars to different C. truncatum strains, we performed pathogenicity assays to select two soybean cultivars with significantly different susceptibility to two different C. truncatum strains and analyzed their transcriptome profiles at different time points of interaction (0, 12, 48, and 120 h post-inoculation, hpi). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The pathogenicity assays showed that the soybean cultivar Gm1 is more resistant to C. truncatum strain 1080, and it is highly susceptible to strain 1059, while cultivar Gm2 shows the opposite behavior. However, if only trivial anthracnose symptoms appeared in the more resistant phenotype (MRP; Gm1-1080; Gm2-1059) upon 120 hpi, in the more susceptible phenotype (MSP; Gm-1059; Gm2- 1080) plants show mild symptoms already at 72 hpi, after which the disease evolved rapidly to severe necrosis and plant death. Interestingly, several genes related to different cellular responses of the plant immune system (pathogen recognition, signaling events, transcriptional reprogramming, and defense-related genes) were commonly modulated at the same time points only in both MRP. The list of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) specific to the more resistant combinations and related to different cellular responses of the plant immune system may shed light on the important host defense pathways against soybean anthracnose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís R. Boufleur
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nematology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca (USAL), Villamayor, Spain
| | - Nelson S. Massola Júnior
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nematology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Sioly Becerra
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca (USAL), Villamayor, Spain
| | - Elena Baraldi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Líllian B. J. Bibiano
- Department of Plant Pathology and Nematology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Serenella A. Sukno
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca (USAL), Villamayor, Spain
| | - Michael R. Thon
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca (USAL), Villamayor, Spain
| | - Riccardo Baroncelli
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca (USAL), Villamayor, Spain
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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19
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Aphelenchoides besseyi Ab-FAR-1 Interacts with Arabidopsis thaliana AtADF3 to Interfere with Actin Cytoskeleton, and Promotes Nematode Parasitism and Pathogenicity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012280. [PMID: 36293146 PMCID: PMC9603084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid and retinol binding proteins (FAR) are unique proteins found in nematodes and are considered potential targets for controlling these parasites. However, their functions in nematode parasitism and pathogenicity and interaction with hosts are still unclear. In this study, we investigated the specific roles of rice white tip nematodes (RWTNs), Aphelenchoides besseyi, and a protein, Ab-FAR-1, to elucidate the parasitic and pathogenic processes of nematodes. The results showed that the expression level of Ab-far-1 was significantly up-regulated after A. besseyi infection of the plant. The immunofluorescence and subcellular localisation showed that Ab-FAR-1 was secreted into plant tissues mainly through the body wall of nematodes and might act in the nucleus and cytoplasm of plant cells. The pathogenicity of RWTNs was enhanced in Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing Ab-FAR-1 and inhibited in Ab-far-1 RNAi A. thaliana. Yeast two-hybrid, Co-IP, BiFC, and nematode inoculation experiments showed that Ab-FAR-1 could interact with the A. thaliana actin-depolymerizing factor protein AtADF3, and the A. thaliana adf3 mutant was more susceptible to nematodes. An in vitro actin filament depolymerisation assay demonstrated that Ab-FAR-1 could inhibit AtADF3-mediated depolymerisation of actin filaments, and the turnover process of cellular actin filaments was also affected in A. thaliana overexpressing Ab-FAR-1. In addition, flg22-mediated host defence responses were suppressed in A. thaliana overexpressing Ab-FAR-1 and adf3 mutants. Therefore, this study confirmed that RWTNs can affect the turnover of actin filament remodelling mediated by AtADF3 through Ab-FAR-1 secretion and thus inhibit plant PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI), promoting the parasitism and pathogenicity of nematodes.
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20
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Actin depolymerizing factor ADF7 inhibits actin bundling protein VILLIN1 to regulate root hair formation in response to osmotic stress in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010338. [PMID: 36095000 PMCID: PMC9499291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin cytoskeleton is essential for root hair formation. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of actin dynamics in root hair formation in response to abiotic stress are largely undiscovered. Here, genetic analysis showed that actin-depolymerizing protein ADF7 and actin-bundling protein VILLIN1 (VLN1) were positively and negatively involved in root hair formation of Arabidopsis respectively. Moreover, RT-qPCR, GUS staining, western blotting, and genetic analysis revealed that ADF7 played an important role in inhibiting the expression and function of VLN1 during root hair formation. Filament actin (F-actin) dynamics observation and actin pharmacological experiments indicated that ADF7-inhibited-VLN1 pathway led to the decline of F-actin bundling and thick bundle formation, as well as the increase of F-actin depolymerization and turnover to promote root hair formation. Furthermore, the F-actin dynamics mediated by ADF7-inhibited-VLN1 pathway was associated with the reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in root hair formation. Finally, ADF7-inhibited-VLN1 pathway was critical for osmotic stress-induced root hair formation. Our work demonstrates that ADF7 inhibits VLN1 to regulate F-actin dynamics in root hair formation in response to osmotic stress, providing the novel evidence on the F-actin dynamics and their molecular mechanisms in root hair formation and in abiotic stress. Root hairs are required for plants to absorb nutrients and water. The dynamics of cytoskeleton such as actin filaments (F-actin) are necessary for the formation of root hairs, which is regulated by different kinds of cytoskeleton-binding proteins. At the same time, the dynamics of cytoskeleton are also involved in plant abiotic stress tolerance. However, there are few studies on the underlying molecular mechanisms of F-actin dynamics in root hair formation in response to abiotic stress. Actin depolymerization factor 7 (ADF7) and actin bunding protein Villin 1 (VLN1) are important actin-binding proteins in Arabidopsis. Here, we describe a pathway that ADF7 inhibits VLN1 to regulate F-actin dynamics in root hair formation in response to osmotic stress, providing a new evidence for the studies on the molecular mechanisms of F-actin dynamics in root hair formation and in plant abiotic stress tolerance.
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21
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Silencing of a Cotton Actin-Binding Protein GhWLIM1C Decreases Resistance against Verticillium dahliae Infection. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11141828. [PMID: 35890462 PMCID: PMC9316592 DOI: 10.3390/plants11141828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
LIM proteins are widely spread in various types of plant cells and play diversely crucial cellular roles through actin cytoskeleton assembly and gene expression regulation. Till now, it has not been clear whether LIM proteins function in plant pathogen defense. In this study, we characterized a LIM protein, GhWLIM1C, in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). We found that GhWLIM1C could bind and bundle the actin cytoskeleton, and it contains two LIM domains (LIM1 and LIM2). Both the two domains could bind directly to the actin filaments. Moreover, the LIM2 domain additionally bundles the actin cytoskeleton, indicating that it possesses a different biochemical activity than LIM1. The expression of GhWLIM1C responds to the infection of the cotton fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae (V. dahliae). Silencing of GhWLIM1C decreased cotton resistance to V. dahliae. These may be associated with the down regulated plant defense response, including the PR genes expression and ROS accumulation in the infected cotton plants. In all, these results provide new evidence that a plant LIM protein functions in plant pathogen resistance and the assembly of the actin cytoskeleton are closely related to the triggering of the plant defense response.
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22
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Pande V, Mitra N, Bagde SR, Srinivasan R, Gayathri P. Filament organization of the bacterial actin MreB is dependent on the nucleotide state. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2022; 221:213108. [PMID: 35377392 PMCID: PMC9195046 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202106092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MreB, the bacterial ancestor of eukaryotic actin, is responsible for shape in most rod-shaped bacteria. Despite belonging to the actin family, the relevance of nucleotide-driven polymerization dynamics for MreB function is unclear. Here, we provide insights into the effect of nucleotide state on membrane binding of Spiroplasma citri MreB5 (ScMreB5). Filaments of ScMreB5WT and an ATPase-deficient mutant, ScMreB5E134A, assemble independently of the nucleotide state. However, capture of the filament dynamics revealed that efficient filament formation and organization through lateral interactions are affected in ScMreB5E134A. Hence, the catalytic glutamate functions as a switch, (a) by sensing the ATP-bound state for filament assembly and (b) by assisting hydrolysis, thereby potentially triggering disassembly, as observed in other actins. Glu134 mutation and the bound nucleotide exhibit an allosteric effect on membrane binding, as observed from the differential liposome binding. We suggest that the conserved ATP-dependent polymerization and disassembly upon ATP hydrolysis among actins has been repurposed in MreBs for modulating filament organization on the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vani Pande
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Nivedita Mitra
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institutes, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India.,Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Ramanujam Srinivasan
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institutes, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India.,Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, India
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23
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Kannan G, Saraswathi MS, Thangavelu R, Kumar PS, Bathrinath M, Uma S, Backiyarani S, Chandrasekar A, Ganapathi TR. Development of fusarium wilt resistant mutants of Musa spp. cv.Rasthali (AAB, Silk subgroup) and comparative proteomic analysis along with its wild type. PLANTA 2022; 255:80. [PMID: 35249170 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03860-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Induced mutagenesis using embryogenic cell suspension (ECS) explants with toxin based screening is an effective tool to create non-chimeral Fusarium wilt resistant mutants in banana. Global proteomics unravel the molecular mechanism behind resistance. Race 1 of Fusarium wilt is a serious threat to Musa spp. cv.Rasthali (AAB, Silk subgroup) which is a choice variety traditionally grown in most of the south East Asian countries. Resistant gene introgression into susceptible varieties through conventional breeding has several limitations and the predominant ones being sterility and long generation time. Under such circumstances, induced mutagenesis combined with toxin based in vitro screening remains as the viable alternative for the development of fusarium wilt resistant Rasthali. Therefore, induced mutagenesis was attempted by using ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) in embryogenic cell suspension (ECS) of Rasthali followed by in vitro screening for fusarium wilt resistance using new generation toxins and pot screening through challenge inoculation with Foc race 1. This ultimately resulted in the identification of 15 resistant lines. Global proteomic analysis in one of the resistant mutant lines namely NRCBRM15 and its wild type revealed 37 proteins, of which 20 showed differential expression. Out of 20 proteins, nineteen were significantly abundant in NRCBRM15 and only one was abundant in wild Rasthali. A total of nine genes based on protein expression were further validated using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Annotation results revealed that some of the genes namely Enolase, ATP synthase-alpha subunit, Actin 2, Actin 3,-glucanase, UTP-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, Respiratory burst oxidase homolog, V type proton ATPase catalytic subunit A and DUF292 domain containing protein are involved in diverse functions such as carbohydrate metabolism, energy production, electron carrier, response to wounding, binding proteins, cytoskeleton organization, extracellular region, structural molecule and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gandhi Kannan
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR, National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur (post), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 102, India
| | - Marimuthu Somasundaram Saraswathi
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR, National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur (post), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 102, India.
| | - Raman Thangavelu
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR, National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur (post), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 102, India
| | - Parasuraman Subesh Kumar
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR, National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur (post), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 102, India
| | - Murugesan Bathrinath
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR, National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur (post), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 102, India
| | - Subbaraya Uma
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR, National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur (post), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 102, India
| | - Suthanthiram Backiyarani
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR, National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur (post), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 102, India
| | - Arumugam Chandrasekar
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR, National Research Centre for Banana, Thogamalai Road, Thayanur (post), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 102, India
| | - Thumballi R Ganapathi
- Plant Cell Culture Technology Section Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India
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Shi Y, Liu X, Zhao S, Guo Y. The PYR-PP2C-CKL2 module regulates ABA-mediated actin reorganization during stomatal closure. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2168-2184. [PMID: 34932819 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Limiting water loss by reducing transpiration helps plants survive when water is limited. Under drought stress, abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated gene expression and anion channel activation regulate stomatal closure and stress responses. ABA-induced actin reorganization also affects stomatal closure, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we discovered that under nonstress conditions, the clade A PP2C phosphatases, such as ABI1 and ABI2, interact with CKL2 and inhibit its kinase activity in Arabidopsis. Under drought stress, CKL2 kinase activity was released through the formation of a complex containing ABA, PP2C and a PYR1/PYL/RCAR family (PYL) receptor. The activated CKL2 regulating actin reorganization is another important process to maintain stomatal closure besides ABA-activated SnRK2 signaling. Moreover, CKL2 phosphorylated PYR1-LIKE 1, ABI1 and ABI2 at amino acid residues conserved among PYLs and PP2Cs, and stabilized ABI1 protein. Our results reveal that ABA signaling regulates actin reorganization to maintain stomatal closure during drought stress, and the feedback regulation of PYL1, ABI1 and ABI2 by the CKL2 kinase might fine-tune ABA signaling and affect plant ABA responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiangning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, Life Science College, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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25
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Cao L, Wang W, Zhang W, Staiger CJ. Lipid Signaling Requires ROS Production to Elicit Actin Cytoskeleton Remodeling during Plant Innate Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052447. [PMID: 35269589 PMCID: PMC8910749 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In terrestrial plants a basal innate immune system, pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), has evolved to limit infection by diverse microbes. The remodeling of actin cytoskeletal arrays is now recognized as a key hallmark event during the rapid host cellular responses to pathogen attack. Several actin binding proteins have been demonstrated to fine tune the dynamics of actin filaments during this process. However, the upstream signals that stimulate actin remodeling during PTI signaling remain poorly characterized. Two second messengers, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phosphatidic acid (PA), are elevated following pathogen perception or microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) treatment, and the timing of signaling fluxes roughly correlates with actin cytoskeletal rearrangements. Here, we combined genetic analysis, chemical complementation experiments, and quantitative live-cell imaging experiments to test the role of these second messengers in actin remodeling and to order the signaling events during plant immunity. We demonstrated that PHOSPHOLIPASE Dβ (PLDβ) isoforms are necessary to elicit actin accumulation in response to flg22-associated PTI. Further, bacterial growth experiments and MAMP-induced apoplastic ROS production measurements revealed that PLDβ-generated PA acts upstream of ROS signaling to trigger actin remodeling through inhibition of CAPPING PROTEIN (CP) activity. Collectively, our results provide compelling evidence that PLDβ/PA functions upstream of RBOHD-mediated ROS production to elicit actin rearrangements during the innate immune response in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Cao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (C.J.S.)
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Christopher J. Staiger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (C.J.S.)
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26
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Ma Z, Sun Y, Zhu X, Yang L, Chen X, Miao Y. Membrane nanodomains modulate formin condensation for actin remodeling in Arabidopsis innate immune responses. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:374-394. [PMID: 34726756 PMCID: PMC8774048 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of macromolecules on the plasma membrane concentrates cell surface biomolecules into nanometer- to micrometer-scale clusters (nano- or microdomains) that help the cell initiate or respond to signals. In plant-microbe interactions, the actin cytoskeleton undergoes rapid remodeling during pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). The nanoclustering of formin-actin nucleator proteins at the cell surface has been identified as underlying actin nucleation during plant innate immune responses. Here, we show that the condensation of nanodomain constituents and the self-assembly of remorin proteins enables this mechanism of controlling formin condensation and activity during innate immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Through intrinsically disordered region-mediated remorin oligomerization and formin interaction, remorin gradually recruits and condenses formins upon PTI activation in lipid bilayers, consequently increasing actin nucleation in a time-dependent manner postinfection. Such nanodomain- and remorin-mediated regulation of plant surface biomolecules is expected to be a general feature of plant innate immune responses that creates spatially separated biochemical compartments and fine tunes membrane physicochemical properties for transduction of immune signals in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Yanbiao Sun
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Centre, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xinlu Zhu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Centre, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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27
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Pacheco R, Quinto C. Phospholipase Ds in plants: Their role in pathogenic and symbiotic interactions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 173:76-86. [PMID: 35101797 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase Ds (PLDs) are a heterogeneous group of enzymes that are widely distributed in organisms. These enzymes hydrolyze the structural phospholipids of the plasma membrane, releasing phosphatidic acid (PA), an important secondary messenger. Plant PLDs play essential roles in several biological processes, including growth and development, abiotic stress responses, and plant-microbe interactions. Although the roles of PLDs in plant-pathogen interactions have been extensively studied, their roles in symbiotic relationships are not well understood. The establishment of the best-studied symbiotic interactions, those between legumes and rhizobia and between most plants and mycorrhizae, requires the regulation of several physiological, cellular, and molecular processes. The roles of PLDs in hormonal signaling, lipid metabolism, and cytoskeletal dynamics during rhizobial symbiosis were recently explored. However, to date, the roles of PLDs in mycorrhizal symbiosis have not been reported. Here, we present a critical review of the participation of PLDs in the interactions of plants with pathogens, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. We describe how PLDs regulate rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbiosis by modulating reactive oxygen species levels, hormonal signaling, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and G-protein activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronal Pacheco
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Carmen Quinto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico.
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28
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Sun Y, Zhong M, Li Y, Zhang R, Su L, Xia G, Wang H. GhADF6-mediated actin reorganization is associated with defence against Verticillium dahliae infection in cotton. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1656-1667. [PMID: 34515397 PMCID: PMC8578822 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have revealed that actin depolymerizing factors (ADFs) participate in plant defence responses; however, the functional mechanisms appear intricate and need further exploration. In this study, we identified an ADF6 gene in upland cotton (designated as GhADF6) that is evidently involved in cotton's response to the fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae. GhADF6 binds to actin filaments and possesses actin severing and depolymerizing activities in vitro and in vivo. When cotton root (the site of the fungus invasion) was inoculated with the pathogen, the expression of GhADF6 was markedly down-regulated in the epidermal cells. By virus-induced gene silencing analysis, the down-regulation of GhADF6 expression rendered the cotton plants tolerant to V. dahliae infection. Accordingly, the abundance of actin filaments and bundles in the root cells was significantly higher than that in the control plant, which phenocopied that of the V. dahliae-challenged wild-type cotton plant. Altogether, our results provide evidence that an increase in filament actin (F-actin) abundance as well as dynamic actin remodelling are required for plant defence against the invading pathogen, which are likely to be fulfilled by the coordinated expressional regulation of the actin-binding proteins, including ADF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongduo Sun
- Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Mengmeng Zhong
- Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yuanbao Li
- Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ruihui Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Lei Su
- Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsBeijingChina
| | - Guixian Xia
- Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsBeijingChina
| | - Haiyun Wang
- Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsBeijingChina
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29
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Guan P, Shi W, Riemann M, Nick P. Dissecting the membrane-microtubule sensor in grapevine defence. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:260. [PMID: 34848701 PMCID: PMC8632924 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00703-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Specific populations of plant microtubules cooperate with the plasma membrane to sense and process abiotic stress signals, such as cold stress. The current study derived from the question, to what extent this perception system is active in biotic stress signalling. The experimental system consisted of grapevine cell lines, where microtubules or actin filaments are visualised by GFP, such that their response became visible in vivo. We used the bacterial elicitors harpin (inducing cell-death related defence), or flg22 (inducing basal immunity) in combination with modulators of membrane fluidity, or microtubules. We show that DMSO, a membrane rigidifier, can cause microtubule bundling and trigger defence responses, including activation of phytoalexin transcripts. However, DMSO inhibited the gene expression in response to harpin, while promoting the gene expression in response to flg22. Treatment with DMSO also rendered microtubules more persistent to harpin. Paradoxically, Benzylalcohol (BA), a membrane fluidiser, acted in the same way as DMSO. Neither GdCl3, nor diphenylene iodonium were able to block the inhibitory effect of membrane rigidification on harpin-induced gene expression. Treatment with taxol stabilised microtubule against harpin but amplified the response of PAL transcripts. Therefore, the data support implications of a model that deploys specific responses to pathogen-derived signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyin Guan
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Wenjing Shi
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Riemann
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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30
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Wang L, Qiu T, Yue J, Guo N, He Y, Han X, Wang Q, Jia P, Wang H, Li M, Wang C, Wang X. Arabidopsis ADF1 is Regulated by MYB73 and is Involved in Response to Salt Stress Affecting Actin Filament Organization. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1387-1395. [PMID: 34086948 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Actin cytoskeleton and transcription factors play key roles in plant response to salt stress; however, little is known about the link between the two regulators in response to salt stress. Actin-depolymerizing factors (ADFs) are conserved actin-binding proteins in eukaryotes. Here, we revealed that the expression level of ADF1 was induced by salt stress. The adf1 mutants showed significantly reduced survival rate, increased percentage of actin cable and reduced density of actin filaments, while ADF1 overexpression seedlings displayed the opposite results when compared with WT under the same condition. Furthermore, biochemical assays revealed that MYB73, a R2R3 MYB transcription factor, binds to the promoter of ADF1 and represses its expression via the MYB-binding site core motif ACCTAC. Taken together, our results indicate that ADF1 participates in salt stress by regulating actin organization and may also serve as a potential downstream target of MYB73, which is a negative regulator of salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang Liaoning 110866, China
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Tianqi Qiu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Jianru Yue
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Nannan Guo
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Yunjian He
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Xueping Han
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Qiuyang Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Pengfei Jia
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Hongdan Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Muzi Li
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Che Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Xianling Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang Liaoning 110866, China
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31
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MPK3- and MPK6-mediated VLN3 phosphorylation regulates actin dynamics during stomatal immunity in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6474. [PMID: 34753953 PMCID: PMC8578381 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26827-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon perception of pathogens, plants can rapidly close their stomata to restrict pathogen entry into internal tissue, leading to stomatal immunity as one aspect of innate immune responses. The actin cytoskeleton is required for plant defense against microbial invaders. However, the precise functions of host actin during plant immunity remain largely unknown. Here, we report that Arabidopsis villin3 (VLN3) is critical for plant resistance to bacteria by regulating stomatal immunity. Our in vitro and in vivo phosphorylation assays show that VLN3 is a physiological substrate of two pathogen-responsive mitogen-activated protein kinases, MPK3/6. Quantitative analyses of actin dynamics and genetic studies reveal that VLN3 phosphorylation by MPK3/6 modulates actin remodeling to activate stomatal defense in Arabidopsis. Plants can rapidly close stomata to restrict pathogen entry into leaves. Here the authors show that phosphorylation of villin3 by mitogen-activated protein kinases modulates actin remodeling to activate stomatal defense in Arabidopsis.
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32
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Importance of tyrosine phosphorylation for transmembrane signaling in plants. Biochem J 2021; 478:2759-2774. [PMID: 34297043 PMCID: PMC8331091 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reversible protein phosphorylation is a widespread post-translational modification fundamental for signaling across all domains of life. Tyrosine (Tyr) phosphorylation has recently emerged as being important for plant receptor kinase (RK)-mediated signaling, particularly during plant immunity. How Tyr phosphorylation regulates RK function is however largely unknown. Notably, the expansion of protein Tyr phosphatase and SH2 domain-containing protein families, which are the core of regulatory phospho-Tyr (pTyr) networks in choanozoans, did not occur in plants. Here, we summarize the current understanding of plant RK Tyr phosphorylation focusing on the critical role of a pTyr site (‘VIa-Tyr’) conserved in several plant RKs. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility of metazoan-like pTyr signaling modules in plants based on atypical components with convergent biochemical functions.
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Takáč T, Křenek P, Komis G, Vadovič P, Ovečka M, Ohnoutková L, Pechan T, Kašpárek P, Tichá T, Basheer J, Arick M, Šamaj J. TALEN-Based HvMPK3 Knock-Out Attenuates Proteome and Root Hair Phenotypic Responses to flg22 in Barley. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:666229. [PMID: 33995462 PMCID: PMC8117018 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.666229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) integrate elicitor perception with both early and late responses associated with plant defense and innate immunity. Much of the existing knowledge on the role of plant MAPKs in defense mechanisms against microbes stems from extensive research in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of barley (Hordeum vulgare) MPK3 in response to flagellin peptide flg22, a well-known bacterial elicitor. Using differential proteomic analysis we show that TALEN-induced MPK3 knock-out lines of barley (HvMPK3 KO) exhibit constitutive downregulation of defense related proteins such as PR proteins belonging to thaumatin family and chitinases. Further analyses showed that the same protein families were less prone to flg22 elicitation in HvMPK3 KO plants compared to wild types. These results were supported and validated by chitinase activity analyses and immunoblotting for HSP70. In addition, differential proteomes correlated with root hair phenotypes and suggested tolerance of HvMPK3 KO lines to flg22. In conclusion, our study points to the specific role of HvMPK3 in molecular and root hair phenotypic responses of barley to flg22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Takáč
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Pavel Křenek
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - George Komis
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Pavol Vadovič
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Ludmila Ohnoutková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Tibor Pechan
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Petr Kašpárek
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Tereza Tichá
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jasim Basheer
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Mark Arick
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
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Zhang G, Yang J, Chen X, Zhao D, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhao J. Phospholipase D- and phosphatidic acid-mediated phospholipid metabolism and signaling modulate symbiotic interaction and nodulation in soybean (Glycine max). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:142-158. [PMID: 33377234 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic rhizobium-legume interactions, such as root hair curling, rhizobial invasion, infection thread expansion, cell division and proliferation of nitrogen-fixing bacteroids, and nodule formation, involve extensive membrane synthesis, lipid remodeling and cytoskeleton dynamics. However, little is known about these membrane-cytoskeleton interfaces and related genes. Here, we report the roles of a major root phospholipase D (PLD), PLDα1, and its enzymatic product, phosphatidic acid (PA), in rhizobium-root interaction and nodulation. PLDα1 was activated and the PA content transiently increased in roots after rhizobial infection. Levels of PLDα1 transcript and PA, as well as actin and tubulin cytoskeleton-related gene expression, changed markedly during root-rhizobium interactions and nodule development. Pre-treatment of the roots of soybean seedlings with n-butanol suppressed the generation of PLD-derived PA, the expression of early nodulation genes and nodule numbers. Overexpression or knockdown of GmPLDα1 resulted in changes in PA levels, glycerolipid profiles, nodule numbers, actin cytoskeleton dynamics, early nodulation gene expression and hormone levels upon rhizobial infection compared with GUS roots. The transcript levels of cytoskeleton-related genes, such as GmACTIN, GmTUBULIN, actin capping protein 1 (GmCP1) and microtubule-associating protein (GmMAP1), were modified in GmPLDα1-altered hairy roots compared with those of GUS roots. Phosphatidic acid physically bound to GmCP1 and GmMAP1, which could be related to cytoskeletal changes in rhizobium-infected GmPLDα1 mutant roots. These data suggest that PLDα1 and PA play important roles in soybean-rhizobium interaction and nodulation. The possible underlying mechanisms, including PLDα1- and PA-mediated lipid signaling, membrane remodeling, cytoskeleton dynamics and related hormone signaling, are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jihong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xiangli Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dandan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xiuhong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yuliang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63121, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, College of Tea and Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
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A Modified Actin (Gly65Val Substitution) Expressed in Cotton Disrupts Polymerization of Actin Filaments Leading to the Phenotype of Ligon Lintless-1 ( Li1) Mutant. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063000. [PMID: 33809404 PMCID: PMC7998759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton plays a central role in the elongation of cotton fibers, which are the most important natural fibers in the global textile industry. Here, a high-resolution mapping approach combined with comparative sequencing and a transgenic method revealed that a G65V substitution in the cotton actin Gh_D04G0865 (GhACT17D in the wild-type) is responsible for the Gossypium hirsutum Ligon lintless-1 (Li1) mutant (GhACT17DM). In the mutant GhACT17DM from Li1 plant, Gly65 is substituted with valine on the lip of the nucleotide-binding domain of GhACT17D, which probably affects the polymerization of F-actin. Over-expression of GhACT17DM, but not GhACT17D, driven by either a CaMV35 promoter or a fiber-specific promoter in cotton produced a Li1-like phenotype. Compared with the wild-type control, actin filaments in Li1 fibers showed higher growth and shrinkage rates, decreased filament skewness and parallelness, and increased filament density. Taken together, our results indicate that the incorporation of GhACT17DM during actin polymerization disrupts the establishment and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton, resulting in defective fiber elongation and the overall dwarf and twisted phenotype of the Li1 mutant.
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Ma Z, Liu X, Nath S, Sun H, Tran TM, Yang L, Mayor S, Miao Y. Formin nanoclustering-mediated actin assembly during plant flagellin and DSF signaling. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108884. [PMID: 33789103 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to bacterial infection acutely with actin remodeling during plant immune responses. The mechanisms by which bacterial virulence factors (VFs) modulate plant actin polymerization remain enigmatic. Here, we show that plant-type-I formin serves as the molecular sensor for actin remodeling in response to two bacterial VFs: Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) diffusible signal factor (DSF), and pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) flagellin in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Both VFs regulate actin assembly by tuning the clustering and nucleation activity of formin on the plasma membrane (PM) at the nano-sized scale. By being integrated within the cell-wall-PM-actin cytoskeleton (CW-PM-AC) continuum, the dynamic behavior and function of formins are highly dependent on each scaffold layer's composition within the CW-PM-AC continuum during both DSF and PTI signaling. Our results reveal a central mechanism for rapid actin remodeling during plant-bacteria interactions, in which bacterial signaling molecules fine tune plant formin nanoclustering in a host mechanical-structure-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Sangeeta Nath
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India; Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - He Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Tuan Minh Tran
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd., Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Satyajit Mayor
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India; National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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Wang H, Riemann M, Liu Q, Siegrist J, Nick P. Glycyrrhizin, the active compound of the TCM drug Gan Cao stimulates actin remodelling and defence in grapevine. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 302:110712. [PMID: 33288019 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Actin remodelling by a membrane-associated oxidative process can sense perturbations of membrane integrity and activate defence. In the current work, we show that glycyrrhizin, a muscle relaxant used in Traditional Chinese Medicine, can activate oxidative burst and actin remodelling in tobacco BY-2 cells, which could be suppressed by diphenylene iodonium, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidases. Glycyrrhizin caused a dose-dependent delay of proliferation, and induced cell death, which was suppressed by addition of indole-acetic acid, a natural auxin that can mitigate RboH dependent actin remodelling. To test, whether the actin remodelling induced by glycyrrhizin was followed by activation of defence, several events of basal immunity were probed. We found that glycyrrhizin induced a transient extracellular alkalinisation, indicative of calcium influx. Furthermore, transcripts of phytoalexins genes, were activated in cells of the grapevine Vitis rupestris, and this induction was followed by accumulation of the glycosylated stilbene α-piceid. We also observed that glycyrrhizin was able to induce actin bundling in leaves of a transgenic grape, especially in guard cells. We discuss these data in frame of a model, where glycyrrhizin, through stimulation of RboH, can cause actin remodelling, followed by defence responses, such as calcium influx, induction of phytoalexins transcripts, and accumulation of stilbene glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Michael Riemann
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Qiong Liu
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Johannes Siegrist
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Leontovyčová H, Kalachova T, Janda M. Disrupted actin: a novel player in pathogen attack sensing? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1605-1609. [PMID: 32259281 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is widely involved in plant immune responses. The majority of studies show that chemical disruption of the actin cytoskeleton increases plant susceptibility to pathogen infection. Similarly, several pathogens have adopted this as a virulence strategy and produce effectors that affect cytoskeleton integrity. Such effectors either exhibit actin-depolymerizing activity themselves or prevent actin polymerization. Is it thus possible for plants to recognize the actin's status and launch a counterattack? Recently we showed that chemical depolymerization of actin filaments can trigger resistance to further infection via the specific activation of salicylic acid (SA) signalling. This is accompanied by several defence-related, but SA-independent, effects (e.g. callose deposition, gene expression), relying on vesicular trafficking and phospholipid metabolism. These data suggest that the role of actin in plant-pathogen interactions is more complex than previously believed. It raises the question of whether plants have evolved a mechanism of sensing pathological actin disruption that eventually triggers defence responses. If so, what is the molecular basis of it? Otherwise, why does actin depolymerization specifically influence SA content but not any other phytohormone? Here we propose an updated model of actin's role in plant-microbe interactions and suggest some future directions of research to be conducted in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Leontovyčová
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tetiana Kalachova
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Janda
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Biology, Biocenter, Department Genetics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich (LMU), Grosshaderner Str. 2-4, D-82152, Martinsried, Germany
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Arieti RS, Staiger CJ. Auxin-induced actin cytoskeleton rearrangements require AUX1. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:441-459. [PMID: 31859367 PMCID: PMC7154765 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is required for cell expansion and implicated in cellular responses to the phytohormone auxin. However, the mechanisms that coordinate auxin signaling, cytoskeletal remodeling and cell expansion are poorly understood. Previous studies examined long-term actin cytoskeleton responses to auxin, but plants respond to auxin within minutes. Before this work, an extracellular auxin receptor - rather than the auxin transporter AUXIN RESISTANT 1 (AUX1) - was considered to precede auxin-induced cytoskeleton reorganization. In order to correlate actin array organization and dynamics with degree of cell expansion, quantitative imaging tools established baseline actin organization and illuminated individual filament behaviors in root epidermal cells under control conditions and after indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) application. We evaluated aux1 mutant actin organization responses to IAA and the membrane-permeable auxin 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA). Cell length predicted actin organization and dynamics in control roots; short-term IAA treatments stimulated denser and more parallel, longitudinal arrays by inducing filament unbundling within minutes. Although AUX1 is necessary for full actin rearrangements in response to auxin, cytoplasmic auxin (i.e. NAA) stimulated a lesser response. Actin filaments became more 'organized' after IAA stopped elongation, refuting the hypothesis that 'more organized' actin arrays universally correlate with rapid growth. Short-term actin cytoskeleton response to auxin requires AUX1 and/or cytoplasmic auxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruthie S. Arieti
- Department of Biological SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907‐2064USA
- Purdue University Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Program (PULSe)Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
- Center for Plant BiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - Christopher J. Staiger
- Department of Biological SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907‐2064USA
- Center for Plant BiologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
- Department of Botany and Plant PathologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
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Ortega-Ortega Y, Carrasco-Castilla J, Juárez-Verdayes MA, Toscano-Morales R, Fonseca-García C, Nava N, Cárdenas L, Quinto C. Actin Depolymerizing Factor Modulates Rhizobial Infection and Nodule Organogenesis in Common Bean. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21061970. [PMID: 32183068 PMCID: PMC7139724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin plays a critical role in the rhizobium-legume symbiosis. Cytoskeletal rearrangements and changes in actin occur in response to Nod factors secreted by rhizobia during symbiotic interactions with legumes. These cytoskeletal rearrangements are mediated by diverse actin-binding proteins, such as actin depolymerization factors (ADFs). We examined the function of an ADF in the Phaseolus vulgaris-rhizobia symbiotic interaction (PvADFE). PvADFE was preferentially expressed in rhizobia-inoculated roots and nodules. PvADFE promoter activity was associated with root hairs harbouring growing infection threads, cortical cell divisions beneath root hairs, and vascular bundles in mature nodules. Silencing of PvADFE using RNA interference increased the number of infection threads in the transgenic roots, resulting in increased nodule number, nitrogen fixation activity, and average nodule diameter. Conversely, overexpression of PvADFE reduced the nodule number, nitrogen fixation activity, average nodule diameter, as well as NODULE INCEPTION (NIN) and EARLY NODULIN2 (ENOD2) transcript accumulation. Hence, changes in ADFE transcript levels affect rhizobial infection and nodulation, suggesting that ADFE is fine-tuning these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Ortega-Ortega
- Departamento de Biociencias y Agrobiotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada-CONACYT, Saltillo 25294, Coahuila, Mexico;
| | - Janet Carrasco-Castilla
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Estudios Científicos y Tecnológicos 17 León, León 37358, Guanajuato, Mexico;
| | - Marco A. Juárez-Verdayes
- Departamento de Docencia, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo 25315, Coahuila, Mexico;
| | - Roberto Toscano-Morales
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Citlali Fonseca-García
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (C.F.-G.); (N.N.); (L.C.)
| | - Noreide Nava
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (C.F.-G.); (N.N.); (L.C.)
| | - Luis Cárdenas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (C.F.-G.); (N.N.); (L.C.)
| | - Carmen Quinto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (C.F.-G.); (N.N.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Wu H, Zhang W, Schuster M, Moch M, Windoffer R, Steinberg G, Staiger CJ, Panstruga R. Alloxan Disintegrates the Plant Cytoskeleton and Suppresses mlo-Mediated Powdery Mildew Resistance. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:505-518. [PMID: 31738423 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recessively inherited mutant alleles of Mlo genes (mlo) confer broad-spectrum penetration resistance to powdery mildew pathogens in angiosperm plants. Although a few components are known to be required for mlo resistance, the detailed molecular mechanism underlying this type of immunity remains elusive. In this study, we identified alloxan (5,5-dihydroxyl pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione) and some of its structural analogs as chemical suppressors of mlo-mediated resistance in monocotyledonous barley (Hordeum vulgare) and dicotyledonous Arabidopsis thaliana. Apart from mlo resistance, alloxan impairs nonhost resistance in Arabidopsis. Histological analysis revealed that the chemical reduces callose deposition and hydrogen peroxide accumulation at attempted fungal penetration sites. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that alloxan interferes with the motility of cellular organelles (peroxisomes, endosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum) and the pathogen-triggered redistribution of the PEN1/SYP121 t-SNARE protein. These cellular defects are likely the consequence of disassembly of actin filaments and microtubules upon alloxan treatment. Similar to the situation in animal cells, alloxan elicited the temporary accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cotyledons and rosette leaves of Arabidopsis plants. Our results suggest that alloxan may destabilize cytoskeletal architecture via induction of an early transient ROS burst, further leading to the failure of molecular and cellular processes that are critical for plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongpo Wu
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen 52056, Germany
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Martin Schuster
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Marcin Moch
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlinweg 2, Aachen 52056, Germany
| | - Reinhard Windoffer
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlinweg 2, Aachen 52056, Germany
| | - Gero Steinberg
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Christopher J Staiger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen 52056, Germany
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Li YB, Xu R, Liu C, Shen N, Han LB, Tang D. Magnaporthe oryzae fimbrin organizes actin networks in the hyphal tip during polar growth and pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008437. [PMID: 32176741 PMCID: PMC7098657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae causes rice blast disease, but little is known about the dynamic restructuring of the actin cytoskeleton during its polarized tip growth and pathogenesis. Here, we used super-resolution live-cell imaging to investigate the dynamic organization of the actin cytoskeleton in M. oryzae during hyphal tip growth and pathogenesis. We observed a dense actin network at the apical region of the hyphae and actin filaments originating from the Spitzenkörper (Spk, the organizing center for hyphal growth and development) that formed branched actin bundles radiating to the cell membrane. The actin cross-linking protein Fimbrin (MoFim1) helps organize this actin distribution. MoFim1 localizes to the actin at the subapical collar, the actin bundles, and actin at the Spk. Knockout of MoFim1 resulted in impaired Spk maintenance and reduced actin bundle formation, preventing polar growth, vesicle transport, and the expansion of hyphae in plant cells. Finally, transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) expressing RNA hairpins targeting MoFim1 exhibited improved resistance to M. oryzae infection, indicating that MoFim1 represents an excellent candidate for M. oryzae control. These results reveal the dynamics of actin assembly in M. oryzae during hyphal tip development and pathogenesis, and they suggest a mechanism in which MoFim1 organizes such actin networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Bao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Rui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Chengyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Ningning Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Li-Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Tang G, Chen A, Dawood DH, Liang J, Chen Y, Ma Z. Capping proteins regulate fungal development, DON-toxisome formation and virulence in Fusarium graminearum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:173-187. [PMID: 31693278 PMCID: PMC6988429 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is an important trichothecene mycotoxin produced by the cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. DON is synthesized in organized endoplasmic reticulum structures called toxisomes. However, the mechanism for toxisome formation and the components of toxisomes are not yet fully understood. In a previous study, we found that myosin I (FgMyo1)-actin cytoskeleton participated in toxisome formation. In the current study, we identified two new components of toxisomes, the actin capping proteins (CAPs) FgCapA and FgCapB. These two CAPs form a heterodimer in F. graminearum, and physically interact with FgMyo1 and Tri1. The deletion mutants ΔFgcapA and ΔFgcapB and the double deletion mutant ΔΔFgcapA/B dramatically reduced hyphal growth, asexual and sexual reproduction and endocytosis. More importantly, the deletion mutants markedly disrupted toxisome formation and DON production, and attenuated virulence in planta. Collectively, these results suggest that the actin CAPs are associated with toxisome formation and contribute to the virulence and development of F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyInstitute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and InsectsZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Ahai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyInstitute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and InsectsZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Dawood H. Dawood
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyInstitute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
- Department of Agriculture ChemistryFaculty of AgricultureMansoura UniversityMansoura35516Egypt
| | - Jingting Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyInstitute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyInstitute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and InsectsZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyInstitute of BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and InsectsZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
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Li P, Lu YJ, Chen H, Day B. The Lifecycle of the Plant Immune System. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2020; 39:72-100. [PMID: 33343063 PMCID: PMC7748258 DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2020.1757829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Throughout their life span, plants confront an endless barrage of pathogens and pests. To successfully defend against biotic threats, plants have evolved a complex immune system responsible for surveillance, perception, and the activation of defense. Plant immunity requires multiple signaling processes, the outcome of which vary according to the lifestyle of the invading pathogen(s). In short, these processes require the activation of host perception, the regulation of numerous signaling cascades, and transcriptome reprograming, all of which are highly dynamic in terms of temporal and spatial scales. At the same time, the development of a single immune event is subjective to the development of plant immune system, which is co-regulated by numerous processes, including plant ontogenesis and the host microbiome. In total, insight into each of these processes provides a fuller understanding of the mechanisms that govern plant-pathogen interactions. In this review, we will discuss the "lifecycle" of plant immunity: the development of individual events of defense, including both local and distal processes, as well as the development and regulation of the overall immune system by ontogenesis regulatory genes and environmental microbiota. In total, we will integrate the output of recent discoveries and theories, together with several hypothetical models, to present a dynamic portrait of plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai Li
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Yi-Ju Lu
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Genome Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Genome Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Wang X, Mao T. Understanding the functions and mechanisms of plant cytoskeleton in response to environmental signals. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 52:86-96. [PMID: 31542697 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants perceive multiple physiological and environmental signals in order to fine-tune their growth and development. The highly dynamic plant cytoskeleton, including actin and microtubule networks, can rapidly alter their organization, stability and dynamics in response to internal and external stimuli, which is considered vital for plant growth and adaptation to the environment. The cytoskeleton-associated proteins have been shown to be key regulatory molecules in mediating cytoskeleton reorganization in response to multiple environmental signals, such as light, salt, drought and biotic stimuli. Recent findings, including our studies, have expanded knowledge about the functions and underlying mechanisms of the plant cytoskeleton in environmental adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tonglin Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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46
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Luo Y, Pang D, Jin M, Chen J, Kong X, Li W, Chang Y, Li Y, Wang Z. Identification of plant hormones and candidate hub genes regulating flag leaf senescence in wheat response to water deficit stress at the grain-filling stage. PLANT DIRECT 2019; 3:e00152. [PMID: 31709381 PMCID: PMC6834085 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In order to clarify the transcriptional regulatory network and physiological mechanisms governing leaf senescence response to drought stress in wheat, experiments were performed using two wheat varieties with contrasting drought tolerance: Fu287 (F287, a drought-sensitive genotype) and Shannong20 (SN20, a drought-resistant genotype). The latter has higher SPAD values, salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), zeatin (Z), zeatin riboside (ZR), and gibberellin (GA 3) content as well as higher expression levels of Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, Fe-SOD,POD,CAT, and APX under various water deficit conditions. Conjoint analysis of physiological and biochemical indicators and transcriptome data by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) in the present study provides a useful genomic and molecular resource for studying drought adaptation in wheat. The flag leaf senescence process was changed by altering the concentration of phytohormones. SA, JA, abscisic acid (ABA), Z, ZR, and GA 3 coordinate with each other to control leaf senescence and plant adaptation under drought stress. Further, the leaf senescence process was divided into two phases: the persistence phase and the rapid loss phase. Shorter Chltotal (duration of the flag leaf being photosynthetically active), shorter Chlper (persistence phase), reduced M (inflection point cumulative temperature when senescence rate is the maximum), decreased r max (the maximum senescence rate), larger r 0 (the initial senescence rate), and increased r aver (the average senescence rate) were slightly associated with low grain mass. We speculated that extending the period of the persistence phase by cultivation or chemical control measures could further increase the drought survivability and productivity of wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of AgronomyShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
| | - Dangwei Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of AgronomyShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
| | - Min Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of AgronomyShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
| | - Jin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of AgronomyShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
| | - Xiang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of AgronomyShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
| | - Wenqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of AgronomyShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
| | - Yonglan Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of AgronomyShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of AgronomyShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
| | - Zhenlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of AgronomyShandong Agricultural UniversityTai'anChina
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Leontovyčová H, Kalachova T, Trdá L, Pospíchalová R, Lamparová L, Dobrev PI, Malínská K, Burketová L, Valentová O, Janda M. Actin depolymerization is able to increase plant resistance against pathogens via activation of salicylic acid signalling pathway. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10397. [PMID: 31320662 PMCID: PMC6639534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the actin cytoskeleton is essential for plant immune signalling. Consequently, it is generally assumed that actin disruption reduces plant resistance to pathogen attack. Here, we demonstrate that actin depolymerization induced a dramatic increase in salicylic acid (SA) levels in Arabidopsis thaliana. Transcriptomic analysis showed that the SA pathway was activated due to the action of isochorismate synthase (ICS). The effect was also confirmed in Brassica napus. This raises the question of whether actin depolymerization could, under particular conditions, lead to increased resistance to pathogens. Thus, we explored the effect of pretreatment with actin-depolymerizing drugs on the resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, and on the resistance of an important crop Brassica napus to its natural fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans. In both pathosystems, actin depolymerization activated the SA pathway, leading to increased plant resistance. To our best knowledge, we herein provide the first direct evidence that disruption of the actin cytoskeleton can actually lead to increased plant resistance to pathogens, and that SA is crucial to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Leontovyčová
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, 128 44 Hlavova 2030/8, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tetiana Kalachova
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Trdá
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Pospíchalová
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Lamparová
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petre I Dobrev
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Malínská
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Burketová
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Valentová
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Janda
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic. .,Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic. .,Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich (LMU), Faculty of Biology, Biocenter, Department Genetics, Grosshaderner Str. 2-4, D-82152, Martinsried, Germany.
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Janda M, Lamparová L, Zubíková A, Burketová L, Martinec J, Krčková Z. Temporary heat stress suppresses PAMP-triggered immunity and resistance to bacteria in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1005-1012. [PMID: 30924595 PMCID: PMC6589723 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) is crucial for plant defence against pathogen attack. The best characterized PAMP is flg22, a 22 amino acid conserved peptide from flagellin protein. In Arabidopsis thaliana, flg22 is recognized by the flagellin sensing 2 (FLS2) receptor. In this study, we focused on biotic stress responses triggered by flg22 after exposure to temporary heat stress (HS). It is important to study the reactions of plants to multiple stress conditions because plants are often exposed simultaneously to a combination of both abiotic and biotic stresses. Transient early production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a well-characterized response to PAMP recognition. We demonstrate the strong reduction of flg22-induced ROS production in A. thaliana after HS treatment. In addition, a decrease in FLS2 transcription and a decrease of the FLS2 presence at the plasma membrane are shown after HS. In summary, our data show the strong inhibitory effect of HS on flg22-triggered events in A. thaliana. Subsequently, temporary HS strongly decreases the resistance of A. thaliana to Pseudomonas syringae. We propose that short exposure to high temperature is a crucial abiotic stress factor that suppresses PAMP-triggered immunity, which subsequently leads to the higher susceptibility of plants to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Janda
- University of Chemistry and Technology PragueTechnická 5, Prague 6 – Dejvice166 282Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Lamparová
- University of Chemistry and Technology PragueTechnická 5, Prague 6 – Dejvice166 282Czech Republic
- The Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of Experimental BotanyRozvojová 263, Prague 6 – Lysolaje165 00Czech Republic
| | - Alžběta Zubíková
- The Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of Experimental BotanyRozvojová 263, Prague 6 – Lysolaje165 00Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Burketová
- The Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of Experimental BotanyRozvojová 263, Prague 6 – Lysolaje165 00Czech Republic
| | - Jan Martinec
- The Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of Experimental BotanyRozvojová 263, Prague 6 – Lysolaje165 00Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Krčková
- The Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of Experimental BotanyRozvojová 263, Prague 6 – Lysolaje165 00Czech Republic
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49
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Yu Y, Wu S, Nowak J, Wang G, Han L, Feng Z, Mendrinna A, Ma Y, Wang H, Zhang X, Tian J, Dong L, Nikoloski Z, Persson S, Kong Z. Live-cell imaging of the cytoskeleton in elongating cotton fibres. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:498-504. [PMID: 31040442 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) fibres consist of single cells that grow in a highly polarized manner, assumed to be controlled by the cytoskeleton1-3. However, how the cytoskeletal organization and dynamics underpin fibre development remains unexplored. Moreover, it is unclear whether cotton fibres expand via tip growth or diffuse growth2-4. We generated stable transgenic cotton plants expressing fluorescent markers of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. Live-cell imaging revealed that elongating cotton fibres assemble a cortical filamentous actin network that extends along the cell axis to finally form actin strands with closed loops in the tapered fibre tip. Analyses of F-actin network properties indicate that cotton fibres have a unique actin organization that blends features of both diffuse and tip growth modes. Interestingly, typical actin organization and endosomal vesicle aggregation found in tip-growing cell apices were not observed in fibre tips. Instead, endomembrane compartments were evenly distributed along the elongating fibre cells and moved bi-directionally along the fibre shank to the fibre tip. Moreover, plus-end tracked microtubules transversely encircled elongating fibre shanks, reminiscent of diffusely growing cells. Collectively, our findings indicate that cotton fibres elongate via a unique tip-biased diffuse growth mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shenjie Wu
- Cotton Research Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yucheng, China
| | - Jacqueline Nowak
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
- Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Guangda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Libo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhidi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Amelie Mendrinna
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yinping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zoran Nikoloski
- Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
- Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Zhaosheng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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50
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Qian D, Zhang Z, He J, Zhang P, Ou X, Li T, Niu L, Nan Q, Niu Y, He W, An L, Jiang K, Xiang Y. Arabidopsis ADF5 promotes stomatal closure by regulating actin cytoskeleton remodeling in response to ABA and drought stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:435-446. [PMID: 30476276 PMCID: PMC6322581 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal movement plays an essential role in plant responses to drought stress, and the actin cytoskeleton and abscisic acid (ABA) are two important components of this process. Little is known about the mechanism underlying actin cytoskeleton remodeling and the dynamic changes occurring during stomatal movement in response to drought stress/ABA signaling. Actin-depolymerizing factors (ADFs) are conserved actin severing/depolymerizing proteins in eukaryotes, and in angiosperms ADFs have evolved actin-bundling activity. Here, we reveal that the transcriptional expression of neofunctionalized Arabidopsis ADF5 was induced by drought stress and ABA treatment. Furthermore, we demonstrated that ADF5 loss-of-function mutations increased water loss from detached leaves, reduced plant survival rates after drought stress, and delayed stomatal closure by regulating actin cytoskeleton remodeling via its F-actin-bundling activity. Biochemical assays revealed that an ABF/AREB transcription factor, DPBF3, could bind to the ADF5 promoter and activate its transcription via the ABA-responsive element core motif ACGT/C. Taken together, our findings indicate that ADF5 participates in drought stress by regulating stomatal closure, and may also serve as a potential downstream target of the drought stress/ABA signaling pathway via members of the ABF/AREB transcription factors family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Qian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juanxia He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaobin Ou
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lipan Niu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiong Nan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yue Niu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenliang He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lizhe An
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kun Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Xiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Correspondence:
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