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Luan H, Song D, Huang K, Li S, Xu H, Kachroo P, Kachroo A, Zhao L. Genome-wide analysis of the soybean eEF gene family and its involvement in virus resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1421221. [PMID: 39224853 PMCID: PMC11366645 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1421221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Eukaryotic elongation factors (eEFs) are protein factors that mediate the extension of peptide chain, among which eukaryotic elongation factor 1 alpha (eEF1A) is one of the most abundant protein synthesis factors. Previously we showed that the P3 protein of Soybean mosaic virus (SMV), one of the most destructive and successful viral pathogens of soybean, targets a component of the soybean translation elongation complex to facilitate its pathogenesis. Here, we conducted a systematic analyses of the soybean eEF (GmeEF) gene family in soybean and examinedits role in virus resistance. In this study, GmeEF family members were identified and characterized based on sequence analysis. The 42 members, which were unevenly distributed across the 15 chromosomes, were renamed according to their chromosomal locations. The GmeEF members were further divided into 12 subgroups based on conserved motif, gene structure, and phylogenetic analyses. Analysis of the promoter regions showed conspicuous presence of myelocytomatosis (MYC) and ethylene-responsive (ERE) cis-acting elements, which are typically involved in drought and phytohormone response, respectively, and thereby in plant stress response signaling. Transcriptome data showed that the expression of 15 GmeEF gene family members changed significantly in response to SMV infection. To further examine EF1A function in pathogen response, three different Arabidopsis mutants carrying T-DNA insertions in orthologous genes were analyzed for their response to Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Results showed that there was no difference in viral response between the mutants and the wild type plants. This study provides a systematic analysis of the GmeEF gene family through analysis of expression patterns and predicted protein features. Our results lay a foundation for understanding the role of eEF gene in soybean anti-viral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexiang Luan
- Institute of Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Daiqiao Song
- Institute of Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Institute of Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shuxin Li
- Institute of Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Pradeep Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Aardra Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Longgang Zhao
- College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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Palukaitis P, Yoon JY. Defense signaling pathways in resistance to plant viruses: Crosstalk and finger pointing. Adv Virus Res 2024; 118:77-212. [PMID: 38461031 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Resistance to infection by plant viruses involves proteins encoded by plant resistance (R) genes, viz., nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats (NLRs), immune receptors. These sensor NLRs are activated either directly or indirectly by viral protein effectors, in effector-triggered immunity, leading to induction of defense signaling pathways, resulting in the synthesis of numerous downstream plant effector molecules that inhibit different stages of the infection cycle, as well as the induction of cell death responses mediated by helper NLRs. Early events in this process involve recognition of the activation of the R gene response by various chaperones and the transport of these complexes to the sites of subsequent events. These events include activation of several kinase cascade pathways, and the syntheses of two master transcriptional regulators, EDS1 and NPR1, as well as the phytohormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. The phytohormones, which transit from a primed, resting states to active states, regulate the remainder of the defense signaling pathways, both directly and by crosstalk with each other. This regulation results in the turnover of various suppressors of downstream events and the synthesis of various transcription factors that cooperate and/or compete to induce or suppress transcription of either other regulatory proteins, or plant effector molecules. This network of interactions results in the production of defense effectors acting alone or together with cell death in the infected region, with or without the further activation of non-specific, long-distance resistance. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding these processes and the components of the local responses, their interactions, regulation, and crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Palukaitis
- Graduate School of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju-Yeon Yoon
- Graduate School of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
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Incarbone M, Bradamante G, Pruckner F, Wegscheider T, Rozhon W, Nguyen V, Gutzat R, Mérai Z, Lendl T, MacFarlane S, Nodine M, Scheid OM. Salicylic acid and RNA interference mediate antiviral immunity of plant stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302069120. [PMID: 37824524 PMCID: PMC10589665 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302069120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are essential for the development and organ regeneration of multicellular organisms, so their infection by pathogenic viruses must be prevented. Accordingly, mammalian stem cells are highly resistant to viral infection due to dedicated antiviral pathways including RNA interference (RNAi). In plants, a small group of stem cells harbored within the shoot apical meristem generate all postembryonic above-ground tissues, including the germline cells. Many viruses do not proliferate in these cells, yet the molecular bases of this exclusion remain only partially understood. Here, we show that a plant-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, after activation by the plant hormone salicylic acid, amplifies antiviral RNAi in infected tissues. This provides stem cells with RNA-based virus sequence information, which prevents virus proliferation. Furthermore, we find RNAi to be necessary for stem cell exclusion of several unrelated RNA viruses, despite their ability to efficiently suppress RNAi in the rest of the plant. This work elucidates a molecular pathway of great biological and economic relevance and lays the foundations for our future understanding of the unique systems underlying stem cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Incarbone
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna1030, Austria
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam Science Park, Potsdam14476, Germany
| | - Gabriele Bradamante
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna1030, Austria
| | - Florian Pruckner
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna1030, Austria
| | - Tobias Wegscheider
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna1030, Austria
| | - Wilfried Rozhon
- Department of Agriculture, Ecotrophology, and Landscape Development, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Bernburg06406, Germany
| | - Vu Nguyen
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna1030, Austria
| | - Ruben Gutzat
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna1030, Austria
| | - Zsuzsanna Mérai
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna1030, Austria
| | - Thomas Lendl
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna1030, Austria
| | - Stuart MacFarlane
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, ScotlandDD25DA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Nodine
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen6700 AP, The Netherlands
| | - Ortrun Mittelsten Scheid
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna1030, Austria
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Jeong HW, Ryu TH, Lee HJ, Kim KH, Jeong RD. DNA Damage Triggers the Activation of Immune Response to Viral Pathogens via Salicylic Acid in Plants. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 39:449-465. [PMID: 37817492 PMCID: PMC10580055 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.08.2023.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants are challenged by various pathogens throughout their lives, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and insects; consequently, they have evolved several defense mechanisms. In addition, plants have developed localized and systematic immune responses due to biotic and abiotic stress exposure. Animals are known to activate DNA damage responses (DDRs) and DNA damage sensor immune signals in response to stress, and the process is well studied in animal systems. However, the links between stress perception and immune response through DDRs remain largely unknown in plants. To determine whether DDRs induce plant resistance to pathogens, Arabidopsis plants were treated with bleomycin, a DNA damage-inducing agent, and the replication levels of viral pathogens and growth of bacterial pathogens were determined. We observed that DDR-mediated resistance was specifically activated against viral pathogens, including turnip crinkle virus (TCV). DDR increased the expression level of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and the total salicylic acid (SA) content and promoted mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascades, including the WRKY signaling pathway in Arabidopsis. Transcriptome analysis further revealed that defense- and SA-related genes were upregulated by DDR. The atm-2atr-2 double mutants were susceptible to TCV, indicating that the main DDR signaling pathway sensors play an important role in plant immune responses. In conclusion, DDRs activated basal immune responses to viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwi-Won Jeong
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61185, Korea
| | - Tae Ho Ryu
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61185, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jeong Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61185, Korea
| | - Kook-Hyung Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Rae-Dong Jeong
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61185, Korea
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Grape BES1 transcription factor gene VvBES1-3 confers salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. Gene X 2023; 854:147059. [PMID: 36535462 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.147059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BRI1-EMS-Suppressor 1 (BES1) regulates plant growth, development, and stress resistance, and plays a pivotal role in the brassinosteroid (BR) signal transduction pathway. In this study, a total of 12 BES1 genes were identified in the grape (Vitis vinifera) genome. Phylogenetic, structure, and motif sequence analyses of these genes provided insights into their evolutionary characteristics. Hormone-, stress-, and light-responsive and organ-specific cis-acting elements were identified in VvBES1 gene promoters. Microarray data analysis showed that VvBES1 family members exhibit diverse expression patterns in different organs. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that the expression levels of VvBES1 genes differed in response to BR, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), cold (4 °C), NaCl, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatments. The expression of VvBES1-3 was 29-fold higher under salt stress than control at 12 h. Moreover, VvBES1-3-overexpessing Arabidopsis thaliana plants showed lower malondialdehyde content, higher proline content, enhanced antioxidant enzyme (catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase) activities, and higher salt-responsive gene expression levels than wild-type plants under salt stress, indicating that VvBES1-3 overexpression enhances salt stress tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. These results will contribute to further understanding the functions of BES1 transcription factors in the abiotic stress response.
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Li Z, Liu J, Ma W, Li X. Characteristics, Roles and Applications of Proteinaceous Elicitors from Pathogens in Plant Immunity. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020268. [PMID: 36836624 PMCID: PMC9960299 DOI: 10.3390/life13020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In interactions between pathogens and plants, pathogens secrete many molecules that facilitate plant infection, and some of these compounds are recognized by plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which induce immune responses. Molecules in both pathogens and plants that trigger immune responses in plants are termed elicitors. On the basis of their chemical content, elicitors can be classified into carbohydrates, lipopeptides, proteinaceous compounds and other types. Although many studies have focused on the involvement of elicitors in plants, especially on pathophysiological changes induced by elicitors in plants and the mechanisms mediating these changes, there is a lack of up-to-date reviews on the characteristics and functions of proteinaceous elicitors. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of the up-to-date knowledge on several important families of pathogenic proteinaceous elicitors (i.e., harpins, necrosis- and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (nep1)-like proteins (NLPs) and elicitins), focusing mainly on their structures, characteristics and effects on plants, specifically on their roles in plant immune responses. A solid understanding of elicitors may be helpful to decrease the use of agrochemicals in agriculture and gardening, generate more resistant germplasms and increase crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangqun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
- Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Junnan Liu
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Wenting Ma
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
- Institute of Biopharmaceuticals, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
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Mining of Cloned Disease Resistance Gene Homologs (CDRHs) in Brassica Species and Arabidopsis thaliana. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060821. [PMID: 35741342 PMCID: PMC9220128 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Developing cultivars with resistance genes (R genes) is an effective strategy to support high yield and quality in Brassica crops. The availability of clone R gene and genomic sequences in Brassica species and Arabidopsis thaliana provide the opportunity to compare genomic regions and survey R genes across genomic databases. In this paper, we aim to identify genes related to cloned genes through sequence identity, providing a repertoire of species-wide related R genes in Brassica crops. The comprehensive list of candidate R genes can be used as a reference for functional analysis. Abstract Various diseases severely affect Brassica crops, leading to significant global yield losses and a reduction in crop quality. In this study, we used the complete protein sequences of 49 cloned resistance genes (R genes) that confer resistance to fungal and bacterial diseases known to impact species in the Brassicaceae family. Homology searches were carried out across Brassica napus, B. rapa, B. oleracea, B. nigra, B. juncea, B. carinata and Arabidopsis thaliana genomes. In total, 660 cloned disease R gene homologs (CDRHs) were identified across the seven species, including 431 resistance gene analogs (RGAs) (248 nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeats (NLRs), 150 receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) and 33 receptor-like proteins (RLPs)) and 229 non-RGAs. Based on the position and distribution of specific homologs in each of the species, we observed a total of 87 CDRH clusters composed of 36 NLR, 16 RLK and 3 RLP homogeneous clusters and 32 heterogeneous clusters. The CDRHs detected consistently across the seven species are candidates that can be investigated for broad-spectrum resistance, potentially providing resistance to multiple pathogens. The R genes identified in this study provide a novel resource for the future functional analysis and gene cloning of Brassicaceae R genes towards crop improvement.
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Sharma S, Sanyal SK, Sushmita K, Chauhan M, Sharma A, Anirudhan G, Veetil SK, Kateriya S. Modulation of Phototropin Signalosome with Artificial Illumination Holds Great Potential in the Development of Climate-Smart Crops. Curr Genomics 2021; 22:181-213. [PMID: 34975290 PMCID: PMC8640849 DOI: 10.2174/1389202922666210412104817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in environmental conditions like temperature and light critically influence crop production. To deal with these changes, plants possess various photoreceptors such as Phototropin (PHOT), Phytochrome (PHY), Cryptochrome (CRY), and UVR8 that work synergistically as sensor and stress sensing receptors to different external cues. PHOTs are capable of regulating several functions like growth and development, chloroplast relocation, thermomorphogenesis, metabolite accumulation, stomatal opening, and phototropism in plants. PHOT plays a pivotal role in overcoming the damage caused by excess light and other environmental stresses (heat, cold, and salinity) and biotic stress. The crosstalk between photoreceptors and phytohormones contributes to plant growth, seed germination, photo-protection, flowering, phototropism, and stomatal opening. Molecular genetic studies using gene targeting and synthetic biology approaches have revealed the potential role of different photoreceptor genes in the manipulation of various beneficial agronomic traits. Overexpression of PHOT2 in Fragaria ananassa leads to the increase in anthocyanin content in its leaves and fruits. Artificial illumination with blue light alone and in combination with red light influence the growth, yield, and secondary metabolite production in many plants, while in algal species, it affects growth, chlorophyll content, lipid production and also increases its bioremediation efficiency. Artificial illumination alters the morphological, developmental, and physiological characteristics of agronomic crops and algal species. This review focuses on PHOT modulated signalosome and artificial illumination-based photo-biotechnological approaches for the development of climate-smart crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Sharma
- Lab of Optobiology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sibaji K. Sanyal
- Lab of Optobiology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Kumari Sushmita
- Lab of Optobiology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Manisha Chauhan
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Amit Sharma
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Gireesh Anirudhan
- Integrated Science Education and Research Centre (ISERC), Institute of Science (Siksha Bhavana), Visva Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan (PO), West Bengal, 731235, India
| | - Sindhu K. Veetil
- Lab of Optobiology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Suneel Kateriya
- Lab of Optobiology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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Chamkhi I, Benali T, Aanniz T, El Menyiy N, Guaouguaou FE, El Omari N, El-Shazly M, Zengin G, Bouyahya A. Plant-microbial interaction: The mechanism and the application of microbial elicitor induced secondary metabolites biosynthesis in medicinal plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 167:269-295. [PMID: 34391201 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants and microbes interact with each other via different chemical signaling pathways. At the risophere level, the microbes can secrete molecules, called elicitors, which act on their receptors located in plant cells. The so-called elicitor molecules as well as their actions differ according to the mcirobes and induce different bilogical responses in plants such as the synthesis of secondary metabolites. Microbial compounds induced phenotype changes in plants are known as elicitors and signaling pathways which integrate elicitor's signals in plants are called elicitation. In this review, the impact of microbial elicitors on the synthesis and the secretion of secondary metabolites in plants was highlighted. Moreover, biological properties of these bioactive compounds were also highlighted and discussed. Indeed, several bacteria, fungi, and viruses release elicitors which bind to plant cell receptors and mediate signaling pathways involved in secondary metabolites synthesis. Different phytochemical classes such as terpenoids, phenolic acids and flavonoids were synthesized and/or increased in medicinal plants via the action of microbial elicitors. Moreover, these compounds compounds exhibit numerous biological activities and can therefore be explored in drugs discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Chamkhi
- Centre GEOPAC, Laboratoire de Geobiodiversite et Patrimoine Naturel, Université Mohammed V de, Institut Scientifique Rabat, Maroc; University Mohammed VI Polytechnic, Agrobiosciences Program, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, Benguerir, Morocco.
| | - Taoufiq Benali
- Environment and Health Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Safi, Cadi Ayyad University, Safi, Morocco
| | - Tarik Aanniz
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (MedBiotech), Rabat Medical & Pharmacy School, Mohammed V University in Rabat, 6203 Rabat, Morocco
| | - Naoual El Menyiy
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
| | - Fatima-Ezzahrae Guaouguaou
- Mohammed V University in Rabat, LPCMIO, Materials Science Center (MSC), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Nasreddine El Omari
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology, and Cytogenetic, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco.
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Characterization of the Roles of SGT1/RAR1, EDS1/NDR1, NPR1, and NRC/ADR1/NRG1 in Sw-5b-Mediated Resistance to Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081447. [PMID: 34452313 PMCID: PMC8402918 DOI: 10.3390/v13081447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The tomato Sw-5b gene confers resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and encodes a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) protein with an N-terminal Solanaceae-specific domain (SD). Although our understanding of how Sw-5b recognizes the viral NSm elicitor has increased significantly, the process by which Sw-5b activates downstream defense signaling remains to be elucidated. In this study, we used a tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system to investigate the roles of the SGT1/RAR1, EDS1/NDR1, NPR1, and NRC/ADR1/NRG1 genes in the Sw-5b-mediated signaling pathway. We found that chaperone SGT1 was required for Sw-5b function, but co-chaperone RAR1 was not. Sw-5b-mediated immune signaling was independent of both EDS1 and NDR1. Silencing NPR1, which is a central component in SA signaling, did not result in TSWV systemic infection in Sw-5b-transgenic N. benthamiana plants. Helper NLR NRCs (NLRs required for cell death) were required for Sw-5b-mediated systemic resistance to TSWV infection. Suppression of NRC2/3/4 compromised the Sw-5b resistance. However, the helper NLRs ADR1 and NRG1 may not participate in the Sw-5b signaling pathway. Silencing ADR1, NRG1, or both genes did not affect Sw-5b-mediated resistance to TSWV. Our findings provide new insight into the requirement for conserved key components in Sw-5b-mediated signaling pathways.
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Abstract
Phytohormones mediate plant development and responses to stresses caused by biotic agents or abiotic factors. The functions of phytohormones in responses to viral infection have been intensively studied, and the emerging picture of complex mechanisms provides insights into the roles that phytohormones play in defense regulation as a whole. These hormone signaling pathways are not simple linear or isolated cascades, but exhibit crosstalk with each other. Here, we summarized the current understanding of recent advances for the classical defense hormones salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) and also the roles of abscisic acid (ABA), auxin, gibberellic acid (GA), cytokinins (CKs), and brassinosteroids (BRs) in modulating plant–virus interactions.
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Maksimov IV, Sorokan AV, Shein MY, Khairullin RM. Biological Methods of Plant Protection against Viruses: Problems and Prospects. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683820060101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homologs RBOHD and RBOHF as Key Modulating Components of Response in Turnip Mosaic Virus- Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heyhn System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228510. [PMID: 33198167 PMCID: PMC7696843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) is one of the most important plant viruses worldwide. It has a very wide host range infecting at least 318 species in over 43 families, such as Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, or Chenopodiaceae from dicotyledons. Plant NADPH oxidases, the respiratory burst oxidase homologues (RBOHs), are a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during plant–microbe interactions. The functions of RBOHs in different plant–pathogen interactions have been analyzed using knockout mutants, but little focus has been given to plant–virus responses. Therefore, in this work we tested the response after mechanical inoculation with TuMV in ArabidopsisrbohD and rbohF transposon knockout mutants and analyzed ultrastructural changes after TuMV inoculation. The development of the TuMV infection cycle was promoted in rbohD plants, suggesting that RbohD plays a role in the Arabidopsis resistance response to TuMV. rbohF and rbohD/F mutants display less TuMV accumulation and a lack of virus cytoplasmic inclusions were observed; these observations suggest that RbohF promotes viral replication and increases susceptibility to TuMV. rbohD/F displayed a reduction in H2O2 but enhanced resistance similarly to rbohF. This dominant effect of the rbohF mutation could indicate that RbohF acts as a susceptibility factor. Induction of hydrogen peroxide by TuMV was partially compromised in rbohD mutants whereas it was almost completely abolished in rbohD/F, indicating that these oxidases are responsible for most of the ROS produced in this interaction. The pattern of in situ H2O2 deposition after infection of the more resistant rbohF and rbohD/F genotypes suggests a putative role of these species on systemic signal transport. The ultrastructural localization and quantification of pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1) indicate that ROS produced by these oxidases also influence PR1 distribution in the TuMV-A.thaliana pathosystem. Our results revealed the highest activation of PR1 in rbohD and Col-0. Thus, our findings indicate a correlation between PR1 accumulation and susceptibility to TuMV. The specific localization of PR1 in the most resistant genotypes after TuMV inoculation may indicate a connection of PR1 induction with susceptibility, which may be characteristic for this pathosystem. Our results clearly indicate the importance of NADPH oxidases RbohD and RbohF in the regulation of the TuMV infection cycle in Arabidopsis. These findings may help provide a better understanding of the mechanisms modulating A.thaliana–TuMV interactions.
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Jang JH, Nguyen NQ, Légeret B, Beisson F, Kim YJ, Sim HJ, Lee OR. Phospholipase pPLAIIIα Increases Germination Rate and Resistance to Turnip Crinkle Virus when Overexpressed. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:1482-1498. [PMID: 32859754 PMCID: PMC7608167 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Patatin-related phospholipase As (pPLAs) are major hydrolases acting on acyl-lipids and play important roles in various plant developmental processes. pPLAIII group members, which lack a canonical catalytic Ser motif, have been less studied than other pPLAs. We report here the characterization of pPLAIIIα in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) based on the biochemical and physiological characterization of pPLAIIIα knockouts, complementants, and overexpressors, as well as heterologous expression of the protein. In vitro activity assays on the purified recombinant protein showed that despite lack of canonical phospholipase motifs, pPLAIIIα had a phospholipase A activity on a wide variety of phospholipids. Overexpression of pPLAIIIα in Arabidopsis resulted in a decrease in many lipid molecular species, but the composition in major lipid classes was not affected. Fluorescence tagging indicated that pPLAIIIα localizes to the plasma membrane. Although Arabidopsis pplaIIIα knockout mutants showed some phenotypes comparable to other pPLAIIIs, such as reduced trichome length and increased hypocotyl length, control of seed size and germination were identified as distinctive pPLAIIIα-mediated functions. Expression of some PLD genes was strongly reduced in the pplaIIIα mutants. Overexpression of pPLAIIIα caused increased resistance to turnip crinkle virus, which associated with a 2-fold higher salicylic acid/jasmonic acid ratio and an increased expression of the defense gene pathogenesis-related protein1. These results therefore show that pPLAIIIα has functions that overlap with those of other pPLAIIIs but also distinctive functions, such as the control of seed germination. This study also provides new insights into the pathways downstream of pPLAIIIα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hoon Jang
- Department of Applied Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngoc Quy Nguyen
- Department of Applied Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Bertrand Légeret
- Biosciences and Biotechnologies Institute of Aix-Marseille, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Aix-Marseille University, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Fred Beisson
- Biosciences and Biotechnologies Institute of Aix-Marseille, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Aix-Marseille University, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Department of Life Science and Environmental Biochemistry, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Sim
- Gyeongnam Department of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju-si, 52834, Republic of Korea
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Ran Lee
- Department of Applied Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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15
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Ma Q, Liu Y, Fang H, Wang P, Ahammed GJ, Zai W, Shi K. An Essential Role of Mitochondrial α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase E2 in the Basal Immune Response Against Bacterial Pathogens in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:579772. [PMID: 33193523 PMCID: PMC7661389 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.579772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants intensely modulate respiration when pathogens attack, but the function of mitochondrial respiration-related genes in plant-bacteria interaction is largely unclear. Here, the functions of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-kGDH) E2 subunit and alternative oxidase (AOX) were investigated in the interaction between tomato and the virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst). Pst inoculation suppressed the transcript abundance of α-kGDH E2, but enhanced AOX expression and salicylic acid (SA) accumulation. Gene silencing and transient overexpression approaches revealed that plant susceptibility to Pst was significantly reduced by silencing α-kGDH E2 in tomato, but increased by overexpressing α-kGDH E2 in Nicotiana benthamiana, whereas silencing or overexpressing of AOX1a did not affect plant defense. Moreover, silencing octanoyltransferase (LIP2), engaged in the lipoylation of α-kGDH E2, significantly reduced disease susceptibility and hydrogen peroxide accumulation. Use of transgenic NahG tomato plants that cannot accumulate SA as well as the exogenous SA application experiment evidenced that α-kGDH E2 acts downstream of SA defense pathway. These results demonstrate tomato α-kGDH E2 plays a negative role in plant basal defense against Pst in an AOX-independent pathway but was associated with lipoylation and SA defense pathways. The findings help to elucidate the mechanisms of mitochondria-involved plant basal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaomei Ma
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaru Liu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hanmo Fang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Wenshan Zai
- Wenzhou Vocational College of Science & Technology, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Medina-Puche L, Tan H, Dogra V, Wu M, Rosas-Diaz T, Wang L, Ding X, Zhang D, Fu X, Kim C, Lozano-Duran R. A Defense Pathway Linking Plasma Membrane and Chloroplasts and Co-opted by Pathogens. Cell 2020; 182:1109-1124.e25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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17
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Rajamanickam S, Nakkeeran S. Flagellin of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens works as a resistance inducer against groundnut bud necrosis virus in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.). Arch Virol 2020; 165:1585-1597. [PMID: 32399789 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04645-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV), a member of the genus Tospovirus, has an extensive host range and is associated with necrosis disease of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.), which is a major threat to commercial production. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have been investigated for their antiviral activity in several crops and for their potential use in viral disease management. However, the microbial mechanisms associated with PGPR in triggered immunity against plant viruses have rarely been studied. To understand the innate immune responses activated by Bacillus spp. against GBNV, we studied microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) triggered immunity (MTI) in chilli using transient expression of the flagellin gene of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CRN9 from Agrobacterium clones, which also induced the expression of EAS1 gene transcripts coding for epi-aristolochene synthase, which is responsible for the accumulation of capsidiol phytoalexin. In addition, the transcript levels of WRKY33 transcription factor and salicylic acid (SA)-responsive defense genes such as NPR1, PAL, PO and SAR8.2 were increased. Jasmonate (JA)-responsive genes, viz., PDF, and LOX genes, were also upregulated in chilli plants challenged with GBNV. Further analysis revealed significant induction of these genes in chilli plants treated with B. amyloliquefaciens CRN9 and benzothiadiazole (BTH). The transcript levels of defense response genes and pathogenesis-related proteins were significantly higher in plants treated with Bacillus and BTH and remained significantly higher at 72 h post-inoculation and compared to the inoculated control. The plants treated with flagellin using the agrodrench method and exogenous treatment with B. amyloliquefaciens and BTH showed resistance to GBNV upon mechanical inoculation and a reduced virus titre which was confirmed by qPCR assays. Thus, transient expression of flagellin, a MAMP molecule from B. amyloliquefaciens CRN9, is able to trigger innate immunity and restrain virus growth in chilli via induced systemic resistance (ISR) activated by both the SA and JA/ET signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rajamanickam
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, India.
| | - S Nakkeeran
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641 003, India
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18
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Palukaitis P, Yoon JY. R gene mediated defense against viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 45:1-7. [PMID: 32402925 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The relationship of Resistance (R) gene-mediated defense to other forms of resistance in plants is considered, and the natures of the products of dominant and recessive R genes are reviewed. Various factors involved in expressing R gene-mediated resistance are described. These include phytohormones and plant effector molecules: the former regulating different pathways for disease resistance and the latter having direct effects on viral genomes or encoded proteins. Finally, the status of our knowledge concerning the cell-death hypersensitive response and its relationship to the actual resistance response involved in inhibiting virus infection is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Palukaitis
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Seoul Women's University, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01797, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju-Yeon Yoon
- Virology Unit, Horticultural and Herbal Environment Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Differential Accumulation of Innate- and Adaptive-Immune-Response-Derived Transcripts during Antagonism between Papaya Ringspot Virus and Papaya Mosaic Virus. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020230. [PMID: 32092910 PMCID: PMC7077339 DOI: 10.3390/v12020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), a common potyvirus infecting papaya plants worldwide, can lead to either antagonism or synergism in mixed infections with Papaya mosaic virus (PapMV), a potexvirus. These two unrelated viruses produce antagonism or synergism depending on their order of infection in the plant. When PRSV is inoculated first or at the same time as PapMV, the viral interaction is synergistic. However, an antagonistic response is observed when PapMV is inoculated before PRSV. In the antagonistic condition, PRSV is deterred from the plant and its drastic effects are overcome. Here, we examine differences in gene expression by high-throughput RNA sequencing, focused on immune system pathways. We present the transcriptomic expression of single and mixed inoculations of PRSV and PapMV leading to synergism and antagonism. Upregulation of dominant and hormone-mediated resistance transcripts suggests that the innate immune system participates in synergism. In antagonism, in addition to innate immunity, upregulation of RNA interference-mediated resistance transcripts suggests that adaptive immunity is involved.
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20
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Guo S, Wong SM. A Conserved Carboxylesterase Inhibits Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) Accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana Plants. Viruses 2020; 12:E195. [PMID: 32050642 PMCID: PMC7077250 DOI: 10.3390/v12020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A carboxylesterase (CXE) or carboxylic-ester hydrolase is an enzyme that catalyzes carboxylic ester and water into alcohol and carboxylate. In plants, CXEs have been implicated in defense, development, and secondary metabolism. We discovered a new CXE gene in Nicotiana benthamiana that is related to virus resistance. The transcriptional level of NbCXE expression was significantly increased after Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection. Transient over-expression of NbCXE inhibited TMV accumulation in N. benthamiana plants. Conversely, when the NbCXE gene was silenced with a Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based gene silencing system, TMV RNA accumulation was increased in NbCXE-silenced plants after infection. NbCXE protein was shown to interact with TMV coat protein (CP) in vitro. Additionally, the expressions of host defense-related genes were increased in transient NbCXE-overexpressed plants but decreased in NbCXE silenced N. benthamiana plants. In summary, our study showed that NbCXE is a novel resistance-related gene involved in host defense responses against TMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Guo
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore;
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Sek-Man Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore;
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, Singapore 117604, Singapore
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21
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Matsuo Y, Novianti F, Takehara M, Fukuhara T, Arie T, Komatsu K. Acibenzolar- S-Methyl Restricts Infection of Nicotiana benthamiana by Plantago Asiatica Mosaic Virus at Two Distinct Stages. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:1475-1486. [PMID: 31298967 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-19-0087-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant activators, including acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), are chemical compounds that stimulate plant defense responses to pathogens. ASM treatment inhibits infection by a variety of plant viruses, however, the mechanisms of this broad-spectrum and strong effect remain poorly understood. We employed green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing viruses and Nicotiana benthamiana plants to identify the infection stages that are restricted by ASM. ASM suppressed infection by three viral species, plantago asiatica mosaic virus (PlAMV), potato virus X (PVX), and turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), in inoculated cells. Furthermore, ASM delayed the long-distance movement of PlAMV and PVX, and the cell-to-cell (short range) movement of TuMV. The ASM-mediated delay of long-distance movement of PlAMV was not due to the suppression of viral accumulation in the inoculated leaves, indicating that ASM restricts PlAMV infection in at least two independent steps. We used Arabidopsis thaliana mutants to show that the ASM-mediated restriction of PlAMV infection requires the NPR1 gene but was independent of the dicer-like genes essential for RNA silencing. Furthermore, experiments using protoplasts showed that ASM treatment inhibited PlAMV replication without cell death. Our approach, using GFP-expressing viruses, will be useful for the analysis of mechanisms underlying plant activator-mediated virus restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Matsuo
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Fawzia Novianti
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Miki Takehara
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fukuhara
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Tsutomu Arie
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ken Komatsu
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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22
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Roles of Small RNAs in Virus-Plant Interactions. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090827. [PMID: 31491987 PMCID: PMC6783996 DOI: 10.3390/v11090827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Small RNAs (sRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs) and short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), are non-coding but powerful RNA molecules of 20–30 nucleotides in length. sRNAs play crucial regulatory roles in diverse plant biological processes. Recently, many studies on sRNAs have been reported. We summarize new findings of sRNAs in virus-plant interactions to accelerate the function analysis of sRNAs. The main content of this review article includes three parts: virus-responsive sRNAs, function analysis of sRNAs in virus pathogenicity or host resistance, and some sRNAs-mediated underlying mechanisms in virus-plant interactions. New findings of sRNAs deepen our understanding about sRNAs’ roles, which might contribute to the design of novel control measures against plant viruses.
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23
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Tsai WA, Weng SH, Chen MC, Lin JS, Tsai WS. Priming of Plant Resistance to Heat Stress and Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Thailand Virus With Plant-Derived Materials. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:906. [PMID: 31354773 PMCID: PMC6640737 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants are often simultaneously exposed to diverse environmental stresses, and can tune suitable responses to them through hormones. Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways are known to enhance resistance against heat stress and tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus (TYLCTHV) infection. However, there is limited information regarding alternative natural priming agents against heat stress and viruses. In this study, two plant-derived priming agents, eugenol and anise oil, were tested for their roles in conferring thermotolerance and virus resistance in tomato plants. Under heat stress, the survival rates and average fresh weight were higher in plants treated with eugenol or anise oil than in control plants. These two priming agents were further tested for antiviral activities. After TYLCTHV infection, the disease incidence and relative abundance of TYLCTHV were lower in anise oil- and eugenol-treated plants than in control plants. Further analyses revealed that a few SA, JA, and RNA silencing genes were enhanced in the former. Moreover, SA, JA, and H2O2 contents increased considerably after eugenol and anise oil treatments. Our findings imply that anise oil and eugenol initiated SA- and JA-mediated defenses to promote thermotolerance and antiviral responses of tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-An Tsai
- Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Hualien City, Taiwan
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Sung-Hsia Weng
- Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Hualien City, Taiwan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ming-Cheng Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Shane Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Shih Tsai
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
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24
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Lim GH, Zhu S, Zhang K, Hoey T, Deragon JM, Kachroo A, Kachroo P. The analogous and opposing roles of double-stranded RNA-binding proteins in bacterial resistance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1627-1638. [PMID: 30843586 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis plasma membrane-localized resistance protein RPM1 is degraded upon the induction of the hypersensitive response (HR) triggered in response to its own activation or that of other unrelated resistance (R) proteins. We investigated the role of RPM1 turnover in RPM1-mediated resistance and showed that degradation of RPM1 is not associated with HR or resistance mediated by this R protein. Likewise, the runaway cell death phenotype in the lsd1 mutant was not associated with RPM1 degradation and did not alter RPM1-derived resistance. RPM1 stability and RPM1-mediated resistance were dependent on the double-stranded RNA binding (DRB) proteins 1 and 4. Interestingly, the function of DRB1 in RPM1-mediated resistance was not associated with its role in pre-miRNA processing. The DRB3 and DRB5 proteins negatively regulated RPM1-mediated resistance and a mutation in these completely or partially restored resistance in the drb1, drb2, and drb4 mutant backgrounds. Conversely, plants overexpressing DRB5 showed attenuated RPM1-mediated resistance. A similar role for DRBs in basal and R-mediated resistance suggests that these proteins play a general role in bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gah-Hyun Lim
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Shifeng Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Timothy Hoey
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jean-Marc Deragon
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS UMR, Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Aardra Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Pradeep Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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25
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Liu D, Zhao Q, Cheng Y, Li D, Jiang C, Cheng L, Wang Y, Yang A. Transcriptome analysis of two cultivars of tobacco in response to Cucumber mosaic virus infection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3124. [PMID: 30816259 PMCID: PMC6395745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39734-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is among the most important plant virus infections, inducing a variety of disease symptoms. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying plant responses to CMV infection remain poorly understood. In this study, we performed RNA sequencing analysis of tolerant (Taiyan8) and susceptible (NC82) tobacco cultivars on CMV-infected plants, using mock-inoculated plants as a control. The propagation of CMV in inoculated leaves did not show obvious difference between two cultivars, whereas virus accumulation in systemic leaves of Taiyan8 was smaller than those of NC82 at the same time point. We observed 765 and 1,011 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Taiyan8 and NC82, respectively, in CMV-inoculated leaves. DEGs related to reactive oxygen species, salicylic acid signal transduction, and plant-pathogen interaction were upregulated or downregulated in Taiyan8, which indicates that defense response pathways to CMV were activated in the tolerant cultivar. In addition, we identified several DEGs related to disease defense and stress resistance showing opposing expression patterns in the two cultivars. Our comparative transcriptome analysis will improve our understanding of the mechanisms of CMV tolerance in plants, and will be of great importance in the molecular breeding of CMV- tolerant genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Yazeng Cheng
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Caihong Jiang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Lirui Cheng
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Yuanying Wang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Aiguo Yang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
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26
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The Tug-of-War between Plants and Viruses: Great Progress and Many Remaining Questions. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030203. [PMID: 30823402 PMCID: PMC6466000 DOI: 10.3390/v11030203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are persistently challenged by various phytopathogens. To protect themselves, plants have evolved multilayered surveillance against all pathogens. For intracellular parasitic viruses, plants have developed innate immunity, RNA silencing, translation repression, ubiquitination-mediated and autophagy-mediated protein degradation, and other dominant resistance gene-mediated defenses. Plant viruses have also acquired diverse strategies to suppress and even exploit host defense machinery to ensure their survival. A better understanding of the defense and counter-defense between plants and viruses will obviously benefit from the development of efficient and broad-spectrum virus resistance for sustainable agriculture. In this review, we summarize the cutting edge of knowledge concerning the defense and counter-defense between plants and viruses, and highlight the unexploited areas that are especially worth investigating in the near future.
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Carr JP, Murphy AM, Tungadi T, Yoon JY. Plant defense signals: Players and pawns in plant-virus-vector interactions. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 279:87-95. [PMID: 30709497 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses face an array of host defenses. Well-studied responses that protect against viruses include effector-triggered immunity, induced resistance (such as systemic acquired resistance mediated by salicylic acid), and RNA silencing. Recent work shows that viruses are also affected by non-host resistance mechanisms; previously thought to affect only bacteria, oomycetes and fungi. However, an enduring puzzle is how viruses are inhibited by several inducible host resistance mechanisms. Many viruses have been shown to encode factors that inhibit antiviral silencing. A number of these, including the cucumoviral 2b protein, the poytviral P1/HC-Pro and, respectively, geminivirus or satellite DNA-encoded proteins such as the C2 or βC1, also inhibit defensive signaling mediated by salicylic acid and jasmonic acid. This helps to explain how viruses can, in some cases, overcome host resistance. Additionally, interference with defensive signaling provides a means for viruses to manipulate plant-insect interactions. This is important because insects, particularly aphids and whiteflies, transmit many viruses. Indeed, there is now substantial evidence that viruses can enhance their own transmission through their effects on hosts. Even more surprisingly, it appears that viruses may be able to manipulate plant interactions with beneficial insects by, for example, 'paying back' their hosts by attracting pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Carr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom.
| | - Alex M Murphy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Trisna Tungadi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Ju-Yeon Yoon
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom; Virology Unit, Department of Horticultural and Herbal Environment, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Agency, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
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Zhou Y, Memelink J, Linthorst HJM. An E. coli biosensor for screening of cDNA libraries for isochorismate pyruvate lyase-encoding cDNAs. Mol Genet Genomics 2018; 293:1181-1190. [PMID: 29796759 PMCID: PMC6153503 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-018-1450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an essential hormone for development and induced defense against biotrophic pathogens in plants. The formation of SA mainly derives from chorismate via demonstrated isochorismate synthase (ICS) and presumed isochorismate pyruvate lyase (IPL)-mediated steps in Arabidopsis thaliana, but so far no plant enzyme displaying IPL activity has been identified. Here, we developed an E. coli SA biosensor to screen for IPL activity based on the SalR regulator/salA promoter combination from Acinetobacter sp ADP1, to control the expression of the reporter luxCDABE. The biosensor was responsive to micromolar concentrations of exogenous SA, and to endogenous SA produced after transformation with a plasmid permitting IPTG-inducible expression of bacterial IPL in this biosensor strain. After screening a cDNA library constructed from turnip crinkle virus (TCV)-infected Arabidopsis ecotype Di-17, we identified an enzyme, PRXR1, as a putative IPL that converts isochorismate into SA. Our results provide a new experimental approach to identify IPL and new insights into the SA biosynthesis pathway in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhou
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Memelink
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Huub J M Linthorst
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Chang L, Chang HH, Chang JC, Lu HC, Wang TT, Hsu DW, Tzean Y, Cheng AP, Chiu YS, Yeh HH. Plant A20/AN1 protein serves as the important hub to mediate antiviral immunity. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007288. [PMID: 30212572 PMCID: PMC6155556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a key phytohormone that mediates a broad spectrum of resistance against a diverse range of viruses; however, the downstream pathway of SA governed antiviral immune response remains largely to be explored. Here, we identified an orchid protein containing A20 and AN1 zinc finger domains, designated Pha13. Pha13 is up-regulated upon virus infection, and the transgenic monocot orchid and dicot Arabidopsis overexpressing orchid Pha13 conferred greater resistance to different viruses. In addition, our data showed that Arabidopsis homolog of Pha13, AtSAP5, is also involved in virus resistance. Pha13 and AtSAP5 are early induced by exogenous SA treatment, and participate in the expression of SA-mediated immune responsive genes, including the master regulator gene of plant immunity, NPR1, as well as NPR1-independent virus defense genes. SA also induced the proteasome degradation of Pha13. Functional domain analysis revealed that AN1 domain of Pha13 is involved in expression of orchid NPR1 through its AN1 domain, whereas dual A20/AN1 domains orchestrated the overall virus resistance. Subcellular localization analysis suggested that Pha13 can be found localized in the nucleus. Self-ubiquitination assay revealed that Pha13 confer E3 ligase activity, and the main E3 ligase activity was mapped to the A20 domain. Identification of Pha13 interacting proteins and substrate by yeast two-hybrid screening revealed mainly ubiquitin proteins. Further detailed biochemical analysis revealed that A20 domain of Pha13 binds to various polyubiquitin chains, suggesting that Pha13 may interact with multiple ubiquitinated proteins. Our findings revealed that Pha13 serves as an important regulatory hub in plant antiviral immunity, and uncover a delicate mode of immune regulation through the coordination of A20 and/or AN1 domains, as well as through the modulation of E3 ligase and ubiquitin chain binding activity of Pha13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Hsiung Chang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Che Chang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Chia Lu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tan-Tung Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Duen-Wei Hsu
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yuh Tzean
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - An-Po Cheng
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shu Chiu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hung Yeh
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Hamdoun S, Gao M, Gill M, Kwon A, Norelli JL, Lu H. Signalling requirements for Erwinia amylovora-induced disease resistance, callose deposition and cell growth in the non-host Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1090-1103. [PMID: 28756640 PMCID: PMC6638093 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Erwinia amylovora is the causal agent of the fire blight disease in some plants of the Rosaceae family. The non-host plant Arabidopsis serves as a powerful system for the dissection of mechanisms of resistance to E. amylovora. Although not yet known to mount gene-for-gene resistance to E. amylovora, we found that Arabidopsis activated strong defence signalling mediated by salicylic acid (SA), with kinetics and amplitude similar to that induced by the recognition of the bacterial effector avrRpm1 by the resistance protein RPM1. Genetic analysis further revealed that SA signalling, but not signalling mediated by ethylene (ET) and jasmonic acid (JA), is required for E. amylovora resistance. Erwinia amylovora induces massive callose deposition on infected leaves, which is independent of SA, ET and JA signalling and is necessary for E. amylovora resistance in Arabidopsis. We also observed tumour-like growths on E. amylovora-infected Arabidopsis leaves, which contain enlarged mesophyll cells with increased DNA content and are probably a result of endoreplication. The formation of such growths is largely independent of SA signalling and some E. amylovora effectors. Together, our data reveal signalling requirements for E. amylovora-induced disease resistance, callose deposition and cell fate change in the non-host plant Arabidopsis. Knowledge from this study could facilitate a better understanding of the mechanisms of host defence against E. amylovora and eventually improve host resistance to the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safae Hamdoun
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Maryland Baltimore County1000 Hilltop CircleBaltimore, MD 21250USA
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Maryland Baltimore County1000 Hilltop CircleBaltimore, MD 21250USA
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F UniversityYangling 712100ShaanxiChina
| | - Manroop Gill
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Maryland Baltimore County1000 Hilltop CircleBaltimore, MD 21250USA
| | - Ashley Kwon
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Maryland Baltimore County1000 Hilltop CircleBaltimore, MD 21250USA
| | - John L. Norelli
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Appalachian Fruit Research Station2217 Wiltshire RoadKearneysville, WV 25430USA
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Maryland Baltimore County1000 Hilltop CircleBaltimore, MD 21250USA
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Lim GH, Hoey T, Zhu S, Clavel M, Yu K, Navarre D, Kachroo A, Deragon JM, Kachroo P. COP1, a negative regulator of photomorphogenesis, positively regulates plant disease resistance via double-stranded RNA binding proteins. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006894. [PMID: 29513740 PMCID: PMC5871017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase COP1 (Constitutive Photomorphogenesis 1) is a well known component of the light-mediated plant development that acts as a repressor of photomorphogenesis. Here we show that COP1 positively regulates defense against turnip crinkle virus (TCV) and avrRPM1 bacteria by contributing to stability of resistance (R) protein HRT and RPM1, respectively. HRT and RPM1 levels and thereby pathogen resistance is significantly reduced in the cop1 mutant background. Notably, the levels of at least two double-stranded RNA binding (DRB) proteins DRB1 and DRB4 are reduced in the cop1 mutant background suggesting that COP1 affects HRT stability via its effect on the DRB proteins. Indeed, a mutation in either drb1 or drb4 resulted in degradation of HRT. In contrast to COP1, a multi-subunit E3 ligase encoded by anaphase-promoting complex (APC) 10 negatively regulates DRB4 and TCV resistance but had no effect on DRB1 levels. We propose that COP1-mediated positive regulation of HRT is dependent on a balance between COP1 and negative regulators that target DRB1 and DRB4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gah-Hyun Lim
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Timothy Hoey
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Shifeng Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Marion Clavel
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS UMR5096 LGDP, Perpignan, France
| | - Keshun Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Duroy Navarre
- U.S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University, Prosser, WA, United States of America
| | - Aardra Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Jean-Marc Deragon
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS UMR5096 LGDP, Perpignan, France
| | - Pradeep Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
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Zhao Q, Li H, Sun H, Li A, Liu S, Yu R, Cui X, Zhang D, Wuriyanghan H. Salicylic acid and broad spectrum of NBS-LRR family genes are involved in SMV-soybean interactions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 123:132-140. [PMID: 29232653 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is a severe pathogen reducing crop yield and seed quality of soybean. Although several resistance gene loci including Rsv1, Rsv3 and Rsv4 are identified in some soybean varieties, most of the soybean genes related to SMV infection are still not characterized. In order to reveal genome-wide gene expression profiles in response to SMV infection, we used transcriptome analysis to determine SMV-responsive genes in susceptible variety Hefeng25. Time course RNA-seq analysis at 1, 5 and 10 dpi identified many deregulated pathways and gene families. "Plant-pathogen interaction" pathway with KEGG No. of KO04626 was highly enriched and dozens of NBS-LRR family genes were significantly down-regulated at 5 dpi. qRT-PCR analyses were performed to verify expression patterns of these genes and most were in accordance with the RNA-seq data. As NBS-LRR family proteins are broadly involved in plant immunity responses, our results indicated the importance of this time point (5 dpi) for SMV-soybean interaction. Consistent with it, SMV titer was increased from 1 dpi to 10 dpi and peaked at 5 dpi. Expression of SA (salicylic acid) marker gene PR-1 was induced by SMV infection. Application of exogenous MeSA, an active form of SA, primed the plant resistant to virus infection and reduced SMV accumulation in soybean. Interestingly, MeSA treatment also significantly upregulated expressions of SMV-responsive NBS-LRR genes. Compared with susceptible line Hefeng25, endogenous SA level was higher and was consistently induced by SMV infection in resistant variety RV8143. Moreover, expressions of NBS-LRR family genes were up-regulated by SMV infection in RV8143, while they were down-regulated by SMV infection in Hefeng25. Our results implied that SA and NBS-LRR family genes were involved in SMV-soybean interaction. SMV could compromise soybean defense responses by repression of NBS-LRR family genes in Hefeng25, and SA was implicated in this interaction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, No. 235 West College Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, China
| | - Haina Li
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, No. 235 West College Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, China
| | - Hongyu Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, No. 235 West College Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, China
| | - Aoga Li
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, No. 235 West College Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, China
| | - Shuxin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, No. 235 West College Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, China
| | - Ruonan Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, No. 235 West College Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, China
| | - Xiuqi Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, No. 235 West College Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, China
| | - Dejian Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, No. 235 West College Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, China.
| | - Hada Wuriyanghan
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, No. 235 West College Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, China.
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Functional Analogues of Salicylic Acid and Their Use in Crop Protection. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy8010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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34
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Giesbers AKJ, Pelgrom AJE, Visser RGF, Niks RE, Van den Ackerveken G, Jeuken MJW. Effector-mediated discovery of a novel resistance gene against Bremia lactucae in a nonhost lettuce species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:915-926. [PMID: 28833168 PMCID: PMC5656935 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Candidate effectors from lettuce downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) enable high-throughput germplasm screening for the presence of resistance (R) genes. The nonhost species Lactuca saligna comprises a source of B. lactucae R genes that has hardly been exploited in lettuce breeding. Its cross-compatibility with the host species L. sativa enables the study of inheritance of nonhost resistance (NHR). We performed transient expression of candidate RXLR effector genes from B. lactucae in a diverse Lactuca germplasm set. Responses to two candidate effectors (BLR31 and BLN08) were genetically mapped and tested for co-segregation with disease resistance. BLN08 induced a hypersensitive response (HR) in 55% of the L. saligna accessions, but responsiveness did not co-segregate with resistance to Bl:24. BLR31 triggered an HR in 5% of the L. saligna accessions, and revealed a novel R gene providing complete B. lactucae race Bl:24 resistance. Resistant hybrid plants that were BLR31 nonresponsive indicated other unlinked R genes and/or nonhost QTLs. We have identified a candidate avirulence effector of B. lactucae (BLR31) and its cognate R gene in L. saligna. Concurrently, our results suggest that R genes are not required for NHR of L. saligna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K. J. Giesbers
- Laboratory of Plant BreedingWageningen University & Research6700AJ Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Alexandra J. E. Pelgrom
- Plant–Microbe InteractionsDepartment of BiologyUtrecht University3584CH Utrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Richard G. F. Visser
- Laboratory of Plant BreedingWageningen University & Research6700AJ Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Rients E. Niks
- Laboratory of Plant BreedingWageningen University & Research6700AJ Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Marieke J. W. Jeuken
- Laboratory of Plant BreedingWageningen University & Research6700AJ Wageningenthe Netherlands
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Conti G, Rodriguez MC, Venturuzzi AL, Asurmendi S. Modulation of host plant immunity by Tobamovirus proteins. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:737-747. [PMID: 27941090 PMCID: PMC5378186 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To establish successful infection, plant viruses produce profound alterations of host physiology, disturbing unrelated endogenous processes and contributing to the development of disease. In tobamoviruses, emerging evidence suggests that viral-encoded proteins display a great variety of functions beyond the canonical roles required for virus structure and replication. Among these, their modulation of host immunity appears to be relevant in infection progression. SCOPE In this review, some recently described effects on host plant physiology of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-encoded proteins, namely replicase, movement protein (MP) and coat protein (CP), are summarized. The discussion is focused on the effects of each viral component on the modulation of host defense responses, through mechanisms involving hormonal imbalance, innate immunity modulation and antiviral RNA silencing. These effects are described taking into consideration the differential spatial distribution and temporality of viral proteins during the dynamic process of replication and spread of the virus. CONCLUSION In discussion of these mechanisms, it is shown that both individual and combined effects of viral-encoded proteins contribute to the development of the pathogenesis process, with the host plant's ability to control infection to some extent potentially advantageous to the invading virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Conti
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, CICVyA, INTA, Argentina
- CONICET, Argentina
| | | | - A. L. Venturuzzi
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, CICVyA, INTA, Argentina
- CONICET, Argentina
| | - S. Asurmendi
- Instituto de Biotecnologia, CICVyA, INTA, Argentina
- CONICET, Argentina
- For correspondence. E-mail
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López-Gresa MP, Lisón P, Yenush L, Conejero V, Rodrigo I, Bellés JM. Salicylic Acid Is Involved in the Basal Resistance of Tomato Plants to Citrus Exocortis Viroid and Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166938. [PMID: 27893781 PMCID: PMC5125658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato plants expressing the NahG transgene, which prevents accumulation of endogenous salicylic acid (SA), were used to study the importance of the SA signalling pathway in basal defence against Citrus Exocortis Viroid (CEVd) or Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV). The lack of SA accumulation in the CEVd- or TSWV-infected NahG tomato plants led to an early and dramatic disease phenotype, as compared to that observed in the corresponding parental Money Maker. Addition of acibenzolar-S-methyl, a benzothiadiazole (BTH), which activates the systemic acquired resistance pathway downstream of SA signalling, improves resistance of NahG tomato plants to CEVd and TSWV. CEVd and TSWV inoculation induced the accumulation of the hydroxycinnamic amides p-coumaroyltyramine, feruloyltyramine, caffeoylputrescine, and feruloylputrescine, and the defence related proteins PR1 and P23 in NahG plants earlier and with more intensity than in Money Maker plants, indicating that SA is not essential for the induction of these plant defence metabolites and proteins. In addition, NahG plants produced very high levels of ethylene upon CEVd or TSWV infection when compared with infected Money Maker plants, indicating that the absence of SA produced additional effects on other metabolic pathways. This is the first report to show that SA is an important component of basal resistance of tomato plants to both CEVd and TSWV, indicating that SA-dependent defence mechanisms play a key role in limiting the severity of symptoms in CEVd- and TSWV-infected NahG tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Pilar López-Gresa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV)- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Purificación Lisón
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV)- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Lynne Yenush
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV)- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Conejero
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV)- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Ismael Rodrigo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV)- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - José María Bellés
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV)- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
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Gao R, Liu P, Yong Y, Wong SM. Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis reveals correlation between higher WRKY61 expression and reduced symptom severity in Turnip crinkle virus infected Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24604. [PMID: 27086702 PMCID: PMC4834565 DOI: 10.1038/srep24604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) is a carmovirus that infects many Arabidopsis ecotypes. Most studies mainly focused on discovery of resistance genes against TCV infection, and there is no Next Generation Sequencing based comparative genome wide transcriptome analysis reported. In this study, RNA-seq based transcriptome analysis revealed that 238 (155 up-regulated and 83 down-regulated) significant differentially expressed genes with at least 15-fold change were determined. Fifteen genes (including upregulated, unchanged and downregulated) were selected for RNA-seq data validation using quantitative real-time PCR, which showed consistencies between these two sets of data. GO enrichment analysis showed that numerous terms such as stress, immunity, defence and chemical stimulus were affected in TCV-infected plants. One putative plant defence related gene named WRKY61 was selected for further investigation. It showed that WRKY61 overexpression plants displayed reduced symptoms and less virus accumulation, as compared to wild type (WT) and WRKY61 deficient lines, suggesting that higher WRKY61 expression level reduced TCV viral accumulation. In conclusion, our transcriptome analysis showed that global gene expression was detected in TCV-infected Arabidopsis thaliana. WRKY61 gene was shown to be negatively correlated with TCV infection and viral symptoms, which may be connected to plant immunity pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuhan Yong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sek-Man Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore.,National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu, China
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Lee WS, Fu SF, Li Z, Murphy AM, Dobson EA, Garland L, Chaluvadi SR, Lewsey MG, Nelson RS, Carr JP. Salicylic acid treatment and expression of an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1 transgene inhibit lethal symptoms and meristem invasion during tobacco mosaic virus infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:15. [PMID: 26757721 PMCID: PMC4710973 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0705-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RDRs) 1 and 6 contribute to antiviral RNA silencing in plants. RDR6 is constitutively expressed and was previously shown to limit invasion of Nicotiana benthamiana meristem tissue by potato virus X and thereby inhibit disease development. RDR1 is inducible by salicylic acid (SA) and several other phytohormones. But although it contributes to basal resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) it is dispensable for SA-induced resistance in inoculated leaves. The laboratory accession of N. benthamiana is a natural rdr1 mutant and highly susceptible to TMV. However, TMV-induced symptoms are ameliorated in transgenic plants expressing Medicago truncatula RDR1. RESULTS In MtRDR1-transgenic N. benthamiana plants the spread of TMV expressing the green fluorescent protein (TMV.GFP) into upper, non-inoculated, leaves was not inhibited. However, in these plants exclusion of TMV.GFP from the apical meristem and adjacent stem tissue was greater than in control plants and this exclusion effect was enhanced by SA. TMV normally kills N. benthamiana plants but although MtRDR1-transgenic plants initially displayed virus-induced necrosis they subsequently recovered. Recovery from disease was markedly enhanced by SA treatment in MtRDR1-transgenic plants whereas in control plants SA delayed but did not prevent systemic necrosis and death. Following SA treatment of MtRDR1-transgenic plants, extractable RDR enzyme activity was increased and Western blot analysis of RDR extracts revealed a band cross-reacting with an antibody raised against MtRDR1. Expression of MtRDR1 in the transgenic N. benthamiana plants was driven by a constitutive 35S promoter derived from cauliflower mosaic virus, confirmed to be non-responsive to SA. This suggests that the effects of SA on MtRDR1 are exerted at a post-transcriptional level. CONCLUSIONS MtRDR1 inhibits severe symptom development by limiting spread of virus into the growing tips of infected plants. Thus, RDR1 may act in a similar fashion to RDR6. MtRDR1 and SA acted additively to further promote recovery from disease symptoms in MtRDR1-transgenic plants. Thus it is possible that SA promotes MtRDR1 activity and/or stability through post-transcriptional effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Sham Lee
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK.
| | - Shih-Feng Fu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, 1 Jin-De Road, Changhua City, 500, Taiwan.
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.
| | - Alex M Murphy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.
| | - Elizabeth A Dobson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.
| | - Laura Garland
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.
| | - Srinivasa Rao Chaluvadi
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA.
| | - Mathew G Lewsey
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.
- Centre for AgriBioscience, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia.
| | - Richard S Nelson
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA.
| | - John P Carr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.
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A nuclear fraction of turnip crinkle virus capsid protein is important for elicitation of the host resistance response. Virus Res 2015; 210:264-70. [PMID: 26299399 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The N-terminal 25 amino acids (AAs) of turnip crinkle virus (TCV) capsid protein (CP) are recognized by the resistance protein HRT to trigger a hypersensitive response (HR) and systemic resistance to TCV infection. This same region of TCV CP also contains a motif that interacts with the transcription factor TIP, as well as a nuclear localization signal (NLS). However, it is not yet known whether nuclear localization of TCV CP is needed for the induction of HRT-mediated HR and resistance. Here we present new evidence suggesting a tight correlation between nuclear inclusions formed by CP and the manifestation of HR. We show that a fraction of TCV CP localized to cell nuclei to form discrete inclusion-like structures, and a mutated CP (R6A) known to abolish HR failed to form nuclear inclusions. Notably, TIP-CP interaction augments the inclusion-forming activity of CP by tethering inclusions to the nuclear membrane. This TIP-mediated augmentation is also critical for HR resistance, as another CP mutant (R8A) known to elicit a less restrictive HR, though still self-associated into nuclear inclusions, failed to direct inclusions to the nuclear membrane due to its inability to interact with TIP. Finally, exclusion of CP from cell nuclei abolished induction of HR. Together, these results uncovered a strong correlation between nuclear localization and nuclear inclusion formation by TCV CP and induction of HR, and suggest that CP nuclear inclusions could be the key trigger of the HRT-dependent, yet TIP-reinforced, resistance to TCV.
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Spoustová P, Hýsková V, Müller K, Schnablová R, Ryšlavá H, Čeřovská N, Malbeck J, Cvikrová M, Synková H. Tobacco susceptibility to Potato virus Y(NTN) infection is affected by grafting and endogenous cytokinin content. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 235:25-36. [PMID: 25900563 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Faster or stronger response to pathogen occurs if plants undergo prior priming. Cytokinins seem to be also involved in plant priming and in response to pathogens. Susceptibility to Potato virus Y(NTN) (PVY(NTN)) was studied in transgenic cytokinin overproducing (Pssu-ipt) tobacco and compared with nontransgenic plants. Since cytokinin overproduction inhibits development of plant roots and grafting overcomes this limitation, both types were grown as rooted and/or grafted plants to check also the effect of grafting. Control rooted tobacco (C), the most susceptible to PVY(NTN), showed always symptoms during the infection together with the rising virus content and a systemic response, such as accumulation of H2O2, salicylic acid (SA) and other phenolic acids, and stress-induced enzyme activities. In transgenic and grafted plants, the response to PVY(NTN) was dependent on protective mechanisms activated prior to the inoculation. In Pssu-ipt tobacco, cytokinin active forms and SA contents exceeded manifold their content in C. Grafting promoted the accumulation of phenolics, but SA, and stimulated peroxidase activities. Thus, the pre-infection barrier established in both transgenic and grafted plants helped to suppress partly the virus multiplication and resulted in milder symptom development. However, only the synergic effect of both grafting and the high cytokinins led to PVY(NTN) tolerance in transgenic grafts. Possible mechanisms were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Spoustová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the CR, Rozvojová 313, CZ-165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, CZ-128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Hýsková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Müller
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the CR, Rozvojová 313, CZ-165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Schnablová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the CR, Rozvojová 313, CZ-165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Ryšlavá
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Noemi Čeřovská
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the CR, Rozvojová 313, CZ-165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Malbeck
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the CR, Rozvojová 313, CZ-165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Milena Cvikrová
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the CR, Rozvojová 313, CZ-165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Synková
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the CR, Rozvojová 313, CZ-165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic.
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Viral factors involved in plant pathogenesis. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 11:21-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kang SH, Qu F, Morris TJ. A spectrum of HRT-dependent hypersensitive responses elicited by the 52 amino acid N-terminus of turnip crinkle virus capsid protein and its mutants. Virus Res 2015; 200:30-4. [PMID: 25656064 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The capsid protein (CP) of turnip crinkle virus (TCV) is the elicitor of hypersensitive response (HR) and resistance mediated by the resistance protein HRT in the Di-17 ecotype of Arabidopsis. Here we identified the N-terminal 52-amino-acid R domain of TCV CP as the elicitor of HRT-dependent HR in Nicotiana benthamiana. Mutating this domain at position 6 (R6A), but not at positions 8 (R8A) or 14 (G14A), abolished HR in N. benthamiana. However, on Di-17 Arabidopsis leaves only R8A R domain elicited visible epidermal HR. When incorporated in infectious TCV RNAs, R8A and G14A mutations exerted dramatically different effects in Di-17 plants, as R8A caused systemic cell death whereas G14A led to complete restriction of the mutant virus. This continual spectrum of HR and resistance responses elicited by various R domain mutants suggests that the CP-HRT interaction could be perturbed by conformational changes in the R domain of TCV CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hwan Kang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Feng Qu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States; Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, United States.
| | - T Jack Morris
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States.
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Liao Y, Tian M, Zhang H, Li X, Wang Y, Xia X, Zhou J, Zhou Y, Yu J, Shi K, Klessig DF. Salicylic acid binding of mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase E2 affects mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain components and plays a role in basal defense against tobacco mosaic virus in tomato. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:1296-1307. [PMID: 25365924 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) plays a critical role in plant defense against pathogen invasion. SA-induced viral defense in plants is distinct from the pathways mediating bacterial and fungal defense and involves a specific pathway mediated by mitochondria; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. The SA-binding activity of the recombinant tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (Slα-kGDH) E2 subunit of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle was characterized. The biological role of this binding in plant defenses against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was further investigated via Slα-kGDH E2 silencing and transient overexpression in plants. Slα-kGDH E2 was found to bind SA in two independent assays. SA treatment, as well as Slα-kGDH E2 silencing, increased resistance to TMV. SA did not further enhance TMV defense in Slα-kGDH E2-silenced tomato plants but did reduce TMV susceptibility in Nicotiana benthamiana plants transiently overexpressing Slα-kGDH E2. Furthermore, Slα-kGDH E2-silencing-induced TMV resistance was fully blocked by bongkrekic acid application and alternative oxidase 1a silencing. These results indicated that binding by Slα-kGDH E2 of SA acts upstream of and affects the mitochondrial electron transport chain, which plays an important role in basal defense against TMV. The findings of this study help to elucidate the mechanisms of SA-induced viral defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangwenke Liao
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Miaoying Tian
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaojian Xia
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Agricultural Ministry of China, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Daniel F Klessig
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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44
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Salicylic Acid Signaling in Plant Innate Immunity. PLANT HORMONE SIGNALING SYSTEMS IN PLANT INNATE IMMUNITY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9285-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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45
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Galvez LC, Banerjee J, Pinar H, Mitra A. Engineered plant virus resistance. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 228:11-25. [PMID: 25438782 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Virus diseases are among the key limiting factors that cause significant yield loss and continuously threaten crop production. Resistant cultivars coupled with pesticide application are commonly used to circumvent these threats. One of the limitations of the reliance on resistant cultivars is the inevitable breakdown of resistance due to the multitude of variable virus populations. Similarly, chemical applications to control virus transmitting insect vectors are costly to the farmers, cause adverse health and environmental consequences, and often result in the emergence of resistant vector strains. Thus, exploiting strategies that provide durable and broad-spectrum resistance over diverse environments are of paramount importance. The development of plant gene transfer systems has allowed for the introgression of alien genes into plant genomes for novel disease control strategies, thus providing a mechanism for broadening the genetic resources available to plant breeders. Genetic engineering offers various options for introducing transgenic virus resistance into crop plants to provide a wide range of resistance to viral pathogens. This review examines the current strategies of developing virus resistant transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leny C Galvez
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebarska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0722, USA
| | - Joydeep Banerjee
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebarska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0722, USA
| | - Hasan Pinar
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebarska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0722, USA
| | - Amitava Mitra
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebarska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0722, USA.
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46
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Mandadi KK, Pyle JD, Scholthof KBG. Comparative analysis of antiviral responses in Brachypodium distachyon and Setaria viridis reveals conserved and unique outcomes among C3 and C4 plant defenses. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:1277-1290. [PMID: 25296115 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-14-0152-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Viral diseases cause significant losses in global agricultural production, yet little is known about grass antiviral defense mechanisms. We previously reported on host immune responses triggered by Panicum mosaic virus (PMV) and its satellite virus (SPMV) in the model C3 grass Brachypodium distachyon. To aid comparative analyses of C3 and C4 grass antiviral defenses, here, we establish B. distachyon and Setaria viridis (a C4 grass) as compatible hosts for seven grass-infecting viruses, including PMV and SPMV, Brome mosaic virus, Barley stripe mosaic virus, Maize mild mottle virus, Sorghum yellow banding virus, Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), and Foxtail mosaic virus (FoMV). Etiological and molecular characterization of the fourteen grass-virus pathosystems showed evidence for conserved crosstalk among salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid, and ethylene pathways in B. distachyon and S. viridis. Strikingly, expression of PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4, an upstream modulator of SA signaling, was consistently suppressed during most virus infections in B. distachyon and S. viridis. Hierarchical clustering analyses further identified unique antiviral responses triggered by two morphologically similar viruses, FoMV and WSMV, and uncovered other host-dependent effects. Together, the results of this study establish B. distachyon and S. viridis as models for the analysis of plant-virus interactions and provide the first framework for conserved and unique features of C3 and C4 grass antiviral defenses.
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Ouibrahim L, Mazier M, Estevan J, Pagny G, Decroocq V, Desbiez C, Moretti A, Gallois JL, Caranta C. Cloning of the Arabidopsis rwm1 gene for resistance to Watermelon mosaic virus points to a new function for natural virus resistance genes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 79:705-16. [PMID: 24930633 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana represents a valuable and efficient model to understand mechanisms underlying plant susceptibility to viral diseases. Here, we describe the identification and molecular cloning of a new gene responsible for recessive resistance to several isolates of Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV, genus Potyvirus) in the Arabidopsis Cvi-0 accession. rwm1 acts at an early stage of infection by impairing viral accumulation in initially infected leaf tissues. Map-based cloning delimited rwm1 on chromosome 1 in a 114-kb region containing 30 annotated genes. Positional and functional candidate gene analysis suggested that rwm1 encodes cPGK2 (At1g56190), an evolutionary conserved nucleus-encoded chloroplast phosphoglycerate kinase with a key role in cell metabolism. Comparative sequence analysis indicates that a single amino acid substitution (S78G) in the N-terminal domain of cPGK2 is involved in rwm1-mediated resistance. This mutation may have functional consequences because it targets a highly conserved residue, affects a putative phosphorylation site and occurs within a predicted nuclear localization signal. Transgenic complementation in Arabidopsis together with virus-induced gene silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana confirmed that cPGK2 corresponds to rwm1 and that the protein is required for efficient WMV infection. This work uncovers new insight into natural plant resistance mechanisms that may provide interesting opportunities for the genetic control of plant virus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Ouibrahim
- Genetics and Breeding of Fruits and Vegetables, INRA-UR1052, Dom. St Maurice, CS 60094, F-84143, Montfavet Cedex, France
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Miura K, Yamada K, Shigemori H. Raphanusanin-mediated resistance to pathogens is light dependent in radish and Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTA 2014; 240:513-524. [PMID: 24923677 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Raphanusanin (Ra) is a light-induced inhibitor of hypocotyl growth that responds to unilateral blue light illumination in radish seedlings. We have previously shown that Ra regulates genes that are involved in common defense mechanisms. Many genes that are induced by Ra are also positively regulated by early blue light. To extend the understanding of the role of Ra in pathogen defense, we evaluated the effects of Ra on radish and Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana) infected with the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea) and biotrophic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae (P. syringae). Radish and A. thaliana were found to be resistant to both pathogens when treated with Ra, depending on the concentration used. Interestingly, Ra-mediated resistance to P. syringae is dependent on light because Ra-treated seedlings exhibited enhanced susceptibility to P. syringae infection when grown in the dark. In addition to regulating the biotic defense response, Ra inhibited seed germination and root elongation and enhanced the growth of root hairs in the presence of light in radish and A. thaliana. Our data suggest that Ra regulates the expression of a set of genes involved in defense signaling pathways and plays a role in pathogen defense and plant development. Our results show that light may be generally required not only for the accumulation of Ra but also for its activation during the pathogen defense response.
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49
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Li Z, Liang WS, Carr JP. Effects of modifying alternative respiration on nitric oxide-induced virus resistance and PR1 protein accumulation. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2075-2081. [PMID: 24903327 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.066662-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important defensive signal in plants but its effects on virus infection are not well understood. Administration of NO-releasing compounds immediately before inoculation of tobacco leaves with potato virus X and tobacco mosaic virus decreased the accumulation of virus, indicating that NO can induce resistance rapidly. Resistance induction was inhibited by co-administration with an NO-scavenging compound or when experiments were done in transgenic tobacco plants expressing increased alternative respiratory pathway capacity due to constitutive expression of the plant mitochondrial enzyme, alternative oxidase (AOX). These results indicate that NO, which inhibits electron transport chain activity, is triggering defensive signalling by inducing changes in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species levels that are in turn regulated by AOX. Experiments using nahG-transgenic plants, which cannot accumulate the defensive plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) showed that NO rapidly induces resistance to virus infection independently of SA. However, this initial state of resistance may be transient. Subsequently, by 5 days post-treatment, NO had caused an increase in pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1) expression (a proxy for increased SA biosynthesis), which correlated with a longer-term state of resistance to virus infection. The induction by NO of PR1 accumulation was modified in AOX-transgenic plants. This indicates that the influence of NO on defensive gene expression is in part mediated through its effects on mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Wu-Sheng Liang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - John P Carr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
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50
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Sašek V, Janda M, Delage E, Puyaubert J, Guivarc'h A, López Maseda E, Dobrev PI, Caius J, Bóka K, Valentová O, Burketová L, Zachowski A, Ruelland E. Constitutive salicylic acid accumulation in pi4kIIIβ1β2 Arabidopsis plants stunts rosette but not root growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:805-16. [PMID: 24758581 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids have recently been found to be integral elements of hormone signalling pathways. An Arabidopsis thaliana double mutant in two type III phosphatidylinositol-4-kinases (PI4Ks), pi4kIIIβ1β2, displays a stunted rosette growth. The causal link between PI4K activity and growth is unknown. Using microarray analysis, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and multiple phytohormone analysis by LC-MS we investigated the mechanism responsible for the pi4kIIIβ1β2 phenotype. The pi4kIIIβ1β2 mutant accumulated a high concentration of salicylic acid (SA), constitutively expressed SA marker genes including PR-1, and was more resistant to Pseudomonas syringae. pi4kIIIβ1β2 was crossed with SA signalling mutants eds1 and npr1 and SA biosynthesis mutant sid2 and NahG. The dwarf phenotype of pi4kIIIβ1β2 rosettes was suppressed in all four triple mutants. Whereas eds1 pi4kIIIβ1β2, sid2 pi4kIIIβ1β2 and NahG pi4kIIIβ1β2 had similar amounts of SA as the wild-type (WT), npr1pi4kIIIβ1β2 had more SA than pi4kIIIβ1β2 despite being less dwarfed. This indicates that PI4KIIIβ1 and PI4KIIIβ2 are genetically upstream of EDS1 and need functional SA biosynthesis and perception through NPR1 to express the dwarf phenotype. The slow root growth phenotype of pi4kIIIβ1β2 was not suppressed in any of the triple mutants. The pi4kIIIβ1β2 mutations together cause constitutive activation of SA signalling that is responsible for the dwarf rosette phenotype but not for the short root phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Sašek
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, Prague, 165 02, Czech Republic
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