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Li C, Zhang B, Yu H. GSK3s: nodes of multilayer regulation of plant development and stress responses. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:1286-1300. [PMID: 34417080 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) family members are highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinases in eukaryotes. Unlike animals, plants have evolved with multiple homologs of GSK3s involved in a diverse array of biological processes. Emerging evidence suggests that GSK3s act as signaling hubs for integrating perception and transduction of diverse signals required for plant development and responses to abiotic and biotic cues. Here we review recent advances in understanding the molecular interactions between GSK3s and an expanding spectrum of their upstream regulators and downstream substrates in plants. We further discuss how GSK3s act as key signaling nodes of multilayer regulation of plant development and stress response through either being regulated at the post-translational level or regulating their substrates via phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxiang Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
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2
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Waidmann S, Petutschnig E, Rozhon W, Molnár G, Popova O, Mechtler K, Jonak C. GSK3-mediated phosphorylation of DEK3 regulates chromatin accessibility and stress tolerance in Arabidopsis. FEBS J 2021; 289:473-493. [PMID: 34492159 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin dynamics enable the precise control of transcriptional programmes. The balance between restricting and opening of regulatory sequences on the DNA needs to be adjusted to prevailing conditions and is fine-tuned by chromatin remodelling proteins. DEK is an evolutionarily conserved chromatin architectural protein regulating important chromatin-related processes. However, the molecular link between DEK-induced chromatin reconfigurations and upstream signalling events remains unknown. Here, we show that ASKβ/AtSK31 is a salt stress-activated glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) from Arabidopsis thaliana that phosphorylates DEK3. This specific phosphorylation alters nuclear DEK3 protein complex composition and affects nucleosome occupancy and chromatin accessibility that is translated into changes in gene expression, contributing to salt stress tolerance. These findings reveal that DEK3 phosphorylation is critical for chromatin function and cellular stress response and provide a mechanistic example of how GSK3-based signalling is directly linked to chromatin, facilitating a transcriptional response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Waidmann
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Austria
| | - Elena Petutschnig
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Austria
| | - Wilfried Rozhon
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Austria
| | - Gergely Molnár
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Health & Bioresources, Tulln, Austria
| | - Olga Popova
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Austria
| | - Karl Mechtler
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Austria
| | - Claudia Jonak
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Austria.,AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Health & Bioresources, Tulln, Austria
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3
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Mao J, Li W, Liu J, Li J. Versatile Physiological Functions of Plant GSK3-Like Kinases. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050697. [PMID: 34066668 PMCID: PMC8151121 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)-like kinases are highly conserved protein serine/threonine kinases that are grouped into four subfamilies. Similar to their mammalian homologs, these kinases are constitutively active under normal growth conditions but become inactivated in response to diverse developmental and environmental signals. Since their initial discoveries in the early 1990s, many biochemical and genetic studies were performed to investigate their physiological functions in various plant species. These studies have demonstrated that the plant GSK3-like kinases are multifunctional kinases involved not only in a wide variety of plant growth and developmental processes but also in diverse plant stress responses. Here we summarize our current understanding of the versatile physiological functions of the plant GSK3-like kinases along with their confirmed and potential substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.L.); (J.L.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Wenxin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.L.); (J.L.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.L.); (J.L.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jianming Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.L.); (J.L.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.L.)
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Fei Hu, Chen M, Zhang Y, Wang T, Ruixue Li. Molecular Characterization and Expression Patterns of Shabby-Related Kinase (MmSK) Gene of Mulberry (Morus multicaulis). RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162020050192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Jiao C, Duan Y. The Mediation of NO-Enhanced Chilling Tolerance by GSK-3 in Postharvest Peach Fruit. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-019-02367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Garagounis C, Tsikou D, Plitsi PK, Psarrakou IS, Avramidou M, Stedel C, Anagnostou M, Georgopoulou ME, Papadopoulou KK. Lotus SHAGGY-like kinase 1 is required to suppress nodulation in Lotus japonicus. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 98:228-242. [PMID: 30570783 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase/SHAGGY-like kinases (SKs) are a highly conserved family of signaling proteins that participate in many developmental, cell-differentiation, and metabolic signaling pathways in plants and animals. Here, we investigate the involvement of SKs in legume nodulation, a process requiring the integration of multiple signaling pathways. We describe a group of SKs in the model legume Lotus japonicus (LSKs), two of which respond to inoculation with the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium Mesorhizobium loti. RNAi knock-down plants and an insertion mutant for one of these genes, LSK1, display increased nodulation. Ηairy-root lines overexpressing LSK1 form only marginally fewer mature nodules compared with controls. The expression levels of genes involved in the autoregulation of nodulation (AON) mechanism are affected in LSK1 knock-down plants at low nitrate levels, both at early and late stages of nodulation. At higher levels of nitrate, these same plants show the opposite expression pattern of AON-related genes and lose the hypernodulation phenotype. Our findings reveal an additional role for the versatile SK gene family in integrating the signaling pathways governing legume nodulation, and pave the way for further study of their functions in legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine Garagounis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Enviromental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Daniela Tsikou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Enviromental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Panagiota K Plitsi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Enviromental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Ioanna S Psarrakou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Enviromental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Marianna Avramidou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Enviromental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Catalina Stedel
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Enviromental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Maria Anagnostou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Enviromental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Maria E Georgopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Enviromental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Kalliope K Papadopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Enviromental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
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Li R, Liu L, Dominic K, Wang T, Fan T, Hu F, Wang Y, Zhang L, Li L, Zhao W. Mulberry (Morus alba) MmSK gene enhances tolerance to drought stress in transgenic mulberry. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 132:603-611. [PMID: 30336380 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Shaggy-like protein kinase (SK) plays important roles in the plant growth development, signal transduction, abiotic stress and biotic stress and substance metabolism regulation. However, the exact function of the response to drought stress in mulberry with SK remains unclear. In this study, a new SK gene that was designated as MmSK (GenBank accession NO: KY348867) was isolated and cloned from mulberry (Morus alba). MmSK contains two SK conservation domains of ATP domain and Serine/Threonine protein kinases active-site signature, and belonged to GSK3/shaggy protein kinase family. The expression of MmSK in mulberry was up-regulated under various abiotic stress treatments. Meanwhile, we observed higher expression levels in the phloem contrasted with other tissues. Mulberry MmSK gene was successfully silenced by virus induced gene silencing (VIGS), and after MmSK was silenced, the expression of MmSK in pTRV2-MmSK-VIGS plant (transgenic mulberry) dropped to 34.02% compared with the negative control inoculated with empty vector pTRV2-00 (CK). Under drought stress, the soluble protein content, proline content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities in transgenic mulberry decreased in different degree compared with the CK. In contrast, the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased significantly in transgenic mulberry. With the extension of drought stress treatment time, the soluble protein content, proline content and MDA content gradually increased. The SOD activity and POD activity under drought stress gradually rose to the maximum on the fifth day and then decreased, which consistent with the change trend of MmSK gene expression. These results suggested that MmSK gene could function as a positive regulator of drought stress in mulberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Li
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, School of Biology and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, School of Biology and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kotoka Dominic
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, School of Biology and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Taichu Wang
- Sericultural Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tao Fan
- Sericultural Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fei Hu
- Plant Protection and Agro-products Safety Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Sericultural Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, School of Biology and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Long Li
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, School of Biology and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiguo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, School of Biology and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
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Jiao C, Zhu L, Gu Z. GSK-3 mediates NO-cGMP-induced isoflavone production in soybean sprouts. Food Res Int 2017; 101:203-208. [PMID: 28941685 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) in the nitric oxide-guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (NO-cGMP)-induced isoflavone production in soybean sprouts was examined. Inhibitors and donors of NO, cGMP, and GSK-3 inhibitor were added to UV-B irradiated sprouts. Results showed that NO, with cGMP, induced the expression of GSK-3 under UV-B radiation. Protein kinase G (PKG) was shown to be involved in NO-cGMP-induced GSK-3 activation. GSK-3 elevated activity and expression levels of chalcone synthase (CHS) and isoflavone synthase (IFS), and increased isoflavone accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caifeng Jiao
- College of Life Science, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, Anhui 246133, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liangliang Zhu
- College of Life Science, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, Anhui 246133, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenxin Gu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, People's Republic of China
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Piattoni CV, Ferrero DML, Dellaferrera I, Vegetti A, Iglesias AÁ. Cytosolic Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Is Phosphorylated during Seed Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:522. [PMID: 28443115 PMCID: PMC5387080 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD-GAPDH) is involved in a critical energetic step of glycolysis and also has many important functions besides its enzymatic activity. The recombinant wheat NAD-GAPDH was phosphorylated in vitro at Ser205 by a SNF1-Related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) from wheat heterotrophic (but not from photosynthetic) tissues. The S205D mutant enzyme (mimicking the phosphorylated form) exhibited a significant decrease in activity but similar affinity toward substrates. Immunodetection and activity assays showed that NAD-GAPDH is phosphorylated in vivo, the enzyme depicting different activity, abundance and phosphorylation profiles during development of seeds that mainly accumulate starch (wheat) or lipids (castor oil seed). NAD-GAPDH activity gradually increases along wheat seed development, but protein levels and phosphorylation status exhibited slight changes. Conversely, in castor oil seed, the activity slightly increased and total protein levels do not significantly change in the first half of seed development but both abruptly decreased in the second part of development, when triacylglycerol synthesis and storage begin. Interestingly, phospho-NAD-GAPDH levels reached a maximum when the seed switch their metabolism to mainly support synthesis and accumulation of carbon reserves. After this point the castor oil seed NAD-GAPDH protein levels and activity highly decreased, and the protein stability assays showed that the protein would be degraded by the proteasome. The results presented herein suggest that phosphorylation of NAD-GAPDH during seed development would have impact on the partitioning of triose-phosphate between different metabolic pathways and cell compartments to support the specific carbon, energy and reducing equivalent demands during synthesis of storage products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia V. Piattoni
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas – Universidad Nacional del Litoral) and Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (Universidad Nacional del Litoral), Centro Científico Tecnológico, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Santa FeSanta Fe, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Alberto Á. Iglesias, Claudia V. Piattoni,
| | - Danisa M. L. Ferrero
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas – Universidad Nacional del Litoral) and Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (Universidad Nacional del Litoral), Centro Científico Tecnológico, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Santa FeSanta Fe, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Dellaferrera
- Cultivos Extensivos, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, EsperanzaArgentina
| | - Abelardo Vegetti
- Morfología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, EsperanzaArgentina
| | - Alberto Á. Iglesias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas – Universidad Nacional del Litoral) and Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (Universidad Nacional del Litoral), Centro Científico Tecnológico, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Santa FeSanta Fe, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Alberto Á. Iglesias, Claudia V. Piattoni,
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Stampfl H, Fritz M, Dal Santo S, Jonak C. The GSK3/Shaggy-Like Kinase ASKα Contributes to Pattern-Triggered Immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:1366-77. [PMID: 27208232 PMCID: PMC4902580 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The first layer of immunity against pathogenic microbes relies on the detection of conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Despite the increasing knowledge of early PTI signaling mediated by PRRs and their associated proteins, many downstream signaling components remain elusive. Here, we identify the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE3 (GSK3)/Shaggy-like kinase ASKα as a positive regulator of plant immune signaling. The perception of several unrelated PAMPs rapidly induced ASKα kinase activity. Loss of ASKα attenuated, whereas its overexpression enhanced, diverse PTI responses, ultimately affecting susceptibility to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), the key enzyme of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, provides reducing equivalents important for defense responses and is a direct target of ASKα. ASKα phosphorylates cytosolic G6PD6 on an evolutionarily conserved threonine residue, thereby stimulating its activity. Plants deficient for or overexpressing G6PD6 showed a modified immune response, and the insensitivity of g6pd6 mutant plants to PAMP-induced growth inhibition was complemented by a phosphomimetic but not by a phosphonegative G6PD6 version. Overall, our data provide evidence that ASKα and G6PD6 constitute an immune signaling module downstream of PRRs, linking protein phosphorylation cascades to metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansjörg Stampfl
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria (H.S., M.F., S.D.S., C.J.); andHealth and Environment Department, Bioresources Unit, AIT-Austrian Institute of Technology, 3430 Tulln, Austria (H.S., C.J.)
| | - Marion Fritz
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria (H.S., M.F., S.D.S., C.J.); andHealth and Environment Department, Bioresources Unit, AIT-Austrian Institute of Technology, 3430 Tulln, Austria (H.S., C.J.)
| | - Silvia Dal Santo
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria (H.S., M.F., S.D.S., C.J.); andHealth and Environment Department, Bioresources Unit, AIT-Austrian Institute of Technology, 3430 Tulln, Austria (H.S., C.J.)
| | - Claudia Jonak
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria (H.S., M.F., S.D.S., C.J.); andHealth and Environment Department, Bioresources Unit, AIT-Austrian Institute of Technology, 3430 Tulln, Austria (H.S., C.J.)
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11
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Bittner T, Nadler S, Schulze E, Fischer-Iglesias C. Two homolog wheat Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/SHAGGY--like kinases are involved in brassinosteroid signaling. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:247. [PMID: 26458871 PMCID: PMC4604091 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0617-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/SHAGGY-like kinases (GSKs) are multifunctional non-receptor ser/thr kinases. Plant GSKs are involved in hormonal signaling networks and are required for growth, development, light as well as stress responses. So far, most studies have been carried out on Arabidopsis or on other eudicotyledon GSKs. Here, we evaluated the role of TaSK1 and TaSK2, two homolog wheat (Triticum aestivum) GSKs, in brassinosteroid signaling. We explored in addition the physiological effects of brassinosteroids on wheat growth and development. RESULTS A bin2-1 like gain-of-function mutation has been inserted respectively in one of the homoeologous gene copies of TaSK1 (TaSK1-A.2-1) and in one of the homoeologous gene copies of TaSK2 (TaSK2-A.2-1). Arabidopsis plants were transformed with these mutated gene copies. Severe dwarf phenotypes were obtained closely resembling those of Arabidopsis bin2-1 lines and Arabidopsis BR-deficient or BR-signaling mutants. Expression of BR downstream genes, SAUR-AC1, CPD and BAS1 was deregulated in TaSK1.2-1 and TaSK2.2-1 transgenic lines. Severe dwarf lines were partially rescued by Bikinin beforehand shown to inhibit TaSK kinase activity. This rescue was accompanied with changes in BR downstream gene expression levels. Wheat embryos and seedlings were treated with compounds interfering with BR signaling or modifying BR levels to gain insight into the role of brassinosteroids in wheat development. Embryonic axis and scutellum differentiation were impaired, and seedling growth responses were affected when embryos were treated with Epibrassinolides, Propiconazole, and Bikinin. CONCLUSIONS In view of our findings, TaSKs are proposed to be involved in BR signaling and to be orthologous of Arabidopsis Clade II GSK3/SHAGGY-like kinases. Observed effects of Epibrassinolide, Propiconazole and Bikinin treatments on wheat embryos and seedlings indicate a role for BR signaling in embryonic patterning and seedling growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bittner
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Sabine Nadler
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Eija Schulze
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Christiane Fischer-Iglesias
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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12
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Wrzaczek M, Vainonen JP, Stael S, Tsiatsiani L, Help-Rinta-Rahko H, Gauthier A, Kaufholdt D, Bollhöner B, Lamminmäki A, Staes A, Gevaert K, Tuominen H, Van Breusegem F, Helariutta Y, Kangasjärvi J. GRIM REAPER peptide binds to receptor kinase PRK5 to trigger cell death in Arabidopsis. EMBO J 2014; 34:55-66. [PMID: 25398910 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201488582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of extracellular peptides by plasma membrane-localized receptor proteins is commonly used in signal transduction. In plants, very little is known about how extracellular peptides are processed and activated in order to allow recognition by receptors. Here, we show that induction of cell death in planta by a secreted plant protein GRIM REAPER (GRI) is dependent on the activity of the type II metacaspase METACASPASE-9. GRI is cleaved by METACASPASE-9 in vitro resulting in the release of an 11 amino acid peptide. This peptide bound in vivo to the extracellular domain of the plasma membrane-localized, atypical leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase POLLEN-SPECIFIC RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 5 (PRK5) and was sufficient to induce oxidative stress/ROS-dependent cell death. This shows a signaling pathway in plants from processing and activation of an extracellular protein to recognition by its receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wrzaczek
- Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julia P Vainonen
- Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simon Stael
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liana Tsiatsiani
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hanna Help-Rinta-Rahko
- Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Adrien Gauthier
- Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David Kaufholdt
- Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Benjamin Bollhöner
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Airi Lamminmäki
- Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - An Staes
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hannele Tuominen
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Bittner T, Campagne S, Neuhaus G, Rensing SA, Fischer-Iglesias C. Identification and characterization of two wheat Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/ SHAGGY-like kinases. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:64. [PMID: 23594413 PMCID: PMC3637598 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/ SHAGGY-like kinases (GSKs) have been implicated in numerous biological processes ranging from embryonic, flower, stomata development to stress and wound responses. They are key regulators of brassinosteroid signaling and are also involved in the cross-talk between auxin and brassinosteroid pathways. In contrast to the human genome that contains two genes, plant GSKs are encoded by a multigene family. Little is known about Liliopsida resp. Poaceae in comparison to Brassicaceae GSKs. Here, we report the identification and structural characterization of two GSK homologs named TaSK1 and TaSK2 in the hexaploid wheat genome as well as a widespread phylogenetic analysis of land plant GSKs. RESULTS Genomic and cDNA sequence alignments as well as chromosome localization using nullisomic-tetrasomic lines provided strong evidence for three expressed gene copies located on homoeolog chromosomes for TaSK1 as well as for TaSK2. Predicted proteins displayed a clear GSK signature. In vitro kinase assays showed that TaSK1 and TaSK2 possessed kinase activity. A phylogenetic analysis of land plant GSKs indicated that TaSK1 and TaSK2 belong to clade II of plant GSKs, the Arabidopsis members of which are all involved in Brassinosteroid signaling. Based on a single ancestral gene in the last common ancestor of all land plants, paralogs were acquired and retained through paleopolyploidization events, resulting in six to eight genes in angiosperms. More recent duplication events have increased the number up to ten in some lineages. CONCLUSIONS To account for plant diversity in terms of functionality, morphology and development, attention has to be devoted to Liliopsida resp Poaceae GSKs in addition to Arabidopsis GSKs. In this study, molecular characterization, chromosome localization, kinase activity test and phylogenetic analysis (1) clarified the homologous/paralogous versus homoeologous status of TaSK sequences, (2) pointed out their affiliation to the GSK multigene family, (3) showed a functional kinase activity, (4) allowed a classification in clade II, members of which are involved in BR signaling and (5) allowed to gain information on acquisition and retention of GSK paralogs in angiosperms in the context of whole genome duplication events. Our results provide a framework to explore Liliopsida resp Poaceae GSKs functions in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bittner
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Campagne
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gunther Neuhaus
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan A Rensing
- Faculty of Biology & BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, D-35043 Marburg, Germany
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14
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Dal Santo S, Stampfl H, Krasensky J, Kempa S, Gibon Y, Petutschnig E, Rozhon W, Heuck A, Clausen T, Jonak C. Stress-induced GSK3 regulates the redox stress response by phosphorylating glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:3380-92. [PMID: 22885737 PMCID: PMC3462638 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.101279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Diverse stresses such as high salt conditions cause an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), necessitating a redox stress response. However, little is known about the signaling pathways that regulate the antioxidant system to counteract oxidative stress. Here, we show that a Glycogen Synthase Kinase3 from Arabidopsis thaliana (ASKα) regulates stress tolerance by activating Glc-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), which is essential for maintaining the cellular redox balance. Loss of stress-activated ASKα leads to reduced G6PD activity, elevated levels of ROS, and enhanced sensitivity to salt stress. Conversely, plants overexpressing ASKα have increased G6PD activity and low levels of ROS in response to stress and are more tolerant to salt stress. ASKα stimulates the activity of a specific cytosolic G6PD isoform by phosphorylating the evolutionarily conserved Thr-467, which is implicated in cosubstrate binding. Our results reveal a novel mechanism of G6PD adaptive regulation that is critical for the cellular stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Dal Santo
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hansjörg Stampfl
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Krasensky
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Kempa
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yves Gibon
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Bordeaux, La Grande Ferrade, 33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Elena Petutschnig
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilfried Rozhon
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Heuck
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tim Clausen
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Jonak
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Address correspondence to
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15
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Saidi Y, Hearn TJ, Coates JC. Function and evolution of 'green' GSK3/Shaggy-like kinases. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 17:39-46. [PMID: 22051150 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) proteins, also known as SHAGGY-like kinases, have many important cell signalling roles in animals, fungi and amoebae. In particular, GSK3s participate in key developmental signalling pathways and also regulate the cytoskeleton. GSK3-encoding genes are also present in all land plants and in algae and protists, raising questions about possible ancestral functions in eukaryotes. Recent studies have revealed that plant GSK3 proteins are actively implicated in hormonal signalling networks during development as well as in biotic and abiotic stress responses. In this review, we outline the mechanisms of Arabidopsis GSK3 action, summarize GSK3 functions in dicot and monocot flowering plants, and speculate on the possible functions of GSK3s in the earliest-evolving land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younousse Saidi
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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16
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Piattoni CV, Bustos DM, Guerrero SA, Iglesias AÁ. Nonphosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is phosphorylated in wheat endosperm at serine-404 by an SNF1-related protein kinase allosterically inhibited by ribose-5-phosphate. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:1337-50. [PMID: 21546456 PMCID: PMC3135918 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.177261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nonphosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (np-Ga3PDHase) is a cytosolic unconventional glycolytic enzyme of plant cells regulated by phosphorylation in heterotrophic tissues. After interaction with 14-3-3 proteins, the phosphorylated enzyme becomes less active and more sensitive to regulation by adenylates and inorganic pyrophosphate. Here, we acknowledge that in wheat (Triticum aestivum), np-Ga3PDHase is specifically phosphorylated by the SnRK (SNF1-related) protein kinase family. Interestingly, only the kinase present in heterotrophic tissues (endosperm and shoots, but not in leaves) was found active. The specific SnRK partially purified from endosperm exhibited a requirement for Mg(2+) or Mn(2+) (being Ca(2+) independent), having a molecular mass of approximately 200 kD. The kinase also phosphorylated standard peptides SAMS, AMARA, and SP46, as well as endogenous sucrose synthase, results suggesting that it could be a member of the SnRK1 subfamily. Concurrently, the partially purified wheat SnRK was recognized by antibodies raised against a peptide conserved between SnRK1s from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and maize (Zea mays) developing seeds. The wheat kinase was allosterically inhibited by ribose-5-phosphate and, to a lesser extent, by fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate, while glucose-6-phosphate (the main effector of spinach [Spinacia oleracea] leaves, SnRK1) and trehalose-6-phosphate produced little or no effect. Results support a distinctive allosteric regulation of SnRK1 present in photosynthetic or heterotrophic plant tissues. After in silico analysis, we constructed two np-Ga3PDHase mutants, S404A and S447A, identifying serine-404 as the target of phosphorylation. Results suggest that both np-Ga3PDHase and the specific kinase could be under control, critically affecting the metabolic scenario involving carbohydrates and reducing power partition and storage in heterotrophic plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alberto Álvaro Iglesias
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional del Litoral), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Paraje “El Pozo,” S3000ZAA Santa Fe, Argentina (C.V.P., S.A.G., A.A.I.); Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), 7130 Chascomus, Argentina (D.M.B.)
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17
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Peng P, Zhao J, Zhu Y, Asami T, Li J. A direct docking mechanism for a plant GSK3-like kinase to phosphorylate its substrates. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:24646-53. [PMID: 20522560 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.142547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase that plays important roles in a variety of physiological and developmental processes in animals. It is well known that the GSK3 kinase-catalyzed protein phosphorylation often requires a stable kinase-substrate docking interaction, which is achieved mainly by two mechanisms as follows: priming phosphorylation of a substrate by a distinct kinase to create a docking phosphate group and scaffold protein-mediated protein complex formation. Brassinosteroid-INsensitive 2 (BIN2) is an Arabidopsis GSK3-like kinase that negatively regulates brassinosteroid (BR) signaling by phosphorylating BES1 (bri1 EMS suppressor 1) and BZR1 (brassinazole-resistant 1), two highly similar transcription factors critical for bringing about characteristic BR responses. However, little is known about the biochemical mechanism by which BIN2 phosphorylates its substrates. Here, we show that BIN2 interacts directly with BZR1 through a 12-amino acid BIN2-docking motif adjacent to the C terminus of BZR1. Interestingly, this 12-amino acid motif is sufficient to allow a Drosophila GSK3 substrate Armadillo to be phosphorylated by BIN2 in vitro. Deletion of this motif inhibits the phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of BZR1 in vivo, resulting in phenotypic suppression of a hypermorphic bin2 mutation and enhanced resistance to a BR biosynthesis inhibitor. We thus concluded that BIN2 utilizes a direct kinase-substrate docking mechanism to phosphorylate BZR1 and regulate its protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Peng
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1048, USA
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18
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Zhang C, Zhao H, Liu Y, Li Q, Liu X, Tan H, Yuan C, Dong Y. Isolation and characterization of a novel glycogen synthase kinase-3 gene, GmGSK, in Glycine max L. that enhances abiotic stress tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Lett 2010; 32:861-6. [PMID: 20155384 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-010-0220-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel glycogen synthase kinase-3 gene, GmGSK, was isolated from Glycine max. It is 1,596 bp in length with one ORF of 410 amino acids. Southern blot analysis revealed that it has at least two copies in the G. max genome. GmGSK, when transiently expressed in Nicotiana tabacum leaves, was localized in both cell membrane and cytoplasm. Northern blot analysis indicated that GmGSK is expressed in all tissues, with highest expression in the root. GmGSK can be induced by various abiotic stresses. When transformed with GmGSK, Saccharomyces cerevisiae exhibited enhanced resistance to salt and drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbao Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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19
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Rozhon W, Mayerhofer J, Petutschnig E, Fujioka S, Jonak C. ASKtheta, a group-III Arabidopsis GSK3, functions in the brassinosteroid signalling pathway. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 62:215-23. [PMID: 20128883 PMCID: PMC2881309 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant hormones that regulate many processes including cell elongation, leaf development, pollen tube growth and xylem differentiation. GSK3/shaggy-like kinases (GSK) are critical regulators of intracellular signalling initiated by the binding of BR to the BRI1 receptor complex. Three GSKs have already been shown to relay BR responses, including phosphorylation of the transcriptional regulator BES1. However, recent studies indicate that one or more yet unidentified protein kinases are involved in BR signalling. Here, we show that the in vivo protein kinase activity of the group-III GSK, ASKtheta, was negatively regulated by BRI1. Arabidopsis thaliana plants with enhanced ASKtheta activity displayed a bri1-like phenotype. ASKtheta overexpressors accumulated high levels of brassinolide, castasterone and typhasterol, and were insensitive to BR. ASKtheta localized to the nucleus and directly phosphorylated BES1 and BZR1. Moreover, the BES1/BZR1-like transcription factor BEH2 was isolated as an ASKtheta interaction partner in a yeast two-hybrid screen. ASKtheta phosphorylated BEH2 both in vitro and in vivo. Overall, these data provide strong evidence that ASKtheta is a novel component of the BR signalling cascade, targeting the transcription factors BES1, BZR1 and BEH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Rozhon
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of SciencesDr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Juliane Mayerhofer
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of SciencesDr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elena Petutschnig
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of SciencesDr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Shozo Fujioka
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako-shiSaitama 351–0198, Japan
| | - Claudia Jonak
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of SciencesDr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- *For correspondence (fax +43 1 79044 23 9850; e-mail )
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20
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Lecourieux F, Lecourieux D, Vignault C, Delrot S. A sugar-inducible protein kinase, VvSK1, regulates hexose transport and sugar accumulation in grapevine cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 152:1096-106. [PMID: 19923236 PMCID: PMC2815899 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.149138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In grapevine (Vitis vinifera), as in many crops, soluble sugar content is a major component of yield and economical value. This paper identifies and characterizes a Glycogen Synthase Kinase3 protein kinase, cloned from a cDNA library of grape Cabernet Sauvignon berries harvested at the ripening stage. This gene, called VvSK1, was mainly expressed in flowers, berries, and roots. In the berries, it was strongly expressed at postvéraison, when the berries accumulate glucose, fructose, and abscisic acid. In grapevine cell suspensions, VvSK1 transcript abundance is increased by sugars and abscisic acid. In transgenic grapevine cells overexpressing VvSK1, the expression of four monosaccharide transporters (VvHT3, VvHT4, VvHT5, and VvHT6) was up-regulated, the rate of glucose uptake was increased 3- to 5-fold, and the amount of glucose and sucrose accumulation was more than doubled, while the starch amount was not affected. This work provides, to our knowledge, the first example of the control of sugar uptake and accumulation by a sugar-inducible protein kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Lecourieux
- UMR Ecophysiology and Grape Functional Genomics, University of Bordeaux, INRA, Institut des Sciences de Vigne et du Vin, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
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21
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Yan Z, Zhao J, Peng P, Chihara RK, Li J. BIN2 functions redundantly with other Arabidopsis GSK3-like kinases to regulate brassinosteroid signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 150:710-21. [PMID: 19395409 PMCID: PMC2689954 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.138099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE3 (GSK3) is a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase involved in a variety of developmental signaling processes. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome encodes 10 GSK3-like kinases that are clustered into four groups. Forward genetic screens have so far uncovered eight mutants, all of which carry gain-of-function mutations in BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE2 (BIN2), one of the three members in group II. Genetic and biochemical studies have implicated a negative regulatory role for BIN2 in brassinosteroid (BR) signaling. Here, we report the identification of eight ethyl methanesulfonate-mutagenized loss-of-function bin2 alleles and one T-DNA insertional mutation each for BIN2 and its two closest homologs, BIN2-Like1 and BIN2-Like2. Our genetic, biochemical, and physiological assays revealed that despite functional redundancy, BIN2 plays a dominant role among the three group II members in regulating BR signaling. Surprisingly, the bin2bil1bil2 triple T-DNA insertional mutant still responds to BR and accumulates a more phosphorylated form of a BIN2 substrate than the wild-type plant. Using the specific GSK3 inhibitor lithium chloride, we have provided strong circumstantial evidence for the involvement of other Arabidopsis GSK3-like kinases in BR signaling. Interestingly, lithium chloride treatment was able to suppress the gain-of-function bin2-1 mutation but had a much weaker effect on a strong BR receptor mutant, suggesting the presence of a BIN2-independent regulatory step downstream of BR receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyan Yan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1048, USA
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22
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Koh S, Lee SC, Kim MK, Koh JH, Lee S, An G, Choe S, Kim SR. T-DNA tagged knockout mutation of rice OsGSK1, an orthologue of Arabidopsis BIN2, with enhanced tolerance to various abiotic stresses. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 65:453-66. [PMID: 17690841 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-007-9213-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
T-DNA-tagged rice plants were screened under cold- or salt-stress conditions to determine the genes involved in the molecular mechanism for their abiotic-stress response. Line 0-165-65 was identified as a salt-responsive line. The gene responsible for this GUS-positive phenotype was revealed by inverse PCR as OsGSK1 (Oryza sativa glycogen synthase kinase3-like gene 1), a member of the plant GSK3/SHAGGY-like protein kinase genes and an orthologue of the Arabidopsis brassinosteroid insensitive 2 (BIN2), AtSK21. Northern blot analysis showed that OsGSK1 was most highly detected in the developing panicles, suggesting that its expression is developmental stage specific. Knockout (KO) mutants of OsGSK1 showed enhanced tolerance to cold, heat, salt, and drought stresses when compared with non-transgenic segregants (NT). Overexpression of the full-length OsGSK1 led to a stunted growth phenotype similar to the one observed with the gain-of-function BIN/AtSK21 mutant. This suggests that OsGSK1 might be a functional rice orthologue that serves as a negative regulator of brassinosteroid (BR)-signaling. Therefore, we propose that stress-responsive OsGSK1 may have physiological roles in stress signal-transduction pathways and floral developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serry Koh
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea
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23
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Altiok N, Mezzadra H, Patel P, Koyuturk M, Altiok S. A plant oxylipin, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, inhibits proliferation of human breast cancer cells by targeting cyclin D1. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 109:315-23. [PMID: 17638069 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9658-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin D1 overexpression has been associated with poor prognosis and resistance to therapy in human breast cancer. Thus, the development of therapeutic agents that selectively target cyclin D1 activity is of clinical interest. This study demonstrates that 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), a phytohormone with critical functions in growth and development in plants, induces growth arrest in MDA-MB-231 and T47D breast cancer cells. In response to OPDA treatment, the human breast cancer cell lines exhibit a progressive decline in cyclin D1 expression, which is tightly associated with the accumulation of hypophosphorylated form of the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) and G1 arrest. The decrease in cyclin D1 protein expression accompanies a dramatic decline in nuclear but not membranous beta-catenin expression and activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3-beta (GSK3beta) caused by inhibition of its serine-9 phosphorylation. The proteasome inhibitor MG132 blocks OPDA-mediated decrease in cyclin D1. In addition, the overexpression of T286A, a cyclin D1 mutant which is refractory to phosphorylation by GSK3beta and proteosomal degradation, is resistant to OPDA-mediated Rb dephosphorylation as well as G(1) cell cycle arrest. Thus, our results demonstrate that degradation of cyclin D1 protein is a key event in OPDA induced growth inhibition in breast cancer cells. These data provide the basic foundation for future efforts to develop OPDA-based approaches in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer and other types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedret Altiok
- Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul Science University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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24
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Kempa S, Rozhon W, Šamaj J, Erban A, Baluška F, Becker T, Haselmayer J, Schleiff E, Kopka J, Hirt H, Jonak C. A plastid-localized glycogen synthase kinase 3 modulates stress tolerance and carbohydrate metabolism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 49:1076-90. [PMID: 17319843 PMCID: PMC1865003 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.03025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2006] [Revised: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 11/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) was originally identified as a regulator of glycogen synthesis in mammals. Like starch in plants, glycogen is a polymer of glucose, and serves as an energy and carbon store. Starch is the main carbohydrate store in plants. Regulation of starch metabolism, in particular in response to environmental cues, is of primary importance for carbon and energy flow in plants but is still obscure. Here, we provide evidence that MsK4, a novel Medicago sativa GSK-3-like kinase, connects stress signalling with carbon metabolism. MsK4 was found to be a plastid-localized protein kinase that is associated with starch granules. High-salt stress rapidly induced the in vivo kinase activity of MsK4. Metabolic profiling of MsK4 over-expressor lines revealed changes in sugar metabolism, including increased amounts of maltose, the main degradation product of starch in leaves. Plants over-expressing MsK4 showed improved tolerance to salt stress. Moreover, under high-salinity conditions, MsK4-over-expressing plants accumulated significantly more starch and showed modified carbohydrate content compared with wild-type plants. Overall, these data indicate that MsK4 is an important regulator that adjusts carbohydrate metabolism to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kempa
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BiocenterDr Bohrgasse 3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilfried Rozhon
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BiocenterDr Bohrgasse 3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of SciencesAkademická 2, PO Box 39A, SK-950 07 Nitra, Slovak Republic
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of BonnKirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Erban
- Max Plank Institute of Molecular Plant BiologyAm Mühlenberg 1, D-14467 Golm, Germany
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of BonnKirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Becker
- Department of Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University MunichMenzinger Straße 67, D-80638 Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim Haselmayer
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna BiocenterDr Bohrgasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Enrico Schleiff
- Department of Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University MunichMenzinger Straße 67, D-80638 Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max Plank Institute of Molecular Plant BiologyAm Mühlenberg 1, D-14467 Golm, Germany
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna BiocenterDr Bohrgasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Jonak
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BiocenterDr Bohrgasse 3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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25
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Wrzaczek M, Rozhon W, Jonak C. A Proteasome-regulated Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Modulates Disease Response in Plants. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:5249-55. [PMID: 17179144 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610135200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a key player in various important signaling pathways in animals. The activity of GSK-3 is known to be modulated by protein phosphorylation and differential complex formation. However, little information is available regarding the function and regulation of plant GSK-3/shaggy-like kinases (GSKs). Analysis of the in vivo kinase activity of MsK1, a GSK from Medicago sativa, revealed that MsK1 is active in healthy plants and that MsK1 activity is down-regulated by the elicitor cellulase in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Surprisingly, cellulase treatment triggered the degradation of the MsK1 protein in a proteasome-dependent manner suggesting a novel mechanism of GSK-3 regulation. Inhibition of MsK1 kinase activity and degradation of the protein were two successive processes that could be uncoupled. In a transgenic approach, stimulus-induced inhibition of MsK1 was impeded by constant replenishment of MsK1 by a strong constitutive promoter. MsK1 overexpressing plants exhibited enhanced disease susceptibility to the virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. MAP kinase activation in response to pathogen infection was compromised in plants with elevated MsK1 levels. These data strongly suggest that tight regulation of the plant GSK-3, MsK1, may be important for innate immunity to limit the severity of virulent bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wrzaczek
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohrgasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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26
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Yoo MJ, Albert VA, Soltis PS, Soltis DE. Phylogenetic diversification of glycogen synthase kinase 3/SHAGGY-like kinase genes in plants. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2006; 6:3. [PMID: 16504046 PMCID: PMC1524769 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-6-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 02/21/2006] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)/SHAGGY-like kinases (GSKs) are non-receptor serine/threonine protein kinases that are involved in a variety of biological processes. In contrast to the two members of the GSK3 family in mammals, plants appear to have a much larger set of divergent GSK genes. Plant GSKs are encoded by a multigene family; analysis of the Arabidopsis genome revealed the existence of 10 GSK genes that fall into four major groups. Here we characterized the structure of Arabidopsis and rice GSK genes and conducted the first broad phylogenetic analysis of the plant GSK gene family, covering a taxonomically diverse array of algal and land plant sequences. RESULTS We found that the structure of GSK genes is generally conserved in Arabidopsis and rice, although we documented examples of exon expansion and intron loss. Our phylogenetic analyses of 139 sequences revealed four major clades of GSK genes that correspond to the four subgroups initially recognized in Arabidopsis. ESTs from basal angiosperms were represented in all four major clades; GSK homologs from the basal angiosperm Persea americana (avocado) appeared in all four clades. Gymnosperm sequences occurred in clades I, III, and IV, and a sequence of the red alga Porphyra was sister to all green plant sequences. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that (1) the plant-specific GSK gene lineage was established early in the history of green plants, (2) plant GSKs began to diversify prior to the origin of extant seed plants, (3) three of the four major clades of GSKs present in Arabidopsis and rice were established early in the evolutionary history of extant seed plants, and (4) diversification into four major clades (as initially reported in Arabidopsis) occurred either just prior to the origin of the angiosperms or very early in angiosperm history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Jeong Yoo
- Department of Botany, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Victor A Albert
- The Natural History Museums and Botanical Garden, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1172 Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Pamela S Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Douglas E Soltis
- Department of Botany and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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27
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Richard O, Paquet N, Haudecoeur E, Charrier B. Organization and Expression of the GSK3/Shaggy Kinase Gene Family in the Moss Physcomitrella patens Suggest Early Gene Multiplication in Land Plants and an Ancestral Response to Osmotic Stress. J Mol Evol 2005; 61:99-113. [PMID: 16007489 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-004-0302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2004] [Accepted: 03/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
GSK3/Shaggy kinases are involved in a wide range of fundamental processes in animal development and metabolism. In angiosperm plants, these kinases are encoded by moderate-sized gene families, which appear to have a complex set of functions. Here, we present the characterization of five members of the GSK3/Shaggy gene family in the bryophyte Physcomitrella patens. The P. patens GSK3/Shaggy kinases (PpSK) are organized in a group of closely related paralogues with respect to their gene sequence and structure. Indeed, a phylogenetic analysis of the GSK3/Shaggy kinase sequences from plants and animals showed that the five PpSK proteins are monophyletic, and closer to subgroups I and IV described in angiosperms. Expression analyses performed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR on a wide range of growing conditions showed that PpSK genes responded only to either desiccation, PEG or sorbitol. As demonstrated by both inductions of marker genes and protonemal cell plasmolyses, these treatments resulted in a hyperosmotic stress. Altogether, these data suggest that (1) GSK3/Shaggy kinase gene multiplication occurred early in plant evolution, before the separation between bryophytes and vascular plants, and (2) both gene loss and duplication occurred in the ancestor of P. patens along with functional gene diversification in angiosperms. However, conservation of the transcriptional responses between Physcomitrella and Arabidopsis suggests the identification of an ancestral response of the GSK3/Shaggy kinases genes to osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Richard
- Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Bât. 630, UMR CNRS 8618, Université Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
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28
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Xiao JF, Li ZS, Sun M, Zhang Y, Sun CC. Homology modeling and molecular dynamics study of GSK3/SHAGGY-like kinase. Comput Biol Chem 2004; 28:179-88. [PMID: 15261148 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2004.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2003] [Revised: 02/10/2004] [Accepted: 02/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the GSK3/SHAGGY-like kinase is a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase implicated in many signaling pathways in eukaryotes, the lack of knowledge of its three-dimensional (3D) structure has hindered efforts to understand the binding specificities of substrate and catalytic mechanism. To understand the structure-activity relationships, the protein 3D structure was built by using homology modeling based on the known X-ray diffraction structure of Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (Gsk3beta) and the model structure was further refined using unrestrained molecular dynamics simulations. The research indicates that the general 3D organization of the GSK3/SHAGGY-like kinase is a typical kinase family and comprises an N-terminal domain of beta-sheet and a larger C-terminal domain mainly constituted by alpha-helix. In order to understand the molecular interactions between the natural substrate-ATP and GSK3/SHAGGY-like kinase, a 3D model of the complex ATP-GSK3/SHAGGY-like kinase is developed by molecular docking program, which is helpful to guide the experimental realization and the new mutant designs as well. One important finding is that the identification of the key binding-site residue of Lys69 which plays an important role in the catalysis of GSK3/SHAGGY-like kinase and this is in consistent with experimental observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Fa Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, PR China
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29
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Champion A, Kreis M, Mockaitis K, Picaud A, Henry Y. Arabidopsis kinome: after the casting. Funct Integr Genomics 2004; 4:163-87. [PMID: 14740254 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-003-0096-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2003] [Revised: 09/22/2003] [Accepted: 11/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana is used as a favourite experimental organism for many aspects of plant biology. We capitalized on the recently available Arabidopsis genome sequence and predicted proteome, to draw up a genome-scale protein serine/threonine kinase (PSTK) inventory. The PSTKs represent about 4% of the A. thaliana proteome. In this study, we provide a description of the content and diversity of the non-receptor PSTKs. These kinases have crucial functions in sensing, mediating and coordinating cellular responses to an extensive range of stimuli. A total of 369 predicted non receptor PSTKs were detailed: the Raf superfamily, the CMGC, CaMK, AGC and STE families, as well as a few small clades and orphan sequences. An extensive relationship analysis of these kinases allows us to classify the proteins in superfamilies, families, sub-families and groups. The classification provides a better knowledge of the characteristics shared by the different clades. We focused on the MAP kinase module elements, with particular attention to their docking sites for protein-protein interaction and their biological function. The large number of A. thaliana genes encoding kinases might have been achieved through successive rounds of gene and genome duplications. The evolution towards an increasing gene number suggests that functional redundancy plays an important role in plant genetic robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Champion
- Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Bâtiment 630, UMR CNRS/UPS 8618, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
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30
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Dat JF, Pellinen R, Beeckman T, Van De Cotte B, Langebartels C, Kangasjärvi J, Inzé D, Van Breusegem F. Changes in hydrogen peroxide homeostasis trigger an active cell death process in tobacco. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 33:621-32. [PMID: 12609037 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In transgenic tobacco plants with reduced catalase activity, high levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can accumulate under photorespiratory conditions. Such a perturbation in H2O2 homeostasis induced cell death in clusters of palisade parenchyma cells, primarily along the veins. Ultrastructural alterations, such as chromatin condensation and disruption of mitochondrial integrity, took place before cell death. Furthermore, enhanced transcript levels of mitochondrial defense genes accompanied these mitochondrial changes. Pharmacological data indicated that the initiation and execution of cell death require de novo protein synthesis and that the signal transduction pathway leading to cell death involved changes in ion homeostasis, (de)phosphorylation events and an oxidative burst, as observed during hypersensitive responses. This oxidase-dependent oxidative burst is essential for cell death, but it is not required for the accumulation of defense proteins, suggesting a more prominent role for the oxidative burst in abiotic stress-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Dat
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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31
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Silva NF, Goring DR. The proline-rich, extensin-like receptor kinase-1 (PERK1) gene is rapidly induced by wounding. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 50:667-685. [PMID: 12374299 DOI: 10.1023/a:1019951120788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report the isolation and characterization of PERKI (Proline Extensin-like Receptor Kinase 1), a novel plant RLK from Brassica napus that is predicted to consist of a proline-rich extracellular domain with sequence similarity to extensins, a transmembrane region, and a catalytic domain possessing serine/threonine kinase activity. Database searches with the predicted PERK1 amino acid sequence also led to the identification of a predicted family of related genes in the Arabidopsis genome. Using biolistic bombardment of onion epidermal cells, we have shown that a PERK1-GFP fusion is localized to the plasma membrane as predicted for a receptor kinase. Given the similarity of PERK1's extracellular domain to extensins, a possible role in plant defense responses was investigated by treating B. napus tissue with mechanical stresses and infection with the fungal pathogen, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Various wounding stimuli resulted in a dramatic and rapid accumulation of PERK1 mRNA. Levels of PERK1 mRNA also increased moderately in response to infection by the fungal pathogen S. sclerotiorum. Given the kinetics of PERK1 mRNA accumulation in response to these treatments, PERK1 may be involved early on in the general perception and response to a wound and/or pathogen stimulus.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Ascomycota/growth & development
- Blotting, Southern
- Brassica napus/enzymology
- Brassica napus/genetics
- Brassica napus/microbiology
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Onions/cytology
- Onions/genetics
- Phosphorylation
- Phylogeny
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Proline/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Stress, Mechanical
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy F Silva
- Department of Botany, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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32
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Charrier B, Champion A, Henry Y, Kreis M. Expression profiling of the whole Arabidopsis shaggy-like kinase multigene family by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 130:577-90. [PMID: 12376626 PMCID: PMC166588 DOI: 10.1104/pp.009175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2002] [Accepted: 06/25/2002] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The recent publication of the complete sequence of the Arabidopsis genome allowed us to identify and characterize the last two members of the SHAGGY-like kinase (AtSK) gene family. As a result, the study of the overall spatio-temporal organization of the whole AtSK family in Arabidopsis has become an achievable and necessary aim to understand the role of each SHAGGY-like kinase during plant development. An analysis of the transcript level of the 10 members of the family has been performed using the technique of real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Transcript levels in several organs, under different growth conditions, were analyzed. To calibrate the results obtained, a number of other genes, such as those coding for the two MAP3Kepsilons and the two MAP4Kalphas, as well as the stress response marker RD29A; the small subunit of the Rubisco photosynthetic enzyme Ats1A; the MEDEA chromatin remodeling factor; and the SCARECROW, ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 1, and SUPERMAN transcription factors all involved in key steps of plant development were used. The analysis of our data revealed that eight of the 10 genes of the AtSK family displayed a pseudo-constitutive expression pattern at the organ level. Conversely, AtSK13 responded to osmotic changes and saline treatment, whereas AtSK31 was flower specific and responded to osmotic changes and darkness.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological/drug effects
- Adaptation, Physiological/genetics
- Adaptation, Physiological/radiation effects
- Arabidopsis/enzymology
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/growth & development
- Arabidopsis Proteins/drug effects
- Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics
- Arabidopsis Proteins/radiation effects
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/radiation effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/radiation effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/radiation effects
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/analogs & derivatives
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/drug effects
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/genetics
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/radiation effects
- Light
- Osmotic Pressure/drug effects
- Phylogeny
- Polyethylene Glycols/pharmacology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Sodium Chloride/pharmacology
- Stress, Mechanical
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Water/pharmacology
- Water/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Charrier
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Bâtiment 630, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 8618, Université Paris-Sud (XI), 91405 Orsay cedex, France.
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33
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Jonak C, Hirt H. Glycogen synthase kinase 3/SHAGGY-like kinases in plants: an emerging family with novel functions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2002; 7:457-61. [PMID: 12399181 DOI: 10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Animal glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3)/SHAGGY kinases have been studied for more than 20 years, whereas plant glycogen synthase kinase 3/SHAGGY-like kinases (GSKs) have only recently entered the scene. Present evidence indicates that plant GSKs are involved in different processes, such as flower development, brassinosteroid signaling, NaCl stress and wound responses. In contrast to mammals, which contain two genes, plants have a multigene family of GSKs. Analysis of the Arabidopsis genome revealed the existence of ten GSK genes that fall into four distinct subfamilies. We discuss the functions and mechanisms of GSK action in plants and other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Jonak
- Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Vienna Biocenter, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohrgasse 9, Wien, Austria.
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34
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Droillard M, Boudsocq M, Barbier-Brygoo H, Laurière C. Different protein kinase families are activated by osmotic stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspensions. Involvement of the MAP kinases AtMPK3 and AtMPK6. FEBS Lett 2002; 527:43-50. [PMID: 12220631 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Five Ca(2+)-independent protein kinases were rapidly activated by hypoosmotic stress, moderate or high hyperosmolarity induced by several osmolytes, sucrose, mannitol or NaCl. Three of these kinases, transiently activated by hypoosmolarity, recognised by anti-phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase antibodies, sensitive to a MAP kinase inhibitor and inactivated by the action of a tyrosine phosphatase, corresponded to MAP kinases. Using specific antibodies, two of the MAP kinases were identified as AtMPK6 and AtMPK3. The two other protein kinases, durably activated by high hyperosmolarity, did not belong to the MAP kinase family. Activation of AtMPK6 and AtMPK3 by hypoosmolarity depended on upstream protein kinases sensitive to staurosporine and on calcium influx. In contrast, these two transduction steps were not involved in the activation of the two protein kinases activated by high hyperosmolarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Droillard
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR 2355, CNRS, 1 av. de la terrasse, 91198 Cedex, Gif s/Yvette, France
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35
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Tavares R, Vidal J, van Lammeren A, Kreis M. AtSKtheta, a plant homologue of SGG/GSK-3 marks developing tissues in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 50:261-71. [PMID: 12175018 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016009831678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana AtSK sub-family of serine threonine protein kinases groups 10 homologues of SHAGGY/GSK-3. Previous results obtained with different plant members of the SHAGGY/GSK-3 family strongly suggest that these proteins are involved in cell differentiation and stress responses. In order to gain further insight into the biological functions of this family in A. thaliana, polyclonal antibodies were raised against specific domains of the AtSKtheta protein. The antibodies were purified and used in immunolocalization studies in various tissues of A. thaliana. Our results show that the protein is located in the cell nuclei of various developing organs. Differential protein localization profiles were found in some of the observed tissues, notably during gametophyte and embryo development. Based on this protein location pattern, and on what is known about the mammalian members of the GSK-3 family, we suggest that AtSKtheta may have a role in the regulation of transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tavares
- Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes (IBP), Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Université de Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8618, 91405 Orsay, France
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36
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Rudrabhatla P, Rajasekharan R. Developmentally regulated dual-specificity kinase from peanut that is induced by abiotic stresses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 130:380-90. [PMID: 12226517 PMCID: PMC166570 DOI: 10.1104/pp.005173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2002] [Revised: 04/17/2002] [Accepted: 04/26/2002] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine (Tyr) phosphorylation represents an important biochemical mechanism to regulate many cellular processes. No Tyr kinase has been cloned so far in plants. Dual-specificity kinases are reported in plants and the function of these kinases remains unknown. A 1.7-kb cDNA that encodes serine/threonine/Tyr (STY) kinase was isolated by screening peanut (Arachis hypogaea) expression library using the anti-phospho-Tyr antibody. The histidine-tagged recombinant kinase histidine-6-STY predominantly autophosphorylated on Tyr and phosphorylated the histone primarily on threonine. Genomic DNA gel-blot analysis revealed that STY kinase is a member of a small multigene family. The transcript of STY kinase is accumulated in the mid-maturation stage of seed development, suggesting a role in the signaling of storage of seed reserves. The STY kinase mRNA expression, as well as kinase activity, markedly increased in response to cold and salt treatments; however, no change in the protein level was observed, suggesting a posttranslational activation mechanism. The activation of the STY kinase is detected after 12 to 48 h of cold and salt treatments, which indicates that the kinase may not participate in the initial response to abiotic stresses, but may play a possible role in the adaptive process to adverse conditions. The transcript levels and kinase activity were unaltered with abscisic acid treatment, suggesting an abscisic acid-independent cold and salt signaling pathway. Here, we report the first identification of a non-MAP kinase cascade dual-specificity kinase involved in abiotic stress and seed development.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Arachis/enzymology
- Arachis/genetics
- Arachis/growth & development
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sodium Chloride/pharmacology
- Stress, Mechanical
- Substrate Specificity
- Temperature
- Transcriptional Activation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvathi Rudrabhatla
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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37
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Abstract
GSK3/SHAGGY is a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase implicated in many signaling pathways in eukaryotes. Although many GSK3/SHAGGY-like kinases have been identified in plants, little is known about their functions in plant growth and development. Here we show that the Arabidopsis BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 2 (BIN2) gene encodes a GSK3/SHAGGY-like kinase. Gain-of-function mutations within its coding sequence or its overexpression inhibit brassinosteroid (BR) signaling, resulting in plants that resemble BR-deficient and BR-response mutants. In contrast, reduced BIN2 expression via cosuppression partially rescues a weak BR-signaling mutation. Thus, BIN2 acts as a negative regulator to control steroid signaling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA
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