1
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Jiang H, Xie L, Gu Z, Mei H, Wang H, Zhang J, Wang M, Xu Y, Zhou C, Han L. MtPIN4 plays critical roles in amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism of seed in Medicago truncatula. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:689-704. [PMID: 38701004 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The regulation of seed development is critical for determining crop yield. Auxins are vital phytohormones that play roles in various aspects of plant growth and development. However, its role in amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism in seeds is not fully understood. In this study, we identified a mutant with small seeds through forward genetic screening in Medicago truncatula. The mutated gene encodes MtPIN4, an ortholog of PIN1. Using molecular approaches and integrative omics analyses, we discovered that auxin and amino acid content significantly decreased in mtpin4 seeds, highlighting the role of MtPIN4-mediated auxin distribution in amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism. Furthermore, genetic analysis revealed that the three orthologs of PIN1 have specific and overlapping functions in various developmental processes in M. truncatula. Our findings emphasize the significance of MtPIN4 in seed development and offer insights into the molecular mechanisms governing the regulation of seed size in crops. This knowledge could be applied to enhance crop quality by targeted manipulation of seed protein regulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiao Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqun Gu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P.R. China
| | - Hongyao Mei
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P.R. China
| | - Haohao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P.R. China
| | - Minmin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P.R. China
| | - Yiteng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P.R. China
| | - Chuanen Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P.R. China
| | - Lu Han
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, P.R. China
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2
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Li Q, Liu N, Wu C. Novel insights into maize (Zea mays) development and organogenesis for agricultural optimization. PLANTA 2023; 257:94. [PMID: 37031436 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In maize, intrinsic hormone activities and sap fluxes facilitate organogenesis patterning and plant holistic development; these hormone movements should be a primary focus of developmental biology and agricultural optimization strategies. Maize (Zea mays) is an important crop plant with distinctive life history characteristics and structural features. Genetic studies have extended our knowledge of maize developmental processes, genetics, and molecular ecophysiology. In this review, the classical life cycle and life history strategies of maize are analyzed to identify spatiotemporal organogenesis properties and develop a definitive understanding of maize development. The actions of genes and hormones involved in maize organogenesis and sex determination, along with potential molecular mechanisms, are investigated, with findings suggesting central roles of auxin and cytokinins in regulating maize holistic development. Furthermore, investigation of morphological and structural characteristics of maize, particularly node ubiquity and the alternate attachment pattern of lateral organs, yields a novel regulatory model suggesting that maize organ initiation and subsequent development are derived from the stimulation and interaction of auxin and cytokinin fluxes. Propositions that hormone activities and sap flow pathways control organogenesis are thoroughly explored, and initiation and development processes of distinctive maize organs are discussed. Analysis of physiological factors driving hormone and sap movement implicates cues of whole-plant activity for hormone and sap fluxes to stimulate maize inflorescence initiation and organ identity determination. The physiological origins and biogenetic mechanisms underlying maize floral sex determination occurring at the tassel and ear spikelet are thoroughly investigated. The comprehensive outline of maize development and morphogenetic physiology developed in this review will enable farmers to optimize field management and will provide a reference for de novo crop domestication and germplasm improvement using genome editing biotechnologies, promoting agricultural optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Li
- Crop Genesis and Novel Agronomy Center, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Ning Liu
- Shandong ZhongnongTiantai Seed Co., Ltd, Pingyi, 273300, Shandong, China
| | - Chenglai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
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3
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Li M, Lv M, Wang X, Cai Z, Yao H, Zhang D, Li H, Zhu M, Du W, Wang R, Wang Z, Kui H, Hou S, Li J, Yi J, Gou X. The EPFL-ERf-SERK signaling controls integument development in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:186-201. [PMID: 36564978 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As the seed precursor, the ovule produces the female gametophyte (or embryo sac), and the subsequent double fertilization occurs in it. The integuments emerge sequentially from the integument primordia at the early stages of ovule development and finally enwrap the embryo sac gradually during gametogenesis, protecting and nursing the embryo sac. However, the mechanisms regulating integument development are still obscure. In this study, we show that SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASES (SERKs) play essential roles during integument development in Arabidopsis thaliana. The serk1/2/3 triple mutant shows arrested integuments and abnormal embryo sacs, similar defects also found in the triple loss-of-function mutants of ERECTA family (ERf) genes. Ovules of serk1/2/3 er erl1/2 show defects similar to er erl1/2 and serk1/2/3. Results of yeast two-hybrid analyses, bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) analyses, and co-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that SERKs interact with ERf, which depends on EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR-LIKE (EPFL) family small peptides. The sextuple mutant epfl1/2/3/4/5/6 shows integument defects similar to both of er erl1/2 and serk1/2/3. Our results demonstrate that ERf-SERK-mediated EPFL signaling orchestrates the development of the female gametophyte and the surrounding sporophytic integuments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meizhen Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Minghui Lv
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Zeping Cai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
- College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Hongrui Yao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Dongyang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Huiqiang Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Mingsong Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Wenbin Du
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Ruoshi Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Hong Kui
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Suiwen Hou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Jia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Jing Yi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Xiaoping Gou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
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Hu X, Yu P, Zhang Y, Gao Z, Sun B, Wu W, Deng C, Abbas A, Hong Y, Sun L, Liu Q, Xue P, Wang B, Zhan X, Cao L, Cheng S. Mutation of DEFECTIVE EMBRYO SAC1 results in a low seed-setting rate in rice by regulating embryo sac development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:1501-1516. [PMID: 36651501 PMCID: PMC10010608 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The seed-setting rate has a significant effect on grain yield in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Embryo sac development is essential for seed setting; however, the molecular mechanism underlying this process remains unclear. Here, we isolated defective embryo sac1 (des1), a rice mutant with a low seed-setting rate. Cytological examination showed degenerated embryo sacs and reduced fertilization capacity in des1. Map-based cloning revealed a nonsense mutation in OsDES1, a gene that encodes a putative nuclear envelope membrane protein (NEMP)-domain-containing protein that is preferentially expressed in pistils. The OsDES1 mutation disrupts the normal formation of functional megaspores, which ultimately results in a degenerated embryo sac in des1. Reciprocal crosses showed that fertilization is abnormal and that the female reproductive organ is defective in des1. OsDES1 interacts with LONELY GUY (LOG), a cytokinin-activating enzyme that acts in the final step of cytokinin synthesis; mutation of LOG led to defective female reproductive organ development. These results demonstrate that OsDES1 functions in determining the rice seed-setting rate by regulating embryo sac development and fertilization. Our study sheds light on the function of NEMP-type proteins in rice reproductive development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhiqiang Gao
- Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
| | - Bin Sun
- Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Weixun Wu
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311400, China
| | - Chenwei Deng
- Zhoukou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhoukou, Henan, 466001, China
| | - Adil Abbas
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311400, China
| | - Yongbo Hong
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311400, China
| | - Lianping Sun
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311400, China
| | - Qunen Liu
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311400, China
| | - Pao Xue
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311400, China
| | - Beifang Wang
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311400, China
| | - Xiaodeng Zhan
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311400, China
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5
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Bird DC, Ma C, Pinto S, Leong WH, Tucker MR. Genetic and Phenotypic Analysis of Ovule Development in Arabidopsis. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2686:261-281. [PMID: 37540362 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3299-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The plant seed is a remarkable structure that represents the single most important energy source in global diets. The stages of reproductive growth preceding seed formation are particularly important since they influence the number, size, and quality of seed produced. The progenitor of the seed is the ovule, a multicellular organ that produces a female gametophyte while maintaining a range of somatic ovule cells to protect the seed and ensure it receives maternal nourishment. Ovule development has been well characterized in Arabidopsis using a range of molecular, genetic, and cytological assays. These can provide insight into the mechanistic basis for ovule development, and opportunities to explore its evolutionary conservation. In this chapter, we describe some of these methods and tools that can be used to investigate early ovule development and cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayton C Bird
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Chao Ma
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Sara Pinto
- LAQV REQUIMTE, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Weng Herng Leong
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia.
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6
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Kumagai Y, Liu Y, Hamada H, Luo W, Zhu J, Kuroki M, Nagira Y, Taoka N, Katoh E, Imai R. Introduction of a second "Green Revolution" mutation into wheat via in planta CRISPR/Cas9 delivery. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1838-1842. [PMID: 34908145 PMCID: PMC8968346 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Direct delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoproteins into the shoot apical meristem via particle bombardment enabled introduction of a semidwarf1-orthologous mutation into an elite wheat variety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Kumagai
- Genome-Edited Crop Development Group, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kannondai 3-1-3, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | - Yuelin Liu
- Genome-Edited Crop Development Group, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kannondai 3-1-3, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | - Haruyasu Hamada
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Agri-Bio Research Center, Kaneka Corporation, Iwata, Shizuoka 438-0802, Japan
| | - Weifeng Luo
- Genome-Edited Crop Development Group, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kannondai 3-1-3, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | - Jianghui Zhu
- Genome-Edited Crop Development Group, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kannondai 3-1-3, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | - Misa Kuroki
- Genome-Edited Crop Development Group, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kannondai 3-1-3, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | - Yozo Nagira
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Agri-Bio Research Center, Kaneka Corporation, Iwata, Shizuoka 438-0802, Japan
| | - Naoaki Taoka
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Agri-Bio Research Center, Kaneka Corporation, Iwata, Shizuoka 438-0802, Japan
| | - Etsuko Katoh
- Structural Biology Team, Advanced Analysis Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Ryozo Imai
- Genome-Edited Crop Development Group, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kannondai 3-1-3, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
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7
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Xiao W, Hu S, Zou X, Cai R, Liao R, Lin X, Yao R, Guo X. Lectin receptor-like kinase LecRK-VIII.2 is a missing link in MAPK signaling-mediated yield control. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:303-320. [PMID: 34618128 PMCID: PMC8418426 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The energy allocation for vegetative and reproductive growth is regulated by developmental signals and environmental cues, which subsequently affects seed output. However, the molecular mechanism underlying how plants coordinate yield-related traits to control yield in changing source-sink relationships remains largely unknown. Here, we discovered the lectin receptor-like kinase LecRK-VIII.2 as a specific receptor-like kinase that coordinates silique number, seed size, and seed number to determine seed yield in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The lecrk-VIII.2 mutants develop smaller seeds, but more siliques and seeds, leading to increased yield. In contrast, the plants overexpressing LecRK-VIII.2 form bigger seeds, but less siliques and seeds, which results in similar yield to that of wild-type plants. Interestingly, LecRK-VIII.2 promotes the growth of the rosette, root, and stem by coordinating the source-sink relationship. Additionally, LecRK-VIII.2 positively regulates cell expansion and proliferation in the seed coat, and maternally controls seed size. The genetic and biochemical analyses demonstrated that LecRK-VIII.2 acts upstream of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) gene MPK6 to regulate silique number, seed size, and seed number. Collectively, these findings uncover LecRK-VIII.2 as an upstream component of the MAPK signaling pathway to control yield-related traits and suggest its potential for crop improvement aimed at developing plants with stable yield, a robust root system, and improved lodging resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Xiao
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Shuai Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zou
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Ruqiong Cai
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Rui Liao
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiaoxia Lin
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Ruifeng Yao
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xinhong Guo
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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8
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Brzezicka E, Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno M. Developmental, ultrastructural and cytochemical investigations of the female gametophyte in Sedum rupestre L. (Crassulaceae). PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:529-546. [PMID: 33188606 PMCID: PMC8052249 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01584-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the development of female gametophyte in Sedum rupestre L. New embryological information about the processes of megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis provided in this paper expand the current knowledge about the embryology of the studied species. S. rupestre is characterized by monosporic megasporogenesis and the formation of Polygonum-type embryo sac. The process of megasporogenesis is initiated by one megaspore mother cell, resulting in the formation of a triad of cells after meiosis and cytokinesis. The functional megaspore, which is located chalazally, is a mononuclear cell present next to the megaspore in the centre of the triad. Only one of the two non-functional cells of the triad is binucleate, which occur at the micropylar pole. In this paper, we explain the functional ultrastructure of the female gametophytic cells in S. rupestre. Initially, the cytoplasm of the gametophytic cells does not differ from each other; however, during differentiation, the cells reveal different morphologies. The antipodals and the synergids gradually become organelle-rich and metabolically active. The antipodal cells participate in the absorption and transport of nutrients from the nucellar cells towards the megagametophyte. Their ultrastructure shows the presence of plasmodesmata with electron-dense material, which is characteristic of Crassulaceae, and wall ingrowths in the outer walls. The ultrastructure of synergid cells is characterized by the presence of filiform apparatus and cytoplasm with active dictyosomes, abundant profiles of endoplasmic reticulum and numerous vesicles, which agrees with their main function-the secretion of pollen tube attractants. Reported data can be used to resolve the current taxonomic problems within the genus Sedum ser. Rupestria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Brzezicka
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza St., 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza St., 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
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9
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Armenta-Medina A, Gillmor CS, Gao P, Mora-Macias J, Kochian LV, Xiang D, Datla R. Developmental and genomic architecture of plant embryogenesis: from model plant to crops. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100136. [PMID: 33511346 PMCID: PMC7816075 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic development represents an important reproductive phase of sexually reproducing plant species. The fusion of egg and sperm produces the plant zygote, a totipotent cell that, through cell division and cell identity specification in early embryogenesis, establishes the major cell lineages and tissues of the adult plant. The subsequent morphogenesis phase produces the full-sized embryo, while the late embryogenesis maturation process prepares the seed for dormancy and subsequent germination, ensuring continuation of the plant life cycle. In this review on embryogenesis, we compare the model eudicot Arabidopsis thaliana with monocot crops, focusing on genome activation, paternal and maternal regulation of early zygote development, and key organizers of patterning, such as auxin and WOX transcription factors. While the early stages of embryo development are apparently conserved among plant species, embryo maturation programs have diversified between eudicots and monocots. This diversification in crop species reflects the likely effects of domestication on seed quality traits that are determined during embryo maturation, and also assures seed germination in different environmental conditions. This review describes the most important features of embryonic development in plants, and the scope and applications of genomics in plant embryo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Armenta-Medina
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4J8, Canada
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (Langebio), Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - C. Stewart Gillmor
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (Langebio), Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Peng Gao
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4J8, Canada
| | - Javier Mora-Macias
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4J8, Canada
| | - Leon V. Kochian
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4J8, Canada
| | - Daoquan Xiang
- National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Raju Datla
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4J8, Canada
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10
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Mendes MA, Petrella R, Cucinotta M, Vignati E, Gatti S, Pinto SC, Bird DC, Gregis V, Dickinson H, Tucker MR, Colombo L. The RNA-dependent DNA methylation pathway is required to restrict SPOROCYTELESS/NOZZLE expression to specify a single female germ cell precursor in Arabidopsis. Development 2020; 147:dev194274. [PMID: 33158925 PMCID: PMC7758631 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In higher plants, the female germline is formed from the megaspore mother cell (MMC), a single cell in the premeiotic ovule. Previously, it was reported that mutants in the RNA-dependent DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway might be involved in restricting the female germline to a single nucellus cell. We show that the DRM methyltransferase double mutant drm1drm2 also presents ectopic enlarged cells, consistent with supernumerary MMC-like cells. In wild-type ovules, MMC differentiation requires SPOROCYTELESS/NOZZLE (SPL/NZZ), as demonstrated by the spl/nzz mutant failing to develop an MMC. We address the poorly understood upstream regulation of SPL/NZZ in ovules, showing that the RdDM pathway is important to restrict SPL/NZZ expression. In ago9, rdr6 and drm1drm2 mutants, SPL/NZZ is expressed ectopically, suggesting that the multiple MMC-like cells observed might be attributable to the ectopic expression of SPL/NZZ. We show that the ovule identity gene, SEEDSTICK, directly regulates AGO9 and RDR6 expression in the ovule and therefore indirectly regulates SPL/NZZ expression. A model is presented describing the network required to restrict SPL/NZZ expression to specify a single MMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Mendes
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Rosanna Petrella
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Mara Cucinotta
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Edoardo Vignati
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Gatti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Sara C Pinto
- LAQV REQUIMTE, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Dayton C Bird
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Veronica Gregis
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Hugh Dickinson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
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11
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Cerović R, Fotirić Akšić M, Đorđević M, Meland M. Functionality of Embryo Sacs in Pear Cultivars 'Ingeborg' and 'Celina' as Related to Fruit Set under Nordic Climate. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1716. [PMID: 33291400 PMCID: PMC7762079 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Since the European pear (Pyrus communis L.) is a self-incompatible fruit species, synchrony and compatibility between female parts of the mother plant and male gametes from the pollen donor must be fulfilled. Besides pollination and fertilization, normal embryo and zygote development is one of the prerequisites for the satisfactory yields in pears. The main goal of this experiment was to investigate the functionality of embryo sacs and the embryo's early stages of growth in relation to the fruit set of diploid ('Celina') and the triploid ('Ingeborg') pear cultivars under specific Norwegian climatic conditions. For this purpose, flowers were collected at the beginning of flowering, and on the third, sixth, ninth, and twelfth days after the beginning of this phenophase for two consecutive years. Ovaries were dehydrated, embedded in paraffin wax, sectioned, stained, and observed under the light microscope. In the analyzed cultivars, results showed different tendencies in embryo sac development and degradation processes, in both experimental years, which is probably due to the genetic background of the examined cultivars. Also, fertilization success and fruit set were higher in the second year of study due to the higher average temperature during the flowering period. Diploid cultivar 'Celina' showed much better adaptation to high temperatures in relation to triploid cultivar 'Ingeborg'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosav Cerović
- Innovation Centre at Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Milica Fotirić Akšić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Milena Đorđević
- Fruit Research Institute, Čačak, Kralja Petra I/9, 32000 Čačak, Serbia;
| | - Mekjell Meland
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, NIBIO Ullensvang, N-5781 Lofthus, Norway
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12
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Imai R, Hamada H, Liu Y, Linghu Q, Kumagai Y, Nagira Y, Miki R, Taoka N. In planta particle bombardment (iPB): A new method for plant transformation and genome editing. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2020; 37:171-176. [PMID: 32821224 PMCID: PMC7434670 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.20.0206a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Transformation is a key step in modern breeding technology that involves genome editing. The requirement for in vitro tissue culture and regeneration hampers application of this technology to commercially important varieties of many crop species. To overcome this problem, we developed a simple and reproducible in planta transformation method in wheat (Tritticum aestivum L.). Our in planta particle bombardment (iPB) method utilizes the shoot apical meristem (SAM) as a target tissue. The SAM contains a subepidermal cell layer termed L2, from which germ cells later develop during floral organogenesis. The iPB method can also be used for genome editing through transient CRISPR/Cas9 expression or direct delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein. In this review, we describe the iPB technology and provide an overview of its current and future applications in plant transformation and genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryozo Imai
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Owashi, Tukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
- E-mail: Tel & Fax: +81-29-838-8378
| | - Haruyasu Hamada
- Pharma & Supplemental Nutrition Solutions Vehicle, Biotechnology Research Laboratories, KANEKA CORPORATION, Takasago, Hyogo 676-8688, Japan
| | - Yuelin Liu
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Owashi, Tukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Qianyan Linghu
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Owashi, Tukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Yuya Kumagai
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Owashi, Tukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Yozo Nagira
- Pharma & Supplemental Nutrition Solutions Vehicle, Biotechnology Research Laboratories, KANEKA CORPORATION, Takasago, Hyogo 676-8688, Japan
| | - Ryuji Miki
- Pharma & Supplemental Nutrition Solutions Vehicle, Biotechnology Research Laboratories, KANEKA CORPORATION, Takasago, Hyogo 676-8688, Japan
| | - Naoaki Taoka
- Pharma & Supplemental Nutrition Solutions Vehicle, Biotechnology Research Laboratories, KANEKA CORPORATION, Takasago, Hyogo 676-8688, Japan
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13
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Cucinotta M, Di Marzo M, Guazzotti A, de Folter S, Kater MM, Colombo L. Gynoecium size and ovule number are interconnected traits that impact seed yield. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2479-2489. [PMID: 32067041 PMCID: PMC7210752 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperms form the largest group of land plants and display an astonishing diversity of floral structures. The development of flowers greatly contributed to the evolutionary success of the angiosperms as they guarantee efficient reproduction with the help of either biotic or abiotic vectors. The female reproductive part of the flower is the gynoecium (also called pistil). Ovules arise from meristematic tissue within the gynoecium. Upon fertilization, these ovules develop into seeds while the gynoecium turns into a fruit. Gene regulatory networks involving transcription factors and hormonal communication regulate ovule primordium initiation, spacing on the placenta, and development. Ovule number and gynoecium size are usually correlated and several genetic factors that impact these traits have been identified. Understanding and fine-tuning the gene regulatory networks influencing ovule number and pistil length open up strategies for crop yield improvement, which is pivotal in light of a rapidly growing world population. In this review, we present an overview of the current knowledge of the genes and hormones involved in determining ovule number and gynoecium size. We propose a model for the gene regulatory network that guides the developmental processes that determine seed yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Cucinotta
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Di Marzo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Guazzotti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefan de Folter
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-Langebio), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politecnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Carretera Irapuato-Leon, CP 36824 Irapuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Martin M Kater
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, Milan, Italy
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14
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Barone Lumaga MR, Scopece G, Cozzolino S. The effect of seasonality on developmental stages of anthetic ovule integuments in Mediterranean orchids. PROTOPLASMA 2020; 257:613-618. [PMID: 31832777 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01464-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Orchids, differently from most flowering plants, have under-differentiated ovules at anthesis that require pollination to complete differentiation. This ovule developmental stage has been often observed in tropical species in which the absence of an evident seasonality may allow plants to extend their phenology beneficiating of a long time for post-pollination events. Here, we used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to detect ovule integument developmental stages in 21 species of Mediterranean Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae and in 11 tropical Epidendroideae with the aim of understanding whether species with a seasonal constraint and shorter time for post-pollination ovule maturation are characterized by different stages of ovule development at anthesis. We found that Mediterranean orchids (both Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae) have more developed ovule integuments than tropical orchids. Most species show partially to fully developed ovules at anthesis with the exception of Cephalanthera where ovules are arrested in a very early developmental stage. Despite the phylogenetic signal, anthetic ovule integument development differs between related species (with different pollination strategies or blooming times), suggesting the presence of some ecological constraints. The synchronization between ovule integuments and megagametophyte development, as found in tropical orchids, is also confirmed in Mediterranean orchids. Our data show that Mediterranean and tropical orchids clearly differ in anthetic ovule developmental stages, likely depending on seasonality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Barone Lumaga
- Department of Biology, Complesso Universitario MSA, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, I-80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scopece
- Department of Biology, Complesso Universitario MSA, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, I-80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Cozzolino
- Department of Biology, Complesso Universitario MSA, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, I-80126, Naples, Italy
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15
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Chang H, Sun F. Temporal Distinction between Male and Female Floral Organ Development in Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi (Solanaceae). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E127. [PMID: 31963844 PMCID: PMC7020162 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Early floral developmental investigations provide crucial evidence for phylogenetic and molecular studies of plants. The developmental and evolutionary mechanisms underlying the variations in floral organs are critical for a thorough understanding of the diversification of flowers. Ontogenetic comparisons between anthers and pistil within single flowers were characterized over time in Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi. The ages of 42 tobacco flower or flower primordia were estimated using corolla growth analysis. Results showed that the protodermal layer in carpel primordia contributes to carpel development by both anticlinal and periclinal divisions. Periclinal divisions in the hypodermal layer of the placenta were observed around 4.8 ± 1.3 days after the formation of early carpel primordia (ECP) and ovule initiation occurred 10.0 ± 0.5 days after ECP. Meiosis in anthers and ovules began about 8.9 ± 1.1 days and 14.4 ± 1.3 days after ECP, respectively. Results showed an evident temporal distinction between megasporogenesis and microsporogenesis. Flower ages spanned a 17-day interval, starting with flower primordia containing the ECP and anther primordia to the tetrad stage of meiosis in megasporocytes and the bicellular stage in pollen grains. These results establish a solid foundation for future studies in order to identify the developmental and molecular mechanisms responsible for the mating system in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Chang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China;
| | - Fengjie Sun
- School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA
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16
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Chen L, Luo X, Yang X, Jing D, Xia X, Li H, Poudel K, Cao S. Small RNA and mRNA Sequencing Reveal the Roles of microRNAs Involved in Pomegranate Female Sterility. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020558. [PMID: 31952315 PMCID: PMC7013964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Female sterility is a key factor restricting plant reproduction. Our previous studies have revealed that pomegranate female sterility mainly arose from the abnormality of ovule development. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in ovule development. However, little is known about the roles of miRNAs in female sterility. In this study, a combined high-throughput sequencing approach was used to investigate the miRNAs and their targeted transcripts involved in female development. A total of 103 conserved and 58 novel miRNAs were identified. Comparative profiling indicated that the expression of 43 known miRNAs and 14 novel miRNAs were differentially expressed between functional male flowers (FMFs) and bisexual flowers (BFs), 30 known miRNAs and nine novel miRNAs showed significant differences among different stages of BFs, and 20 known miRNAs and 18 novel miRNAs exhibited remarkable expression differences among different stages of FMFs. Gene ontology (GO) analyses of 144 predicted targets of differentially expressed miRNAs indicated that the “reproduction process” and “floral whorl development” processes were significantly enriched. The miRNA–mRNA interaction analyses revealed six pairs of candidate miRNAs and their targets associated with female sterility. Interestingly, pg-miR166a-3p was accumulated, whereas its predicted targets (Gglean012177.1 and Gglean013966.1) were repressed in functional male flowers (FMFs), and the interaction between pg-miR166a-3p and its targets (Gglean012177.1 and Gglean013966.1) were confirmed by transient assay. A. thaliana transformed with 35S-pre-pg-miR166a-3p verified the role of pg-miR166a-3p in ovule development, which indicated pg-miR166a-3p’s potential role in pomegranate female sterility. The results provide new insights into molecular mechanisms underlying the female sterility at the miRNA level.
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17
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Dai D, Tong H, Cheng L, Peng F, Zhang T, Qi W, Song R. Maize Dek33 encodes a pyrimidine reductase in riboflavin biosynthesis that is essential for oil-body formation and ABA biosynthesis during seed development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5173-5187. [PMID: 31173102 PMCID: PMC6793443 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The maize (Zea mays) defective kernel 33 (dek33) mutant produces defective and occasionally viviparous kernel phenotypes. In this study, we cloned Dek33 by positional cloning and found that it encodes a pyrimidine reductase in riboflavin biosynthesis. In dek33, a single-base mutation (G to A) in the C-terminal COG3236 domain caused a premature stop codon (TGA), producing a weak mutant allele with only a truncated form of the DEK33 protein that occurred at much lower levels that the completed WT form, and with a reduced riboflavin content. The dek33 mutation significantly affected oil-body formation and suppressed endoreduplication. It also disrupted ABA biosynthesis, resulting in lower ABA content that might be responsible for the viviparous embryo. In addition, our results indicated that the COG3236 domain is important for the protein stability of DEK33. Yeast two-hybrid experiments identified several proteins that interacted with DEK33, including RGLG2 and SnRK1, suggesting possible post-translational regulation of DEK33 stability. The interaction between DEK33 and these proteins was further confirmed by luciferase complementation image assays. This study provides a weak mutant allele that can be utilized to explore cellular responses to impaired riboflavin biosynthesis during seed development. Our findings indicate that the COG3236 domain might be an essential regulatory structure for DEK33 stability in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Dai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyang Tong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Qi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rentao Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Plant Science Center, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Correspondence:
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18
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Shargil D, Zemach H, Belausov E, Lachman O, Luria N, Molad O, Smith E, Kamenetsky R, Dombrovsky A. Insights into the maternal pathway for Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus infection of cucurbit seeds. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:1109-1118. [PMID: 30929075 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01370-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), genus Tobamovirus, is a major pathogen of cucurbits that primarily affects cucumber, melon, and watermelon crops. The aim of this study was to reveal the contribution of CGMMV-infected female flowers to disease spread. Using a fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) technique, we show that ovaries and ovules of CGMMV-infected cucumber and melon plants showed a CGMMV-specific fluorescence signal prior to and following anthesis. The fluorescence signal was prominent but sporadic. Ripe fruits of infected melon plants showed strong signals in the funiculus, the seed stalk, which connects the developing seed to the interior ovary wall. Importantly, in seeds, a strong fluorescence signal was observed in the perisperm-endosperm (PE) envelope, which underlies the seed coat and surrounds the embryo. Interestingly, the fluorescence signal was not uniformly distributed in the PE envelope but was localized to a specific envelope layer. These results have important epidemiological implications for CGMMV management and commercial seed production, particularly regarding the improvement of seed disinfection methods that will contribute to limit the global distribution of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Shargil
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Hanita Zemach
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausov
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Oded Lachman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Neta Luria
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Ori Molad
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, 760001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Elisheva Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Rina Kamenetsky
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Aviv Dombrovsky
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
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19
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Brzezicka E, Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno M. Female gametophyte development in Sedum sediforme (Jacq.) Pau (Crassulaceae): an anatomical, cytochemical and ultrastructural analysis. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:537-553. [PMID: 30324403 PMCID: PMC6514081 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1319-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Available documentation about the development of the female gametophyte of Crassulaceae is very limited. The aim of this study was to extend the embryological knowledge of Crassulaceae by analysing the development of the embryo sac in Sedum sediforme. Transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy including Nomarski optics (DIC) were used to observe individual stages of female gametophyte development. Cytochemical staining enabled detection of lipids, insoluble polysaccharides and proteins in gametophyte cells during their formation. Their increased accumulation was observed during nucellar cell and unfunctional cell degeneration in the embryo sac at the coenocytic and cellular stages (megagametogenesis). The female gametophyte develops in anatropous, bitegmic and crassinucellate ovules. The mature embryo sac is built of seven cells but after antipodes degeneration it is formed by the egg apparatus and a central cell. The monosporic Polygonum type was observed. One megaspore mother cell (MMC) formed three cells after meiosis. A triad was formed from a functional megaspore (placed chalazally), one uninucleate megaspore and a binucleate cell located at the micropylar end. Plasmodesmata with adhering electron-dense dome were noticed in walls of the coenocytic embryo sac and in the outer walls of ephemeral antipodes. Moreover, similar to synergids, antipodes form wall ingrowths. Here, we report new structural features of the antipodal cells (the presence of plasmodesmata with an electron-dense dome) which have not been described before. This new structural observation indicates that these cells participate in substance transport and that this process can probably be additionally regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Brzezicka
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza St., 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza St., 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
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20
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Shirley NJ, Aubert MK, Wilkinson LG, Bird DC, Lora J, Yang X, Tucker MR. Translating auxin responses into ovules, seeds and yield: Insight from Arabidopsis and the cereals. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 61:310-336. [PMID: 30474296 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Grain production in cereal crops depends on the stable formation of male and female gametes in the flower. In most angiosperms, the female gamete is produced from a germline located deep within the ovary, protected by several layers of maternal tissue, including the ovary wall, ovule integuments and nucellus. In the field, germline formation and floret fertility are major determinants of yield potential, contributing to traits such as seed number, weight and size. As such, stimuli affecting the timing and duration of reproductive phases, as well as the viability, size and number of cells within reproductive organs can significantly impact yield. One key stimulant is the phytohormone auxin, which influences growth and morphogenesis of female tissues during gynoecium development, gametophyte formation, and endosperm cellularization. In this review we consider the role of the auxin signaling pathway during ovule and seed development, first in the context of Arabidopsis and then in the cereals. We summarize the gene families involved and highlight distinct expression patterns that suggest a range of roles in reproductive cell specification and fate. This is discussed in terms of seed production and how targeted modification of different tissues might facilitate improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Shirley
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Matthew K Aubert
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Laura G Wilkinson
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Dayton C Bird
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Jorge Lora
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Xiujuan Yang
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
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21
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Pérez-Pastrana J, Islas-Flores I, Bárány I, Álvarez-López D, Canto-Flick A, Canto-Canché B, Peña-Yam L, Muñoz-Ramírez L, Avilés-Viñas S, Testillano PS, Santana-Buzzy N. Development of the ovule and seed of Habanero chili pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.): Anatomical characterization and immunocytochemical patterns of pectin methyl-esterification. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 230:1-12. [PMID: 30134217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ovule and seed development in plants has long fascinated the scientific community given the complex cell coordination implicated in these processes. These cell events are highly conserved but are not necessarily representative of all plants. In this study, with the aim of obtaining information regarding the cellular patterns that follow the usual development of the ovule and the zygotic embryo, we carried out an integral anatomical study of the Capsicum chinense Jacq., floral buds and seeds at various days during maturation. This study allowed us to identify the main histo-morphological stages accompanying the transition of somatic cells into the macrospore, female gamete, and the zygotic embryogenesis. This knowledge is fundamental for future biotechnological research focused on solving the morphological recalcitrance observed during the in vitro induction of somatic or microspore embryogenesis in Capsicum. For the first time in C. chinense, we have described the hypostases, a putative source of plant growth regulators, and "the corrosion cavity", a space around the embryo. Additionally, the cell wall pectin-esterification status was investigated by immunohistology. At early stages of morphogenesis, the pectin is highly methyl-esterified; however, methyl-esterification decreases gradually throughout the process. A comparison of the results obtained here, together with the histo- and immunological changes occurring during the somatic and microspore embryogenesis, should help to elucidate the biochemical mechanisms that trigger the morphogenic events in Capsicum spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobo Pérez-Pastrana
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Islas-Flores
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ivett Bárány
- Pollen biotechnology of crop plants group, Biological Research Center, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dulce Álvarez-López
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Adriana Canto-Flick
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Blondy Canto-Canché
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Laura Peña-Yam
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Liliana Muñoz-Ramírez
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Susana Avilés-Viñas
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Pilar S Testillano
- Pollen biotechnology of crop plants group, Biological Research Center, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Nancy Santana-Buzzy
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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Rojek J, Kapusta M, Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno M, Majcher D, Górniak M, Sliwinska E, Sharbel TF, Bohdanowicz J. Establishing the cell biology of apomictic reproduction in diploid Boechera stricta (Brassicaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018. [PMID: 29982367 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In the Brassicaceae family, apomictic development is characteristic of the genus Boechera. Hybridization, polyploidy and environmental adaptation that arose during the evolution of Boechera may serve as (epi)genetic regulators of apomictic initiation in this genus. Here we focus on Boechera stricta, a predominantly diploid species that reproduces sexually. However, apomictic development in this species has been reported in several studies, indicating non-obligate sexuality. METHODS A progressive investigation of flower development was conducted using three accessions to assess the reproductive system of B. stricta. We employed molecular and cyto-embryological identification using histochemistry, transmission electron microscopy and Nomarski and epifluorescence microscopy. KEY RESULTS Data from internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and chloroplast haplotype sequencing, in addition to microsatellite variation, confirmed the B. stricta genotype for all lines. Embryological data indicated irregularities in sexual reproduction manifested by heterochronic ovule development, longevity of meiocyte and dyad stages, diverse callose accumulation during meiocyte-to-gametophyte development, and the formation of triads and tetrads in several patterns. The arabinogalactan-related sugar epitope recognized by JIM13 immunolocalized to one or more megaspores. Furthermore, pollen sterility and a high frequency of seed abortion appeared to accompany reproduction of the accession ES512, along with the initiation of parthenogenesis. Data from flow cytometric screening revealed both sexual and apomictic seed formation. CONCLUSION These results imply that B. stricta is a species with an underlying ability to initiate apomixis, at least with respect to the lines examined here. The existence of apomixis in an otherwise diploid sexual B. stricta may provide the genomic building blocks for establishing highly penetrant apomictic diploids and hybrid relatives. Our findings demonstrate that apomixis per se is a variable trait upon which natural selection could act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rojek
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Kapusta
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Daria Majcher
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marcin Górniak
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Elwira Sliwinska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Cytometry, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, UTP University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Timothy F Sharbel
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jerzy Bohdanowicz
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Poland
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Rojek J, Kapusta M, Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno M, Majcher D, Górniak M, Sliwinska E, Sharbel TF, Bohdanowicz J. Establishing the cell biology of apomictic reproduction in diploid Boechera stricta (Brassicaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:513-539. [PMID: 29982367 PMCID: PMC6153484 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Background and aims In the Brassicaceae family, apomictic development is characteristic of the genus Boechera. Hybridization, polyploidy and environmental adaptation that arose during the evolution of Boechera may serve as (epi)genetic regulators of apomictic initiation in this genus. Here we focus on Boechera stricta, a predominantly diploid species that reproduces sexually. However, apomictic development in this species has been reported in several studies, indicating non-obligate sexuality. Methods A progressive investigation of flower development was conducted using three accessions to assess the reproductive system of B. stricta. We employed molecular and cyto-embryological identification using histochemistry, transmission electron microscopy and Nomarski and epifluorescence microscopy. Key Results Data from internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and chloroplast haplotype sequencing, in addition to microsatellite variation, confirmed the B. stricta genotype for all lines. Embryological data indicated irregularities in sexual reproduction manifested by heterochronic ovule development, longevity of meiocyte and dyad stages, diverse callose accumulation during meiocyte-to-gametophyte development, and the formation of triads and tetrads in several patterns. The arabinogalactan-related sugar epitope recognized by JIM13 immunolocalized to one or more megaspores. Furthermore, pollen sterility and a high frequency of seed abortion appeared to accompany reproduction of the accession ES512, along with the initiation of parthenogenesis. Data from flow cytometric screening revealed both sexual and apomictic seed formation. Conclusion These results imply that B. stricta is a species with an underlying ability to initiate apomixis, at least with respect to the lines examined here. The existence of apomixis in an otherwise diploid sexual B. stricta may provide the genomic building blocks for establishing highly penetrant apomictic diploids and hybrid relatives. Our findings demonstrate that apomixis per se is a variable trait upon which natural selection could act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rojek
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kapusta
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Daria Majcher
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marcin Górniak
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Elwira Sliwinska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Cytometry, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, UTP University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Timothy F Sharbel
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jerzy Bohdanowicz
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Poland
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Cao L, Wang S, Venglat P, Zhao L, Cheng Y, Ye S, Qin Y, Datla R, Zhou Y, Wang H. Arabidopsis ICK/KRP cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors function to ensure the formation of one megaspore mother cell and one functional megaspore per ovule. PLoS Genet 2018. [PMID: 29513662 PMCID: PMC5858843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In most plants, the female germline starts with the differentiation of one megaspore mother cell (MMC) in each ovule that produces four megaspores through meiosis, one of which survives to become the functional megaspore (FM). The FM further develops into an embryo sac. Little is known regarding the control of MMC formation to one per ovule and the selective survival of the FM. The ICK/KRPs (interactor/inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)/Kip-related proteins) are plant CDK inhibitors and cell cycle regulators. Here we report that in the ovules of Arabidopsis mutant with all seven ICK/KRP genes inactivated, supernumerary MMCs, FMs and embryo sacs were formed and the two embryo sacs could be fertilized to form two embryos with separate endosperm compartments. Twin seedlings were observed in about 2% seeds. Further, in the mutant ovules the number and position of surviving megaspores from one MMC were variable, indicating that the positional signal for determining the survival of megaspore was affected. Strikingly, ICK4 fusion protein with yellow fluorescence protein was strongly present in the degenerative megaspores but absent in the FM, suggesting an important role of ICKs in the degeneration of non-functional megaspores. The absence of or much weaker phenotypes in lower orders of mutants and complementation of the septuple mutant by ICK4 or ICK7 indicate that multiple ICK/KRPs function redundantly in restricting the formation of more than one MMC and in the selective survival of FM, which are critical to ensure the development of one embryo sac and one embryo per ovule. In most plants, the female germline starts with the differentiation of one megaspore mother cell (MMC) in each ovule that produces multiple megaspores through meiosis. One of the megaspores in a fixed position survives to become the functional megaspore (FM) while the other megaspores undergo degeneration. The FM further develops into an embryo sac. We have been working on the functions and regulation of a family of plant cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors called ICKs or KRPs. We observed that in the ovules of Arabidopsis mutant with all seven ICK/KRP genes inactivated, multiple MMCs, FMs and embryo sacs were formed, and the embryo sacs could be fertilized to produce two embryos with separate endosperm compartments. Further, in mutant ovules the number and position of surviving megaspores from one MMC were variable and ICK4-YFP (yellow fluorescence protein) fusion protein was strongly expressed in the degenerative megaspores but absent in the FM. Those findings together with other results in our study indicate that multiple ICK/KRPs function redundantly in controlling the formation of one MMC per ovule and also in the degeneration of non-functional megaspores, which are critical for the subsequent development of one embryo sac per ovule and one embryo per seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Sheng Wang
- Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Lihua Zhao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Shengjian Ye
- Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Yuan Qin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Raju Datla
- National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Yongming Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (HW); (YZ)
| | - Hong Wang
- Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- * E-mail: (HW); (YZ)
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Brzezicka E, Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno M. Ultrastructural and cytochemical aspects of female gametophyte development in Sedum hispanicum L. (Crassulaceae). PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:247-261. [PMID: 28840347 PMCID: PMC5756285 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Until now, development of the female gametophyte has been investigated only in some species of Crassulaceae using a light microscope. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that describes the process of megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis in Crassulaceae in detail. To achieve this, we performed embryological studies on Sedum hispanicum L. (Crassulaceae). Cytochemical analysis detected the presence of proteins, lipids, and insoluble polysaccharides in individual cells of the gametophyte. The development of the embryo sac conforms to the monosporic or Polygonum-type in anatropous, crassinucellate, and bitegmic ovules. One megaspore mother cell initiates the process of megasporogenesis. Prior to the first meiotic division, the nucleus is centrally located within the meiocyte. Other organelles seem to be distributed evenly over the micropylar and chalazal parts during the development. Most storage reserves detected during megasporogenesis were observed in the megaspore mother cell. Three mitotic divisions within the chalazal functional megaspore resulted in the enlargement of the eight-nucleated embryo sac. In the seven-celled gametophyte, three chalazally located antipodes degenerated. A mature embryo sac was formed by the egg apparatus and central cell. When the antipodes degenerated, both synergids became organelle-rich and more active. The concentration of lipid droplets, starch grains, and proteins increased during megagametogenesis in the growing gametophyte. In the cellular embryo sac, the central cell can be distinguished by its largest accumulation. Our data confirm the hypothesis that plasmodesmata with electron-dense dome are formed during development of the female gametophyte in S. hispanicum and not just during the stages of embryogenesis. We observed these structures in megaspores and coenocytic embryo sac walls. Functions of observed plasmodesmata are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Brzezicka
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza Street, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza Street, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Vitulo N, Vezzi A, Galla G, Citterio S, Marino G, Ruperti B, Zermiani M, Albertini E, Valle G, Barcaccia G. Characterization and Evolution of the Cell Cycle-Associated Mob Domain-Containing Proteins in Eukaryotes. Evol Bioinform Online 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/117693430700300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The MOB family includes a group of cell cycle-associated proteins highly conserved throughout eukaryotes, whose founding members are implicated in mitotic exit and co-ordination of cell cycle progression with cell polarity and morphogenesis. Here we report the characterization and evolution of the MOB domain-containing proteins as inferred from the 43 eukaryotic genomes so far sequenced. We show that genes for Mob-like proteins are present in at least 41 of these genomes, confirming the universal distribution of this protein family and suggesting its prominent biological function. The phylogenetic analysis reveals five distinct MOB domain classes, showing a progressive expansion of this family from unicellular to multicellular organisms, reaching the highest number in mammals. Plant Mob genes appear to have evolved from a single ancestor, most likely after the loss of one or more genes during the early stage of Viridiplantae evolutionary history. Three of the Mob classes are widespread among most of the analyzed organisms. The possible biological and molecular function of Mob proteins and their role in conserved signaling pathways related to cell proliferation, cell death and cell polarity are also presented and critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Vitulo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova
| | - Alessandro Vezzi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova
| | - Giulio Galla
- Dipartimento di Agronomia Ambientale e Produzioni Vegetali, University of Padova - Agripolis, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Sandra Citterio
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Giada Marino
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Benedetto Ruperti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 208, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Monica Zermiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 208, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Emidio Albertini
- Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale e Biotecnologie Agroambientali e Zootecniche, Borgo XX Giugno, 06121, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Valle
- Dipartimento di Biologia, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova
| | - Gianni Barcaccia
- Dipartimento di Agronomia Ambientale e Produzioni Vegetali, University of Padova - Agripolis, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
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Selva JP, Siena L, Rodrigo JM, Garbus I, Zappacosta D, Romero JR, Ortiz JPA, Pessino SC, Leblanc O, Echenique V. Temporal and spatial expression of genes involved in DNA methylation during reproductive development of sexual and apomictic Eragrostis curvula. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 29118334 DOI: 10.1038/fs41598-017-14898-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent reports in model plant species have highlighted a role for DNA methylation pathways in the regulation of the somatic-to-reproductive transition in the ovule, suggesting that apomixis (asexual reproduction through seeds) likely relies on RdDM downregulation. Our aim was therefore to explore this hypothesis by characterizing genes involved in DNA methylation in the apomictic grass Eragrostis curvula. We explored floral transcriptomes to identify homologs of three candidate genes, for which mutations in Arabidopsis and maize mimic apomixis (AtAGO9/ZmAGO104, AtCMT3/ZmDMT102/ZmDMT105, and AtDDM1/ZmCHR106), and compared both their spatial and temporal expression patterns during reproduction in sexual and apomictic genotypes. Quantitative expression analyses revealed contrasting expression patterns for the three genes in apomictic vs sexual plants. In situ hybridization corroborated these results for two candidates, EcAGO104 and EcDMT102, and revealed an unexpected ectopic pattern for the AGO gene during germ line differentiation in apomicts. Although our data partially support previous results obtained in sexual plant models, they suggest that rather than an RdDM breakdown in the ovule, altered localization of AtAGO9/ZmAGO104 expression is required for achieving diplospory in E. curvula. The differences in the RdDM machinery acquired during plant evolution might have promoted the emergence of the numerous apomictic paths observed in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Selva
- CERZOS-CONICET, CCT-Bahía Blanca, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - L Siena
- IICAR-CONICET/Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Parque Villarino, S2125ZAA, Zavalla, Argentina
| | - J M Rodrigo
- CERZOS-CONICET, CCT-Bahía Blanca, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - I Garbus
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional del Sur, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - D Zappacosta
- CERZOS-CONICET, CCT-Bahía Blanca, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - J R Romero
- CERZOS-CONICET, CCT-Bahía Blanca, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - J P A Ortiz
- IICAR-CONICET/Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Parque Villarino, S2125ZAA, Zavalla, Argentina
| | - S C Pessino
- IICAR-CONICET/Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Parque Villarino, S2125ZAA, Zavalla, Argentina
| | - O Leblanc
- DIADE, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - V Echenique
- CERZOS-CONICET, CCT-Bahía Blanca, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
- Departamento de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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28
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Temporal and spatial expression of genes involved in DNA methylation during reproductive development of sexual and apomictic Eragrostis curvula. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15092. [PMID: 29118334 PMCID: PMC5678148 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14898-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports in model plant species have highlighted a role for DNA methylation pathways in the regulation of the somatic-to-reproductive transition in the ovule, suggesting that apomixis (asexual reproduction through seeds) likely relies on RdDM downregulation. Our aim was therefore to explore this hypothesis by characterizing genes involved in DNA methylation in the apomictic grass Eragrostis curvula. We explored floral transcriptomes to identify homologs of three candidate genes, for which mutations in Arabidopsis and maize mimic apomixis (AtAGO9/ZmAGO104, AtCMT3/ZmDMT102/ZmDMT105, and AtDDM1/ZmCHR106), and compared both their spatial and temporal expression patterns during reproduction in sexual and apomictic genotypes. Quantitative expression analyses revealed contrasting expression patterns for the three genes in apomictic vs sexual plants. In situ hybridization corroborated these results for two candidates, EcAGO104 and EcDMT102, and revealed an unexpected ectopic pattern for the AGO gene during germ line differentiation in apomicts. Although our data partially support previous results obtained in sexual plant models, they suggest that rather than an RdDM breakdown in the ovule, altered localization of AtAGO9/ZmAGO104 expression is required for achieving diplospory in E. curvula. The differences in the RdDM machinery acquired during plant evolution might have promoted the emergence of the numerous apomictic paths observed in plants.
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29
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Genome-Wide Analysis of DNA Methylation During Ovule Development of Female-Sterile Rice fsv1. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2017; 7:3621-3635. [PMID: 28877971 PMCID: PMC5677159 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.300243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of female fertility is an important field of rice sexual reproduction research. DNA methylation is an essential epigenetic modification that dynamically regulates gene expression during development processes. However, few reports have described the methylation profiles of female-sterile rice during ovule development. In this study, ovules were continuously acquired from the beginning of megaspore mother cell meiosis until the mature female gametophyte formation period, and global DNA methylation patterns were compared in the ovules of a high-frequency female-sterile line (fsv1) and a wild-type rice line (Gui99) using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS). Profiling of the global DNA methylation revealed hypo-methylation, and 3471 significantly differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were observed in fsv1 ovules compared with Gui99. Based on functional annotation and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis of differentially methylated genes (DMGs), we observed more DMGs enriched in cellular component, reproduction regulation, metabolic pathway, and other pathways. In particular, many ovule development genes and plant hormone-related genes showed significantly different methylation patterns in the two rice lines, and these differences may provide important clues for revealing the mechanism of female gametophyte abortion.
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Lora J, Herrero M, Tucker MR, Hormaza JI. The transition from somatic to germline identity shows conserved and specialized features during angiosperm evolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:495-509. [PMID: 27878998 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
How and why specific plant cells adopt germline identity during ovule development has proved challenging to address, and the pathways that are active in the ovules of basal/early-divergent angiosperms possessing a multilayered nucellus are still unclear. Here, we compare megasporogenesis between two early-divergent angiosperms (Annona cherimola and Persea americana) and the evolutionarily derived Arabidopsis thaliana, studying the three-dimensional spatial position of the megaspore mother cell (MMC), the compositional details of the MMC wall and the location of PIN1 expression. Specific wall polymers distinguished the central position of the MMC and its meiotic products from surrounding tissues in early-divergent angiosperms, whereas, in A. thaliana, only callose (in mature MMCs) and arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) (in megaspores) distinguished the germline. However, PIN1 expression, which regulates polar auxin transport, was observed around the MMC in the single-layer nucellus of A. thaliana and in the multilayered nucellus of A. cherimola, or close to the MMC in P. americana. The data reveal a similar microenvironment in relation to auxin during megasporogenesis in all three species. However, the different wall polymers that mark MMC fate in early-divergent angiosperms may reflect a specific response to mechanical stress during differentiation, or the specific recruitment of polymers to sustain MMC growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Lora
- Department of Subtropical Fruits, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Algarrobo-Costa, 29750, Málaga, Spain
| | - María Herrero
- Department of Pomology, Estación Experimental Aula Dei, CSIC, Apdo. 13034, Zaragoza, 50080, Spain
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - José I Hormaza
- Department of Subtropical Fruits, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Algarrobo-Costa, 29750, Málaga, Spain
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Zhu Q, Zhang XL, Nadir S, DongChen WH, Guo XQ, Zhang HX, Li CY, Chen LJ, Lee DS. A LysM Domain-Containing Gene OsEMSA1 Involved in Embryo sac Development in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1596. [PMID: 28979272 PMCID: PMC5611485 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The embryo sac plays a vital role in sexual reproduction of angiosperms. LysM domain containing proteins with multiple lysin motifs are widespread proteins and are involved in plant defense responses against fungal chitins and bacterial peptidoglycans. Various studies have reported the role of LysM domain-containing proteins in plant defense mechanisms but their involvement in sexual reproduction remains largely unknown. Here, we report the involvement of a LysM domain-containing gene, EMBRYO SAC 1 (OsEMSA1), in the sexual reproduction of rice. The gene encoded a LysM domain-containing protein that was necessary for embryo sac development and function. The gene was expressed in root, stem, leaf tissues, panicle and ovaries and had some putative role in hormone regulation. Suppression of OsEMSA1 expression resulted in a defective embryo sac with poor differentiation of gametophytic cells, which consequently failed to attract pollen tubes and so reduced the panicle seed-setting rate. Our data offers new insight into the functions of LysM domain-containing proteins in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhu
- Rice Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Zhang
- Rice Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Sadia Nadir
- Rice Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and TechnologyBannu, Pakistan
| | - Wen-Hua DongChen
- Rice Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Xiao-Qiong Guo
- Rice Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Hui-Xin Zhang
- Rice Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Cheng-Yun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Biodiversity and Pest Management of China Education Ministry, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Li-Juan Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Dong-Sun Lee
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
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Sandoval-Oliveros R, Guevara-Olvera L, Beltrán JP, Gómez-Mena C, Acosta-García G. Developmental landmarks during floral ontogeny of jalapeño chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and the effect of gibberellin on ovary growth. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2017; 30:119-129. [PMID: 28840335 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-017-0307-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important horticultural crop in many regions of the world. The final shape and size of the fruit are known to be determined at a very early step of flower development. During flower development hormonal treatments using gibberellins seem to promote growth resulting in higher yield and fruit quality. However, the morphological changes that occur in the pepper flowers after these treatments are largely unknown. In the present study, we provide a description of floral development landmarks of jalapeño chili pepper (cultivar Huichol), divided in nine representative stages from its initiation until the opening of the bud. We established a correlation among external flower development and the time and pattern of reproductive organogenesis. Male and female gametogenesis progression was used to define specific landmarks during flower maturation. The pattern of expression of key genes involved in gibberellin metabolism and response was also evaluated in the nine flower stages. The proposed development framework was used to analyze the effect of gibberellin treatments in the development of the flower. We observed both an effect of the treatment in the histology of the ovary tissue and an increase in the level of expression of CaGA2ox1 and CaGID1b genes. The developmental stages we defined for this species are very useful to analyze the molecular and morphological changes after hormonal treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sandoval-Oliveros
- Depto. Ingeniería Bioquímica, Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya, Av. Tecnológico y A. García Cubas S/N. Apdo. Postal 57, C.P. 38010, Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - L Guevara-Olvera
- Depto. Ingeniería Bioquímica, Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya, Av. Tecnológico y A. García Cubas S/N. Apdo. Postal 57, C.P. 38010, Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - J P Beltrán
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología del Desarrollo Reproductivo. Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Edificio 8E. Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - C Gómez-Mena
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología del Desarrollo Reproductivo. Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Edificio 8E. Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - G Acosta-García
- Depto. Ingeniería Bioquímica, Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya, Av. Tecnológico y A. García Cubas S/N. Apdo. Postal 57, C.P. 38010, Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico
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Silva J, Kim YJ, Xiao D, Sukweenadhi J, Hu T, Kwon WS, Hu J, Yang DC, Zhang D. Cytological analysis of ginseng carpel development. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:1909-1922. [PMID: 28154963 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1081-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng Meyer, commonly known as ginseng, is considered one of the most important herbs with pharmaceutical values due to the presence of ginsenosides and is cultivated for its highly valued root for medicinal purposes. Recently, it has been recognized that ginseng fruit contains high contents of triterpene such as ginsenoside Re as pharmaceutical compounds. However, it is unclear how carpel, the female reproductive tissue of flowers, is formed during the three-year-old growth before fruit is formed in ginseng plants. Here, we report P. ginseng carpel development at the cytological level, starting from the initial stage of ovule development to seed development. The carpel of P. ginseng is composed of two free stigmas, two free styles, and one epigynous bilocular ovary containing one ovule in each locule. Based on our cytological study, we propose that the female reproductive development in P. ginseng can be classified into seven stages: early phase of ovule development, megasporogenesis, megagametogenesis, pre-fertilization, fertilization, post-fertilization, and seed development. We also describe the correlation of the female and male gametophyte development and compare morphological differences in carpel development between ginseng and other higher plants. One unique feature for ginseng seed development is that it takes 40 days for the embryo to develop to the early torpedo stage and that the embryo is small relative to the seed size, which could be a feature of taxonomic importance. This study will provide an integral tool for the study of the reproductive development and breeding of P. ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeniffer Silva
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, China.
| | - Dexin Xiao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, China
| | - Johan Sukweenadhi
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Tingting Hu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, China
| | - Woo-Saeng Kwon
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Jianping Hu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, China
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Deok-Chun Yang
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea.
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, China.
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Gaafar RM, El Shanshoury AR, El Hisseiwy AA, AbdAlhak MA, Omar AF, Abd El Wahab MM, Nofal RS. Induction of apomixis and fixation of heterosis in Egyptian rice Hybrid1 line using colchicine mutagenesis. ANNALS OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 2017; 62:51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aoas.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Chen L, Zhang J, Li H, Niu J, Xue H, Liu B, Wang Q, Luo X, Zhang F, Zhao D, Cao S. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Candidate Genes for Female Sterility in Pomegranate Flowers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1430. [PMID: 28878788 PMCID: PMC5572335 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Pomegranate has two types of flowers on the same plant: functional male flowers (FMF) and bisexual flowers (BF). BF are female-fertile flowers that can set fruits. FMF are female-sterile flowers that fail to set fruit and that eventually drop. The putative cause of pomegranate FMF female sterility is abnormal ovule development. However, the key stage at which the FMF pomegranate ovules become abnormal and the mechanism of regulation of pomegranate female sterility remain unknown. Here, we studied ovule development in FMF and BF, using scanning electron microscopy to explore the key stage at which ovule development was terminated and then analyzed genes differentially expressed (differentially expressed genes - DEGs) between FMF and BF to investigate the mechanism responsible for pomegranate female sterility. Ovule development in FMF ceased following the formation of the inner integument primordium. The key stage for the termination of FMF ovule development was when the bud vertical diameter was 5.0-13.0 mm. Candidate genes influencing ovule development may be crucial factors in pomegranate female sterility. INNER OUTER (INO/YABBY4) (Gglean016270) and AINTEGUMENTA (ANT) homolog genes (Gglean003340 and Gglean011480), which regulate the development of the integument, showed down-regulation in FMF at the key stage of ovule development cessation (ATNSII). Their upstream regulator genes, such as AGAMOUS-like (AG-like) (Gglean028014, Gglean026618, and Gglean028632) and SPOROCYTELESS (SPL) homolog genes (Gglean005812), also showed differential expression pattern between BF and FMF at this key stage. The differential expression of the ethylene response signal genes, ETR (ethylene-resistant) (Gglean022853) and ERF1/2 (ethylene-responsive factor) (Gglean022880), between FMF and BF indicated that ethylene signaling may also be an important factor in the development of pomegranate female sterility. The increase in BF observed after spraying with ethephon supported this interpretation. Results from qRT-PCR confirmed the findings of the transcriptomic analysis.
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36
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Bartoli G, Felici C, Ruffini Castiglione M. Female gametophyte and embryo development in Helleborus bocconei Ten. (Ranunculaceae). PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:491-504. [PMID: 27048178 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0969-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated cytohistochemistry, cycle progression, and relative DNA content of the female gametophyte cells of Helleborus bocconei Ten. before and after fertilization process. The early stages of embryo development were also investigated. H. bocconei possesses a monosporic seven-celled/eight-nucleate Polygonum type female gametophyte, characterized by a morpho-functional polarity. The cells of the embryo sac showed abundant reserves of polysaccharides, strongly increasing in the egg cell just before fertilization. With different timing in DNA replication during cell cycle progression, synergids, egg cells, and polar nuclei showed a haploid DNA content at the end of their differentiation, while antipodes underwent three DNA endoreduplication cycles. Programmed cell death symptoms were detectable in synergid and antipodal cells. After double fertilization, the central cell quickly underwent many mitotic cycles forming the endosperm, which exhibited a progressive increase in protein bodies and starch grains. Close to the developing embryo, the endosperm differentiated a well-defined region rich in a fibrillar carbohydrate matrix. The zygote, that does not start immediately to divide after double fertilization, developed in to an embryo that reached the heart stage at fruit maturation time. A weakly differentiated embryo at this time indicates a morpho-physiological dormancy of seeds, as a survival strategy imposed by the life cycle of this plant with seed dispersal in spring and their germination in the following winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Bartoli
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via Ghini 13, Pisa, I-56126, Italy
| | - Cristiana Felici
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via Ghini 13, Pisa, I-56126, Italy
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A Multigenic Network of ARGONAUTE4 Clade Members Controls Early Megaspore Formation in Arabidopsis. Genetics 2016; 204:1045-1056. [PMID: 27591749 PMCID: PMC5105840 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.188151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of gametophytes relies on the establishment of a haploid gametophytic generation that initiates with the specification of gametophytic precursors. The majority of flowering plants differentiate a single gametophytic precursor in the ovule: the megaspore mother cell. Here we show that, in addition to argonaute9 (ago9), mutations in other ARGONAUTE (AGO) genes such as ago4, ago6, and ago8, also show abnormal configurations containing supernumerary gametophytic precursors in Arabidopsis thaliana. Double homozygous ago4 ago9 individuals showed a suppressive effect on the frequency of ovules with multiple gametophytic precursors across three consecutive generations, indicating that genetic interactions result in compensatory mechanisms. Whereas overexpression of AGO6 in ago9 and ago4 ago9 confirms strong regulatory interactions among genes involved in RNA-directed DNA methylation, AGO8 is overexpressed in premeiotic ovules of ago4 ago9 individuals, suggesting that the regulation of this previously presumed pseudogene responds to the compensatory mechanism. The frequency of abnormal meiotic configurations found in ago4 ago9 individuals is dependent on their parental genotype, revealing a transgenerational effect. Our results indicate that members of the AGO4 clade cooperatively participate in preventing the abnormal specification of multiple premeiotic gametophytic precursors during early ovule development in A. thaliana.
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Zhou LZ, Höwing T, Müller B, Hammes UZ, Gietl C, Dresselhaus T. Expression analysis of KDEL-CysEPs programmed cell death markers during reproduction in Arabidopsis. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2016; 29:265-72. [PMID: 27349421 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-016-0288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
CEP cell death markers. Programmed cell death (PCD) is essential for proper plant growth and development. Plant-specific papain-type KDEL-tailed cysteine endopeptidases (KDEL-CysEPs or CEPs) have been shown to be involved in PCD during vegetative development as executors for the last step in the process. The Arabidopsis genome encodes three KDEL-CysEPs: AtCEP1, AtCEP2 and AtCEP3. With the help of fluorescent fusion reporter lines, we report here a detailed expression analysis of KDEL-CysEP (pro)proteins during reproductive processes, including flower organ and germline development, fertilization and seed development. AtCEP1 is highly expressed in different reproductive tissues including nucellus cells of mature ovule and the connecting edge of anther and filament. After fertilization, AtCEP1 marks integument cell layers of the seeds coat as well as suspensor and columella cells of the developing embryo. Promoter activity of AtCEP2 is detected in the style of immature and mature pistils, in other floral organs including anther, sepal and petal. AtCEP2 mainly localizes to parenchyma cells next to xylem vessels. Although there is no experimental evidence to demonstrate that KDEL-CysEPs are involved in PCD during fertilization, the expression pattern of AtCEPs, which were previously shown to represent cell death markers during vegetative development, opens up new avenues to investigate PCD in plant reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Zi Zhou
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Timo Höwing
- Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85350, Freising, Germany
| | - Benedikt Müller
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Z Hammes
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christine Gietl
- Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85350, Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Dresselhaus
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, Biochemie-Zentrum Regensburg, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.
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Rodríguez-Leal D, León-Martínez G, Abad-Vivero U, Vielle-Calzada JP. Natural variation in epigenetic pathways affects the specification of female gamete precursors in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:1034-45. [PMID: 25829442 PMCID: PMC4558685 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.133009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In angiosperms, the transition to the female gametophytic phase relies on the specification of premeiotic gamete precursors from sporophytic cells in the ovule. In Arabidopsis thaliana, a single diploid cell is specified as the premeiotic female gamete precursor. Here, we show that ecotypes of Arabidopsis exhibit differences in megasporogenesis leading to phenotypes reminiscent of defects in dominant mutations that epigenetically affect the specification of female gamete precursors. Intraspecific hybridization and polyploidy exacerbate these defects, which segregate quantitatively in F2 populations derived from ecotypic hybrids, suggesting that multiple loci control cell specification at the onset of female meiosis. This variation in cell differentiation is influenced by the activity of ARGONAUTE9 (AGO9) and RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE6 (RDR6), two genes involved in epigenetic silencing that control the specification of female gamete precursors. The pattern of transcriptional regulation and localization of AGO9 varies among ecotypes, and abnormal gamete precursors in ovules defective for RDR6 share identity with ectopic gamete precursors found in selected ecotypes. Our results indicate that differences in the epigenetic control of cell specification lead to natural phenotypic variation during megasporogenesis. We propose that this mechanism could be implicated in the emergence and evolution of the reproductive alternatives that prevail in flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rodríguez-Leal
- Grupo de Desarrollo Reproductivo y Apomixis, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad y Departamento de Ingeniería Genética de Plantas, Cinvestav Irapuato CP36821 Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Gloria León-Martínez
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Michoacán, CP 59510 Jiquilpan, Mexico
| | - Ursula Abad-Vivero
- Grupo de Desarrollo Reproductivo y Apomixis, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad y Departamento de Ingeniería Genética de Plantas, Cinvestav Irapuato CP36821 Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Jean-Philippe Vielle-Calzada
- Grupo de Desarrollo Reproductivo y Apomixis, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad y Departamento de Ingeniería Genética de Plantas, Cinvestav Irapuato CP36821 Guanajuato, Mexico
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40
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González-Gutiérrez AG, Gutiérrez-Mora A, Rodríguez-Garay B. Embryo sac formation and early embryo development in Agave tequilana (Asparagaceae). SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:575. [PMID: 25332875 PMCID: PMC4192144 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Agave tequilana is an angiosperm species that belongs to the family Asparagaceae (formerly Agavaceae). Even though there is information regarding to some aspects related to the megagametogenesis of A. tequilana, this is the first report describing the complete process of megasporogenesis, megagametogenesis, the early embryo and endosperm development process in detail. The objective of this work was to study and characterize all the above processes and the distinctive morphological changes of the micropylar and chalazal extremes after fertilization in this species. The agave plant material for the present study was collected from commercial plantations in the state of Jalisco, Mexico. Ovules and immature seeds, previously fixed in FAA and kept in ethanol 70%, were stained based on a tissue clarification technique by using a Mayer’s-Hematoxylin solution. The tissue clarification technique was successfully used for the characterization of the megasporogenesis, megagametogenesis, mature embryo sac formation, the early embryo and endosperm development processes by studying intact cells. The embryo sac of A. tequilana was confirmed to be of the monosporic Polygonum-type and an helobial endosperm formation. Also, the time-lapse of the developmental processes studied was recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra G González-Gutiérrez
- Unidad de Biotecnología Vegetal, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. (CIATEJ), Av. Normalistas No. 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44270 México
| | - Antonia Gutiérrez-Mora
- Unidad de Biotecnología Vegetal, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. (CIATEJ), Av. Normalistas No. 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44270 México
| | - Benjamín Rodríguez-Garay
- Unidad de Biotecnología Vegetal, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. (CIATEJ), Av. Normalistas No. 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44270 México
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Pajoro A, Biewers S, Dougali E, Leal Valentim F, Mendes MA, Porri A, Coupland G, Van de Peer Y, van Dijk ADJ, Colombo L, Davies B, Angenent GC. The (r)evolution of gene regulatory networks controlling Arabidopsis plant reproduction: a two-decade history. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4731-45. [PMID: 24913630 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Successful plant reproduction relies on the perfect orchestration of singular processes that culminate in the product of reproduction: the seed. The floral transition, floral organ development, and fertilization are well-studied processes and the genetic regulation of the various steps is being increasingly unveiled. Initially, based predominantly on genetic studies, the regulatory pathways were considered to be linear, but recent genome-wide analyses, using high-throughput technologies, have begun to reveal a different scenario. Complex gene regulatory networks underlie these processes, including transcription factors, microRNAs, movable factors, hormones, and chromatin-modifying proteins. Here we review recent progress in understanding the networks that control the major steps in plant reproduction, showing how new advances in experimental and computational technologies have been instrumental. As these recent discoveries were obtained using the model species Arabidopsis thaliana, we will restrict this review to regulatory networks in this important model species. However, more fragmentary information obtained from other species reveals that both the developmental processes and the underlying regulatory networks are largely conserved, making this review also of interest to those studying other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Pajoro
- Plant Research International (PRI) Droevendaalseweg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalseweg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Biewers
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Evangelia Dougali
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Felipe Leal Valentim
- Plant Research International (PRI) Droevendaalseweg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Adelina Mendes
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Aimone Porri
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linne Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - George Coupland
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linne Weg 10, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Aalt D J van Dijk
- Plant Research International (PRI) Droevendaalseweg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands Biometris, Wageningen University, Droevendaalseweg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Brendan Davies
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Gerco C Angenent
- Plant Research International (PRI) Droevendaalseweg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalseweg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Emmler K, Schäfer E. Maternal Effect on Embryogenesis in Tobacco Overexpressing Rice Phytochrome A*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1997.tb00604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Du L, Li N, Chen L, Xu Y, Li Y, Zhang Y, Li C, Li Y. The ubiquitin receptor DA1 regulates seed and organ size by modulating the stability of the ubiquitin-specific protease UBP15/SOD2 in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:665-77. [PMID: 24585836 PMCID: PMC3967032 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.122663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although the control of organ size is a fundamental question in developmental biology, little is known about the genetic and molecular mechanisms that determine the final size of seeds in plants. We previously demonstrated that the ubiquitin receptor DA1 acts synergistically with the E3 ubiquitin ligases DA2 and ENHANCER1 OF DA1 (EOD1)/BIG BROTHER to restrict seed growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we describe UBIQUITIN-SPECIFIC PROTEASE15 (UBP15), encoded by SUPPRESSOR2 OF DA1 (SOD2), which acts maternally to regulate seed size by promoting cell proliferation in the integuments of ovules and developing seeds. The sod2/ubp15 mutants form small seeds, while overexpression of UBP15 increases seed size of wild-type plants. Genetic analyses indicate that UBP15 functions antagonistically in a common pathway with DA1 to influence seed size, but does so independently of DA2 and EOD1. Further results reveal that DA1 physically associates with UBP15 in vitro and in vivo and modulates the stability of UBP15. Therefore, our findings establish a genetic and molecular framework for the regulation of seed size by four ubiquitin-related proteins DA1, DA2, EOD1, and UBP15 and suggest that they are promising targets for increasing seed size in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome
Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
100039, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome
Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liangliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome
Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
100039, China
| | - Yingxiu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome
Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of
Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101,
China
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome
Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
100039, China
| | - Yueying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome
Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
100039, China
| | - Chuanyou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of
Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101,
China
| | - Yunhai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome
Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Address correspondence to
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Lee BH, Wynn AN, Franks RG, Hwang YS, Lim J, Kim JH. The Arabidopsis thaliana GRF-INTERACTING FACTOR gene family plays an essential role in control of male and female reproductive development. Dev Biol 2014; 386:12-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Locascio A, Roig-Villanova I, Bernardi J, Varotto S. Current perspectives on the hormonal control of seed development in Arabidopsis and maize: a focus on auxin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:412. [PMID: 25202316 PMCID: PMC4142864 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The seed represents the unit of reproduction of flowering plants, capable of developing into another plant, and to ensure the survival of the species under unfavorable environmental conditions. It is composed of three compartments: seed coat, endosperm and embryo. Proper seed development depends on the coordination of the processes that lead to seed compartments differentiation, development and maturation. The coordination of these processes is based on the constant transmission/perception of signals by the three compartments. Phytohormones constitute one of these signals; gradients of hormones are generated in the different seed compartments, and their ratios comprise the signals that induce/inhibit particular processes in seed development. Among the hormones, auxin seems to exert a central role, as it is the only one in maintaining high levels of accumulation from fertilization to seed maturation. The gradient of auxin generated by its PIN carriers affects several processes of seed development, including pattern formation, cell division and expansion. Despite the high degree of conservation in the regulatory mechanisms that lead to seed development within the Spermatophytes, remarkable differences exist during seed maturation between Monocots and Eudicots species. For instance, in Monocots the endosperm persists until maturation, and constitutes an important compartment for nutrients storage, while in Eudicots it is reduced to a single cell layer, as the expanding embryo gradually replaces it during the maturation. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on hormonal control of seed development, by considering the data available in two model plants: Arabidopsis thaliana, for Eudicots and Zea mays L., for Monocots. We will emphasize the control exerted by auxin on the correct progress of seed development comparing, when possible, the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Locascio
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals Environment - University of PadovaPadova, Italy
- IBMCP-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Antonella Locascio, IBMCP-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avda de los Naranjos s/n, ed.8E, 46020 Valencia, Spain e-mail:
| | | | - Jamila Bernardi
- Istituto di Agronomia Genetica e Coltivazioni Erbacee, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuorePiacenza, Italy
| | - Serena Varotto
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals Environment - University of PadovaPadova, Italy
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Ao CQ. Developmental origins of the conjoined twin mature embryo sacs in Smilax davidiana, with special notes on the formation of their embryos and endosperms. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2013; 100:2509-2515. [PMID: 24287267 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1300126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Smilax davidiana, a perennial deciduous vine in Smilacaceae, is widely distributed in East and South China. A recent investigation revealed the existence of twin embryo sacs in this species. This study describes their mature structure, analyzes their developmental origins, and discusses the formation of their embryos and endosperms. METHODS Conventional paraffin section, light microscopy, and various staining techniques were used to document the course of megasporogenesis and mature embryo sac structure in pistillate flowers. KEY RESULTS Two chalazal megaspores of the tetrad became functional, giving rise to twin embryo sacs. Two mature embryo sacs of the same size (equal-conjoined twins); a dominant mature embryo sac and a subordinate one (unequal-conjoined twins); or very rarely, fully fused twin mature embryo sacs sharing a common chalazal domain are formed. CONCLUSION A single embryo occurring in conjoined twins is the outcome of two eggs competing for sperm rather than a result of contention of two pre-embryos (or young embryos) for nutrition. Conjoined twin embryo sacs could provide a new pathway to the formation of pentaploid endosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Qi Ao
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Chashan, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China, 325035
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Armenta-Medina A, Huanca-Mamani W, Sanchez-León N, Rodríguez-Arévalo I, Vielle-Calzada JP. Functional analysis of sporophytic transcripts repressed by the female gametophyte in the ovule of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76977. [PMID: 24194852 PMCID: PMC3806734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the genetic and molecular regulation that the female gametophyte could exert over neighboring sporophytic regions of the ovule, we performed a quantitative comparison of global expression in wild-type and nozzle/sporocyteless (spl) ovules of Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), using Massively Parallel Signature Sequencing (MPSS). This comparison resulted in 1517 genes showing at least 3-fold increased expression in ovules lacking a female gametophyte, including those encoding 89 transcription factors, 50 kinases, 25 proteins containing a RNA-recognition motif (RRM), and 20 WD40 repeat proteins. We confirmed that eleven of these genes are either preferentially expressed or exclusive of spl ovules lacking a female gametophyte as compared to wild-type, and showed that six are also upregulated in determinant infertile1 (dif1), a meiotic mutant affected in a REC8-like cohesin that is also devoided of female gametophytes. The sporophytic misexpression of IOREMPTE, a WD40/transducin repeat gene that is preferentially expressed in the L1 layer of spl ovules, caused the arrest of female gametogenesis after differentiation of a functional megaspore. Our results show that in Arabidopsis, the sporophytic-gametophytic cross talk includes a negative regulation of the female gametophyte over specific genes that are detrimental for its growth and development, demonstrating its potential to exert a repressive control over neighboring regions in the ovule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Armenta-Medina
- Grupo de Desarrollo Reproductivo y Apomixis, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad y Departamento de Ingeniería Genética de Plantas, CINVESTAV Irapuato, Irapuato, Mexico
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Fatihi A, Zbierzak AM, Dörmann P. Alterations in seed development gene expression affect size and oil content of Arabidopsis seeds. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:973-85. [PMID: 24014578 PMCID: PMC3793072 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.226761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Seed endosperm development in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is under control of the polycomb group complex, which includes Fertilization Independent Endosperm (FIE). The polycomb group complex regulates downstream factors, e.g. Pheres1 (PHE1), by genomic imprinting. In heterozygous fie mutants, an endosperm develops in ovules carrying a maternal fie allele without fertilization, finally leading to abortion. Another endosperm development pathway depends on MINISEED3 (a WRKY10 transcription factor) and HAIKU2 (a leucine-rich repeat kinase). While the role of seed development genes in the embryo and endosperm establishment has been studied in detail, their impact on metabolism and oil accumulation remained unclear. Analysis of oil, protein, and sucrose accumulation in mutants and overexpression plants of the four seed development genes revealed that (1) seeds carrying a maternal fie allele accumulate low oil with an altered composition of triacylglycerol molecular species; (2) homozygous mutant seeds of phe1, mini3, and iku2, which are smaller, accumulate less oil and slightly less protein, and starch, which accumulates early during seed development, remains elevated in mutant seeds; (3) embryo-specific overexpression of FIE, PHE1, and MINI3 has no influence on seed size and weight, nor on oil, protein, or sucrose content; and (4) overexpression of IKU2 results in seeds with increased size and weight, and oil content of overexpressed IKU2 seeds is increased by 35%. Thus, IKU2 overexpression represents a novel strategy for the genetic manipulation of the oil content in seeds.
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Płachno BJ, Swiątek P, Sas-Nowosielska H, Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno M. Organisation of the endosperm and endosperm-placenta syncytia in bladderworts (Utricularia, Lentibulariaceae) with emphasis on the microtubule arrangement. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:863-73. [PMID: 23178998 PMCID: PMC3728435 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0468-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Multinucleate cells play an important role in higher plants, especially during reproduction; however, the configurations of their cytoskeletons, which are formed as a result of mitosis without cytokinesis, have mainly been studied in coenocytes. Previous authors have proposed that in spite of their developmental origin (cell fusion or mitosis without cytokinesis), in multinucleate plant cells, radiating microtubules determine the regular spacing of individual nuclei. However, with the exception of specific syncytia induced by parasitic nematodes, there is no information about the microtubular cytoskeleton in plant heterokaryotic syncytia, i.e. when the nuclei of fused cells come from different cell pools. In this paper, we describe the arrangement of microtubules in the endosperm and special endosperm-placenta syncytia in two Utricularia species. These syncytia arise from different progenitor cells, i.e. cells of the maternal sporophytic nutritive tissue and the micropylar endosperm haustorium (both maternal and paternal genetic material). The development of the endosperm in the two species studied was very similar. We describe microtubule configurations in the three functional endosperm domains: the micropylar syncytium, the endosperm proper and the chalazal haustorium. In contrast to plant syncytia that are induced by parasitic nematodes, the syncytia of Utricularia had an extensive microtubular network. Within each syncytium, two giant nuclei, coming from endosperm cells, were surrounded by a three-dimensional cage of microtubules, which formed a huge cytoplasmic domain. At the periphery of the syncytium, where new protoplasts of the nutritive cells join the syncytium, the microtubules formed a network which surrounded small nuclei from nutritive tissue cells and were also distributed through the cytoplasm. Thus, in the Utricularia syncytium, there were different sized cytoplasmic domains, whose architecture depended on the source and size of the nuclei. The endosperm proper was isolated from maternal (ovule) tissues by a cuticle layer, so the syncytium and chalazal haustorium were the only way for nutrients to be transported from the maternal tissue towards the developing embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz J Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Jagiellonian University, 52 Grodzka St., 31-044 Cracow, Poland.
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Demesa-Arévalo E, Vielle-Calzada JP. The classical arabinogalactan protein AGP18 mediates megaspore selection in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:1274-87. [PMID: 23572547 PMCID: PMC3663267 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.106237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Female gametogenesis in most flowering plants depends on the predetermined selection of a single meiotically derived cell, as the three other megaspores die without further division or differentiation. Although in Arabidopsis thaliana the formation of the functional megaspore (FM) is crucial for the establishment of the gametophytic generation, the mechanisms that determine the specification and fate of haploid cells remain unknown. Here, we show that the classical arabinogalactan protein 18 (AGP18) exerts an active regulation over the selection and survival of megaspores in Arabidopsis. During meiosis, AGP18 is expressed in integumentary cells located in the abaxial region of the ovule. Overexpression of AGP18 results in the abnormal maintenance of surviving megaspores that can acquire a FM identity but is not sufficient to induce FM differentiation before meiosis, indicating that AGP18 positively promotes the selection of viable megaspores. We also show that all four meiotically derived cells in the ovule of Arabidopsis are competent to differentiate into a gametic precursor and that the function of AGP18 is important for their selection and viability. Our results suggest an evolutionary role for arabinogalactan proteins in the acquisition of monospory and the developmental plasticity that is intrinsic to sexual reproduction in flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Demesa-Arévalo
- Grupo de Desarrollo Reproductivo y Apomixis, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad y Departamento de Ingeniería Genética de Plantas, Cinvestav Irapuato CP36821 Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Jean-Philippe Vielle-Calzada
- Grupo de Desarrollo Reproductivo y Apomixis, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad y Departamento de Ingeniería Genética de Plantas, Cinvestav Irapuato CP36821 Guanajuato, Mexico
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