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Mlakić M, Čadež T, Šinko G, Škorić I, Kovarik Z. New Heterostilbene and Triazole Oximes as Potential CNS-Active and Cholinesterase-Targeted Therapeutics. Biomolecules 2024; 14:679. [PMID: 38927082 PMCID: PMC11201660 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
New furan, thiophene, and triazole oximes were synthesized through several-step reaction paths to investigate their potential for the development of central nervous systems (CNS)-active and cholinesterase-targeted therapeutics in organophosphorus compound (OP) poisonings. Treating patients with acute OP poisoning is still a challenge despite the development of a large number of oxime compounds that should have the capacity to reactivate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). The activity of these two enzymes, crucial for neurotransmission, is blocked by OP, which has the consequence of disturbing normal cholinergic nerve signal transduction in the peripheral and CNS, leading to a cholinergic crisis. The oximes in use have one or two pyridinium rings and cross the brain-blood barrier poorly due to the quaternary nitrogen. Following our recent study on 2-thienostilbene oximes, in this paper, we described the synthesis of 63 heterostilbene derivatives, of which 26 oximes were tested as inhibitors and reactivators of AChE and BChE inhibited by OP nerve agents-sarin and cyclosarin. While the majority of oximes were potent inhibitors of both enzymes in the micromolar range, we identified several oximes as BChE or AChE selective inhibitors with the potential for drug development. Furthermore, the oximes were poor reactivators of AChE; four heterocyclic derivatives reactivated cyclosarin-inhibited BChE up to 70%, and cis,trans-5 [2-((Z)-2-(5-((E)-(hydroxyimino)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)vinyl)benzonitrile] had a reactivation efficacy comparable to the standard oxime HI-6. In silico analysis and molecular docking studies, including molecular dynamics simulation, connected kinetic data to the structural features of these oximes and confirmed their productive interactions with the active site of cyclosarin-inhibited BChE. Based on inhibition and reactivation and their ADMET properties regarding lipophilicity, CNS activity, and hepatotoxicity, these compounds could be considered for further development of CNS-active reactivators in OP poisoning as well as cholinesterase-targeted therapeutics in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Mlakić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Tena Čadež
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.Č.); (G.Š.)
| | - Goran Šinko
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.Č.); (G.Š.)
| | - Irena Škorić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (T.Č.); (G.Š.)
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Kolić D, Šinko G. Evaluation of Anticholinesterase Activity of the Fungicides Mefentrifluconazole and Pyraclostrobin. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6310. [PMID: 38928014 PMCID: PMC11204243 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Triazoles are compounds with various biological activities, including fungicidal action. They became popular through cholinesterase studies after the successful synthesis of the dual binding femtomolar triazole inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) by Sharpless et al. via in situ click chemistry. Here, we evaluate the anticholinesterase effect of the first isopropanol triazole fungicide mefentrifluconazole (Ravystar®), developed to overcome fungus resistance in plant disease management. Mefentrifluconazole is commercially available individually or in a binary fungicidal mixture, i.e., with pyraclostrobin (Ravycare®). Pyraclostrobin is a carbamate that contains a pyrazole ring. Carbamates are known inhibitors of cholinesterases and the carbamate rivastigmine is already in use for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. We tested the type and potency of anticholinesterase activity of mefentrifluconazole and pyraclostrobin. Mefentrifluconazole reversibly inhibited human AChE and BChE with a seven-fold higher potency toward AChE (Ki = 101 ± 19 μM). Pyraclostrobin (50 μM) inhibited AChE and BChE progressively with rate constants of (t1/2 = 2.1 min; ki = 6.6 × 103 M-1 min-1) and (t1/2 = 1.5 min; ki = 9.2 × 103 M-1 min-1), respectively. A molecular docking study indicated key interactions between the tested fungicides and residues of the lipophilic active site of AChE and BChE. Additionally, the physicochemical properties of the tested fungicides were compared to values for CNS-active drugs to estimate the blood-brain barrier permeability. Our results can be applied in the design of new molecules with a lesser impact on humans and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Goran Šinko
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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3
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Arslan T, Senturk M, Karagoz L, Karagoz Y, Ekinci D, Efe A, Türkoğlu EA, Uras F. Synthesis
, in vitro
and
in silico
Biological Studies of Sulfonamide Chalcones as Esterase Inhibitors. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tayfun Arslan
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Art Giresun University 28200 Giresun Türkiye
| | - Murat Senturk
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Agri Ibrahim Cecen University 04100 Agri Türkiye
| | - Lütfi Karagoz
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Marmara University 34668 Istanbul Türkiye
| | - Yalcin Karagoz
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Agri Ibrahim Cecen University 04100 Agri Türkiye
| | - Deniz Ekinci
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology Faculty of Agriculture Ondokuz Mayıs University 55139 Samsun Türkiye
| | - Asiye Efe
- Institute of Graduate Education Agri Ibrahim Cecen University 04100 Agri Türkiye
| | - Emir Alper Türkoğlu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Health Sciences Turkey 34668 Istanbul Türkiye
| | - Fikriye Uras
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Marmara University 34668 Istanbul Türkiye
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Miličević A, Šinko G. Evaluation of the Key Structural Features of Various Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors Using Simple Molecular Descriptors. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27206894. [PMID: 36296489 PMCID: PMC9610766 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we developed several QSAR models based on simple descriptors (such as topological and constitutional) to estimate butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibition potency, pKi (or pIC50), of a set of 297 (289 after exclusion of outliers) structurally different compounds. The models were similar to the best model that we obtained previously for acetylcholinesterase AChE and were based on the valence molecular connectivity indices of second and third order (2χv and 3χv), the number of aliphatic hydroxyl groups (nOH), AlogP Ghose-Crippen octanol-water partition coeff. (logP), and O-060-atom-centred fragments (Al-O-Ar, Ar-O-Ar, R..O..R and R-O-C=X). The best models with two and three descriptors yielded r = 0.787 and S.E. = 0.89, and r = 0.827 and S.E. = 0.81, respectively. We also correlated nine scoring functions, calculated for 20 ligands whose complexes with BChE we found in the Protein Data Bank as crystal structures to pKi (or pIC50). The best correlations yielded PLP1 and PLP2 (Piecewise Linear Pairwise potential functions) with r = 0.619 and 0.689, respectively. Correlation with certain simple topological and constitutional descriptors yielded better results, e.g., 3χv (r = 0.730), on the same set of compounds (N = 20).
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Assessment of four organophosphorus pesticides as inhibitors of human acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21486. [PMID: 34728713 PMCID: PMC8563940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00953-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxicity of organophosphorus compounds (OPs) remains a major public health concern due to their widespread use as pesticides and the existence of nerve agents. Their common mechanism of action involves inhibition of enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) which are crucial for neurotransmission. Both chronic and acute poisoning by OPs can leave long-lasting health effects even when the patients are treated with standard medical therapy. Therefore, an increasing urgency exists to find more effective oxime reactivators for compounds which are resistant to reactivation, especially phosphoramidates. Here, we investigated in silico and in vitro interactions and kinetics of inhibition for human cholinesterases with four organophosphate pesticides-ethoprophos, fenamiphos, methamidophos and phosalone. Overall, ethoprophos and fenamiphos displayed higher potency as inhibitors for tested cholinesterases. Our results show that methamidophos-inhibited hAChE was more susceptible to reactivation than hAChE inhibited by fenamiphos by selected oximes. Molecular modelling enabled an evaluation of interactions important for specificity and selectivity of both inhibition and reactivation of cholinesterases. Two newly developed reactivators-bispyridinium triazole oxime 14A and zwitterionic oxime RS194B possess remarkable potential for further development of antidotes directed against pesticides and related phosphoramidate exposures, such as nerve agents tabun or Novichoks.
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Vitamin B3-Based Biologically Active Compounds as Inhibitors of Human Cholinesterases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218088. [PMID: 33138280 PMCID: PMC7663184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the potential of nine vitamin B3 scaffold-based derivatives as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors, as a starting point for the development of novel drugs for treating disorders with cholinergic neurotransmission-linked pathology. As the results indicate, all compounds reversibly inhibited both enzymes in the micromolar range pointing to the preference of AChE over BChE for binding the tested derivatives. Molecular docking studies revealed the importance of interactions with AChE active site residues Tyr337 and Tyr124, which dictated most of the observed differences. The most potent inhibitor of both enzymes with Ki of 4 μM for AChE and 8 μM for BChE was the nicotinamide derivative 1-(4′-phenylphenacyl)-3-carbamoylpyridinium bromide. Such a result places it within the range of several currently studied novel cholinesterase inhibitors. Cytotoxicity profiling did not classify this compound as highly toxic, but the induced effects on cells should not be neglected in any future detailed studies and when considering this scaffold for drug development.
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Xing S, Li Q, Xiong B, Chen Y, Feng F, Liu W, Sun H. Structure and therapeutic uses of butyrylcholinesterase: Application in detoxification, Alzheimer's disease, and fat metabolism. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:858-901. [PMID: 33103262 DOI: 10.1002/med.21745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Structural information of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and its variants associated with several diseases are discussed here. Pure human BChE has been proved safe and effective in treating organophosphorus (OPs) poisoning and has completed Phase 1 and 2 pharmacokinetic (PK) and safety studies. The introduction of specific mutations into native BChE to endow it a self-reactivating property has gained much progress in producing effective OPs hydrolases. The hydrolysis ability of native BChE on cocaine has been confirmed but was blocked to clinical application due to poor PK properties. Several BChE mutants with elevated cocaine hydrolysis activity were published, some of which have shown safety and efficiency in treating cocaine addiction of human. The increased level of BChE in progressed Alzheimer's disease patients made it a promising target to elevate acetylcholine level and attenuate cognitive status. A variety of selective BChE inhibitors with high inhibitory activity published in recent years are reviewed here. BChE could influence the weight and insulin secretion and resistance of BChE knockout (KO) mice through hydrolyzing ghrelin. The BChE-ghrelin pathway could also regulate aggressive behaviors of BChE-KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Xing
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baichen Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Food and Pharmaceuticals Research, Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceuticals Science College, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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8
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Enantioseparation, in vitro testing, and structural characterization of triple-binding reactivators of organophosphate-inhibited cholinesterases. Biochem J 2020; 477:2771-2790. [PMID: 32639532 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The enantiomers of racemic 2-hydroxyimino-N-(azidophenylpropyl)acetamide-derived triple-binding oxime reactivators were separated, and tested for inhibition and reactivation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibited with tabun (GA), cyclosarin (GF), sarin (GB), and VX. Both enzymes showed the greatest affinity toward the methylimidazole derivative (III) of 2-hydroxyimino-N-(azidophenylpropyl)acetamide (I). The crystal structure was determined for the complex of oxime III within human BChE, confirming that all three binding groups interacted with active site residues. In the case of BChE inhibited by GF, oximes I (kr = 207 M-1 min-1) and III (kr = 213 M-1 min-1) showed better reactivation efficiency than the reference oxime 2-PAM. Finally, the key mechanistic steps in the reactivation of GF-inhibited BChE with oxime III were modeled using the PM7R6 method, stressing the importance of proton transfer from Nε of His438 to Oγ of Ser203 for achieving successful reactivation.
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9
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Targeting organophosphorus compounds poisoning by novel quinuclidine-3 oximes: development of butyrylcholinesterase-based bioscavengers. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3157-3171. [PMID: 32583098 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02811-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A library of 14 mono-oxime quinuclidinium-based compounds with alkyl or benzyl substituent were synthesized and characterized in vitro as potential antidotes for organophosphorus compounds (OP) poisoning treatment. We evaluated their potency for reversible inhibition and reactivation of OP inhibited human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and evaluated interactions by molecular docking studies. The reactivation was notable for both AChE and BChE inhibited by VX, cyclosarin, sarin and paraoxon, if quinuclidinium compounds contained the benzyl group attached to the quinuclidinium moiety. Out of all 14, oxime Q8 [4-bromobenzyl-3-(hydroxyimino)quinuclidinium bromide] was singled out as having the highest determined overall reactivation rate of approximately 20,000 M-1 min-1 for cyclosarin-inhibited BChE. Furthermore, this oxime in combination with BChE exhibited a capability to act as a bioscavenger of cyclosarin, degrading within 2 h up to 100-fold excess of cyclosarin concentration over the enzyme. Molecular modeling revealed that the position of the cyclohexyl moiety conjugated with the active site serine of BChE directs the favorable positioning of the quinuclidinium ring and the bromophenyl moiety of Q8, which makes phosphonylated-serine easily accessible for the nucleophilic displacement by the oxime group of Q8. This result presents a novel scaffold for the development of new BChE-based bioscavengers. Furthermore, a cytotoxic effect was not observed for Q8, which also makes it promising for further in vivo reactivation studies.
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Baumann K, Kordić L, Močibob M, Šinko G, Tomić S. Synthesis and In Vitro Screening of Novel Heterocyclic β-d-Gluco- and β-d-Galactoconjugates as Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152833. [PMID: 31382668 PMCID: PMC6695897 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of selective butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors may improve the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease by increasing lower synaptic levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is hydrolysed by acetylcholinesterase, as well as by overexpressed BChE. An increase in the synaptic levels of acetylcholine leads to normal cholinergic neurotransmission and improved cognitive functions. A series of 14 novel heterocyclic β-d-gluco- and β-d-galactoconjugates were designed and screened for inhibitory activity against BChE. In the kinetic studies, 4 out of 14 compounds showed an inhibitory effect towards BChE, with benzimidazolium and 1-benzylbenzimidazolium substituted β-d-gluco- and β-d-galacto-derivatives in a 10–50 micromolar range. The analysis performed by molecular modelling indicated key residues of the BChE active site, which contributed to a higher affinity toward the selected compounds. Sugar moiety in the inhibitor should enable better blood–brain barrier permeability, and thus increase bioavailability in the central nervous system of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krešimir Baumann
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lorena Kordić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Močibob
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Goran Šinko
- Biochemistry and Organic Analytical Chemistry Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, P.O. Box 291, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Srđanka Tomić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia
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11
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Structural aspects of 4-aminoquinolines as reversible inhibitors of human acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 308:101-109. [PMID: 31100281 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Eight derivatives of 4-aminoquinolines differing in the substituents attached to the C(4)-amino group and C(7) were synthesised and tested as inhibitors of human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Both enzymes were inhibited by all of the compounds with inhibition constants (Ki) ranging from 0.50 to 50 μM exhibiting slight selectivity toward AChE over BChE. The most potent inhibitors of AChE were compounds with an n-octylamino chain or adamantyl group. The shortening of the chain length resulted in a decrease in AChE inhibition by 5-20 times. Docking studies revealed that the quinoline group within the AChE active site was positioned in the choline binding site, while the C(4)-amino group substituents, depending on their lipophilicity, could establish hydrogen bonds or π-interactions with residues of the peripheral anionic site. The most potent inhibitors of BChE were compounds with the most voluminous substituent on C(4)-amino group (adamantyl) or those with a stronger electron withdrawing substituent on C(7) (trifluormethyl group). Based on AChE inhibition, compounds with an n-octylamino chain or adamantyl substituent were shown to possess the capacity for further development as potential drugs for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Grigorenko BL, Novichkova DA, Lushchekina SV, Zueva IV, Schopfer LM, Nemukhin AV, Varfolomeev SD, Lockridge O, Masson P. Computer-designed active human butyrylcholinesterase double mutant with a new catalytic triad. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 306:138-146. [PMID: 31009643 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A computer-designed mutant of human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), N322E/E325G, with a novel catalytic triad was made. The catalytic triad of the wild-type enzyme (S198·H438·E325) was replaced by S198·H438·N322E in silico. Molecular dynamics for 1.5 μs and Markov state model analysis showed that the new catalytic triad should be operative in the mutant enzyme, suggesting functionality. QM/MM modeling performed for the reaction of wild-type BChE and double mutant with echothiophate showed high reactivity of the mutant towards the organophosphate. A truncated monomeric (L530 stop) double mutant was expressed in Expi293 cells. Non-purified transfected cell culture medium was analyzed. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under native conditions followed by activity staining with BTC as the substrate provided evidence that the monomeric BChE mutant was active. Inhibition of the double mutant by echothiophate followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and activity staining showed that this enzyme slowly self-reactivated. However, because Expi293 cells secrete an endogenous BChE tetramer and several organophosphate-reacting enzymes, catalytic parameters and self-reactivation constants after phosphorylation of the new mutant were not determined in the crude cell culture medium. The study shows that the computer-designed double mutant (N322E/E325G) with a new catalytic triad (S198·H438·N322E) is a suitable template for design of novel active human BChE mutants that display an organophosphate hydrolase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bella L Grigorenko
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina Str. 4, Moscow 119334, Russia; Lomonosov State University, Chemistry Department, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dana A Novichkova
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina Str. 4, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Sofya V Lushchekina
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina Str. 4, Moscow 119334, Russia.
| | - Irina V Zueva
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov Str. 8, Kazan, 420088, Russia; Kazan Federal University, Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Kremlevskaya Str, 18, Kazan, 420008, Russia
| | - Lawrence M Schopfer
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Alexander V Nemukhin
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina Str. 4, Moscow 119334, Russia; Lomonosov State University, Chemistry Department, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey D Varfolomeev
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina Str. 4, Moscow 119334, Russia; Lomonosov State University, Chemistry Department, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Oksana Lockridge
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Patrick Masson
- Kazan Federal University, Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Kremlevskaya Str, 18, Kazan, 420008, Russia.
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Boyko KM, Baymukhametov TN, Chesnokov YM, Hons M, Lushchekina SV, Konarev PV, Lipkin AV, Vasiliev AL, Masson P, Popov VO, Kovalchuk MV. 3D structure of the natural tetrameric form of human butyrylcholinesterase as revealed by cryoEM, SAXS and MD. Biochimie 2019; 156:196-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Bosak A, Ramić A, Šmidlehner T, Hrenar T, Primožič I, Kovarik Z. Design and evaluation of selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors based on Cinchona alkaloid scaffold. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205193. [PMID: 30289893 PMCID: PMC6173406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis and anticholinesterase potency of Cinchona-based alkaloids; ten quaternary derivatives of cinchonines and their corresponding pseudo-enantiomeric cinchonidines. The quaternization of quinuclidine moiety of each compound was carried out with groups diverse in their size: methyl, benzyl and differently meta- and para-substituted benzyl groups. All of the prepared compounds reversibly inhibited human butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase with Ki constants within nanomolar to micromolar range. Five cinchonidine derivatives displayed 95-510 times higher inhibition selectivity to butyrylcholinesterase over acetylcholinesterase and four were potent butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors with Ki constants up to 100 nM, of which N-para-bromobenzyl cinchonidinium bromide can be considered a lead for further modifications and optimizations for possible use in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Bosak
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alma Ramić
- Faculty of Science, Horvatovac 102A, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tamara Šmidlehner
- Faculty of Science, Horvatovac 102A, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomica Hrenar
- Faculty of Science, Horvatovac 102A, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ines Primožič
- Faculty of Science, Horvatovac 102A, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, Zagreb, Croatia
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15
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Zorbaz T, Braïki A, Maraković N, Renou J, de la Mora E, Maček Hrvat N, Katalinić M, Silman I, Sussman JL, Mercey G, Gomez C, Mougeot R, Pérez B, Baati R, Nachon F, Weik M, Jean L, Kovarik Z, Renard PY. Potent 3-Hydroxy-2-Pyridine Aldoxime Reactivators of Organophosphate-Inhibited Cholinesterases with Predicted Blood-Brain Barrier Penetration. Chemistry 2018; 24:9675-9691. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Zorbaz
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health; Ksaverska cesta 2 HR-10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Anissa Braïki
- COBRA (UMR 6014); INSA Rouen; CNRS; Normandie Univ.; UNIROUEN; 76000 Rouen France
| | - Nikola Maraković
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health; Ksaverska cesta 2 HR-10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Julien Renou
- COBRA (UMR 6014); INSA Rouen; CNRS; Normandie Univ.; UNIROUEN; 76000 Rouen France
| | | | - Nikolina Maček Hrvat
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health; Ksaverska cesta 2 HR-10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Maja Katalinić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health; Ksaverska cesta 2 HR-10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Israel Silman
- Department of Neurobiology; Weizmann Institute of Science; 6100 Rehovot Israel
| | - Joel L. Sussman
- Department of Structural Biology; Weizmann Institute of Science; 76100 Rehovot Israel
| | - Guillaume Mercey
- COBRA (UMR 6014); INSA Rouen; CNRS; Normandie Univ.; UNIROUEN; 76000 Rouen France
| | - Catherine Gomez
- COBRA (UMR 6014); INSA Rouen; CNRS; Normandie Univ.; UNIROUEN; 76000 Rouen France
| | - Romain Mougeot
- COBRA (UMR 6014); INSA Rouen; CNRS; Normandie Univ.; UNIROUEN; 76000 Rouen France
| | - Belén Pérez
- Departament de Farmacologia, de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona Spain
| | - Rachid Baati
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES); ECPM, UMR 7515 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg; 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02 France
| | - Florian Nachon
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques; Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées; 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge France
| | - Martin Weik
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes; CEA; CNRS; IBS; 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Ludovic Jean
- COBRA (UMR 6014); INSA Rouen; CNRS; Normandie Univ.; UNIROUEN; 76000 Rouen France
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health; Ksaverska cesta 2 HR-10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Pierre-Yves Renard
- COBRA (UMR 6014); INSA Rouen; CNRS; Normandie Univ.; UNIROUEN; 76000 Rouen France
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16
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Zhao Y, Yang M, Fu Q, Ouyang H, Wen W, Song Y, Zhu C, Lin Y, Du D. A Nanozyme- and Ambient Light-Based Smartphone Platform for Simultaneous Detection of Dual Biomarkers from Exposure to Organophosphorus Pesticides. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7391-7398. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zhao
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingming Yang
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Qiangqiang Fu
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Hui Ouyang
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Wei Wen
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Yang Song
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Chengzhou Zhu
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Yuehe Lin
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Dan Du
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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17
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Bourne Y, Marchot P. Hot Spots for Protein Partnerships at the Surface of Cholinesterases and Related α/β Hydrolase Fold Proteins or Domains-A Structural Perspective. Molecules 2017; 23:molecules23010035. [PMID: 29295471 PMCID: PMC5943944 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydrolytic enzymes acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase, the cell adhesion molecules neuroligins, and the hormonogenic macromolecule thyroglobulin are a few of the many members of the α/β hydrolase fold superfamily of proteins. Despite their distinctive functions, their canonical subunits, with a molecular surface area of ~20,000 Å2, they share binding patches and determinants for forming homodimers and for accommodating structural subunits or protein partners. Several of these surface regions of high functional relevance have been mapped through structural or mutational studies, while others have been proposed based on biochemical data or molecular docking studies. Here, we review these binding interfaces and emphasize their specificity versus potentially multifunctional character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Bourne
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université, "Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques" Laboratory, 13288 Marseille, France.
| | - Pascale Marchot
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université, "Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques" Laboratory, 13288 Marseille, France.
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18
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Yang M, Zhao Y, Wang L, Paulsen M, Simpson CD, Liu F, Du D, Lin Y. Simultaneous detection of dual biomarkers from humans exposed to organophosphorus pesticides by combination of immunochromatographic test strip and ellman assay. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 104:39-44. [PMID: 29306031 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel sandwich immunoassay based immunochromatographic test strip (ICTS) has been developed for simultaneously measuring both butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity and the total amount of BChE (including inhibited and active enzyme) from 70 μLpost-exposure human plasma sample. The principle of this method is based on the BChE monoclonal antibody (MAb) capable of acting as both capture antibody and detection antibody. The BChE MAb which was immobilized on the test line was able to recognize both organophosphorus BChE adducts (OP-BChE) and BChE and provided equal binding affinity, permitting detection of the total enzyme amount in post-exposure human plasma samples. The formed immunocomplexes on the test line can further be excised from the test-strip for subsequent off-line measurement of BChE activity using the Ellman assay. Therefore, dual biomarkers of BChE activity and phosphorylation (OP-BChE) will be obtained simultaneously. The whole sandwich-immunoassay was performed on one ICTS, greatly reducing analytical time. The ICTS sensor showed excellent linear responses for assaying total amount of BChE and active BChE ranging from 0.22 to 3.58nM and 0.22-7.17nM, respectively. Both the signal detection limits are 0.10nM. We validated the practical application of the proposed method to measure 124 human plasma samples from orchard workers and cotton farmers with long-term exposure to organophosphorus pesticides (OPs). The results were in highly agreement with LC/MS/MS which verified our method is extremely accurate. Combining the portability and rapidity of test strip and the compatibility of BChE MAb as both capture antibody and detection antibody, the developed method provides a baseline-free, low-cost and rapid tool for in-field monitoring of OP exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Yang
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States; Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Zhao
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States
| | - Limin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael Paulsen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Christopher D Simpson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Du
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States.
| | - Yuehe Lin
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States.
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Bosak A, Knežević A, Gazić Smilović I, Šinko G, Kovarik Z. Resorcinol-, catechol- and saligenin-based bronchodilating β2-agonists as inhibitors of human cholinesterase activity. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:789-797. [PMID: 28573890 PMCID: PMC6445159 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1326109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the influence of bronchodilating β2-agonists on the activity of human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and usual, atypical and fluoride-resistant butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). We determined the inhibition potency of racemate and enantiomers of fenoterol as a resorcinol derivative, isoetharine and epinephrine as catechol derivatives and salbutamol and salmeterol as saligenin derivatives. All of the tested compounds reversibly inhibited cholinesterases with Ki constants ranging from 9.4 μM to 6.4 mM and had the highest inhibition potency towards usual BChE, but generally none of the cholinesterases displayed any stereoselectivity. Kinetic and docking results revealed that the inhibition potency of the studied compounds could be related to the size of the hydroxyaminoethyl chain on the benzene ring. The additional π-π interaction of salmeterol's benzene ring and Trp286 and hydrogen bond with His447 probably enhanced inhibition by salmeterol which was singled out as the most potent inhibitor of all the cholinesterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Bosak
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Goran Šinko
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
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20
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Bušić V, Katalinić M, Šinko G, Kovarik Z, Gašo-Sokač D. Pyridoxal oxime derivative potency to reactivate cholinesterases inhibited by organophosphorus compounds. Toxicol Lett 2016; 262:114-122. [PMID: 27693733 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents (sarin, tabun VX and soman) inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) by binding to its active site while preventing neurotransmission in the cholinergic synapses. The protection and treatment of this kind of poisoning are still a challenge as we are yet to discover an antidote that would be effective in all cases of poisoning. To aid the search for more efficient antidotes, we evaluated the ability of nine pyridoxal oxime derivatives, prepared by a novel synthetic pathway, to reactivate recombinant human AChE and the related purified human plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, EC 3.1.1.8) inhibited by VX, tabun and paraoxon. Oximes are derivatives of vitamin B6 bearing a phenacyl moiety attached to the quaternary nitrogen atom and having various substituents on the phenyl ring. As the results have shown, the tested oximes were in general more efficient in the reactivation of OP-inhibited BChE than AChE. The highest observed rate was in the case of VX-inhibited BChE reactivation, where kobs was 0.0087min-1 and the reactivation maximum of 90% was achieved within 5h. The cholinesterases displayed a binding affinity for these derivatives in a μmolar range no matter the substituent on their rings which was in accordance with the molecular modelling results showing a similar binding pattern for all oximes within the active site of both AChE and BChE. Such a positioning reveals also that hydroxy and a metoxy substituents at the vicinity of the oxime moiety present a possible steric hindrance explaining the reactivation results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bušić
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology, Kuhačeva 20, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Maja Katalinić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Goran Šinko
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dajana Gašo-Sokač
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology, Kuhačeva 20, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
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21
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Maraković N, Knežević A, Vinković V, Kovarik Z, Šinko G. Design and synthesis of N-substituted-2-hydroxyiminoacetamides and interactions with cholinesterases. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:122-132. [PMID: 27238725 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Within this study, we designed and synthesized four new oxime compounds of the N-substituted 2-hydroxyiminoacetamide structure and evaluated their interactions with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Our aim was to explore the possibility of extending the dual-binding mode of interaction between the enzyme and the inhibitor to a so-called triple-binding mode of interaction through the introduction of an additional binding moiety. N-substituted 2-hydroxyiminoacetamide 1 was prepared via BOP catalyzed amidation of hydroxyiminoacetic acid with 3-azido-1-phenylpropylamine. An azide group enabled us to prepare more elaborate structures 2-4 by the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. The new compounds 1-4 differed in their presumed AChE peripheral site binding moiety, which ranged from an azide group to functionalized heterocycles. Molecular docking studies revealed that all three binding moieties are involved in the non-covalent interactions with ChEs for all of the four compounds, albeit not always in the complete accordance with the proposed hypothesis. All of the four compounds reversibly inhibited the ChEs with their inhibition potency increasing in the same order for both enzymes (1 < 2 < 4 < 3). A higher preference for binding to BChE (KI from 0.30 μmol/L to 130 μmol/L) over AChE (KI from 50 μmol/L to 1200 μmol/L) was observed for all of the compounds. Compounds were screened for reactivation of cyclosarin-, sarin- and VX-inhibited AChE and BChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Maraković
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Vladimir Vinković
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Goran Šinko
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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22
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Understanding the non-catalytic behavior of human butyrylcholinesterase silent variants: Comparison of wild-type enzyme, catalytically active Ala328Cys mutant, and silent Ala328Asp variant. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:223-232. [PMID: 27062896 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Conformational dynamics of wild-type human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), two mutants of residue Ala328, the catalytically active Ala328Cys, and the catalytically inactive (silent) Ala328Asp, and their interactions with butyrylcholine were studied. The aim was to understand the molecular mechanisms by which point mutations may lead to silent BChE variant or alter catalytic activity. Importance of BChE natural variants is due to medical consequences, i.e. prolonged apnea, following administration of the myorelaxant esters, succinylcholine and mivacurium. Comparison of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for the three model systems showed that: 1) the active mutant Ala328Cys mutant has some changes in configuration of catalytic residues, which do not prevent binding of butyrylcholine to the active site; 2) in the naturally-occurring silent variant Ala328Asp, the Asp328 carboxylate may either form a salt bridge with Lys339 or a H-bond with His438. In the first case, the Ω-loop swings off the gorge, disrupting the π-cation binding site and the catalytic triad. In the second case, binding of cationic substrates in the catalytic center is also impaired. MD simulations carried out in 0.15 M NaCl, close to physiological ionic strength conditions, favored the second situation. It was seen that Asp328 forms a H-bond with the catalytic triad His438, which in turn disrupts the catalytic machinery. Therefore, we concluded that the Ala328Asp variant is not catalytically active because of that dramatic event. Computational results, consistent with in vitro biochemical data and clinical observations, validate our MD approach.
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23
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Alkanaimsh S, Karuppanan K, Guerrero A, Tu AM, Hashimoto B, Hwang MS, Phu ML, Arzola L, Lebrilla CB, Dandekar AM, Falk BW, Nandi S, Rodriguez RL, McDonald KA. Transient Expression of Tetrameric Recombinant Human Butyrylcholinesterase in Nicotiana benthamiana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:743. [PMID: 27379103 PMCID: PMC4909763 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To optimize the expression, extraction and purification of plant-derived tetrameric recombinant human butyrylcholinesterase (prBChE), we describe the development and use of plant viral amplicon-based gene expression system; Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) RNA-based overexpression vector (TRBO) to express enzymatically active FLAG-tagged plant made recombinant butyrylcholinesterase (rBChE) in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves using transient agroinfiltration. Two gene expression cassettes were designed to express the recombinant protein in either the ER or to the apoplastic compartment. Leaf homogenization was used to isolate ER-retained recombinant butyrylcholinesterase (prBChE-ER) while apoplast-targeted rBChE was isolated by either leaf homogenization (prBChE) or vacuum-extraction of apoplastic wash fluid (prBChE-AWF). rBChE from apoplast wash fluid had a higher specific activity but lower enzyme yield than leaf homogenate. To optimize the isolation and purification of total recombinant protein from leaf homogenates, an acidic extraction buffer was used. The acidic extraction buffer yielded >95% enzymatically active tetrameric rBChE as verified by Coomassie stained and native gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, when compared to human butyrylcholinesterase, the prBChE was found to be similar in terms of tetramerization and enzyme kinetics. The N-linked glycan profile of purified prBChE-ER was found to be mostly high mannose structures while the N-linked glycans on prBChE-AWF were primarily complex. The glycan profile of the prBChE leaf homogenates showed a mixture of high mannose, complex and paucimannose type N-glycans. These findings demonstrate the ability of plants to produce rBChE that is enzymatically active and whose oligomeric state is comparable to mammalian butyrylcholinesterase. The process of plant made rBChE tetramerization and strategies for improving its pharmacokinetics properties are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salem Alkanaimsh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Kalimuthu Karuppanan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Andrés Guerrero
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Aye M. Tu
- Department of Plant Science, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Bryce Hashimoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Min Sook Hwang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - My L. Phu
- Department of Plant Science, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Lucas Arzola
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | | | - Abhaya M. Dandekar
- Department of Plant Science, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Bryce W. Falk
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Somen Nandi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
- Department of Global HealthShare Initiative, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Raymond L. Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
- Department of Global HealthShare Initiative, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Karen A. McDonald
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
- Department of Global HealthShare Initiative, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Karen A. McDonald,
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24
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Benchekroun M, Bartolini M, Egea J, Romero A, Soriano E, Pudlo M, Luzet V, Andrisano V, Jimeno ML, López MG, Wehle S, Gharbi T, Refouvelet B, de Andrés L, Herrera-Arozamena C, Monti B, Bolognesi ML, Rodríguez-Franco MI, Decker M, Marco-Contelles J, Ismaili L. Novel Tacrine-Grafted Ugi Adducts as Multipotent Anti-Alzheimer Drugs: A Synthetic Renewal in Tacrine-Ferulic Acid Hybrids. ChemMedChem 2014; 10:523-39. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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25
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Dileep K, Remya C, Tintu I, Sadasivan C. Designing of multi-target-directed ligands against the enzymes associated with neuroinflammation: anin silicoapproach. FRONTIERS IN LIFE SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/21553769.2014.901924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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26
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Dileep K, Remya C, Tintu I, Sadasivan C. Inhibition, ADME and structure based modification of IAA and IBA against acetylcholinesterase: an attempt towards new drug development for Alzheimer's disease. FRONTIERS IN LIFE SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/21553769.2013.876452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Lushchekina SV, Nemukhin AV, Varfolomeev SD, Masson P. Molecular modeling evidence for His438 flip in the mechanism of butyrylcholinesterase hysteretic behavior. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 52:434-45. [PMID: 24310732 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cholinesterases display a hysteretic behavior with certain substrates and irreversible inhibitors. For years, this behavior has remained puzzling. However, several lines of evidence indicated that it is caused by perturbation of the catalytic triad and its water environment. In the present study, using molecular dynamics simulations of Ala328Cys BuChE mutant and wild-type BuChE in the absence and presence of a co-solvent (sucrose, glycerol), we provide evidence that hysteresis originates in a flip of the catalytic triad histidine (His438). This event is controlled by water molecules that interact with active site residues. The physiological significance of this phenomenon is still an issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofya V Lushchekina
- Computer Modeling of Biomolecular Systems Lab, N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina St., 119334, Moscow, Russia,
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28
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Crystal structures of human cholinesterases in complex with huprine W and tacrine: elements of specificity for anti-Alzheimer's drugs targeting acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase. Biochem J 2013; 453:393-9. [PMID: 23679855 DOI: 10.1042/bj20130013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The multifunctional nature of Alzheimer's disease calls for MTDLs (multitarget-directed ligands) to act on different components of the pathology, like the cholinergic dysfunction and amyloid aggregation. Such MTDLs are usually on the basis of cholinesterase inhibitors (e.g. tacrine or huprine) coupled with another active molecule aimed at a different target. To aid in the design of these MTDLs, we report the crystal structures of hAChE (human acetylcholinesterase) in complex with FAS-2 (fasciculin 2) and a hydroxylated derivative of huprine (huprine W), and of hBChE (human butyrylcholinesterase) in complex with tacrine. Huprine W in hAChE and tacrine in hBChE reside in strikingly similar positions highlighting the conservation of key interactions, namely, π-π/cation-π interactions with Trp86 (Trp82), and hydrogen bonding with the main chain carbonyl of the catalytic histidine residue. Huprine W forms additional interactions with hAChE, which explains its superior affinity: the isoquinoline moiety is associated with a group of aromatic residues (Tyr337, Phe338 and Phe295 not present in hBChE) in addition to Trp86; the hydroxyl group is hydrogen bonded to both the catalytic serine residue and residues in the oxyanion hole; and the chlorine substituent is nested in a hydrophobic pocket interacting strongly with Trp439. There is no pocket in hBChE that is able to accommodate the chlorine substituent.
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Trovaslet M, Trapp M, Weik M, Nachon F, Masson P, Tehei M, Peters J. Relation between dynamics, activity and thermal stability within the cholinesterase family. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 203:14-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Labeling Acetyl- and Butyrylcholinesterase Using Semiconductor Nanocrystals for Biological Applications. BIONANOSCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-012-0072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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31
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Bosak A, Gazić Smilović I, Šinko G, Vinković V, Kovarik Z. Metaproterenol, Isoproterenol, and Their Bisdimethylcarbamate Derivatives as Human Cholinesterase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6716-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300289k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Bosak
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2,
HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Goran Šinko
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2,
HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2,
HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Zheng F, Zhan CG. Modeling of pharmacokinetics of cocaine in human reveals the feasibility for development of enzyme therapies for drugs of abuse. PLoS Comput Biol 2012; 8:e1002610. [PMID: 22844238 PMCID: PMC3406004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A promising strategy for drug abuse treatment is to accelerate the drug metabolism by administration of a drug-metabolizing enzyme. The question is how effectively an enzyme can actually prevent the drug from entering brain and producing physiological effects. In the present study, we have developed a pharmacokinetic model through a combined use of in vitro kinetic parameters and positron emission tomography data in human to examine the effects of a cocaine-metabolizing enzyme in plasma on the time course of cocaine in plasma and brain of human. Without an exogenous enzyme, cocaine half-lives in both brain and plasma are almost linearly dependent on the initial cocaine concentration in plasma. The threshold concentration of cocaine in brain required to produce physiological effects has been estimated to be 0.22±0.07 µM, and the threshold area under the cocaine concentration versus time curve (AUC) value in brain (denoted by AUC2∞) required to produce physiological effects has been estimated to be 7.9±2.7 µM·min. It has been demonstrated that administration of a cocaine hydrolase/esterase (CocH/CocE) can considerably decrease the cocaine half-lives in both brain and plasma, the peak cocaine concentration in brain, and the AUC2∞. The estimated maximum cocaine plasma concentration which a given concentration of drug-metabolizing enzyme can effectively prevent from entering brain and producing physiological effects can be used to guide future preclinical/clinical studies on cocaine-metabolizing enzymes. Understanding of drug-metabolizing enzymes is key to the science of pharmacokinetics. The general insights into the effects of a drug-metabolizing enzyme on drug kinetics in human should be valuable also in future development of enzyme therapies for other drugs of abuse. In this computational study, we have examined, for the first time, the potential effects of a drug-metabolizing enzyme on drug pharmacokinetics in human, showing that a high-activity drug-metabolizing enzyme can completely/effectively prevent the drug of abuse from entering brain to produce physiological effects. Based on this encouraging insight, it is feasible to develop enzyme therapies for drugs of abuse. Through pharmacokinetic modeling, we have demonstrated that, without an exogenous enzyme, the drug half-lives in both brain and plasma are almost linearly dependent on the initial drug concentration in plasma. This finding indicates that one may not simply say the half-life of a drug without clearly indicating the actual dose condition. We have also demonstrated for the first time how a high-activity drug-metabolizing enzyme can considerably decrease the peak concentration of drug in brain and drug half-lives in both brain and plasma. In addition, we have calculated the minimum (threshold) concentration of cocaine in brain required to produce physiological effects. The predicted threshold concentration, along with all of the general insights obtained in this study, will provide a rational base for future design of further experimental studies required for the enzyme therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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Brazzolotto X, Wandhammer M, Ronco C, Trovaslet M, Jean L, Lockridge O, Renard PY, Nachon F. Human butyrylcholinesterase produced in insect cells: huprine-based affinity purification and crystal structure. FEBS J 2012; 279:2905-16. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08672.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bartolucci C, Stojan J, Yu QS, Greig NH, Lamba D. Kinetics of Torpedo californica acetylcholinesterase inhibition by bisnorcymserine and crystal structure of the complex with its leaving group. Biochem J 2012; 444:269-77. [PMID: 22390827 PMCID: PMC4979005 DOI: 10.1042/bj20111675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Natural and synthetic carbamates act as pseudo-irreversible inhibitors of AChE (acetylcholinesterase) as well as BChE (butyrylcholinesterase), two enzymes involved in neuronal function as well as in the development and progression of AD (Alzheimer's disease). The AChE mode of action is characterized by a rapid carbamoylation of the active-site Ser(200) with release of a leaving group followed by a slow regeneration of enzyme action due to subsequent decarbamoylation. The experimental AD therapeutic bisnorcymserine, a synthetic carbamate, shows an interesting activity and selectivity for BChE, and its clinical development is currently being pursued. We undertook detailed kinetic studies on the activity of the carbamate bisnorcymserine with Tc (Torpedo californica) AChE and, on the basis of the results, crystallized the complex between TcAChE and bisnorcymserine. The X-ray crystal structure showed only the leaving group, bisnoreseroline, trapped at the bottom of the aromatic enzyme gorge. Specifically, bisnoreseroline interacts in a non-covalent way with Ser(200) and His(440), disrupting the existing interactions within the catalytic triad, and it stacks with Trp(84) at the bottom of the gorge, giving rise to an unprecedented hydrogen-bonding contact. These interactions point to a dominant reversible inhibition mechanism attributable to the leaving group, bisnoreseroline, as revealed by kinetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Bartolucci
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Area della Ricerca di Roma, Monterotondo Scalo, Italy.
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35
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Sridhar GR, Sekhar T, Rao PVN, Rao AA. Human butyrylcholinesterase knock-out equivalent: Potential to assess role in Alzheimer’s disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/aad.2012.11001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Bolea I, Juárez-Jiménez J, de Los Ríos C, Chioua M, Pouplana R, Luque FJ, Unzeta M, Marco-Contelles J, Samadi A. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling of donepezil and N-[(5-(benzyloxy)-1-methyl-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl]-N-methylprop-2-yn-1-amine hybrids as new multipotent cholinesterase/monoamine oxidase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Med Chem 2011; 54:8251-70. [PMID: 22023459 DOI: 10.1021/jm200853t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A new family of multitarget molecules able to interact with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), as well as with monoamino oxidase (MAO) A and B, has been synthesized. Novel compounds (3-9) have been designed using a conjunctive approach that combines the benzylpiperidine moiety of the AChE inhibitor donepezil (1) and the indolyl propargylamino moiety of the MAO inhibitor N-[(5-benzyloxy-1-methyl-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl]-N-methylprop-2-yn-1-amine (2), connected through an oligomethylene linker. The most promising hybrid (5) is a potent inhibitor of both MAO-A (IC50=5.2±1.1 nM) and MAO-B (IC50=43±8.0 nM) and is a moderately potent inhibitor of AChE (IC50=0.35±0.01 μM) and BuChE (IC50=0.46±0.06 μM). Moreover, molecular modeling and kinetic studies support the dual binding site to AChE, which explains the inhibitory effect exerted on Aβ aggregation. Overall, the results suggest that the new compounds are promising multitarget drug candidates with potential impact for Alzheimer's disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Bolea
- Departament de Bioquı́mica i Biologı́a Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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37
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Lam MPY, Lau E, Siu SO, Ng DCM, Kong RPW, Chiu PCN, Yeung WSB, Lo C, Chu IK. Online combination of reversed-phase/reversed-phase and porous graphitic carbon liquid chromatography for multicomponent separation of proteomics and glycoproteomics samples. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2930-40. [PMID: 22009802 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe an online combination of reversed-phase/reversed-phase (RP-RP) and porous graphitic carbon (PGC) liquid chromatography (LC) for multicomponent analysis of proteomics and glycoproteomics samples. The online RP-RP portion of this system provides comprehensive 2-D peptide separation based on sequence hydrophobicity at pH 2 and 10. Hydrophilic components (e.g. glycans, glycopeptides) that are not retained by RP are automatically diverted downstream to a PGC column for further trapping and separation. Furthermore, the RP-RP/PGC system can provide simultaneous extension of the hydropathy range and peak capacity for analysis. Using an 11-protein mixture, we found that the system could efficiently separate native peptides and released N-glycans from a single sample. We evaluated the applicability of the system to the analysis of complex biological samples using 25 μg of the lysate of a human choriocarcinoma cell line (BeWo), confidently identifying a total of 1449 proteins from a single experiment and up to 1909 distinct proteins from technical triplicates. The PGC fraction increased the sequence coverage through the inclusion of additional hydrophilic sequences that accounted for up to 6.9% of the total identified peptides from the BeWo lysate, with apparent preference for the detection of hydrophilic motifs and proteins. In addition, RP-RP/PGC is applicable to the analysis of complex glycomics samples, as demonstrated by our analysis of a concanavalin A-extracted glycoproteome from human serum; in total, 134 potentially N-glycosylated serum proteins, 151 possible N-glycosylation sites, and more than 40 possible N-glycan structures recognized by concanavalin A were simultaneously detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie P Y Lam
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
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38
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Šinko G, Kovarik Z, Reiner E, Simeon-Rudolf V, Stojan J. Mechanism of stereoselective interaction between butyrylcholinesterase and ethopropazine enantiomers. Biochimie 2011; 93:1797-807. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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39
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Asojo OA, Asojo OA, Ngamelue MN, Homma K, Lockridge O. Cocrystallization studies of full-length recombinant butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with cocaine. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:434-7. [PMID: 21505234 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309111004805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE; EC 3.1.1.8) is a 340 kDa tetrameric glycoprotein that is present in human serum at about 5 mg l(-1) and has well documented therapeutic effects on cocaine toxicity. BChE holds promise as a therapeutic that reduces and finally eliminates the rewarding effects of cocaine, thus weaning an addict from the drug. There have been extensive computational studies of cocaine hydrolysis by BChE. Since there are no reported structures of BChE with cocaine or any of the hydrolysis products, full-length monomeric recombinant wild-type BChE was cocrystallized with cocaine. The refined 3 Å resolution structure appears to retain the hydrolysis product benzoic acid in sufficient proximity to form a hydrogen bond to the active-site Ser198.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatoyin Ajibola Asojo
- Pathology and Microbiology Department, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA.
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40
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Waiskopf N, Shweky I, Lieberman I, Banin U, Soreq H. Quantum dot labeling of butyrylcholinesterase maintains substrate and inhibitor interactions and cell adherence features. ACS Chem Neurosci 2011; 2:141-50. [PMID: 22778863 DOI: 10.1021/cn1000827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 11/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is the major acetylcholine hydrolyzing enzyme in peripheral mammalian systems. It can either reside in the circulation or adhere to cells and tissues and protect them from anticholinesterases, including insecticides and poisonous nerve gases. In humans, impaired cholinesterase functioning is causally involved in many pathologies, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, trait anxiety, and post stroke conditions. Recombinant cholinesterases have been developed for therapeutic use; therefore, it is important to follow their in vivo path, location, and interactions. Traditional labeling methods, such as fluorescent dyes and proteins, generally suffer from sensitivity to environmental conditions, from proximity to different molecules or special enzymes which can alter them, and from relatively fast photobleaching. In contrast, emerging development in synthesis and surface engineering of semiconductor nanocrystals enable their use to detect and follow molecules in biological milieus at high sensitivity and in real time. Therefore, we developed a platform for conjugating highly purified recombinant human BChE dimers (rhBChE) to CdSe/CdZnS quantum dots (QDs). We report the development and characterization of highly fluorescent aqueous soluble QD-rhBChE conjugates, present maintenance of hydrolytic activity, inhibitor sensitivity, and adherence to the membrane of cultured live cells of these conjugates, and outline their advantageous features for diverse biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Waiskopf
- The Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences and the Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences
| | - Itzhak Shweky
- The Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
| | - Itai Lieberman
- The Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
| | - Uri Banin
- The Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
| | - Hermona Soreq
- The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences and the Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences
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41
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X-ray crystallographic snapshots of reaction intermediates in the G117H mutant of human butyrylcholinesterase, a nerve agent target engineered into a catalytic bioscavenger. Biochem J 2011; 434:73-82. [PMID: 21091433 DOI: 10.1042/bj20101648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OPs (organophosphylates) exert their acute toxicity through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, by phosphylation of the catalytic serine residue. Engineering of human butyrylcholinesterase, by substitution of a histidine residue for the glycine residue at position 117, led to the creation of OP hydrolase activity. However, the lack of structural information and poor understanding of the hydrolytic mechanism of the G117H mutant has hampered further improvements in the catalytic activity. We have solved the crystallographic structure of the G117H mutant with a variety of ligands in its active site. A sulfate anion bound to the active site suggested the positioning for an OP prior to phosphylation. A fluoride anion was found in the active site when NaF was added to the crystallization buffer. In the fluoride complex, the imidazole ring from the His117 residue was substantially shifted, adopting a relaxed conformation probably close to that of the unliganded mutant enzyme. Additional X-ray structures were obtained from the transient covalent adducts formed upon reaction of the G117H mutant with the OPs echothiophate and VX [ethyl ({2-[bis(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}sulfanyl](methyl)phosphinate]. The position of the His117 residue shifted in response to the introduction of these adducts, overlaying the phosphylserine residue. These structural data suggest that the dephosphylation mechanism involves either a substantial conformational change of the His117 residue or an adjacent nucleophilic substitution by water.
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42
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Li S, Ip DTM, Lin HQ, Liu JM, Miao YG, Ke LJ, Wan DCC. High-level expression of functional recombinant human butyrylcholinesterase in silkworm larvae by Bac-to-Bac system. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 187:101-5. [PMID: 20399761 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE: EC 3.1.1.8) serves as a natural scavenger for a variety of drugs, poisons, and organophosphorous compounds by hydrolyzing their ester bonds. Large scale production of recombinant human BChE (rhBChE) has been reported in transgenic goat. Here we demonstrate high-level expression of rhBChE with biological activity comparable to that of natural and recombinant enzymes, through the Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system in silkworm Bombyx mori larvae. We constructed the full-length hBChE cDNA into the plasmid pFastBac. To monitor the level of expression, the cDNA coding for an orange fluorescent protein (OFP) was cloned downstream to the polyhedron (pH) promoter. Transfection was carried out by subcutaneous injection of 4-5th instar silkworm larvae. Approximately 4-7 days after infection, high-level expression of recombinant proteins was observed as indicated by the orange fluorescence of the larvae under blue light illumination. The hemolymph of the infected larvae was harvested, purified and assayed for BChE activity. The total units of BChE activity after purification were around 6.4 units per larvae. The K(m) and V(max) values of rhBChE were determined to be 17.7 microM and 2194 U/l hemolymph, respectively. By SDS-PAGE and Western analysis, the size of silkworm rhBChE was estimated to be 85 kDa. The results indicate that the silkworm larva is a good alternative system to produce bioactive rhBChE. Further optimization and modifications will be necessary for large-scale production of rhBChE. This should provide a rapid, low-cost, and high yield rhBChE for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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43
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Pan Y, Muzyka JL, Zhan CG. Model of human butyrylcholinesterase tetramer by homology modeling and dynamics simulation. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:6543-52. [PMID: 19402731 DOI: 10.1021/jp8114995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A mutant of human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with high activity against cocaine would be highly promising as a drug for therapeutic treatment of cocaine abuse and overdose. It is desirable to design a recombinant BChE mutant with a long half-life in human circulation. Studies showed that BChE subunits can be assembled by a peptide containing the proline-rich attachment domain (PRAD) to form a stable tetramer. The models of BChE tetramer complexed with PRAD with various sequences have been constructed, in the present study, on the basis of homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulation of explicit water-solvated systems. The 3D models enable us to understand how the BChE subunits are arranged in the tetramer and how the tetramerization domain of BChE is associated with PRAD to form a stable tetramer of human BChE. It has been shown that the six conserved hydrophobic residues located on the C-terminal of BChE are responsible for the key electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions between the tetramerization domain of BChE and PRAD. The simulated tetramer structures suggest that mutation of three residues, i.e., Phe547, Met554, and Phe561, to other hydrophobic residues may be beneficial for increasing the binding between the tetramerization domain of BChE and PRAD. Thus, the detailed structural insights obtained from this study may be valuable for rational design of a recombinant BChE tetramer with a longer residence time in circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 725 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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44
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Podoly E, Shalev DE, Shenhar-Tsarfaty S, Bennett ER, Ben Assayag E, Wilgus H, Livnah O, Soreq H. The butyrylcholinesterase K variant confers structurally derived risks for Alzheimer pathology. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:17170-17179. [PMID: 19383604 PMCID: PMC2719355 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.004952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The K variant of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE-K, 20% incidence) is a long debated risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD). The A539T substitution in BChE-K is located at the C terminus, which is essential both for BChE tetramerization and for its capacity to attenuate β-amyloid (Aβ) fibril formation. Here, we report that BChE-K is inherently unstable as compared with the “usual” BChE (BChE-U), resulting in reduced hydrolytic activity and predicting prolonged acetylcholine maintenance and protection from AD. A synthetic peptide derived from the C terminus of BChE-K (BSP-K), which displayed impaired intermolecular interactions, was less potent in suppressing Aβ oligomerization than its BSP-U counterpart. Correspondingly, highly purified recombinant human rBChE-U monomers suppressed β-amyloid fibril formation less effectively than dimers, which also protected cultured neuroblastoma cells from Aβ neurotoxicity. Dual activity structurally derived changes due to the A539T substitution can thus account for both neuroprotective characteristics caused by sustained acetylcholine levels and elevated AD risk due to inefficient interference with amyloidogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Podoly
- From The Alexander Silberman Life Sciences Institute, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; The Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, Safra Campus Givat Ram, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Deborah E Shalev
- The Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, Safra Campus Givat Ram, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Shani Shenhar-Tsarfaty
- Department of Neurology, Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Estelle R Bennett
- From The Alexander Silberman Life Sciences Institute, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Einor Ben Assayag
- Department of Neurology, Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Harvey Wilgus
- PharmAthene Canada Inc., Montreal, Quebec QC H4S 2C8, Canada
| | - Oded Livnah
- From The Alexander Silberman Life Sciences Institute, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; The Wolfson Centre for Applied Structural Biology, Safra Campus Givat Ram, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Hermona Soreq
- From The Alexander Silberman Life Sciences Institute, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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45
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Khan MTH. Molecular interactions of cholinesterases inhibitors using in silico methods: current status and future prospects. N Biotechnol 2009; 25:331-46. [PMID: 19491049 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a low amount of acetylcholine (ACh) in hippocampus and cortex. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is one of the most important enzymes in many living organisms including human being and other vertebrates, insects like mosquitoes, among others. Several reports have been published where it has been clearly shown that the genesis of amyloid protein plaques associated with AD is connected to modifications of both AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), since the plaque is significantly decreased in AD patients using cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs). This review gives some examples of these inhibitors discovered during past couple of years that have shown very prominent interactions at the active site triad of the proteins as well as different other parts of the active site like, peripheral anionic site (PAS), oxyanionic hole, anionic subsite or acyl binding pocket (ABP). Most of the inhibition and their interactions have been visualized by X-ray crystallography, but some of the other inhibitors have been studied either by molecular docking or molecular dynamic (MD) simulations or by both the in silico methods. Some of these prominent studies have been crucially observed and reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmud Tareq Hassan Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway(1)
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