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Wang LH, Xie CX, Yang T, Tan HX, Fan MH, Kuo IC, Lee ZJ, Chen TY, Huang PC, Chen SL, Abu PAR. Paper-Recorded ECG Digitization Method with Automatic Reference Voltage Selection for Telemonitoring and Diagnosis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1910. [PMID: 39272695 PMCID: PMC11394196 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14171910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 08/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
In electrocardiograms (ECGs), multiple forms of encryption and preservation formats create difficulties for data sharing and retrospective disease analysis. Additionally, photography and storage using mobile devices are convenient, but the images acquired contain different noise interferences. To address this problem, a suite of novel methodologies was proposed for converting paper-recorded ECGs into digital data. Firstly, this study ingeniously removed gridlines by utilizing the Hue Saturation Value (HSV) spatial properties of ECGs. Moreover, this study introduced an innovative adaptive local thresholding method with high robustness for foreground-background separation. Subsequently, an algorithm for the automatic recognition of calibration square waves was proposed to ensure consistency in amplitude, rather than solely in shape, for digital signals. The original signal reconstruction algorithm was validated with the MIT-BIH and PTB databases by comparing the difference between the reconstructed and the original signals. Moreover, the mean of the Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.97 and 0.98, respectively, while the mean absolute errors were 0.324 and 0.241, respectively. The method proposed in this study converts paper-recorded ECGs into a digital format, enabling direct analysis using software. Automated techniques for acquiring and restoring ECG reference voltages enhance the reconstruction accuracy. This innovative approach facilitates data storage, medical communication, and remote ECG analysis, and minimizes errors in remote diagnosis.
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Grants
- 61971140, 2020IM010200, and 2021H6003, 2021D036, 2022J01549 This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and the Major Project and innovation platform of Science and Technology Agency of Fujian Province under Grant Nos. 61971140, 2020IM010200, and 2021H6003, 2021D036, 2022J01549, r
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Hung Wang
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Quanzhou 362200, China
- The Department of Microelectronics, College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Chao-Xin Xie
- The Department of Microelectronics, College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Tao Yang
- The Department of Microelectronics, College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Hong-Xin Tan
- The Department of Microelectronics, College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Ming-Hui Fan
- The Department of Microelectronics, College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - I-Chun Kuo
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Zne-Jung Lee
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Quanzhou 362200, China
| | - Tsung-Yi Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Cheng Huang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Lun Chen
- The Department of Electronic Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan
| | - Patricia Angela R Abu
- The Department of Information Systems and Computer Science, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City 1108, Philippines
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Rashid AM, Jamil A, Khan Z, Shakoor M, Kamal UH, Khan II, Akram A, Shahabi M, Yamani N, Ali S, Fatima K, Kamdi A, Junaid M, Khan AM, Mattumpuram J, Perswani P. Trends in mortality related to kidney failure and diabetes mellitus in the United States: a 1999-2020 analysis. J Nephrol 2024:10.1007/s40620-024-01990-z. [PMID: 38916852 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-024-01990-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney failure ranks as the tenth leading cause of mortality in the United States (US), frequently arising as a complication associated with diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS Trends in DM and kidney failure mortality were assessed using a cross-sectional analysis of death certificates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (CDC WONDER) database. Crude and age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMR) per 100,000 people and annual percent change (APC) in age-adjusted mortality rate with 95% CI were obtained and measured across different demographic and geographic subgroups. RESULTS Between 1999 and 2020, a total of 325,515 deaths occurred related to kidney failure and DM. The overall age-adjusted mortality rate showed no significant change between 1999 and 2012, after which it declined until 2015 - 64.8 (95% CI - 75.6 to - 44.8) and has been steadily increasing since. Men had consistently higher age-adjusted mortality rates than women throughout the study duration (overall age-adjusted mortality rate men: 8.1 vs. women: 5.9). Non-Hispanic (NH) Black or African American individuals had the highest overall age-adjusted mortality rate (13.9), followed by non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaskan Native (13.7), Hispanic or Latino (10.3), non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander (6.1), and non-Hispanic White (6.0). Age-adjusted mortality rate also varied by region (overall age-adjusted mortality rate: West:7.5; Midwest: 7.1; South: 6.8; Northeast: 5.8), and non metropolitan areas had higher overall age-adjusted mortality rate (7.5) than small/medium (7.2) and large metropolitan areas (6.4). CONCLUSION After an initial decline, mortality rose across all the demographic groups from 2015 to 2020, revealing notable disparities in gender, race, and region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adeena Jamil
- Department of Medicine, Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zoha Khan
- Department of Medicine, Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muteia Shakoor
- Department of Medicine, Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Usama Hussain Kamal
- Department of Medicine, Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Israr Khan
- Department of Medicine, Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Akram
- Department of Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mariam Shahabi
- Department of Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Naser Yamani
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Soha Ali
- Department of Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Kanza Fatima
- Department of Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Aamna Kamdi
- Department of Medicine, Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- Department of Medicine, D.G Khan Medical College, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | | | - Jishanth Mattumpuram
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Graffy PM, Summers RM, Perez AA, Sandfort V, Zea R, Pickhardt PJ. Automated assessment of longitudinal biomarker changes at abdominal CT: correlation with subsequent cardiovascular events in an asymptomatic adult screening cohort. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2021; 46:2976-2984. [PMID: 33388896 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-020-02885-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular (CV) disease is a major public health concern, and automated methods can potentially capture relevant longitudinal changes on CT for opportunistic CV screening purposes. METHODS Fully-automated and validated algorithms that quantify abdominal fat, muscle, bone, liver, and aortic calcium were retrospectively applied to a longitudinal adult screening cohort undergoing serial non-contrast CT examination between 2005 and 2016. Downstream major adverse events (MI/CVA/CHF/death) were identified via algorithmic EHR search. Logistic regression, ROC curve, and Cox survival analyses assessed for associations between changes in CT variables and adverse events. RESULTS Final cohort included 1949 adults (942 M/1007F; mean age, 56.2 ± 6.2 years at initial CT). Mean interval between CT scans was 5.8 ± 2.0 years. Mean clinical follow-up interval from initial CT was 10.4 ± 2.7 years. Major CV events occurred after follow-up CT in 230 total subjects (11.8%). Mean change in aortic calcium Agatston score was significantly higher in CV(+) cohort (591.6 ± 1095.3 vs. 261.1 ± 764.3), as was annualized Agatston change (120.5 ± 263.6 vs. 46.7 ± 143.9) (p < 0.001 for both). 5-year area under the ROC curve (AUC) for Agatston change was 0.611. Hazard ratio for Agatston score change > 500 was 2.8 (95% CI 1.5-4.0) relative to < 500. Agatston score change was the only significant univariate CT biomarker in the survival analysis. Changes in fat and bone measures added no meaningful prediction. CONCLUSION Interval change in automated CT-based abdominal aortic calcium load represents a promising predictive longitudinal tool for assessing cardiovascular and mortality risks. Changes in other body composition measures were less predictive of adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Graffy
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ronald M Summers
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alberto A Perez
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Veit Sandfort
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ryan Zea
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Perry J Pickhardt
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
- E3/311 Clinical Science Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53792‑3252, USA.
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Feng X, Han L, Ma S, Zhao L, Wang L, Zhang K, Yin P, Guo L, Jing W, Li Q. Microbes in Tumoral In Situ Tissues and in Tumorigenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:572570. [PMID: 33330121 PMCID: PMC7732458 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.572570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancerous tumors are severe diseases affecting human health that have a complicated etiology and pathogenesis. Microbes have been considered to be related to the development and progression of numerous tumors through various pathogenic mechanisms in recent studies. Bacteria, which have so far remained the most studied microbes worldwide, have four major possible special pathogenic mechanisms (modulation of inflammation, immunity, DNA damage, and metabolism) that are related to carcinogenesis. This review aims to macroscopically summarize and verify the relationships between microbes and tumoral in situ tissues from cancers of four major different systems (urinary, respiratory, digestive, and reproductive); the abovementioned four microbial pathogenic mechanisms, as well as some synergistic pathogenic mechanisms, are also discussed. Once the etiologic role of microbes and their precise pathogenic mechanisms in carcinogenesis are known, the early prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancers would progress significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lu Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sijia Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lanbo Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kailu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Panyue Yin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Jing
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiling Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Chacon D, Fiani B. A Review of Mechanisms on the Beneficial Effect of Exercise on Atherosclerosis. Cureus 2020; 12:e11641. [PMID: 33376653 PMCID: PMC7755721 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease has affected a large percentage of the world, and as a result, we have had major advancements in pharmacological and procedural intervention of this disease. With the increased burden of rising healthcare costs, alternative treatment with exercise has shown to be much more cost effective and just as beneficial to patients compared to pharmacological and procedural treatment. We highlight some of the major mechanisms behind the beneficial effect of exercise on atherosclerosis and hope to encourage patients and providers to attempt to adopt this form of treatment that has not only shown to be beneficial to heart disease, but diseases such as diabetes and obesity as well.
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D’Souza MJ, Li RC, Wentzien DE. Twenty-Year Observational Study Shows Rising Alcohol-Attributable Death Profiles in the U.S. and Delaware. RESEARCH IN HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 5:46-59. [PMID: 33163825 PMCID: PMC7643878 DOI: 10.22158/rhs.v5n4p46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The U.S. alcohol-attributable mortality burden makes it the third-leading cause of preventable deaths. This 1999-2018 observational study used the Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases codes and the alcohol-related disease impact (ARDI) causes of death records to track alcohol's mortality burden. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention keeps Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) death certificates for the U.S. community. Evidence indicates that the U.S. ARDI mortality rates progressively trended upward (53.73%). Men were three times as likely as women to die, but female mortality rate changes (90.03%) advanced more rapidly than males. The study also revealed that the changes in alcohol-related death rate percentages for middle-age groups increased faster. In contrast, the African American/Black (AA/B) community's age-adjusted mortality rate change patterns first declined and then increased. The alcohol-attributable mortality rate (1999 to 2018) difference for AA/B was -6.35%. Delaware's population is around one million, and about 23% is African American/Black. The subgroup analysis for Delaware's population was robust and showed alcohol-attributable mortality rates above national averages. This trend was apparent for both gender and race. In conclusion, for both the U.S. and Delaware, alcohol use disorder is a risk factor for mortality, especially for males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm J. D’Souza
- Undergraduate Research Center for Analytics, Talent, and Success, Wesley College, Dover, Delaware, 19901, USA
| | - Riza C. Li
- Undergraduate Research Center for Analytics, Talent, and Success, Wesley College, Dover, Delaware, 19901, USA
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19711, USA
| | - Derald E. Wentzien
- Undergraduate Research Center for Analytics, Talent, and Success, Wesley College, Dover, Delaware, 19901, USA
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Huang JF, Wu QN, Zheng XQ, Sun XL, Wu CY, Wang XB, Wu CW, Wang B, Wang XY, Bergman M, Wu AM. The Characteristics and Mortality of Osteoporosis, Osteomyelitis, or Rheumatoid Arthritis in the Diabetes Population: A Retrospective Study. Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020:8821978. [PMID: 33224196 PMCID: PMC7669351 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8821978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with diabetes mellitus are prone to develop osteoporosis, osteomyelitis, or rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Furthermore, the presence of these complications in those with diabetes may lead to higher mortality. The aim of our study was to assess characteristics and mortality of osteoporosis, osteomyelitis, or rheumatoid arthritis in individuals with diabetes. METHODS We analyzed osteoporosis, osteomyelitis, and RA deaths associated with diabetes from 1999-2017 using the CDC WONDER system (CDC WONDER; https://wonder.cdc.gov). We used ICD-10 codes to categorize the underlying and contributing causes of death. Crude mortality rates (CMR) and age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMR) per 1,000,000 person-years were calculated. RESULTS The AAMR for osteoporosis in the population with diabetes was significantly higher in females (AAMR: 4.17, 95% CI: 4.10-4.24) than in males (AAMR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.07-1.16). Deaths due to osteoporosis increased gradually from 1999, peaked in 2003 (AAMR: 3.78, 95% CI: 3.55-4.00), and reached a nadir in 2016 (AAMR: 2.32, 95% CI: 2.15-2.48). The AAMR for RA associated with diabetes was slightly higher in females (AAMR: 4.04, 95% CI: 3.98-4.11) than in males (AAMR: 2.45, 95% CI: 2.39-2.51). The mortality rate due to RA increased slightly from 1999 (AAMR: 3.18, 95% CI: 2.97-3.39) to 2017 (AAMR: 3.20, 95% CI: 3.02-3.38). The AAMR for osteomyelitis associated with diabetes was higher in males (AAMR: 4.36, 95% CI: 4.28-4.44) than in females (AAMR: 2.31, 95% CI: 2.26-2.36). From 1999 to 2017, the AAMR from osteomyelitis in this population was 2.63 (95% CI: 2.44-2.82) per 1,000,000 person-years in 1999 and 4.25 (95% CI: 4.05-4.46) per 1,000,000 person-years in 2017. CONCLUSIONS We found an increase in the age-adjusted mortality rates of RA and osteomyelitis and a decrease of osteoporosis associated with diabetes from 1999 to 2017. We suggest that increased attention should therefore be given to these diseases in the population with diabetes, especially in efforts to develop preventative and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Feng Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Qi-Nan Wu
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Department, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital and Chongqing Cancer Institute and Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuan-Qi Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300210, China
| | - Chen-Yu Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chen-Wei Wu
- Diabetes Center and Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstruction Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Michael Bergman
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Diabetes Prevention Program, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
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D'Souza MJ, Li RC, Wentzien DE. Delaware's 1999-2017 Leading Causes of Death Information Illustrates Its Obesity and Obesity-Related Life-Limiting Disease Burdens. RESEARCH IN HEALTH SCIENCE 2019; 4:327-346. [PMID: 31768484 PMCID: PMC6876633 DOI: 10.22158/rhs.v4n4p327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Using commercially available but powerful big data analytics, this non-clinical obesity and underlying causes of death observational study, analyzed the very large US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) State of Obesity records, the CDC WONDER data, and the US census records. Compared to the 1999-to-2017 US obesity rate increase of 29.8%, an uncontrolled increase in Delaware's obesity rate (81.7%) was observed. During the same time period, CDC WONDER death certificate archives disclosed that there was a 60.53% surge in crude Delawarean mortality rate when obesity was listed as a single underlying cause of death. When any mention of obesity was documented on the death certificate, Delaware's 1999-2017 crude mortality rate advanced by 75.69% and its age-adjusted rate rose by 53.18%. Likewise, except for one year, Delaware's African American/Black population experienced higher crude mortality rate averages but however, between the years of 1997 and 2017, its Caucasian/White inhabitants had an enormous 87.34% death rate increase. With additional available CDC mortality data, Delaware males saw substantially larger age-adjusted death rate increases (79.87%) than their female counterparts (28.92%). Diabetes, circulatory system diseases, and neoplasms (cancer), are three common obesity comorbidities. For these three conditions, Delaware's 1999-2017 mortality rate figures mimic the falling national patterns of mortality rate averages, when each disease is listed as the single underlying cause of death, including observations where there are disproportionate numbers of cases that affect the African American/Black race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm J D'Souza
- Wesley College STEM Undergraduate Research Center for Analytics, Talent, and Success, Wesley College, Dover, DE 19901, United States
| | - Riza C Li
- Wesley College STEM Undergraduate Research Center for Analytics, Talent, and Success, Wesley College, Dover, DE 19901, United States
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19711, United States
| | - Derald E Wentzien
- Wesley College STEM Undergraduate Research Center for Analytics, Talent, and Success, Wesley College, Dover, DE 19901, United States
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