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Wang Y, Lilienfeldt N, Hekimi S. Understanding coenzyme Q. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1533-1610. [PMID: 38722242 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00040.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ), also known as ubiquinone, comprises a benzoquinone head group and a long isoprenoid side chain. It is thus extremely hydrophobic and resides in membranes. It is best known for its complex function as an electron transporter in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) but is also required for several other crucial cellular processes. In fact, CoQ appears to be central to the entire redox balance of the cell. Remarkably, its structure and therefore its properties have not changed from bacteria to vertebrates. In metazoans, it is synthesized in all cells and is found in most, and maybe all, biological membranes. CoQ is also known as a nutritional supplement, mostly because of its involvement with antioxidant defenses. However, whether there is any health benefit from oral consumption of CoQ is not well established. Here we review the function of CoQ as a redox-active molecule in the ETC and other enzymatic systems, its role as a prooxidant in reactive oxygen species generation, and its separate involvement in antioxidant mechanisms. We also review CoQ biosynthesis, which is particularly complex because of its extreme hydrophobicity, as well as the biological consequences of primary and secondary CoQ deficiency, including in human patients. Primary CoQ deficiency is a rare inborn condition due to mutation in CoQ biosynthetic genes. Secondary CoQ deficiency is much more common, as it accompanies a variety of pathological conditions, including mitochondrial disorders as well as aging. In this context, we discuss the importance, but also the great difficulty, of alleviating CoQ deficiency by CoQ supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Noah Lilienfeldt
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Siegfried Hekimi
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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2
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Latimer S, Stutts LR, Basset GJ. Identification of substituted variants of plastoquinone-9 as potent and specific photosynthetic inhibitors in cyanobacteria and plants. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 226:114225. [PMID: 39032792 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The unprenylated benzoquinones 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (duroquinone), 2-chloro-1,4-benzoquinone (CBQ), 2,6-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (DMBQ), 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (DCBQ), and 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DMOBQ) were tested as putative antimetabolites of plastoquinone-9, a vital electron and proton carrier of oxygenic phototrophs. Duroquinone and CBQ were the most effective at inhibiting the growth of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 either in photomixotrophic or photoautotrophic conditions. Duroquinone, a close structural analog of the photosynthetic inhibitor methyl-plastoquinone-9, was found to possess genuine bactericidal activity towards Synechocystis at a concentration as low as 10 μM, while at the same concentration CBQ acted only as a mild bacteriostat. In contrast, only duroquinone displayed marked cytotoxicity in axenically-grown Arabidopsis, resulting in damages to photosystem II and hindered net CO2 assimilation. Metabolite profiling targeted to photosynthetic cofactors and pigments indicated that in Arabidopsis duroquinone does not directly inhibit plastoquinone-9 biosynthesis. Taken together, these data indicate that duroquinone offers prospects as an algicide and herbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Latimer
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Lauren R Stutts
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Gilles J Basset
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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3
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Nakanishi K, Li H, Ichino T, Tatsumi K, Osakabe K, Watanabe B, Shimomura K, Yazaki K. Peroxisomal 4-coumaroyl-CoA ligases participate in shikonin production in Lithospermum erythrorhizon. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:2843-2859. [PMID: 38478427 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
4-Coumaroyl-CoA ligase (4CL) is a key enzyme in the phenylpropanoid pathway, which is involved in the biosynthesis of various specialized metabolites such as flavonoids, coumarins, lignans, and lignin. Plants have several 4CLs showing divergence in sequence: Class I 4CLs involved in lignin metabolism, Class II 4CLs associated with flavonoid metabolism, and atypical 4CLs and 4CL-like proteins of unknown function. Shikonin, a Boraginaceae-specific specialized metabolite in red gromwell (Lithospermum erythrorhizon), is biosynthesized from p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and the involvement of 4CL in its biosynthesis has long been debated. In this study, we demonstrated the requirement of 4CL for shikonin biosynthesis using a 4CL-specific inhibitor. In silico analysis of the L. erythrorhizon genome revealed the presence of at least 8 4CL genes, among which the expression of 3 (Le4CL3, Le4CL4, and Le4CL5) showed a positive association with shikonin production. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Le4CL5 belongs to Class I 4CLs, while Le4CL3 and Le4CL4 belong to clades that are distant from Class I and Class II. Interestingly, both Le4CL3 and Le4CL4 have peroxisome targeting signal 1 in their C-terminal region, and subcellular localization analysis revealed that both localize to the peroxisome. We targeted each of the 3 Le4CL genes by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis and observed remarkably lower shikonin production in Le4CL3-ge and Le4CL4-ge genome-edited lines compared with the vector control. We, therefore, conclude that peroxisomal Le4CL3 and Le4CL4 are responsible for shikonin production and propose a model for metabolite-specific 4CL distribution in L. erythrorhizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Nakanishi
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hao Li
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takuji Ichino
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Laboratory of Medicinal Cell Biology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Hyogo 658-8558, Japan
| | - Kanade Tatsumi
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Keishi Osakabe
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Bunta Watanabe
- Chemistry Laboratory, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8570, Japan
| | - Koichiro Shimomura
- Graduate School of Life Science, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura, Ora, Gunma 374-0193, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Lavhale SG, Kondhare KR, Sinthadurai VS, Barvkar VT, Kale RS, Joshi RS, Giri AP. Ocimum kilimandscharicum 4CL11 negatively regulates adventitious root development via accumulation of flavonoid glycosides. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:176-196. [PMID: 38575203 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
4-Coumarate-CoA Ligase (4CL) is an important enzyme in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway. Multiple 4CLs are identified in Ocimum species; however, their in planta functions remain enigmatic. In this study, we independently overexpressed three Ok4CL isoforms from Ocimum kilimandscharicum (Ok4CL7, -11, and -15) in Nicotiana benthamiana. Interestingly, Ok4CL11 overexpression (OE) caused a rootless or reduced root growth phenotype, whereas overexpression of Ok4CL15 produced normal adventitious root (AR) growth. Ok4CL11 overexpression in N. benthamiana resulted in upregulation of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and associated glycosyltransferases accompanied by accumulation of specific flavonoid-glycosides (kaempferol-3-rhamnoside, kaempferol-3,7-O-bis-alpha-l-rhamnoside [K3,7R], and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside) that possibly reduced auxin levels in plants, and such effects were not seen for Ok4CL7 and -15. Docking analysis suggested that auxin transporters (PINs/LAXs) have higher binding affinity to these specific flavonoid-glycosides, and thus could disrupt auxin transport/signaling, which cumulatively resulted in a rootless phenotype. Reduced auxin levels, increased K3,7R in the middle and basal stem sections, and grafting experiments (intra and inter-species) indicated a disruption of auxin transport by K3,7R and its negative effect on AR development. Supplementation of flavonoids and the specific glycosides accumulated by Ok4CL11-OE to the wild-type N. benthamiana explants delayed the AR emergence and also inhibited AR growth. While overexpression of all three Ok4CLs increased lignin accumulation, flavonoids, and their specific glycosides were accumulated only in Ok4CL11-OE lines. In summary, our study reveals unique indirect function of Ok4CL11 to increase specific flavonoids and their glycosides, which are negative regulators of root growth, likely involved in inhibition of auxin transport and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh G Lavhale
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Kirtikumar R Kondhare
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Veenothini S Sinthadurai
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Vitthal T Barvkar
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Rutuja S Kale
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Rakesh S Joshi
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Ashok P Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
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Khawula S, Gokul A, Niekerk LA, Basson G, Keyster M, Badiwe M, Klein A, Nkomo M. Insights into the Effects of Hydroxycinnamic Acid and Its Secondary Metabolites as Antioxidants for Oxidative Stress and Plant Growth under Environmental Stresses. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 46:81-95. [PMID: 38275667 PMCID: PMC10814621 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant immobility renders plants constantly susceptible to various abiotic and biotic stresses. Abiotic and biotic stresses are known to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause comparable cellular secondary reactions (osmotic or oxidative stress), leading to agricultural productivity constraints worldwide. To mitigate the challenges caused by these stresses, plants have evolved a variety of adaptive strategies. Phenolic acids form a key component of these strategies, as they are predominantly known to be secreted by plants in response to abiotic or biotic stresses. Phenolic acids can be divided into different subclasses based on their chemical structures, such as hydroxybenzoic acids and hydroxycinnamic acids. This review analyzes hydroxycinnamic acids and their derivatives as they increase under stressful conditions, so to withstand environmental stresses they regulate physiological processes through acting as signaling molecules that regulate gene expression and biochemical pathways. The mechanism of action used by hydroxycinnamic acid involves minimization of oxidative damage to maintain cellular homeostasis and protect vital cellular components from harm. The purpose of this review is to highlight the potential of hydroxycinnamic acid metabolites/derivatives as potential antioxidants. We review the uses of different secondary metabolites associated with hydroxycinnamic acid and their contributions to plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindiswa Khawula
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, University of Zululand, Main Road, Kwa-Dlangezwa 3886, South Africa;
| | - Arun Gokul
- Department of Plant Sciences, Qwaqwa Campus, University of Free State, Phuthadithaba 9866, South Africa;
| | - Lee-Ann Niekerk
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (L.-A.N.); (G.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Gerhard Basson
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (L.-A.N.); (G.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Marshall Keyster
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (L.-A.N.); (G.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Mihlali Badiwe
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7435, South Africa;
| | - Ashwil Klein
- Plant Omics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa;
| | - Mbukeni Nkomo
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, University of Zululand, Main Road, Kwa-Dlangezwa 3886, South Africa;
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Rudenko NN, Vetoshkina DV, Marenkova TV, Borisova-Mubarakshina MM. Antioxidants of Non-Enzymatic Nature: Their Function in Higher Plant Cells and the Ways of Boosting Their Biosynthesis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2014. [PMID: 38001867 PMCID: PMC10669185 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12112014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are exposed to a variety of abiotic and biotic stresses leading to increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant cells. ROS are capable of oxidizing proteins, pigments, lipids, nucleic acids, and other cell molecules, disrupting their functional activity. During the process of evolution, numerous antioxidant systems were formed in plants, including antioxidant enzymes and low molecular weight non-enzymatic antioxidants. Antioxidant systems perform neutralization of ROS and therefore prevent oxidative damage of cell components. In the present review, we focus on the biosynthesis of non-enzymatic antioxidants in higher plants cells such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C), glutathione, flavonoids, isoprenoids, carotenoids, tocopherol (vitamin E), ubiquinone, and plastoquinone. Their functioning and their reactivity with respect to individual ROS will be described. This review is also devoted to the modern genetic engineering methods, which are widely used to change the quantitative and qualitative content of the non-enzymatic antioxidants in cultivated plants. These methods allow various plant lines with given properties to be obtained in a rather short time. The most successful approaches for plant transgenesis and plant genome editing for the enhancement of biosynthesis and the content of these antioxidants are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia N. Rudenko
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Pushchino 142290, Russia; (D.V.V.); (M.M.B.-M.)
| | - Daria V. Vetoshkina
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Pushchino 142290, Russia; (D.V.V.); (M.M.B.-M.)
| | - Tatiana V. Marenkova
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia;
| | - Maria M. Borisova-Mubarakshina
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Pushchino 142290, Russia; (D.V.V.); (M.M.B.-M.)
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7
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Staiano C, García-Corzo L, Mantle D, Turton N, Millichap LE, Brea-Calvo G, Hargreaves I. Biosynthesis, Deficiency, and Supplementation of Coenzyme Q. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1469. [PMID: 37508007 PMCID: PMC10375973 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Originally identified as a key component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, Coenzyme Q (CoQ or CoQ10 for human tissues) has recently been revealed to be essential for many different redox processes, not only in the mitochondria, but elsewhere within other cellular membrane types. Cells rely on endogenous CoQ biosynthesis, and defects in this still-not-completely understood pathway result in primary CoQ deficiencies, a group of conditions biochemically characterised by decreased tissue CoQ levels, which in turn are linked to functional defects. Secondary CoQ deficiencies may result from a wide variety of cellular dysfunctions not directly linked to primary synthesis. In this article, we review the current knowledge on CoQ biosynthesis, the defects leading to diminished CoQ10 levels in human tissues and their associated clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Staiano
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-JA, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Laura García-Corzo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-JA, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Nadia Turton
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Merseyside L3 5UX, UK
| | - Lauren E Millichap
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Merseyside L3 5UX, UK
| | - Gloria Brea-Calvo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-JA, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Iain Hargreaves
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Merseyside L3 5UX, UK
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8
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Hu M, Jiang Y, Xu JJ. Characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana Coq9 in the CoQ Biosynthetic Pathway. Metabolites 2023; 13:813. [PMID: 37512520 PMCID: PMC10385794 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q, also known as ubiquinone, is a fat-soluble isoprene quinone that serves as a cofactor for numerous enzymes across all domains of life. However, the biosynthetic pathway for this important molecule in plants has been examined in only a limited number of studies. In yeast and mammals, Coq9, an isoprenoid-lipid-binding protein, is essential for CoQ biosynthesis. Previous studies showed that Arabidopsis thaliana Coq9 failed to complement the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe coq9 null mutant, and its function in plants remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that expression of Arabidopsis Coq9 rescued the growth of a yeast temperature-sensitive coq9 mutant and increased CoQ content. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Coq9 is widely present in green plants. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion experiments showed that Arabidopsis Coq9 is targeted to mitochondria. Disruption of the Coq9 gene in Arabidopsis results in lower amounts of CoQ. Our work suggests that plant Coq9 is required for efficient CoQ biosynthesis. These findings provide new insights into the evolution of CoQ biosynthesis in plants. The identification of Coq9 as a key player in CoQ biosynthesis in plants opens up new avenues for understanding the regulation of this important metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Hu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Jing-Jing Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China
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9
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Sandalio LM, Collado-Arenal AM, Romero-Puertas MC. Deciphering peroxisomal reactive species interactome and redox signalling networks. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 197:58-70. [PMID: 36642282 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant peroxisomes are highly dynamic organelles with regard to metabolic pathways, number and morphology and participate in different metabolic processes and cell responses to their environment. Peroxisomes from animal and plant cells house a complex system of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production associated to different metabolic pathways which are under control of an important set of enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidative defenses. Nitric oxide (NO) and its derivate reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are also produced in these organelles. Peroxisomes can regulate ROS and NO/RNS levels to allow their role as signalling molecules. The metabolism of other reactive species such as carbonyl reactive species (CRS) and sulfur reactive species (SRS) in peroxisomes and their relationship with ROS and NO have not been explored in depth. In this review, we define a peroxisomal reactive species interactome (PRSI), including all reactive species ROS, RNS, CRS and SRS, their interaction and effect on target molecules contributing to the dynamic redox/ROS homeostasis and plasticity of peroxisomes, enabling fine-tuned regulation of signalling networks associated with peroxisome-dependent H2O2. Particular attention will be paid to update the information available on H2O2-dependent peroxisomal retrograde signalling and to discuss a specific peroxisomal footprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa M Sandalio
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain.
| | - Aurelio M Collado-Arenal
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - María C Romero-Puertas
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/ Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
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10
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Lelarge-Trouverie C, Cohen M, Trémulot L, Van Breusegem F, Mhamdi A, Noctor G. Metabolite modification in oxidative stress responses: A case study of two defense hormones. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 196:145-155. [PMID: 36634883 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the Arabidopsis cat2 mutant lacking the major leaf isoform of catalase have allowed the potential impact of intracellular H2O2 on plant function to be studied. Here, we report a robust analysis of modified gene expression associated with key families involved in metabolite modification in cat2. Through a combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis focused on the salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) pathways, we report key features of the metabolic signatures linked to oxidative stress-induced signaling via these defence hormones and discuss the enzymes that are likely to be involved in determining these features. We provide evidence that specific UDP-glycosyl transferases contribute to the glucosylation of SA that accumulates as a result of oxidative stress in cat2. Glycosides of dihydroxybenzoic acids that accumulate alongside SA in cat2 are identified and, based on the expression of candidate genes, likely routes for their production are discussed. We also report that enhanced intracellular H2O2 triggers induction of genes encoding different enzymes that can metabolize JA. Integrated analysis of metabolite and transcript profiles suggests that a gene network involving specific hydrolases, hydroxylases, and sulfotransferases functions to limit accumulation of the most active jasmonates during oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Lelarge-Trouverie
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
| | - Mathias Cohen
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
| | - Lug Trémulot
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center of Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amna Mhamdi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center of Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Graham Noctor
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Paris-Saclay, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8618 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay cedex, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France.
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11
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Ahmad M, Varela Alonso A, Koletti AE, Rodić N, Reichelt M, Rödel P, Assimopoulou AN, Paun O, Declerck S, Schneider C, Molin EM. Dynamics of alkannin/shikonin biosynthesis in response to jasmonate and salicylic acid in Lithospermum officinale. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17093. [PMID: 36224205 PMCID: PMC9554848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21322-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkannin/shikonin and their derivatives are specialised metabolites of high pharmaceutical and ecological importance exclusively produced in the periderm of members of the plant family Boraginaceae. Previous studies have shown that their biosynthesis is induced in response to methyl jasmonate but not salicylic acid, two phytohormones that play important roles in plant defence. However, mechanistic understanding of induction and non-induction remains largely unknown. In the present study, we generated the first comprehensive transcriptomic dataset and metabolite profiles of Lithospermum officinale plants treated with methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid to shed light on the underlying mechanisms. Our results highlight the diverse biological processes activated by both phytohormones and reveal the important regulatory role of the mevalonate pathway in alkannin/shikonin biosynthesis in L. officinale. Furthermore, by modelling a coexpression network, we uncovered structural and novel regulatory candidate genes connected to alkannin/shikonin biosynthesis. Besides providing new mechanistic insights into alkannin/shikonin biosynthesis, the generated methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid elicited expression profiles together with the coexpression networks serve as important functional genomic resources for the scientific community aiming at deepening the understanding of alkannin/shikonin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ahmad
- grid.4332.60000 0000 9799 7097Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulln, Austria ,grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alicia Varela Alonso
- grid.506382.aInstitut für Pflanzenkultur GmbH & Co. KG., Schnega, Germany ,grid.7942.80000 0001 2294 713XEarth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Antigoni E. Koletti
- grid.4793.90000000109457005Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Center of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Natural Products Research Centre of Excellence (NatPro-AUTh), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - Nebojša Rodić
- grid.4793.90000000109457005Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Center of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Natural Products Research Centre of Excellence (NatPro-AUTh), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - Michael Reichelt
- grid.418160.a0000 0004 0491 7131Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Philipp Rödel
- grid.506382.aInstitut für Pflanzenkultur GmbH & Co. KG., Schnega, Germany
| | - Andreana N. Assimopoulou
- grid.4793.90000000109457005Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Center of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Natural Products Research Centre of Excellence (NatPro-AUTh), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloníki, Greece
| | - Ovidiu Paun
- grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stéphane Declerck
- grid.7942.80000 0001 2294 713XEarth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Carolin Schneider
- grid.506382.aInstitut für Pflanzenkultur GmbH & Co. KG., Schnega, Germany
| | - Eva M. Molin
- grid.4332.60000 0000 9799 7097Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulln, Austria
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12
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Xu JJ, Hu M, Yang L, Chen XY. How plants synthesize coenzyme Q. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100341. [PMID: 35614856 PMCID: PMC9483114 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is a conserved redox-active lipid that has a wide distribution across the domains of life. CoQ plays a key role in the oxidative electron transfer chain and serves as a crucial antioxidant in cellular membranes. Our understanding of CoQ biosynthesis in eukaryotes has come mostly from studies of yeast. Recently, significant advances have been made in understanding CoQ biosynthesis in plants. Unique mitochondrial flavin-dependent monooxygenase and benzenoid ring precursor biosynthetic pathways have been discovered, providing new insights into the diversity of CoQ biosynthetic pathways and the evolution of phototrophic eukaryotes. We summarize research progress on CoQ biosynthesis and regulation in plants and recent efforts to increase the CoQ content in plant foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China; Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China.
| | - Mei Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China; Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Xiao-Ya Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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13
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Li H, Matsuda H, Tsuboyama A, Munakata R, Sugiyama A, Yazaki K. Inventory of ATP-binding cassette proteins in Lithospermum erythrorhizon as a model plant producing divergent secondary metabolites. DNA Res 2022; 29:6596041. [PMID: 35640979 PMCID: PMC9195045 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins are the largest membrane transporter family in plants. In addition to transporting organic substances, these proteins function as ion channels and molecular switches. The development of multiple genes encoding ABC proteins has been associated with their various biological roles. Plants utilize many secondary metabolites to adapt to environmental stresses and to communicate with other organisms, with many ABC proteins thought to be involved in metabolite transport. Lithospermum erythrorhizon is regarded as a model plant for studying secondary metabolism, as cells in culture yielded high concentrations of meroterpenes and phenylpropanoids. Analysis of the genome and transcriptomes of L. erythrorhizon showed expression of genes encoding 118 ABC proteins, similar to other plant species. The number of expressed proteins in the half-size ABCA and full-size ABCB subfamilies was ca. 50% lower in L. erythrorhizon than in Arabidopsis, whereas there was no significant difference in the numbers of other expressed ABC proteins. Because many ABCG proteins are involved in the export of organic substances, members of this subfamily may play important roles in the transport of secondary metabolites that are secreted into apoplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hinako Matsuda
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Ai Tsuboyama
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Munakata
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Akifumi Sugiyama
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel. +81 774 38 3617.
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14
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Berger A, Latimer S, Stutts LR, Soubeyrand E, Block AK, Basset GJ. Kaempferol as a precursor for ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) biosynthesis: An atypical node between specialized metabolism and primary metabolism. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 66:102165. [PMID: 35026487 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) is a vital respiratory cofactor and liposoluble antioxidant. Studies have shown that plants derive approximately a quarter of 4-hydroxybenzoate, which serves as the direct ring precursor of ubiquinone, from the catabolism of kaempferol. Biochemical and genetic evidence suggests that the release of 4-hydroxybenzoate from kaempferol is catalyzed by heme-dependent peroxidases and that 3-O-glycosylations of kaempferol act as a negative regulator of this process. These findings not only represent an atypical instance of primary metabolite being derived from specialized metabolism but also raise the question as to whether ubiquinone contributes to the ROS scavenging and signaling functions already established for flavonols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Berger
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Scott Latimer
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Lauren R Stutts
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Eric Soubeyrand
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Anna K Block
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Chemistry Research Unit, ARS, USDA, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Gilles J Basset
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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15
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Mechanisms and Therapeutic Effects of Benzoquinone Ring Analogs in Primary CoQ Deficiencies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040665. [PMID: 35453349 PMCID: PMC9029335 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is a conserved polyprenylated lipid composed of a redox-active benzoquinone ring and a long polyisoprenyl tail that serves as a membrane anchor. CoQ biosynthesis involves multiple steps, including multiple modifications of the precursor ring 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Mutations in the enzymes involved in CoQ biosynthesis pathway result in primary coenzyme Q deficiencies, mitochondrial disorders whose clinical heterogenicity reflects the multiple biological function of CoQ. Patients with these disorders do not always respond to CoQ supplementation, and CoQ analogs have not been successful as alternative approaches. Progress made in understanding the CoQ biosynthesis pathway and studies of supplementation with 4-hydroxybenzoic acid ring analogs have opened a new area in the field of primary CoQ deficiencies treatment. Here, we will review these studies, focusing on efficacy of the different 4-hydroxybenzoic acid ring analogs, models in which they have been tested, and their mechanisms of action. Understanding how these compounds ameliorate biochemical, molecular, and/or clinical phenotypes of CoQ deficiencies is important to develop the most rational treatment for CoQ deficient patients, depending on their molecular defects.
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16
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Suttiyut T, Auber RP, Ghaste M, Kane CN, McAdam SAM, Wisecaver JH, Widhalm JR. Integrative analysis of the shikonin metabolic network identifies new gene connections and reveals evolutionary insight into shikonin biosynthesis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab087. [PMID: 35048120 PMCID: PMC8969065 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plant specialized 1,4-naphthoquinones present a remarkable case of convergent evolution. Species across multiple discrete orders of vascular plants produce diverse 1,4-naphthoquinones via one of several pathways using different metabolic precursors. Evolution of these pathways was preceded by events of metabolic innovation and many appear to share connections with biosynthesis of photosynthetic or respiratory quinones. Here, we sought to shed light on the metabolic connections linking shikonin biosynthesis with its precursor pathways and on the origins of shiknoin metabolic genes. Downregulation of Lithospermum erythrorhizon geranyl diphosphate synthase (LeGPPS), recently shown to have been recruited from a cytoplasmic farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS), resulted in reduced shikonin production and a decrease in expression of mevalonic acid and phenylpropanoid pathway genes. Next, we used LeGPPS and other known shikonin pathway genes to build a coexpression network model for identifying new gene connections to shikonin metabolism. Integrative in silico analyses of network genes revealed candidates for biochemical steps in the shikonin pathway arising from Boraginales-specific gene family expansion. Multiple genes in the shikonin coexpression network were also discovered to have originated from duplication of ubiquinone pathway genes. Taken together, our study provides evidence for transcriptional crosstalk between shikonin biosynthesis and its precursor pathways, identifies several shikonin pathway gene candidates and their evolutionary histories, and establishes additional evolutionary links between shikonin and ubiquinone metabolism. Moreover, we demonstrate that global coexpression analysis using limited transcriptomic data obtained from targeted experiments is effective for identifying gene connections within a defined metabolic network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiti Suttiyut
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Robert P Auber
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Manoj Ghaste
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Cade N Kane
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Jennifer H Wisecaver
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Joshua R Widhalm
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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17
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González-Gordo S, Palma JM, Corpas FJ. Peroxisomal Proteome Mining of Sweet Pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) Fruit Ripening Through Whole Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantitation Analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:893376. [PMID: 35615143 PMCID: PMC9125320 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.893376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles from eukaryotic cells characterized by an active nitro-oxidative metabolism. They have a relevant metabolic plasticity depending on the organism, tissue, developmental stage, or physiological/stress/environmental conditions. Our knowledge of peroxisomal metabolism from fruits is very limited but its proteome is even less known. Using sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruits at two ripening stages (immature green and ripe red), it was analyzed the proteomic peroxisomal composition by quantitative isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based protein profiling. For this aim, it was accomplished a comparative analysis of the pepper fruit whole proteome obtained by iTRAQ versus the identified peroxisomal protein profile from Arabidopsis thaliana. This allowed identifying 57 peroxisomal proteins. Among these proteins, 49 were located in the peroxisomal matrix, 36 proteins had a peroxisomal targeting signal type 1 (PTS1), 8 had a PTS type 2, 5 lacked this type of peptide signal, and 8 proteins were associated with the membrane of this organelle. Furthermore, 34 proteins showed significant differences during the ripening of the fruits, 19 being overexpressed and 15 repressed. Based on previous biochemical studies using purified peroxisomes from pepper fruits, it could be said that some of the identified peroxisomal proteins were corroborated as part of the pepper fruit antioxidant metabolism (catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductaseglutathione reductase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase), the β-oxidation pathway (acyl-coenzyme A oxidase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase), while other identified proteins could be considered "new" or "unexpected" in fruit peroxisomes like urate oxidase (UO), sulfite oxidase (SO), 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate-homocysteine methyltransferase (METE1), 12-oxophytodienoate reductase 3 (OPR3) or 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), which participate in different metabolic pathways such as purine, sulfur, L-methionine, jasmonic acid (JA) or phenylpropanoid metabolisms. In summary, the present data provide new insights into the complex metabolic machinery of peroxisomes in fruit and open new windows of research into the peroxisomal functions during fruit ripening.
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18
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Majláth I, Éva C, Hamow KÁ, Kun J, Pál M, Rahman A, Palla B, Nagy Z, Gyenesei A, Szalai G, Janda T. Methylglyoxal induces stress signaling and promotes the germination of maize at low temperature. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13609. [PMID: 34851527 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Maize is sensitive to cold injury, especially during germination. Since cold causes oxidative stress, compounds that promote the accumulation of free radical forms, such as the reactive aldehyde (RA) methylglyoxal (MG), may be suitable to trigger a systemic defense response. In this study, maize seeds were soaked in MG solution for one night at room temperature, before germination test at 13°C. The exogenous MG enhanced the germination and photosynthetic performance of maize at low temperature. Transcriptome analysis, hormonal, and flavonoid profiling indicated MG-induced changes in photosystem antenna proteins, pigments, late embryogenesis abundant proteins, abscisic acid (ABA) derivatives, chaperons, and certain dihydroflavonols, members of the phenylpropanoid pathway. MG-response of the two maize cultivars (A654 and Cm174) were somewhat different, but we recorded higher endogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) and lower nitric oxide (NO) level in at least one of the treated genotypes. These secondary signal molecules may provoke some of the changes in the hormonal, metabolic and gene expression profile. Decreased auxin transport, but increased ABA degradation and cytokinin and jasmonic acid (JA) synthesis, as well as an altered carbohydrate metabolism and transport (amylases, invertases, and SWEET transporters) could have promoted germination of MG-pretreated seeds. While LEA accumulation could have protected against osmotic stress and catalase expression and production of many antioxidants, like para-hydroxybenzoic acid (p-HBA) and anthocyanins may have balanced the oxidative environment for maize germination. Our results showed that MG-pretreatment could be an effective way to promote cold germination and its effect was more pronounced in the originally cold-sensitive maize genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Majláth
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Csaba Éva
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Kamirán Áron Hamow
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Kun
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre, Bioinformatics Research Group, Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Magda Pál
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Altafur Rahman
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Palla
- Department of Botany, Institute of Agronomy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Nagy
- Cereal Research Non-Profit Ltd., Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Gyenesei
- Szentágothai Research Centre, Bioinformatics Research Group, Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Szalai
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Tibor Janda
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Martonvásár, Hungary
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19
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Latimer S, Keene SA, Stutts LR, Berger A, Bernert AC, Soubeyrand E, Wright J, Clarke CF, Block AK, Colquhoun TA, Elowsky C, Christensen A, Wilson MA, Basset GJ. A dedicated flavin-dependent monooxygenase catalyzes the hydroxylation of demethoxyubiquinone into ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) in Arabidopsis. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101283. [PMID: 34626646 PMCID: PMC8559556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q) is a vital respiratory cofactor and liposoluble antioxidant. In plants, it is not known how the C-6 hydroxylation of demethoxyubiquinone, the penultimate step in ubiquinone biosynthesis, is catalyzed. The combination of cross-species gene network modeling along with mining of embryo-defective mutant databases of Arabidopsis thaliana identified the embryo lethal locus EMB2421 (At1g24340) as a top candidate for the missing plant demethoxyubiquinone hydroxylase. In marked contrast with prototypical eukaryotic demethoxyubiquinone hydroxylases, the catalytic mechanism of which depends on a carboxylate-bridged di-iron domain, At1g24340 is homologous to FAD-dependent oxidoreductases that instead use NAD(P)H as an electron donor. Complementation assays in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli demonstrated that At1g24340 encodes a functional demethoxyubiquinone hydroxylase and that the enzyme displays strict specificity for the C-6 position of the benzoquinone ring. Laser-scanning confocal microscopy also showed that GFP-tagged At1g24340 is targeted to mitochondria. Silencing of At1g24340 resulted in 40 to 74% decrease in ubiquinone content and de novo ubiquinone biosynthesis. Consistent with the role of At1g24340 as a benzenoid ring modification enzyme, this metabolic blockage could not be bypassed by supplementation with 4-hydroxybenzoate, the immediate precursor of ubiquinone's ring. Unlike in yeast, in Arabidopsis overexpression of demethoxyubiquinone hydroxylase did not boost ubiquinone content. Phylogenetic reconstructions indicated that plant demethoxyubiquinone hydroxylase is most closely related to prokaryotic monooxygenases that act on halogenated aromatics and likely descends from an event of horizontal gene transfer between a green alga and a bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Latimer
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
| | - Shea A Keene
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, Plant Innovation Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Lauren R Stutts
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Antoine Berger
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ann C Bernert
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Eric Soubeyrand
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Janet Wright
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Catherine F Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anna K Block
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Chemistry Research Unit, ARS, USDA, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas A Colquhoun
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, Plant Innovation Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Christian Elowsky
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Alan Christensen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Mark A Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Gilles J Basset
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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20
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Sunstrum FG, Liu HL, Jancsik S, Madilao LL, Bohlmann J, Irmisch S. 4-Coumaroyl-CoA ligases in the biosynthesis of the anti-diabetic metabolite montbretin A. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257478. [PMID: 34618820 PMCID: PMC8496819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Montbretins are rare specialized metabolites found in montbretia (Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora) corms. Montbretin A (MbA) is of particular interest as a novel therapeutic for type-2 diabetes and obesity. There is no scalable production system for this complex acylated flavonol glycoside. MbA biosynthesis has been reconstructed in Nicotiana benthamiana using montbretia genes for the assembly of MbA from its various different building blocks. However, in addition to smaller amounts of MbA, the therapeutically inactive montbretin B (MbB) was the major product of this metabolic engineering effort. MbA and MbB differ in a single hydroxyl group of their acyl side chains, which are derived from caffeoyl-CoA and coumaroyl-CoA, respectively. Biosynthesis of both MbA and MbB also require coumaroyl-CoA for the formation of the myricetin core. Caffeoyl-CoA and coumaroyl-CoA are formed in the central phenylpropanoid pathway by acyl activating enzymes (AAEs) known as 4-coumaroyl-CoA ligases (4CLs). Here we investigated a small family of montbretia AAEs and 4CLs, and their possible contribution to montbretin biosynthesis. RESULTS Transcriptome analysis for gene expression patterns related to montbretin biosynthesis identified eight different montbretia AAEs belonging to four different clades. Enzyme characterization identified 4CL activity for two clade IV members, Cc4CL1 and Cc4CL2, converting different hydroxycinnamic acids into the corresponding CoA thioesters. Both enzymes preferred coumaric acid over caffeic acid as a substrate in vitro. While expression of montbretia AAEs did not enhance MbA biosynthesis in N. benthamiana, we demonstrated that both Cc4CLs can be used to activate coumaric and caffeic acid towards flavanone biosynthesis in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). CONCLUSIONS Montbretia expresses two functional 4CLs, but neither of them is specific for the formation of caffeoyl-CoA. Based on differential expression analysis and phylogeny Cc4CL1 is most likely involved in MbA biosynthesis, while Cc4CL2 may contribute to lignin biosynthesis. Both Cc4CLs can be used for flavanone production to support metabolic engineering of MbA in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick G. Sunstrum
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hannah L. Liu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sharon Jancsik
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lufiani L. Madilao
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joerg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sandra Irmisch
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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21
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Fan H, Liu Y, Li CY, Jiang Y, Song JJ, Yang L, Zhao Q, Hu YH, Chen XY, Xu JJ. Engineering high coenzyme Q 10 tomato. Metab Eng 2021; 68:86-93. [PMID: 34555495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is vital for energy metabolism in living organisms. In humans, CoQ10 deficiency causes diseases and must be replenished via diet; however, CoQ content in plant foods is primarily low. Here, we report the breeding of high CoQ10 tomato lines by expressing four enzymes with a fruit-specific promoter, which modifies the chloroplast chorismate pathway, enhances cytosolic isoprenoid biosynthesis, and up-regulates the first two reactions in mitochondrion that construct the CoQ10 polyisoprenoid tail. We show that, while the level of the aromatic precursor could be markedly elevated, head group prenylation is the key to increasing the final CoQ10 yield. In the HUCD lines expressing all four transgenes, the highest CoQ10 content (0.15 mg/g dry weight) shows a seven-fold increase from the wild-type level and reaches an extraordinarily rich CoQ10 food grade. Overviewing the changes in other terpenoids by transcriptome and metabolic analyses reveals variable contents of carotenoids and α-tocopherol in the HUCD lines. In addition to the enigmatic relations among different terpenoid pathways, high CoQ10 plants maintaining substantial levels of either vitamin can be selected. Our investigation paves the way for the development of CoQ10-enriched crops as dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Fan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Chen-Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China; School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yong-Hong Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Xiao-Ya Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jing-Jing Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China.
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22
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Block AK, Tang HV, Hopkins D, Mendoza J, Solemslie RK, du Toit LJ, Christensen SA. A maize leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase mediates responses to fungal attack. PLANTA 2021; 254:73. [PMID: 34529190 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03730-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A maize receptor kinase controls defense response to fungal pathogens by regulating jasmonic acid and antimicrobial phytoalexin production. Plants use a range of pattern recognition receptors to detect and respond to biotic threats. Some of these receptors contain leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains that recognize microbial proteins or peptides. Maize (Zea mays) has 226 LRR-receptor like kinases, making it challenging to identify those important for pathogen recognition. In this study, co-expression analysis with genes for jasmonic acid and phytoalexin biosynthesis was used to identify a fungal induced-receptor like protein kinase (FI-RLPK) likely involved in the response to fungal pathogens. Loss-of-function mutants in fi-rlpk displayed enhanced susceptibility to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus and reduced accumulation of jasmonic acid and the anti-microbial phytoalexins -kauralexins and zealexins- in infected tissues. In contrast, fi-rlpk mutants displayed increased resistance to stem inoculation with the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. These data indicate that FI-RLPK is important for fungal recognition and activation of defenses, and that F. graminearum may be able to exploit FI-RLPK function to increase its virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Block
- Chemistry Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Hoang V Tang
- Chemistry Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dorothea Hopkins
- Chemistry Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Sakata Seed America, Inc., Ft. Myers Research Station, Fort Myers, FL, USA
| | - Jorrel Mendoza
- Chemistry Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ryan K Solemslie
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Mount Vernon, WA, USA
- Sakata Seed America, Inc., Mount Vernon Research Station, Mount Vernon, WA, USA
| | - Lindsey J du Toit
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Mount Vernon, WA, USA
| | - Shawn A Christensen
- Chemistry Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
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23
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Fernández-del-Río L, Clarke CF. Coenzyme Q Biosynthesis: An Update on the Origins of the Benzenoid Ring and Discovery of New Ring Precursors. Metabolites 2021; 11:385. [PMID: 34198496 PMCID: PMC8231959 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone or CoQ) is a conserved polyprenylated lipid essential for mitochondrial respiration. CoQ is composed of a redox-active benzoquinone ring and a long polyisoprenyl tail that serves as a membrane anchor. A classic pathway leading to CoQ biosynthesis employs 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4HB). Recent studies with stable isotopes in E. coli, yeast, and plant and animal cells have identified CoQ intermediates and new metabolic pathways that produce 4HB. Stable isotope labeling has identified para-aminobenzoic acid as an alternate ring precursor of yeast CoQ biosynthesis, as well as other natural products, such as kaempferol, that provide ring precursors for CoQ biosynthesis in plants and mammals. In this review, we highlight how stable isotopes can be used to delineate the biosynthetic pathways leading to CoQ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine F. Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA;
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24
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Soubeyrand E, Latimer S, Bernert AC, Keene SA, Johnson TS, Shin D, Block AK, Colquhoun TA, Schäffner AR, Kim J, Basset GJ. 3-O-glycosylation of kaempferol restricts the supply of the benzenoid precursor of ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q) in Arabidopsis thaliana. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 186:112738. [PMID: 33756238 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q) is a vital respiratory cofactor and antioxidant in eukaryotes. The recent discovery that kaempferol serves as a precursor for ubiquinone's benzenoid moiety both challenges the conventional view of flavonoids as specialized metabolites, and offers new prospects for engineering ubiquinone in plants. Here, we present evidence that Arabidopsis thaliana mutants lacking kaempferol 3-O-rhamnosyltransferase (ugt78d1) and kaempferol 3-O-glucosyltransferase (ugt78d2) activities display increased de novo biosynthesis of ubiquinone and increased ubiquinone content. These data are congruent with the proposed model that unprotected C-3 hydroxyl of kaempferol triggers the oxidative release of its B-ring as 4-hydroxybenzoate, which in turn is incorporated into ubiquinone. Ubiquinone content in the ugt78d1/ugt78d2 double knockout represented 160% of wild-type level, matching that achieved via exogenous feeding of 4-hydroxybenzoate to wild-type plants. This suggests that 4-hydroxybenzoate is no longer limiting ubiquinone biosynthesis in the ugt78d1/ugt78d2 plants. Evidence is also shown that the glucosylation of 4-hydroxybenzoate as well as the conversion of the immediate precursor of kaempferol, dihydrokaempferol, into dihydroquercetin do not compete with ubiquinone biosynthesis in A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Soubeyrand
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Scott Latimer
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Ann C Bernert
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Shea A Keene
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, Plant Innovation Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Timothy S Johnson
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, Plant Innovation Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Doosan Shin
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Anna K Block
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Thomas A Colquhoun
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, Plant Innovation Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Anton R Schäffner
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jeongim Kim
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Gilles J Basset
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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25
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Busch T, Petersen M. Identification and biochemical characterisation of tyrosine aminotransferase from Anthoceros agrestis unveils the conceivable entry point into rosmarinic acid biosynthesis in hornworts. PLANTA 2021; 253:98. [PMID: 33844079 PMCID: PMC8041713 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03623-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Tyrosine aminotransferase (AaTAT) from the hornwort Anthoceros agrestis Paton (Anthocerotaceae) was amplified and expressed in E. coli. The active enzyme is able to accept a wide range of substrates with distinct preference for L-tyrosine, therefore, possibly catalysing the initial step in rosmarinic acid biosynthesis. The presence of rosmarinic acid (RA) in the hornwort A. agrestis is well known, and some attempts have been made to clarify the biosynthesis of this caffeic acid ester in lower plants. Parallel to the biosynthesis in vascular plants, the involvement of tyrosine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.5; TAT) as the initial step was assumed. The amplification of a nucleotide sequence putatively encoding AaTAT (Genbank MN922307) and expression in E. coli were successful. The enzyme proved to have a high acceptance of L-tyrosine (Km 0.53 mM) whilst slightly preferring 2-oxoglutarate over phenylpyruvate as co-substrate. Applying L-phenylalanine as a potential amino donor or using oxaloacetate or pyruvate as a replacement for 2-oxoglutarate as amino acceptor resulted in significantly lower catalytic efficiencies in each of these cases. To facilitate further substrate search, two methods were introduced, one using ninhydrin after thin-layer chromatography and the other using derivatisation with o-phthalaldehyde followed by HPLC or LC-MS analysis. Both methods proved to be well applicable and helped to confirm the acceptance of further aromatic and aliphatic amino acids. This work presents the first description of a heterologously expressed TAT from a hornwort (A. agrestis) and describes the possible entry into the biosynthesis of RA and other specialised compounds in a so far neglected representative of terrestrial plants and upcoming new model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Busch
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Maike Petersen
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany.
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26
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Robinson KP, Jochem A, Johnson SE, Reddy TR, Russell JD, Coon JJ, Pagliarini DJ. Defining intermediates and redundancies in coenzyme Q precursor biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100643. [PMID: 33862086 PMCID: PMC8122105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ), a redox-active lipid essential for oxidative phosphorylation, is synthesized by virtually all cells, but how eukaryotes make the universal CoQ head group precursor 4-hydroxybenzoate (4-HB) from tyrosine is unknown. The first and last steps of this pathway have been defined in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but the intermediates and enzymes involved in converting 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (4-HPP) to 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (4-HBz) have not been described. Here, we interrogate this pathway with genetic screens, targeted LC-MS, and chemical genetics. We identify three redundant aminotransferases (Bna3, Bat2, and Aat2) that support CoQ biosynthesis in the absence of the established pathway tyrosine aminotransferases, Aro8 and Aro9. We use isotope labeling to identify bona fide tyrosine catabolites, including 4-hydroxyphenylacetate (4-HPA) and 4-hydroxyphenyllactate (4-HPL). Additionally, we find multiple compounds that rescue this pathway when exogenously supplemented, most notably 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (4-HPAA) and 4-hydroxymandelate (4-HMA). Finally, we show that the Ehrlich pathway decarboxylase Aro10 is dispensable for 4-HB production. These results define new features of 4-HB synthesis in yeast, demonstrate the redundant nature of this pathway, and provide a foundation for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle P Robinson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Adam Jochem
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sheila E Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Thiruchelvi R Reddy
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jason D Russell
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David J Pagliarini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
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27
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Wohl J, Petersen M. Phenolic metabolism in the hornwort Anthoceros agrestis: 4-coumarate CoA ligase and 4-hydroxybenzoate CoA ligase. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:1129-1141. [PMID: 32405654 PMCID: PMC7419483 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02552-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
4-Coumarate coenzyme A ligase and 4-hydroxybenzoate coenzyme A ligase from the hornwort Anthoceros agrestis expressed in E. coli were characterized on biochemical and molecular levels and showed interesting substrate specificities. Acyl-activating enzymes are associated with the biosynthesis or degradation of various metabolic products such as lipids, amino acids, sugars, and natural compounds. In this work, cDNA sequences encoding 4-coumarate coenzyme A ligase (4CL) and 4-hydroxybenzoate coenzyme A ligase (4HBCL) were amplified from the hornwort Anthoceros agrestis. The coding sequences were expressed in E. coli and purified by Ni-chelate chromatography. The CoA ligases exhibited different substrate specificities. 4CL catalyzed the activation of 4-coumaric acid, 3-coumaric acid, 2-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, isoferulic acid, ferulic acid, and cinnamic acid but lacked activities towards sinapic acid and benzoic acids. In contrast, 4HBCL preferred 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and benzoic acid, but also accepted other benzoic acid derivatives except salicylic acid and 3-aminosalicylic acid. Furthermore, 4HBCL also activated isoferulic acid, cinnamic acid, 2-coumaric acid, 3-coumaric acid, 4-coumaric acid and caffeic acid, but lacked affinity for ferulic acid and sinapic acid. These substrate specificities could be related to the phenolic compounds identified in Anthoceros agrestis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Wohl
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie Und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Maike Petersen
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie Und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany.
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28
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The Mandelate Pathway, an Alternative to the Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase Pathway for the Synthesis of Benzenoids in Ascomycete Yeasts. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.00701-20. [PMID: 32561586 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00701-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzenoid-derived metabolites act as precursors for a wide variety of products involved in essential metabolic roles in eukaryotic cells. They are synthesized in plants and some fungi through the phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL) pathways. Ascomycete yeasts and animals both lack the capacity for PAL/TAL pathways, and metabolic reactions leading to benzenoid synthesis in these organisms have remained incompletely known for decades. Here, we show genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic evidence that yeasts use a mandelate pathway to synthesize benzenoids, with some similarities to pathways used by bacteria. We conducted feeding experiments using a synthetic fermentation medium that contained either 13C-phenylalanine or 13C-tyrosine, and, using methylbenzoylphosphonate (MBP) to inhibit benzoylformate decarboxylase, we were able to accumulate intracellular intermediates in the yeast Hanseniaspora vineae To further confirm this pathway, we tested in separate fermentation experiments three mutants with deletions in the key genes putatively proposed to form benzenoids (Saccharomyces cerevisiae aro10Δ, dld1Δ, and dld2Δ strains). Our results elucidate the mechanism of benzenoid synthesis in yeast through phenylpyruvate linked with the mandelate pathway to produce benzyl alcohol and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine, as well as sugars. These results provide an explanation for the origin of the benzoquinone ring, 4-hydroxybenzoate, and suggest that Aro10p has benzoylformate and 4-hydroxybenzoylformate decarboxylase functions in yeast.IMPORTANCE We present here evidence of the existence of the mandelate pathway in yeast for the synthesis of benzenoids. The link between phenylpyruvate- and 4-hydroxyphenlypyruvate-derived compounds with the corresponding synthesis of benzaldehydes through benzoylformate decarboxylation is demonstrated. Hanseniaspora vineae was used in these studies because of its capacity to produce benzenoid derivatives at a level 2 orders of magnitude higher than that produced by Saccharomyces Contrary to what was hypothesized, neither β-oxidation derivatives nor 4-coumaric acid is an intermediate in the synthesis of yeast benzenoids. Our results might offer an answer to the long-standing question of the origin of 4-hydroxybenzoate for the synthesis of Q10 in humans.
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29
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Arabidopsis 4-COUMAROYL-COA LIGASE 8 contributes to the biosynthesis of the benzenoid ring of coenzyme Q in peroxisomes. Biochem J 2020; 476:3521-3532. [PMID: 31688904 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved the ability to derive the benzenoid moiety of the respiratory cofactor and antioxidant, ubiquinone (coenzyme Q), either from the β-oxidative metabolism of p-coumarate or from the peroxidative cleavage of kaempferol. Here, isotopic feeding assays, gene co-expression analysis and reverse genetics identified Arabidopsis 4-COUMARATE-COA LIGASE 8 (4-CL8; At5g38120) as a contributor to the β-oxidation of p-coumarate for ubiquinone biosynthesis. The enzyme is part of the same clade (V) of acyl-activating enzymes than At4g19010, a p-coumarate CoA ligase known to play a central role in the conversion of p-coumarate into 4-hydroxybenzoate. A 4-cl8 T-DNA knockout displayed a 20% decrease in ubiquinone content compared with wild-type plants, while 4-CL8 overexpression boosted ubiquinone content up to 150% of the control level. Similarly, the isotopic enrichment of ubiquinone's ring was decreased by 28% in the 4-cl8 knockout as compared with wild-type controls when Phe-[Ring-13C6] was fed to the plants. This metabolic blockage could be bypassed via the exogenous supply of 4-hydroxybenzoate, the product of p-coumarate β-oxidation. Arabidopsis 4-CL8 displays a canonical peroxisomal targeting sequence type 1, and confocal microscopy experiments using fused fluorescent reporters demonstrated that this enzyme is imported into peroxisomes. Time course feeding assays using Phe-[Ring-13C6] in a series of Arabidopsis single and double knockouts blocked in the β-oxidative metabolism of p-coumarate (4-cl8; at4g19010; at4g19010 × 4-cl8), flavonol biosynthesis (flavanone-3-hydroxylase), or both (at4g19010 × flavanone-3-hydroxylase) indicated that continuous high light treatments (500 µE m-2 s-1; 24 h) markedly stimulated the de novo biosynthesis of ubiquinone independently of kaempferol catabolism.
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30
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Zhang B, Lewis KM, Abril A, Davydov DR, Vermerris W, Sattler SE, Kang C. Structure and Function of the Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase from Sorghum bicolor. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:957-973. [PMID: 32332088 PMCID: PMC7333690 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H; CYP73A) is a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase associated externally with the endoplasmic reticulum of plant cells. The enzyme uses NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase as a donor of electrons and hydroxylates cinnamic acid to form 4-coumaric acid in phenylpropanoid metabolism. In order to better understand the structure and function of this unique class of plant P450 enzymes, we have characterized the enzyme C4H1 from lignifying tissues of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), encoded by Sobic.002G126600 Here we report the 1.7 Å resolution crystal structure of CYP73A33. The obtained structural information, along with the results of the steady-state kinetic analysis and the absorption spectroscopy titration, displays a high degree of similarity of the structural and functional features of C4H to those of other P450 proteins. Our data also suggest the presence of a putative allosteric substrate-binding site in a hydrophobic pocket on the enzyme surface. In addition, comparing the newly resolved structure with those of well-investigated cytochromes P450 from mammals and bacteria enabled us to identify those residues of critical functional importance and revealed a unique sequence signature that is potentially responsible for substrate specificity and catalytic selectivity of C4H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bixia Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Kevin M Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Alejandra Abril
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Dmitri R Davydov
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Wilfred Vermerris
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida 32610
- Florida Center for Renewable Chemicals and Fuels, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Scott E Sattler
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Wheat, Sorghum and Forage Research Unit, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583
| | - ChulHee Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
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31
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Auber RP, Suttiyut T, McCoy RM, Ghaste M, Crook JW, Pendleton AL, Widhalm JR, Wisecaver JH. Hybrid de novo genome assembly of red gromwell ( Lithospermum erythrorhizon) reveals evolutionary insight into shikonin biosynthesis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:82. [PMID: 32528694 PMCID: PMC7261806 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0301-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lithospermum erythrorhizon (red gromwell; zicao) is a medicinal and economically valuable plant belonging to the Boraginaceae family. Roots from L. erythrorhizon have been used for centuries based on the antiviral and wound-healing properties produced from the bioactive compound shikonin and its derivatives. More recently, shikonin, its enantiomer alkannin, and several other shikonin/alkannin derivatives have collectively emerged as valuable natural colorants and as novel drug scaffolds. Despite several transcriptomes and proteomes having been generated from L. erythrorhizon, a reference genome is still unavailable. This has limited investigations into elucidating the shikonin/alkannin pathway and understanding its evolutionary and ecological significance. In this study, we obtained a de novo genome assembly for L. erythrorhizon using a combination of Oxford Nanopore long-read and Illumina short-read sequencing technologies. The resulting genome is ∼367.41 Mb long, with a contig N50 size of 314.31 kb and 27,720 predicted protein-coding genes. Using the L. erythrorhizon genome, we identified several additional p-hydroxybenzoate:geranyltransferase (PGT) homologs and provide insight into their evolutionary history. Phylogenetic analysis of prenyltransferases suggests that PGTs originated in a common ancestor of modern shikonin/alkannin-producing Boraginaceous species, likely from a retrotransposition-derived duplication event of an ancestral prenyltransferase gene. Furthermore, knocking down expression of LePGT1 in L. erythrorhizon hairy root lines revealed that LePGT1 is predominantly responsible for shikonin production early in culture establishment. Taken together, the reference genome reported in this study and the provided analysis on the evolutionary origin of shikonin/alkannin biosynthesis will guide elucidation of the remainder of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P. Auber
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Thiti Suttiyut
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Rachel M. McCoy
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Manoj Ghaste
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Joseph W. Crook
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Amanda L. Pendleton
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Joshua R. Widhalm
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Jennifer H. Wisecaver
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
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Dao TNM, Kang SH, Bak A, Folimonova SY. A Non-Conserved p33 Protein of Citrus Tristeza Virus Interacts with Multiple Viral Partners. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:859-870. [PMID: 32141354 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-19-0328-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The RNA genome of citrus tristeza virus (CTV), one of the most damaging viral pathogens of citrus, contains 12 open reading frames resulting in production of at least 19 proteins. Previous studies on the intraviral interactome of CTV revealed self-interaction of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, the major coat protein (CP), p20, p23, and p33 proteins, while heterologous interactions between the CTV proteins have not been characterized. In this work, we examined interactions between the p33 protein, a nonconserved protein of CTV, which performs multiple functions in the virus infection cycle and is needed for virus ability to infect the extended host range, with other CTV proteins shown to mediate virus interactions with its plant hosts. Using yeast two-hybrid, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and coimmunoprecipitation assays, we demonstrated that p33 interacts with three viral proteins, i.e., CP, p20, and p23, in vivo and in planta. Coexpression of p33, which is an integral membrane protein, resulted in a shift in the localization of the p20 and p23 proteins toward the subcellular crude-membrane fraction. Upon CTV infection, the four proteins colocalized in the CTV replication factories. In addition, three of them, CP, p20, and p23, were found in the p33-formed membranous structures. Using bioinformatic analyses and mutagenesis, we found that the N-terminus of p33 is involved in the interactions with all three protein partners. A potential role of these interactions in virus ability to infect the extended host range is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Nguyet Minh Dao
- University of Florida, Plant Pathology Department, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Sung-Hwan Kang
- University of Florida, Plant Pathology Department, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Aurélie Bak
- University of Florida, Plant Pathology Department, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
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Electrochemical behavior of 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone dianion in aprotic solvents-DMSO and DMF: understanding the hydrogen bonding phenomena and protonation effect in biochemical systems. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2707-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Xu JJ, Fang X, Li CY, Yang L, Chen XY. General and specialized tyrosine metabolism pathways in plants. ABIOTECH 2020; 1:97-105. [PMID: 36304719 PMCID: PMC9590561 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-019-00006-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The tyrosine metabolism pathway serves as a starting point for the production of a variety of structurally diverse natural compounds in plants, such as tocopherols, plastoquinone, ubiquinone, betalains, salidroside, benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, and so on. Among these, tyrosine-derived metabolites, tocopherols, plastoquinone, and ubiquinone are essential to plant survival. In addition, this pathway provides us essential micronutrients (e.g., vitamin E and ubiquinone) and medicine (e.g., morphine, salidroside, and salvianolic acid B). However, our knowledge of the plant tyrosine metabolism pathway remains rudimentary, and genes encoding the pathway enzymes have not been fully defined. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent advances in the tyrosine metabolism pathway, key enzymes, and important tyrosine-derived metabolites in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen-Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ya Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
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Gomez-Cano L, Gomez-Cano F, Dillon FM, Alers-Velazquez R, Doseff AI, Grotewold E, Gray J. Discovery of modules involved in the biosynthesis and regulation of maize phenolic compounds. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 291:110364. [PMID: 31928683 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are among the most diverse and widespread of specialized plant compounds and underly many important agronomic traits. Our comprehensive analysis of the maize genome unraveled new aspects of the genes involved in phenylpropanoid, monolignol, and flavonoid production in this important crop. Remarkably, just 19 genes accounted for 70 % of the overall mRNA accumulation of these genes across 95 tissues, indicating that these are the main contributors to the flux of phenolic metabolites. Eighty genes with intermediate to low expression play minor and more specialized roles. Remaining genes are likely undergoing loss of function or are expressed in limited cell types. Phylogenetic and expression analyses revealed which members of gene families governing metabolic entry and branch points exhibit duplication, subfunctionalization, or loss of function. Co-expression analysis applied to genes in sequential biosynthetic steps revealed that certain isoforms are highly co-expressed and are candidates for metabolic complexes that ensure metabolite delivery to correct cellular compartments. Co-expression of biosynthesis genes with transcription factors discovered connections that provided candidate components for regulatory modules governing this pathway. Our study provides a comprehensive analysis of maize phenylpropanoid related genes, identifies major pathway contributors, and novel candidate enzymatic and regulatory modules of the metabolic network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Gomez-Cano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Fabio Gomez-Cano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Francisco M Dillon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | | | - Andrea I Doseff
- Department of Physiology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Erich Grotewold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - John Gray
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA.
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Pan R, Liu J, Wang S, Hu J. Peroxisomes: versatile organelles with diverse roles in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1410-1427. [PMID: 31442305 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are small, ubiquitous organelles that are delimited by a single membrane and lack genetic material. However, these simple-structured organelles are highly versatile in morphology, abundance and protein content in response to various developmental and environmental cues. In plants, peroxisomes are essential for growth and development and perform diverse metabolic functions, many of which are carried out coordinately by peroxisomes and other organelles physically interacting with peroxisomes. Recent studies have added greatly to our knowledge of peroxisomes, addressing areas such as the diverse proteome, regulation of division and protein import, pexophagy, matrix protein degradation, solute transport, signaling, redox homeostasis and various metabolic and physiological functions. This review summarizes our current understanding of plant peroxisomes, focusing on recent discoveries. Current problems and future efforts required to better understand these organelles are also discussed. An improved understanding of peroxisomes will be important not only to the understanding of eukaryotic cell biology and metabolism, but also to agricultural efforts aimed at improving crop performance and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghui Pan
- Seed Science Center, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Seed Science Center, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Saisai Wang
- Seed Science Center, Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jianping Hu
- MSU-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Munir N, Cheng C, Xia C, Xu X, Nawaz MA, Iftikhar J, Chen Y, Lin Y, Lai Z. RNA-Seq analysis reveals an essential role of tyrosine metabolism pathway in response to root-rot infection in Gerbera hybrida. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223519. [PMID: 31644543 PMCID: PMC6808435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gerbera hybrida is one of the top five cut flowers across the world, it is host for the root rot causing parasite called Phytophthora cryptogea. In this study, plantlets of healthy and root-rot pathogen-infected G. hybrida were used as plant materials for transcriptome analyis using high-throughput Illumina sequencing technique. A total 108,135 unigenes were generated with an average length of 727 nt and N50 equal to 1274 nt out of which 611 genes were identified as DEGs by DESeq analyses. Among DEGs, 228 genes were up-regulated and 383 were down-regulated. Through this annotated data and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG), molecular interaction network, transcripts accompanying with tyrosine metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, and plant hormone signal transduction pathways were thoroughly observed considering expression pattern. The involvement of DEGs in tyrosine metabolism pathway was validated by real-time qPCR. We found that genes related with tyrosine metabolism were activated and up-regulated against stress response. The expression of GhTAT, GhAAT, GhHPD, GhHGD and GhFAH genes was significantly increased in the leaves and petioles at four and six dpi (days post inoculation) as compared with control. The study predicts the gene sequences responsible for the tyrosine metabolism pathway and its responses against root-rot resistance in gerbera plant. In future, identification of such genes is necessary for the better understanding of rot resistance mechanism and to develop a root rot resistance strategy for ornamental plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigarish Munir
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chunzhen Cheng
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chaoshui Xia
- Sanming Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanming, Fujian, China
| | - Xuming Xu
- Sanming Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanming, Fujian, China
| | - Muhammad Azher Nawaz
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Junaid Iftikhar
- Fujian Provincial Key Labortary of Plant Functional Biology, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yukun Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuling Lin
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhongxiong Lai
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Maeda HA. Harnessing evolutionary diversification of primary metabolism for plant synthetic biology. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:16549-16566. [PMID: 31558606 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.006132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants produce numerous natural products that are essential to both plant and human physiology. Recent identification of genes and enzymes involved in their biosynthesis now provides exciting opportunities to reconstruct plant natural product pathways in heterologous systems through synthetic biology. The use of plant chassis, although still in infancy, can take advantage of plant cells' inherent capacity to synthesize and store various phytochemicals. Also, large-scale plant biomass production systems, driven by photosynthetic energy production and carbon fixation, could be harnessed for industrial-scale production of natural products. However, little is known about which plants could serve as ideal hosts and how to optimize plant primary metabolism to efficiently provide precursors for the synthesis of desirable downstream natural products or specialized (secondary) metabolites. Although primary metabolism is generally assumed to be conserved, unlike the highly-diversified specialized metabolism, primary metabolic pathways and enzymes can differ between microbes and plants and also among different plants, especially at the interface between primary and specialized metabolisms. This review highlights examples of the diversity in plant primary metabolism and discusses how we can utilize these variations in plant synthetic biology. I propose that understanding the evolutionary, biochemical, genetic, and molecular bases of primary metabolic diversity could provide rational strategies for identifying suitable plant hosts and for further optimizing primary metabolism for sizable production of natural and bio-based products in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi A Maeda
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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Charton L, Plett A, Linka N. Plant peroxisomal solute transporter proteins. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 61:817-835. [PMID: 30761734 PMCID: PMC6767901 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant peroxisomes are unique subcellular organelles which play an indispensable role in several key metabolic pathways, including fatty acid β-oxidation, photorespiration, and degradation of reactive oxygen species. The compartmentalization of metabolic pathways into peroxisomes is a strategy for organizing the metabolic network and improving pathway efficiency. An important prerequisite, however, is the exchange of metabolites between peroxisomes and other cell compartments. Since the first studies in the 1970s scientists contributed to understanding how solutes enter or leave this organelle. This review gives an overview about our current knowledge of the solute permeability of peroxisomal membranes described in plants, yeast, mammals and other eukaryotes. In general, peroxisomes contain in their bilayer membrane specific transporters for hydrophobic fatty acids (ABC transporter) and large cofactor molecules (carrier for ATP, NAD and CoA). Smaller solutes with molecular masses below 300-400 Da, like the organic acids malate, oxaloacetate, and 2-oxoglutarate, are shuttled via non-selective channels across the peroxisomal membrane. In comparison to yeast, human, mammals and other eukaryotes, the function of these known peroxisomal transporters and channels in plants are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Charton
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)Heinrich Heine UniversityUniversitätsstrasse 140225 DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Anastasija Plett
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)Heinrich Heine UniversityUniversitätsstrasse 140225 DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Nicole Linka
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)Heinrich Heine UniversityUniversitätsstrasse 140225 DüsseldorfGermany
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Chou KCC, Wu HL, Lin PY, Yang SH, Chang TL, Sheu F, Chen KH, Chiang BH. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid serves as an endogenous ring precursor for antroquinonol biosynthesis in Antrodia cinnamomea. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 161:97-106. [PMID: 30822625 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Antrodia cinnamomea, an endemic fungus species of Taiwan, has long been used as a luxurious dietary supplement to enhance liver functions and as a remedy for various cancers. Antroquinonol (AQ), identified from the mycelium of A. cinnamomea, is currently in phase II clinical trials in the USA and Taiwan for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer. In the previous studies, we have demonstrated that AQ and 4-acetylantroquinonol B (4-AAQB) utilize orsellinic acid, via polyketide pathway, as the ring precursor, and their biosynthetic sequences are similar to those of coenzyme Q. In order to test 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA), synthesized via shikimate pathway, is the ring precursor of AQ analogs, the strategy of metabolic labeling with stable isotopes was applied in this study. Here we have confirmed that 4-HBA serves as the ring precursor for AQ but not a precursor of 4-AAQB. Experimental results indicated that A. cinnamomea preferentially utilizes endogenous 4-HBA via shikimate pathway for AQ biosynthesis. Exogenous tyrosine and phenylalanine can be utilized for AQ biosynthesis when shikimate pathway is blocked by glyphosate. The benzoquinone ring of 4-AAQB is synthesized only via polyketide pathway, but that of AQ is synthesized via both polyketide pathway and shikimate pathway. The precursor-products relationships diagram of AQ and 4-AAQB in A. cinnamomea are proposed based on the experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Chi-Chung Chou
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Joint Center for Instruments and Researches, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiang-Lin Wu
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Yin Lin
- Joint Center for Instruments and Researches, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shang-Han Yang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsu-Liang Chang
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fuu Sheu
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kai-Hsien Chen
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Been-Huang Chiang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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Wang M, Toda K, Block A, Maeda HA. TAT1 and TAT2 tyrosine aminotransferases have both distinct and shared functions in tyrosine metabolism and degradation in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:3563-3576. [PMID: 30630953 PMCID: PMC6416433 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants produce various l-tyrosine (Tyr)-derived compounds that are critical for plant adaptation and have pharmaceutical or nutritional importance for human health. Tyrosine aminotransferases (TATs) catalyze the reversible reaction between Tyr and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (HPP), representing the entry point in plants for both biosynthesis of various natural products and Tyr degradation in the recycling of energy and nutrients. To better understand the roles of TATs and how Tyr is metabolized in planta, here we characterized single and double loss-of-function mutants of TAT1 (At5g53970) and TAT2 (At5g36160) in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana As reported previously, tat1 mutants exhibited elevated and decreased levels of Tyr and tocopherols, respectively. The tat2 mutation alone had no impact on Tyr and tocopherol levels, but a tat1 tat2 double mutant had increased Tyr accumulation and decreased tocopherol levels under high-light stress compared with the tat1 mutant. Relative to WT and the tat2 mutant, the tat1 mutant displayed increased vulnerability to continuous dark treatment, associated with an early drop in respiratory activity and sucrose depletion. During isotope-labeled Tyr feeding in the dark, we observed that the tat1 mutant exhibits much slower 13C incorporation into tocopherols, fumarate, and other tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates than WT and the tat2 mutant. These results indicate that TAT1 and TAT2 function together in tocopherol biosynthesis, with TAT2 having a lesser role, and that TAT1 plays the major role in Tyr degradation in planta Our study also highlights the importance of Tyr degradation under carbon starvation conditions during dark-induced senescence in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Wang
- From the Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- the Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Kyoko Toda
- From the Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- the Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518, Japan
| | - Anna Block
- the Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, Florida 32608, and
| | - Hiroshi A Maeda
- From the Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706,
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de Oliveira MVV, Jin X, Chen X, Griffith D, Batchu S, Maeda HA. Imbalance of tyrosine by modulating TyrA arogenate dehydrogenases impacts growth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:901-922. [PMID: 30457178 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
l-Tyrosine is an essential aromatic amino acid required for the synthesis of proteins and a diverse array of plant natural products; however, little is known on how the levels of tyrosine are controlled in planta and linked to overall growth and development. Most plants synthesize tyrosine by TyrA arogenate dehydrogenases, which are strongly feedback-inhibited by tyrosine and encoded by TyrA1 and TyrA2 genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. While TyrA enzymes have been extensively characterized at biochemical levels, their in planta functions remain uncertain. Here we found that TyrA1 suppression reduces seed yield due to impaired anther dehiscence, whereas TyrA2 knockout leads to slow growth with reticulate leaves. The tyra2 mutant phenotypes were exacerbated by TyrA1 suppression and rescued by the expression of TyrA2, TyrA1 or tyrosine feeding. Low-light conditions synchronized the tyra2 and wild-type growth, and ameliorated the tyra2 leaf reticulation. After shifting to normal light, tyra2 transiently decreased tyrosine and subsequently increased aspartate before the appearance of the leaf phenotypes. Overexpression of the deregulated TyrA enzymes led to hyper-accumulation of tyrosine, which was also accompanied by elevated aspartate and reticulate leaves. These results revealed that TyrA1 and TyrA2 have distinct and overlapping functions in flower and leaf development, respectively, and that imbalance of tyrosine, caused by altered TyrA activity and regulation, impacts growth and development of Arabidopsis. The findings provide critical bases for improving the production of tyrosine and its derived natural products, and further elucidating the coordinated metabolic and physiological processes to maintain tyrosine levels in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos V V de Oliveira
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Xing Jin
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Xuan Chen
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Daniel Griffith
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Sai Batchu
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, Biology Building, 2000 Pennington Road, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
| | - Hiroshi A Maeda
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Qian Y, Lynch JH, Guo L, Rhodes D, Morgan JA, Dudareva N. Completion of the cytosolic post-chorismate phenylalanine biosynthetic pathway in plants. Nat Commun 2019. [PMID: 30604768 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07969-7962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to being a vital component of proteins, phenylalanine is also a precursor of numerous aromatic primary and secondary metabolites with broad physiological functions. In plants phenylalanine is synthesized predominantly via the arogenate pathway in plastids. Here, we describe the structure, molecular players and subcellular localization of a microbial-like phenylpyruvate pathway for phenylalanine biosynthesis in plants. Using a reverse genetic approach and metabolic flux analysis, we provide evidence that the cytosolic chorismate mutase is responsible for directing carbon flux towards cytosolic phenylalanine production via the phenylpyruvate pathway. We also show that an alternative transcription start site of a known plastidial enzyme produces a functional cytosolic prephenate dehydratase that catalyzes the conversion of prephenate to phenylpyruvate, the intermediate step between chorismate mutase and phenylpyruvate aminotransferase. Thus, our results complete elucidation of phenylalanine biosynthesis via phenylpyruvate in plants, showing that this pathway splits from the known plastidial arogenate pathway at chorismate, instead of prephenate as previously thought, and the complete pathway is localized in the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichun Qian
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2010, USA
| | - Joseph H Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2063, USA
| | - Longyun Guo
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2063, USA
| | - David Rhodes
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2010, USA
| | - John A Morgan
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2063, USA
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2100, USA
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2010, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2063, USA.
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Qian Y, Lynch JH, Guo L, Rhodes D, Morgan JA, Dudareva N. Completion of the cytosolic post-chorismate phenylalanine biosynthetic pathway in plants. Nat Commun 2019; 10:15. [PMID: 30604768 PMCID: PMC6318282 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07969-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to being a vital component of proteins, phenylalanine is also a precursor of numerous aromatic primary and secondary metabolites with broad physiological functions. In plants phenylalanine is synthesized predominantly via the arogenate pathway in plastids. Here, we describe the structure, molecular players and subcellular localization of a microbial-like phenylpyruvate pathway for phenylalanine biosynthesis in plants. Using a reverse genetic approach and metabolic flux analysis, we provide evidence that the cytosolic chorismate mutase is responsible for directing carbon flux towards cytosolic phenylalanine production via the phenylpyruvate pathway. We also show that an alternative transcription start site of a known plastidial enzyme produces a functional cytosolic prephenate dehydratase that catalyzes the conversion of prephenate to phenylpyruvate, the intermediate step between chorismate mutase and phenylpyruvate aminotransferase. Thus, our results complete elucidation of phenylalanine biosynthesis via phenylpyruvate in plants, showing that this pathway splits from the known plastidial arogenate pathway at chorismate, instead of prephenate as previously thought, and the complete pathway is localized in the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichun Qian
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2010, USA
| | - Joseph H Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2063, USA
| | - Longyun Guo
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2063, USA
| | - David Rhodes
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2010, USA
| | - John A Morgan
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2063, USA.,Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2100, USA
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2010, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2063, USA. .,Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Smith SD, Angelovici R, Heyduk K, Maeda HA, Moghe GD, Pires JC, Widhalm JR, Wisecaver JH. The renaissance of comparative biochemistry. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:3-13. [PMID: 30629738 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stacey D Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ruthie Angelovici
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Karolina Heyduk
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hiroshi A Maeda
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gaurav D Moghe
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - J Chris Pires
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Joshua R Widhalm
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jennifer H Wisecaver
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Soubeyrand E, Johnson TS, Latimer S, Block A, Kim J, Colquhoun TA, Butelli E, Martin C, Wilson MA, Basset GJ. The Peroxidative Cleavage of Kaempferol Contributes to the Biosynthesis of the Benzenoid Moiety of Ubiquinone in Plants. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:2910-2921. [PMID: 30429224 PMCID: PMC6354277 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Land plants possess the unique capacity to derive the benzenoid moiety of the vital respiratory cofactor, ubiquinone (coenzyme Q), from phenylpropanoid metabolism via β-oxidation of p-coumarate to form 4-hydroxybenzoate. Approximately half of the ubiquinone in plants comes from this pathway; the origin of the rest remains enigmatic. In this study, Phe-[Ring-13C6] feeding assays and gene network reconstructions uncovered a connection between the biosynthesis of ubiquinone and that of flavonoids in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Quantification of ubiquinone in Arabidopsis and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mutants in flavonoid biosynthesis pinpointed the corresponding metabolic branch-point as lying between flavanone-3-hydroxylase and flavonoid-3'-hydroxylase. Further isotopic labeling and chemical rescue experiments demonstrated that the B-ring of kaempferol is incorporated into ubiquinone. Moreover, heme-dependent peroxidase activities were shown to be responsible for the cleavage of B-ring of kaempferol to form 4-hydroxybenzoate. By contrast, kaempferol 3-β-d-glucopyranoside, dihydrokaempferol, and naringenin were refractory to peroxidative cleavage. Collectively, these data indicate that kaempferol contributes to the biosynthesis of a vital respiratory cofactor, resulting in an extraordinary metabolic arrangement where a specialized metabolite serves as a precursor for a primary metabolite. Evidence is also provided that the ubiquinone content of tomato fruits can be manipulated via deregulation of flavonoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Soubeyrand
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Timothy S Johnson
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Scott Latimer
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Anna Block
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, Florida 32608
| | - Jeongim Kim
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Thomas A Colquhoun
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Eugenio Butelli
- John Innes Centre, Colney Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Cathie Martin
- John Innes Centre, Colney Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Gilles J Basset
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
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Mach J. Questions about Coenzyme Q? A New Genetic/Metabolic Study Has Answers. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:2887-2888. [PMID: 30509898 PMCID: PMC6354267 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
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Lefèvre F, Boutry M. Towards Identification of the Substrates of ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:18-39. [PMID: 29987003 PMCID: PMC6130012 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Most ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins function in transmembrane transport, and plant genomes encode a large number of ABC transporters compared with animal or fungal genomes. These transporters have been classified into eight subfamilies according to their topology and phylogenetic relationships. Transgenic plants and mutants with altered ABC transporter expression or function have contributed to deciphering the physiological roles of these proteins, such as in plant development, responses to biotic and abiotic stress, or detoxification activities within the cell. In agreement with the diversity of these functions, a large range of substrates (e.g. hormones and primary and secondary metabolites) have been identified. We review in detail transporters for which substrates have been unambiguously identified. However, some cases are far from clear, because some ABC transporters have the ability to transport several structurally unrelated substrates or because the identification of their substrates was performed indirectly without any flux measurement. Various heterologous or homologous expression systems have been used to better characterize the transport activity and other biochemical properties of ABC transporters, opening the way to addressing new issues such as the particular structural features of plant ABC transporters, the bidirectionality of transport, or the role of posttranslational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Lefèvre
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Marc Boutry
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Latimer S, Li Y, Nguyen TTH, Soubeyrand E, Fatihi A, Elowsky CG, Block A, Pichersky E, Basset GJ. Metabolic reconstructions identify plant 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase that is crucial for branched-chain amino acid catabolism in mitochondria. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 95:358-370. [PMID: 29742810 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The proteinogenic branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) leucine, isoleucine and valine are essential nutrients for mammals. In plants, BCAAs double as alternative energy sources when carbohydrates become limiting, the catabolism of BCAAs providing electrons to the respiratory chain and intermediates to the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Yet, the actual architecture of the degradation pathways of BCAAs is not well understood. In this study, gene network modeling in Arabidopsis and rice, and plant-prokaryote comparative genomics detected candidates for 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase (4.2.1.18), one of the missing plant enzymes of leucine catabolism. Alignments of these protein candidates sampled from various spermatophytes revealed non-homologous N-terminal extensions that are lacking in their bacterial counterparts, and green fluorescent protein-fusion experiments demonstrated that the Arabidopsis protein, product of gene At4g16800, is targeted to mitochondria. Recombinant At4g16800 catalyzed the dehydration of 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA into 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA, and displayed kinetic features similar to those of its prokaryotic homolog. When at4g16800 knockout plants were subjected to dark-induced carbon starvation, their rosette leaves displayed accelerated senescence as compared with control plants, and this phenotype was paralleled by a marked increase in the accumulation of free and total leucine, isoleucine and valine. The seeds of the at4g16800 mutant showed a similar accumulation of free BCAAs. These data suggest that 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase is not solely involved in the degradation of leucine, but is also a significant contributor to that of isoleucine and valine. Furthermore, evidence is shown that unlike the situation observed in Trypanosomatidae, leucine catabolism does not contribute to the formation of the terpenoid precursor mevalonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Latimer
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Yubing Li
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Thuong T H Nguyen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Eric Soubeyrand
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Abdelhak Fatihi
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Christian G Elowsky
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588, USA
| | - Anna Block
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, ARS, USDA, Gainesville, Florida, 32608, USA
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Gilles J Basset
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
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50
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Schenck CA, Maeda HA. Tyrosine biosynthesis, metabolism, and catabolism in plants. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 149:82-102. [PMID: 29477627 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
L-Tyrosine (Tyr) is an aromatic amino acid (AAA) required for protein synthesis in all organisms, but synthesized de novo only in plants and microorganisms. In plants, Tyr also serves as a precursor of numerous specialized metabolites that have diverse physiological roles as electron carriers, antioxidants, attractants, and defense compounds. Some of these Tyr-derived plant natural products are also used in human medicine and nutrition (e.g. morphine and vitamin E). While the Tyr biosynthesis and catabolic pathways have been extensively studied in microbes and animals, respectively, those of plants have received much less attention until recently. Accumulating evidence suggest that the Tyr biosynthetic pathways differ between microbes and plants and even within the plant kingdom, likely to support the production of lineage-specific plant specialized metabolites derived from Tyr. The interspecies variations of plant Tyr pathway enzymes can now be used to enhance the production of Tyr and Tyr-derived compounds in plants and other synthetic biology platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Schenck
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Hiroshi A Maeda
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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